Ihlabathi elisingqongileyo lizaliswe zizo zonke iintlobo zolwazi ubuchopho bethu obuqhubeka busenza. Ufumana olu lwazi ngokusebenzisa amalungu engqiqo, ngalinye linoxanduva lwesabelo salo semiqondiso: amehlo (umbono), ulwimi (incasa), impumlo (ivumba), ulusu (ukubamba), izixhobo ze-vestibular (ibhalansi, indawo kwindawo kunye nengqiqo ubunzima) kunye neendlebe (isandi). Ngokudibanisa imiqondiso ephuma kuwo onke la malungu, ingqondo yethu inokwakha umfanekiso ochanekileyo wendawo esikuyo. Kodwa ayizizo zonke iinkalo zokucwangcisa imiqondiso yangaphandle eyaziwayo kuthi. Enye yezi mfihlelo yindlela yokuqonda indawo apho izandi zivela khona.
Iingcali zenzululwazi ezivela kwiLabhoratri ye-Neuroengineering yeNtetho kunye nokuVava (iNew Jersey Institute of Technology) iphakamise imodeli entsha yenkqubo ye-neural ye-sound localization. Ziziphi iinkqubo ezenzekayo kwingqondo ngexesha lokubona isandi, indlela ingqondo yethu eqonda ngayo indawo yomthombo wesandi, kunye nendlela olu phando lunokunceda ngayo ekulweni neziphene zokuva. Sifunda malunga noku kwingxelo yeqela lophando. Hamba.
Isiseko sophando
Inkcazelo efunyanwa bubuchopho bethu kwizivamvo yahlukile enye kwenye, ngokomthombo wabo nangokusetyenzwa kwayo. Eminye imiqondiso ibonakala kwangoko engqondweni yethu njengolwazi oluchanekileyo, ngelixa ezinye zifuna iinkqubo ezongezelelweyo zokubala. Xa sithetha nje, siziva sichukunyiswa ngoko nangoko, kodwa xa sisiva isandi, kusafuneka sifumane apho sivela khona.
Isiseko sezandi zendawo kwinqwelomoya ethe tye phakathi* Umahluko wexesha (ITD ukusuka umahluko phakathi kwexesha) izandi ezifikelela ezindlebeni zomphulaphuli.
Isiseko sangaphakathi* - umgama phakathi kweendlebe.
Kukho indawo ethile kwingqondo (umnquma ophezulu we-medial okanye i-MSO) ejongene nale nkqubo. Okwangoku isignali yesandi ifunyenwe kwi-MVO, ukungafani kwexesha le-interaural liguqulwa libe yinqanaba lokusabela kwe-neurons. Ubume be-MBO yemveliso yee-curves zesantya njengomsebenzi we-ITD ufana nokumila komsebenzi wokudibanisa okunqamlezayo kweempawu zokufaka kwindlebe nganye.
Indlela ulwazi olusetyenzwa ngayo nokutolikwa ngayo kwi-MBO ayikacaci ngokupheleleyo, yiyo loo nto kukho iithiyori ezininzi eziphikisana kakhulu. Eyona thiyori idumileyo kwaye ngokwenyani yakudala yesandi sasekhaya yimodeli kaJeffress (ULloyd A. Jeffress). Isekelwe kwi umgca ophawulweyo* Imithambo-luvo ye-detector enovakalelo kwi-binaural synchrony ye-neural inputs kwindlebe nganye, ne-neuron nganye inovakalelo olukhulu kwisixa esithile se-ITD (1A).
Umgaqo womgca ophawulweyo* yingcamango echaza indlela imithambo-luvo eyahlukileyo, yonke esebenzisa imigaqo ye-physiological efanayo ekuhambiseni iimpembelelo kunye ne-axons yazo, ikwazi ukuvelisa iimvakalelo ezahlukeneyo. Imithambo-luvo efanayo ngokwesakhiwo inokuvelisa iimbono ezahlukeneyo zoluvo ukuba ziqhagamshelwe kwii-neuron ezizodwa kwinkqubo ye-nervous ephakathi ekwaziyo ukucacisa imiqondiso yemithambo-luvo efanayo ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo.
Umfanekiso #1
Le modeli iyafana ne-neural coding, esekwe kunxibelelwano olungathintelekiyo lwezandi ezifikelela kwiindlebe zombini.
Kukho kwakhona imodeli ebonisa ukuba isandi sasekuhlaleni sinokumiselwa ngokusekelwe kwintlukwano kwisantya sokuphendula sabantu abathile be-neurons abavela kwii-hemispheres ezahlukeneyo zobuchopho, okt. imodeli ye-interhemispheric asymmetry (1B).
Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, bekunzima ukuchaza ngokungathandabuzekiyo ukuba yeyiphi kwezi thiyori zimbini (iimodeli) ichanekile, kuba nganye kuzo iqikelela ukuxhomekeka okwahlukeneyo kokwasekuhlaleni kwesandi kubungakanani besandi.
Kuphononongo esilujongileyo namhlanje, abaphandi bagqibe kwelokuba badibanise zombini iimodeli ukuqonda ukuba imbono yezandi isekwe kwi-neural coding okanye kumahluko kwimpendulo ye-neural populations. Uvavanyo oluninzi lwenziwa apho abantu abaneminyaka eyi-18 ukuya kwi-27 iminyaka (abafazi aba-5 kunye namadoda asi-7) bathatha inxaxheba. I-audiometry yabathathi-nxaxheba (umlinganiselo wokungeva kakuhle) yayingama-25 dB okanye ngaphezulu phakathi kwe-250 kunye ne-8000 Hz. Umthathi-nxaxheba kwiimvavanyo wafakwa kwigumbi elingenasandi, apho izixhobo ezikhethekileyo zibekwe khona, zilinganiswe ngokuchaneka okuphezulu. Abathathi-nxaxheba kwafuneka, xa beva umqondiso wesandi, babonise icala apho uvela khona.
Iziphumo zophando
Ukuvavanya ukuxhomekeka ukwenza ecaleni* Umsebenzi wobuchopho osuka kumandla esandi ekuphenduleni kwi-neuron ebhaliweyo, idatha kwisantya sokuphendula se-neurons kwi-laminar nucleus ye-barn owl brain yasetyenziswa.
Laterality* - i-asymmetry yesiqingatha sasekhohlo kunye nesokunene somzimba.
Ukuvavanya ukuxhomekeka kwe-lateralization yomsebenzi wobuchopho kwisantya sokuphendula kwiindawo ezithile ze-neurons, idatha evela kumsebenzi we-colliculus ephantsi yengqondo ye-rhesus yenkawu isetyenzisiwe, emva koko umahluko kwisantya se-neurons ukusuka kwi-hemispheres eyahlukeneyo yabalwa. .
Imodeli yomgca ephawulweyo ye-detector neurons iqikelela ukuba njengoko ukuqina kwesandi kuncipha, i-lateral yomthombo oqondwayo iya kudibana ukuze ithethe amaxabiso afana nomlinganiselo wezandi ezithambileyo ukuya kwisandi esikhulu (1C).
Imodeli ye-asymmetry ye-hemispheric, ngokulandelayo, iphakamisa ukuba njengoko ukuqina kwesandi kuncipha ukuya kumanqanaba akufutshane, umgca oqikelelwayo uya kutshintshela kumgca ophakathi (1D).
Kwinqanaba eliphezulu lesandi ngokubanzi, ukubekwa ecaleni kulindeleke ukuba kube kukuguquguquka kokuqina (ukufakwa ngaphakathi 1C и 1D).
Ke ngoko, ukuhlalutya indlela ukuqina kwesandi okuchaphazela ngayo indlela ebonwa ngayo isalathiso sesandi kusivumela ukuba sigqibe ngokuchanekileyo ubunjani beenkqubo ezenzeka ngalo mzuzu - ii-neurons ezivela kwindawo efanayo ngokubanzi okanye i-neurons evela kwi-hemispheres eyahlukeneyo.
Ngokucacileyo, amandla omntu okucalula i-ITD anokwahluka ngokuxhomekeke kukuqina kwesandi. Nangona kunjalo, izazinzulu zithi kunzima ukutolika iziphumo zangaphambili ezinxibelelanisa ubuntununtunu kwi-ITD kunye nomgwebo wabaphulaphuli malunga nesikhokelo somthombo ovakalayo njengomsebenzi wokuqina kwesandi. Olunye uphononongo luthi xa ukuqina kwesandi kufikelela kumda womda, ucango oluqikelelwayo lomthombo luyehla. Olunye uphononongo lucebisa ukuba akukho siphumo sobunzulu bokuqonda konke konke.
Ngamanye amazwi, izazinzulu “zinobulali” zinika ingcebiso yokuba kukho ulwazi oluncinci kuncwadi malunga nobudlelwane phakathi kwe-ITD, ukuqina kwesandi kunye nokumisela isikhokelo somthombo wayo. Kukho iithiyori ezikhoyo njengohlobo lwee-axioms, olwamkelwa ngokubanzi luluntu lwezenzululwazi. Ngoko ke, kwagqitywa ukuvavanya ngokubanzi zonke iithiyori, iimodeli kunye neendlela ezinokwenzeka zokuva ukuqonda ekusebenzeni.
Uvavanyo lokuqala lwalusekelwe kwi-paradigm ye-psychophysical eyavumela ukufundwa kwe-ITD-based lateralization njengomsebenzi wokuqina kwesandi kwiqela labathathi-nxaxheba abalishumi abaqhelekileyo beva.
Umfanekiso #2
Imithombo yesandi yayilungelelaniswe ngokukodwa ukugubungela uninzi loluhlu lwamaza ngaphakathi apho abantu bayakwazi ukubona i-ITD, okt. ukusuka kwi-300 ukuya kwi-1200 Hz (2A).
Kulingo ngalunye, umphulaphuli kwafuneka abonise umva obonwayo, olinganiswa njengomsebenzi wenqanaba lemvakalelo, ngaphezulu koluhlu lwamaxabiso e-ITD ukusuka kwi-375 ukuya kwi-375 ms. Ukumisela isiphumo sokuqina kwesandi, imodeli yeziphumo ezixubeneyo ezingahambelaniyo (NMLE) zisetyenzisiwe ezibandakanya zombini isandi esisisigxina kunye nesandi esingaqhelekanga.
Igrafu 2B ubonisa uqikelelo olusecaleni ngengxolo ecacileyo ethe tyaba kubukhulu besandi ezibini kumphulaphuli omele. Kwaye ishedyuli 2C ibonisa idatha ekrwada (izangqa) kunye nemodeli ye-NMLE efakiweyo (imigca) yabo bonke abaphulaphuli.
Uluhlu loku-1
Itheyibhile engentla ibonisa zonke iiparamitha ze-NLME. Ingabonwa ukuba i-laterality ecingelwayo yonyuka ngokunyuka kwe-ITD, njengoko izazinzulu bezilindele. Njengoko ubunzulu besandi behlile, ukuqonda kuye kwatshintsha ngakumbi nangakumbi kumgca ophakathi (ukufakwa kwigrafu 2C).
Ezi ndlela zixhaswe yimodeli ye-NLME, ebonisa imiphumo ebalulekileyo ye-ITD kunye nokuqina kwesandi kwiqondo eliphezulu le-lateral, exhasa imodeli yokwahlukana kwe-interhemispheric.
Ukongeza, i-audiometric thresholds ye-audiometric yeethoni ezicocekileyo yayinempembelelo encinci ekucingeni ukuba mva. Kodwa ukuqina kwesandi akuzange kuchaphazele kakhulu izikhombisi zemisebenzi ye-psychometric.
Injongo ephambili yovavanyo lwesibini yayikukumisela ukuba iziphumo ezifunyenweyo kuvavanyo lwangaphambili ziya kutshintsha njani xa kuthathelwa ingqalelo iimpawu ze-spectral ze-stimuli (izandi). Imfuneko yokuvavanya ingxolo ecacileyo yesandi esisezantsi kukuba iinxalenye zespectrum zisenokungavakali kwaye oku kunokuchaphazela umiselo lwecala lesandi. Ngenxa yoko, iziphumo zovavanyo lokuqala zinokuthi ngempazamo ziphazame ngenxa yokuba ububanzi bendawo evakalayo yespectrum bungancipha ngokuncipha kokuqina kwesandi.
Ke ngoko, kwagqitywa ekubeni kuqhutywe olunye uvavanyo, kodwa kusetyenziswa umva A-inzima* ingxolo
A-ubunzima* isetyenziswe kumanqanaba esandi ukuze kuthathelwe ingqalelo isandi esinxulumene nesandi esibonwa yindlebe yomntu, njengoko indlebe ibuthathaka kakhulu kwizandi ezisezantsi. Ubunzima be-A buphunyezwa ngokongeza i-arithmetically itheyibhile yamaxabiso adweliswe kwiibhendi ze-octave kumanqanaba oxinzelelo lwesandi esilinganisiweyo kwi-dB.
Kwitshathi 2D ibonisa idatha ekrwada (iisangqa) kunye nedatha efakwe kwimodeli ye-NMLE (imigca) yabo bonke abathathi-nxaxheba kuvavanyo.
Uhlalutyo lwedatha lubonise ukuba xa zonke iinxalenye zesandi zivakala ngokulinganayo (zombini kuvavanyo lokuqala kunye nolwesibini), kuqondwa umva kunye nethambeka kwigrafu echaza utshintsho kwi-lateral kunye nokuncipha kwe-ITD kunye nokuncipha kokuqina kwesandi.
Ngaloo ndlela, iziphumo zovavanyo lwesibini ziqinisekisile iziphumo zokuqala. Oko kukuthi, ekusebenzeni kuye kwaboniswa ukuba imodeli ecetywayo ngo-1948 nguJeffress ayichanekanga.
Kuyavela ukuba isandi sasekhaya siya siba mandundu njengoko ukuqina kwesandi kuncipha, kwaye uJeffress wayekholelwa ukuba izandi ziyaqondwa kwaye ziqwalaselwe ngabantu ngendlela efanayo, nokuba bathini na.
Ukuze ufumane ulwazi oluthe kratya malunga nee-nuances zophononongo, ndincoma ukujonga .
Ipilo
Iingqikelelo zethiyori kunye novavanyo olusebenzayo oluqinisekisayo lubonise ukuba ii-neuron zobuchopho kwizilwanyana ezanyisayo zenziwa zisebenze ngamazinga ahlukeneyo ngokuxhomekeke kwicala lesandi esivakalayo. Ingqondo ke ithelekisa ezi zantya phakathi kwazo zonke ii-neurons ezibandakanyekayo kwinkqubo yokwakha ngamandla imephu yendawo yesandi.
Imodeli kaJeffresson eneneni ayilunganga nge-100%, kuba inokusetyenziselwa ukuchaza ngokugqibeleleyo indawo yomthombo wesandi kwizikhova zasebarn. Ewe, kuba izikhova zasesibayeni ubunzulu besandi abunamsebenzi nokuba yintoni na, ziya kugqiba indawo yomthombo waso. Nangona kunjalo, le modeli ayisebenzi ngeenkawu ze-rhesus, njengoko iimvavanyo zangaphambili zibonisile. Ke ngoko, le modeli yeJeffresson ayinakuchaza indawo yezandi kuzo zonke izinto eziphilayo.
Iimvavanyo kunye nabathathi-nxaxheba abangabantu ziphinde zaqinisekisa ukuba isandi sasekhaya senzeke ngokwahlukileyo kwizinto eziphilayo. Uninzi lwabathathi-nxaxheba abakwazanga ukucacisa ngokuchanekileyo indawo yomthombo weempawu zesandi ngenxa yobukhulu obuphantsi bezandi.
Izazinzulu zikholelwa ukuba umsebenzi wazo ubonisa ukufana okuthile phakathi kwendlela esibona ngayo nendlela esiva ngayo. Zombini ezi nkqubo zinxulunyaniswa nesantya se-neurons kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zobuchopho, kunye novavanyo lwalo mahluko ukumisela zombini indawo yezinto esizibonayo esithubeni kunye nendawo yomthombo wesandi esisivayo.
Kwixesha elizayo, abaphandi baya kuqhuba uthotho lweemvavanyo ukuphonononga ngakumbi unxibelelwano phakathi kokuva komntu kunye nombono, okuya kusivumela ukuba siqonde ngcono ukuba ingqondo yethu iyakha njani imephu yehlabathi elisingqongileyo.
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