Ngaphandle kobunzima besihloko, unjingalwazi weYunivesithi yasePrinceton uStephen Gubser unika intshayelelo emfutshane, efikelelekayo, neyonwabisayo kwenye yezona ndawo zixoxwa kakhulu ngefiziksi namhlanje. Imingxuma emnyama zizinto zokwenyani, hayi nje ilingelo lokucinga! Imingxuma emnyama ilunge kakhulu ngokwembono yethiyori, kuba ilula kakhulu ngokwemathematika kunezinto ezininzi ze-astrophysical, njengeenkwenkwezi. Izinto ziye zixake xa kuvela ukuba imingxunya emnyama ayikho mnyama kangako.
Yintoni kanye kanye engaphakathi kuwo? Unokucinga njani ukuwela kumngxuma omnyama? Okanye mhlawumbi sele siwela kuyo kwaye asazi nje ngayo?
Kwijometri ye-Kerr, kukho ii-orbits ze-geodesic, ezivaleleke ngokupheleleyo kwi-ergosphere, ezinepropati ilandelayo: amasuntswana ahamba ecaleni kwawo anamandla anokubakho angalunganga awodlula ngexabiso elipheleleyo ubuninzi obuseleyo kunye namandla ekinetic ala masuntswana athathwe kunye. Oku kuthetha ukuba amandla ewonke ala masuntswana alibi. Yiyo le meko esetyenziswa kwinkqubo yePenrose. Ngelixa ingaphakathi kwi-ergosphere, inqanawa ekhupha amandla itshisa iprojectile ngendlela yokuba ihambe kwenye yale mijikelo ngamandla angalunganga. Ngokomthetho wogcino lwamandla, inqanawa ifumana amandla aneleyo ekinetic ukubuyisela ubunzima obulahlekileyo obulingana namandla eprojectile, kwaye ukongezelela ekufumaneni ukulingana okulungileyo kwenethi yamandla angalunganga weprojectile. Ekubeni i-projectile kufuneka ilahleke emngxunyeni omnyama emva kokugxothwa, kuya kuba kuhle ukuyenza ukusuka kuhlobo oluthile lwenkunkuma. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, umngxuma omnyama usadla nantoni na, kodwa ngakolunye uhlangothi, uya kubuyela kuthi amandla amaninzi kunokuba sityalomali. Ngoko, ukongeza, amandla esiwathengayo aya kuba "luhlaza"!
Ubuninzi bamandla anokukhutshwa kumngxunya weKerr omnyama buxhomekeke ekubeni umngxuma ujikeleza ngokukhawuleza kangakanani. Kwimeko enzima kakhulu (kweyona santya siphezulu sinokwenzeka sokujikeleza), amandla ajikelezayo exesha lasesithubeni athatha malunga ne-29% yamandla ewonke omngxuma omnyama. Oku kusenokungabonakali kuninzi, kodwa khumbula ukuba liqhezu lobunzima bubonke! Xa uthelekisa, khumbula ukuba izixhobo zenyukliya ezisetyenziswa ngamandla okubola okusasazeka ngemitha zisebenzisa ngaphantsi kwesinye kwishumi ekhulwini samandla alingana nobunzima bokuphumla.
Ijometri yexesha elingaphakathi kumngxuma omnyama ojikelezayo yahluke kakhulu kwixesha laseSchwarzschild. Masilandele uphando lwethu kwaye sibone ukuba kwenzeka ntoni. Ekuqaleni, yonke into ibonakala ifana necala likaSchwarzschild. Njengangaphambili, ixesha lasemajukujukwini liqala ukuwohloka, lirhuqa yonke into kunye nalo ukuya kumbindi womngxuma omnyama, kwaye amandla olwandle aqala ukukhula. Kodwa kwimeko ye-Kerr, ngaphambi kokuba i-radius iye ku-zero, ukuwa kuyacotha kwaye kuqala ukubuya umva. Kumngxunya omnyama ojikelezayo ngokukhawuleza, oku kuya kwenzeka ixesha elide ngaphambi kokuba amandla olwandle abe namandla ngokwaneleyo okusongela ingqibelelo yophando. Ukuqonda ngokucacileyo ukuba kutheni oku kwenzeka, masikhumbule ukuba kwi-Newtonian mechanics, ngexesha lokujikeleza, kuvela into ebizwa ngokuba yi-centrifugal force. Lo mandla awukho omnye wamandla omzimba asisiseko: avela ngenxa yesenzo esidibeneyo samandla asisiseko, okufunekayo ukuqinisekisa ukuba imeko yokujikeleza. Isiphumo sinokucingelwa njengamandla asebenzayo abhekiswa ngaphandle—amandla aphakathi. Uyiva xa ijika ngokukhawuleza kwimoto ehamba ngokukhawuleza. Kwaye ukuba ukhe wakhwela i-carousel, uyazi ukuba ngokukhawuleza kwayo ukujikeleza, kokukhona kufuneka ubambe iintsimbi kuba xa uyekile, uya kukhutshelwa ngaphandle. Lo mzekeliso wexesha lendawo awufanelekanga, kodwa ufikelela ingongoma ngokuchanekileyo. Isantya se-angular ngexesha lesithuba somngxuma omnyama we-Kerr sinika amandla asebenzayo ase-centrifugal amelana nomtsalane. Njengoko ukudilika ngaphakathi kumda kutsalela ixesha lesithuba ukuya kwiradiyi encinci, amandla asecentrifugal ayenyuka kwaye ekugqibeleni akwazi ukuchasana nokuwa aze akubuyisele umva.
Ngelo xesha xa ukudilika kuyeka, i-probe ifikelela kwinqanaba elibizwa ngokuba yi-horizon yangaphakathi yomngxuma omnyama. Kweli nqanaba, amandla olwandle mancinci, kwaye i-probe, xa sele inqumle umda wesiganeko, ithatha ixesha elilinganiselweyo ukufikelela kuyo. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yokuba ixesha le-spacetime liyekile ukudilika akuthethi ukuba iingxaki zethu ziphelile kwaye ujikelezo ngandlela-thile luye lwaphelisa ubunye ngaphakathi kwi-Schwarzschild black hole. Oku kusekude kakhulu! Ngapha koko, emva phaya phakathi kwiminyaka yee-1960s, uRoger Penrose kunye noStephen Hawking bangqina inkqubo yeethiyori zobunye, apho kwalandela ukuba kukho ukuwa komxhuzulane, nokuba kufutshane, ngoko ke uhlobo oluthile lobunye kufuneka lwenze ngenxa yoko. Kwimeko yeSchwarzschild, le yinto equka konke kunye nokutyumza konke okuthobisayo yonke indawo ngaphakathi kwe-horizon. Kwisisombululo sikaKerr, ububunye buziphatha ngendlela eyahlukileyo kwaye, kufuneka nditsho, ngokungalindelekanga. Xa uphononongo lufikelela kumbindi wangaphakathi, ubunye beKerr butyhila ubukho bayo-kodwa kufumaniseke ukuba kukwixesha elidlulileyo lenkqubo yehlabathi. Kwaba ngathi ububunye bebusoloko bukhona, kodwa kungoku nje apho uhlolisiso lwaziva impembelelo yalo ekufikeleleni kuyo. Uya kuthi oku kuvakala kumnandi, kwaye kuyinyani. Kwaye kukho ukungahambelani okuninzi kumfanekiso wexesha lendawo, apho kucacile ukuba le mpendulo ayinakuthathwa njengeyokugqibela.
Ingxaki yokuqala ngobunye obuvela kwixesha elidlulileyo lomntu obukeleyo ofikelela kumbono ongaphakathi kukuba ngelo xesha iiequations zika-Einstein azinakuqikelela ngokukodwa ukuba kuya kwenzeka ntoni kwixesha lasemajukujukwini ngaphandle kwalo mbono. Oko kukuthi, ngandlel’ ithile, ubukho bobunye bunokukhokelela kuyo nantoni na. Mhlawumbi oko kuya kwenzeka ngokwenene kunokuchazwa kuthi ngethiyori ye-quantum gravity, kodwa ii-equations zika-Einstein azisiniki thuba lokwazi. Ngomdla nje, sichaza apha ngezantsi ukuba kuya kwenzeka ntoni na ukuba besifuna ukuba udibaniso lwexesha lasemajukujukwini lube mtyibilizi kangangoko ngokwemathematika (ukuba imisebenzi yemetric ibinjalo, njengoko iingcali zezibalo zisitsho, "uhlalutyo"), kodwa akukho siseko sicacileyo somzimba. kwingcinga enjalo No. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo, ingxaki yesibini enombono ongaphakathi icebisa into echaseneyo ngqo: kwiNdawo yokwenyani, apho i-matter namandla akhoyo ngaphandle kwemingxunya emnyama, ixesha elingaphakathi liba rhabaxa kakhulu, kwaye ubunye obufana nelophu bukhula apho. Ayingonakalisi njengamandla angenasiphelo obuninzi bobunye kwisisombululo seSchwarzschild, kodwa kuyo nayiphi na imeko ubukho bayo buthandabuza kwiziphumo ezilandelayo kwimbono yemisebenzi yohlalutyo olugudileyo. Mhlawumbi le nto ilungile - ukucinga kokwandiswa kohlalutyo kubandakanya izinto ezingaqhelekanga kakhulu.
Ngokwenyani, umatshini wexesha usebenza kwingingqi yeegophe ezivaliweyo zexesha. Kude nobunye, akukho zigophe ezifana nexesha elivaliweyo, kwaye ngaphandle kwemikhosi enyanyekayo kummandla wobunye, ixesha lesithuba likhangeleka liqhelekile ngokupheleleyo. Nangona kunjalo, kukho i-trajectories (ayiyo-geodesic, ngoko ke ufuna injini ye-rocket) eya kukuthatha ikuse kwingingqi ye-curves evaliweyo efana nexesha. Nje ukuba ulapho, ungahamba uye kulo naliphi na icala ecaleni kolungelelwaniso lwe-t, eli lixesha lomjongi okude, kodwa ngexesha lakho uya kuhlala usiya phambili. Oku kuthetha ukuba ungaya kulo naliphi na ixesha olifunayo, kwaye emva koko ubuyele kwindawo ekude yexesha- kwaye ufike apho phambi kokuba uhambe. Ewe kunjalo, ngoku zonke ii-paradox ezinxulunyaniswa nombono wokuhamba kwexesha zibuyela ebomini: umzekelo, kuthekani ukuba, ngokuthatha ixesha lokuhamba, uqiniseke ukuba umntu wakho wangaphambili uyakuyeka? Kodwa enoba olo hlobo lwexesha lasemajukujukwini lunokubakho kusini na nendlela eziya kuconjululwa ngayo iimbambano ezinxulumene nalo yimibuzo engaphaya kwemida yale ncwadi. Nangona kunjalo, kanye nengxaki "yobunye obuluhlaza" kumbono ongaphakathi, unxibelelwano ngokubanzi luqulethe imiqondiso yokuba iindawo zexesha lesithuba esinamagophe afana nexesha elivaliweyo azinzanga: nje ukuba uzama ukudibanisa uhlobo oluthile lobunzima okanye amandla. , le mimandla inokuba yinto enye. Ngaphezu koko, kwimingxunya emnyama ejikelezayo eyenza kwiNdalo yethu iphela, “bubunye obuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka” ngokwayo obunokuthintela ukwakheka kommandla wobunzima obubi (kunye nazo zonke ezinye iiyunivesiti zikaKerr apho imingxuma emhlophe ikhokelela khona). Nangona kunjalo, isibakala sokuba unxulumano oluqhelekileyo luvumela izicombululo ezinjalo ezingaqhelekanga ibangela umdla. Ewe, kulula ukubabhengeza nge-pathology, kodwa masingalibali ukuba u-Einstein ngokwakhe kunye nabaninzi bexesha lakhe bathetha into efanayo malunga nemingxuma emnyama.
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