Kunzima ukuphikisana nentetho ethi indalo inowona mfanekiso ucacileyo. Ngamnye wabameli bezityalo kunye nezilwanyana zineempawu ezikhethekileyo, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha zingaqhelekanga, ezihlala zingenako ukungena kwiintloko zethu. Thatha, umzekelo, unonkala ofanayo. Esi silwanyana sihlaselayo siyakwazi ukuhlasela ixhoba okanye umoni kunye neenzipho ezinamandla ngesantya se-83 km / h, kwaye inkqubo yabo yokubona yenye yezona zinto zinzima kakhulu ezifundwe ngabantu. I-Mantis crayfish, nangona ibukhali, ayinkulu kakhulu - ukuya kuthi ga kwi-35 cm ubude. Ummi omkhulu weelwandle kunye neelwandle, kunye neplanethi ngokubanzi, yi-blue whale. Ubude besi silwanyana sanyisayo bunokufikelela ngaphezu kweemitha ezingama-30 kunye nobunzima beetoni ezili-150. Ngaphandle kobukhulu bayo obunomtsalane, iminenga eluhlaza ayinakubizwa ngokuba ngabazingeli aboyikekayo, kuba... bakhetha iplankton.
I-anatomy ye-blue whales ibisoloko inomdla kwizazinzulu ezifuna ukuqonda ngcono ukuba i-organism enkulu kangaka kunye nezitho ezikuyo zisebenza njani. Ngaphandle kwento yokuba siyazi malunga nobukho bemikhomo eluhlaza ngamakhulu eminyaka (ukususela ngo-1694, ukuba ichaneke ngakumbi), ezi zigebenga azizange zityhile zonke iimfihlo zazo. Namhlanje siza kujonga kuphononongo apho iqela lezazinzulu ezisuka kwiYunivesithi yaseStanford zavelisa isixhobo esasetyenziswa ukufumana urekhodo lokuqala lokubetha kwentliziyo yomnenga oluhlaza. Isebenza njani intliziyo yomlawuli weelwandle, ziziphi izinto ezifunyaniswe zizazinzulu, kwaye kutheni kungekho nto iphilayo enkulu kunomnenga oluhlaza? Sifunda malunga noku kwingxelo yeqela lophando. Hamba.
Iqhawe loPhando
Umnenga oluhlaza sesona silwanyana sanyisayo sikhulu, esona silwanyana sikhulu elwandle neelwandle, esona silwanyana sikhulu, esona silwanyana sincancisayo. Ndinokuthini, umnenga oluhlaza ngowona ubalaseleyo ngokwemilinganiselo - ubude buziimitha ezingama-33 kwaye ubunzima ziitoni ezili-150. Amanani aqikelelweyo, kodwa akancomeki kangako.
Nangona intloko yesi sigebenga ifanelwe umgca ohlukeneyo kwiGuinness Book of Records, kuba ithatha malunga ne-27% yobude bomzimba wonke. Ngaphezu koko, amehlo e-blue whales mancinci kakhulu, akukho mkhulu kune-grapefruit. Ukuba kunzima kuwe ukubona amehlo omnenga, ngoko uya kuqaphela umlomo ngokukhawuleza. Umlomo womnenga oluhlaza unokubamba ukuya kutsho kwi-100 abantu (umzekelo okhwankqisayo, kodwa iminenga eluhlaza ayidli abantu, ubuncinci ingeyiyo ngabom). Ubungakanani obukhulu bomlomo ngenxa yokhetho lwe-gastronomic: iminenga itya iplankton, iginya amanzi amaninzi, athi ke akhutshwe ngesixhobo sokucoca, ehluza ukutya. Phantsi kweemeko ezifanelekileyo, umnenga utya malunga neetoni ezi-6 zeplankton ngosuku.
Olunye uphawu olubalulekileyo lweminenga eluhlaza yimiphunga. Ziyakwazi ukubamba umphefumlo wazo iyure enye kwaye zintywile ukuya kubunzulu obufikelela kwi-1 m. Kodwa, njengezinye izilwanyana zaselwandle, iminenga ezuba ngamaxesha athile ithi gqi phezu kwamanzi ukuze iphefumle. Xa iminenga inyukela phezu kwamanzi, isebenzisa umngxuma wokuphefumla, umngxuma wokuphefumla owenziwe ngeentanda ezimbini ezinkulu (iimpumlo) ngasemva kwentloko yayo. Ukuphefumla komnenga ngomngxunya wawo kudla ngokukhatshwa ngumthombo othe nkqo wamanzi afikelela kwiimitha ezili-100. Xa siqwalasela iimpawu zendawo ehlala iminenga, imiphunga yayo isebenza kakuhle kakhulu kuneyethu β imiphunga yomnenga ifunxa i-10-80% ioksijini, kwaye eyethu kuphela malunga ne-90%. Umthamo wemiphunga umalunga neelitha ezingama-15 amawaka, kodwa ebantwini lo mfanekiso uyahluka malunga neelitha ezi-3-3.
Umzekelo wentliziyo yomnenga oluhlaza kwimyuziyam eNew Bedford (USA).
Inkqubo yokujikeleza komnenga oluhlaza nayo izele ziiparamitha ezirekhodiweyo. Ngokomzekelo, imikhumbi yabo mikhulu, ububanzi be-aorta iyodwa bumalunga neesentimitha ezingama-40. Intliziyo yeminenga igqalwa njengeyona ntliziyo inkulu ehlabathini yaye inobunzima obumalunga neetoni. Ngentliziyo enkulu kangaka, umnenga unegazi elininzi - ngaphezu kweelitha ezingama-8000 kumntu omdala.
Kwaye ngoku sifika ngokutyibilikayo kundoqo wesifundo ngokwaso. Intliziyo yomnenga iblue whale inkulu, njengoko sele siyiqonda, kodwa ibetha kancinci. Ngaphambili, kwakukholelwa ukuba i-pulse yayimalunga ne-5-10 ibetha ngomzuzu, kwiimeko ezinqabileyo ukuya kwi-20. Kodwa akukho mntu wenze imilinganiselo echanekileyo kude kube ngoku.
Izazinzulu zeYunivesithi yaseStanford zithi isikali sibaluleke kakhulu kwibhayoloji, ngakumbi xa kufikwa ekumiseleni iimpawu zokusebenza kwamalungu ezinto eziphilayo. Uphononongo lwezidalwa ezahlukahlukeneyo, ukusuka kwiimpuku ukuya kwiminenga, lusenza sikwazi ukumisela imida yobukhulu obungenakuyigqitha into ephilayo. Kwaye intliziyo kunye ne-cardiovascular system ngokubanzi ziimpawu ezibalulekileyo zezifundo ezinjalo.
Kwizilwanyana ezincancisayo zaselwandle, iphysiology yazo ilungelelaniswe ngokupheleleyo nendlela yazo yokuphila, uhlengahlengiso olunxulumene nokuntywila kunye nokubamba umoya kudlala indima ebalulekileyo. Kufunyaniswe ukuba uninzi lwezi zidalwa zinesantya sentliziyo esihla siye kumanqanaba angaphantsi kokuphumla kwawo ngexesha lokuntywila. Kwaye xa unyukele phezulu, ukubetha kwentliziyo kuba ngokukhawuleza.
Isantya sentliziyo esisezantsi ngexesha lokuntywila siyimfuneko ukunciphisa isantya sokuhanjiswa kweoksijini kwiithishu kunye neeseli, ngaloo ndlela kuthomalalisa inkqubo yokuncipha koovimba beoksijini egazini kunye nokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kweoksijini yintliziyo ngokwayo.
Kucingelwa ukuba umthambo (okt ukwandisa umsebenzi womzimba) ulungelelanisa impendulo ye-dive kunye nokwandisa izinga lentliziyo ngexesha lokuntywila. Le hypothesis ibaluleke kakhulu kufundo lweminenga eluhlaza, kuba ngenxa yendlela ekhethekileyo yokutya (ukuntywila ngequbuliso ukuginya amanzi), isantya semetabolism, ngokwethiyori, kufuneka sigqithise kumaxabiso asisiseko (indawo yokuphumla) 50 amaxesha. Kucingelwa ukuba imiphunga enjalo ikhawulezisa ukuncipha kweoksijini, ngoko ke inciphisa ixesha lokuntywila.
Ukwanda kwesantya sentliziyo kunye nokuhanjiswa okwandisiweyo kweoksijini ukusuka egazini ukuya kwizihlunu ngexesha le-lunge kunokudlala indima ebalulekileyo ngenxa yeendleko zemetabolism zaloo msebenzi womzimba. Ukongezelela, kuyafaneleka ukuqwalasela ukugxininiswa okuphantsi i-myoglobin* (Mb) kwiminenga eluhlaza (i-5-10 amaxesha angaphantsi kunezinye izilwanyana zaselwandle: 0.8 g Mb nge-100 g-1 isihlunu kwiminenga eluhlaza kunye ne-1.8-10 g Mb kwezinye izilwanyana zaselwandle.
IMyoglobin* -iprotheyini ebopha i-oksijeni yemisipha yamathambo kunye nezihlunu zenhliziyo.
Njengokuqukumbela, umsebenzi womzimba, ubunzulu bokuntywila kunye nolawulo oluvolitional ukutshintsha izinga lokubetha kwentliziyo ngexesha lokuntywila nge-autonomic nervous system.
Into eyongezelelweyo ekunciphiseni izinga lentliziyo ingaba yingcinezelo / ukwandiswa kwemiphunga ngexesha lokuntywila / ukunyuka.
Ke, ukubetha kwentliziyo ngexesha lokuntywila kwaye ngelixa kumphezulu kuhambelana ngqo neepateni ze-hemodynamic ze-arterial.
Fin whale
Uphononongo lwangaphambili lweempawu ze-biomechanical kunye nemilinganiselo yeendonga ze-aorta kwiminenga edibeneyo (Balaenoptera physalus) wabonisa ukuba ngexesha lokuntywila kwisantya sentliziyo β€10 beats / min, i-aorta arch isebenzise umphumo wokugcinwa kwamanzi (Windkessel effect), egcina ukuhamba kwegazi ixesha elide amaxesha diastolic * phakathi kokubetha kwentliziyo kunye nokunciphisa ukutyhutyha kokuhamba kwegazi kwi-aorta eqinile ye-distal.
Diastole* (ixesha le-diastolic) - ixesha lokuphumla kwentliziyo phakathi kokuqhawula.
Zonke iingqikelelo ezichazwe ngasentla, iithiyori kunye nezigqibo kufuneka zibe nobungqina obuphathekayo, oko kukuthi, ukuqinisekiswa okanye ukuphikiswa ekusebenzeni. Kodwa ukwenza oku, kufuneka uqhube i-electrocardiogram kwi-whale ehamba ngokukhululekileyo. Iindlela ezilula aziyi kusebenza apha, ngoko izazinzulu ziye zenza isixhobo sabo se-electrocardiography.
Ividiyo apho abaphandi bathetha ngokufutshane ngomsebenzi wabo.
I-ECG yomnenga yarekhodwa kusetyenziswa irekhoda ye-ECG eyenziwe ngokwezifiso eyakhelwe kwi-capsule ekhethekileyo enekomityi ezi-4 zokufunxa. Iielectrode ze-ECG zomphezulu zakhiwe kwiikomityi ezimbini zokufunxa. Abaphandi bathatha isikhephe baya eMonterey Bay (iPacific Ocean, kufuphi neCalifornia). Xa izazinzulu ekugqibeleni zadibana nomnenga oluhlaza owathi wavela, zancamathela irekhoda yeECG emzimbeni wawo (kufuphi nephiko lasekhohlo). Ngokutsho kwedatha eqokelelwe ngaphambili, lo mnenga yindoda eneminyaka eyi-15. Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba esi sixhobo asiyi-invasive, oko kukuthi, ayifuni ukuqaliswa kwanoma yiyiphi inzwa okanye i-electrodes kwisikhumba sesilwanyana. Oko kukuthi, kumnenga le nkqubo ayinabuhlungu ngokupheleleyo kwaye inoxinzelelo oluncinci lokunxibelelana nabantu, nto leyo ebaluleke kakhulu, kuba kuthathwe ukubetha kwentliziyo, okunokuthi kugqwethwe ngenxa yoxinzelelo. Isiphumo sasiyi-8.5-iyure ye-ECG yokurekhoda apho izazinzulu zakwazi ukwakha iphrofayili yezinga lentliziyo (umfanekiso ongezantsi).
Umfanekiso #1: Iprofayile yesantya sentliziyo yomnenga.
I-ECG waveform yayifana naleyo ibhalwe kwiminenga emincinci evalelweyo isebenzisa isixhobo esifanayo. Indlela yokuzingela umnenga yayiyinto eqhelekileyo kuhlobo lwawo: ukuntywila kangangemizuzu eli-16.5 ukuya kubunzulu obuyi-184 m kunye nekhefu lomphezulu lomzuzu omnye ukuya kwemi-1.
Iprofayili yesantya sentliziyo, ehambelana nempendulo ye-cardiovascular to dive, ibonise ukuba izinga lentliziyo phakathi kwe-4 kunye ne-8 beats ngomzuzu ligqithisekile ngexesha lesigaba esisezantsi se-dives yokutya, kungakhathaliseki ukuba ubude be-dive okanye ubunzulu obukhulu. Isantya sentliziyo yokuntywila (esibalwe kulo lonke ixesha lokuntywila) kunye nesantya esincinci sentliziyo sokuntywila sehlile kunye nobude bexesha lokuntywila, ngelixa isantya sentliziyo se-postdive siphezulu kunye nexesha lokuntywila. Oko kukuthi, ixesha elide umnenga wawuphantsi kwamanzi, intliziyo ibetha kancinane ngexesha lokuntywila kwaye ngokukhawuleza emva kokunyuka.
Ngapha koko, i-allometric equations yezilwanyana ezanyisayo ichaza ukuba umnenga obunzima be-70000 kg unentliziyo enobunzima obungama-319 kg, kwaye umthamo we-stroke (umthamo wegazi okhutshwa ngokubetha) umalunga ne-80 l, ke ngoko, ukubetha kwentliziyo ephumleyo kufuneka kube ngama-15. imiz.
Ngexesha lezigaba ezisezantsi zokuntywila, ukubetha kwentliziyo kwangoko kwakuphakathi kwe-1/3 kunye ne-1/2 yesantya sentliziyo esixeliweyo. Nangona kunjalo, izinga lentliziyo liye landa ngexesha lokunyuka. Kumaxa angaphezulu, izinga lokubetha kwentliziyo belimalunga nokuphinda-phindwe kabini kwesantya sentliziyo ebesixelwe kwangaphambili kwaye lisuka ikakhulu kuma-30 ukuya kuma-37 bpm emva kokuntywila nzulu (>125 m ubunzulu) kunye nokusuka kwi-20 ukuya kwi-30 bpm emva kokuntywila nzulu.
Olu qwalaselo lunokubonisa ukuba ukukhawuleza kwesantya sentliziyo kuyimfuneko ukufezekisa utshintshiselwano olufunwayo lwegesi yokuphefumula kunye nokubuyisela kwakhona (ukubuyisela ukuhamba kwegazi) kwezicubu phakathi kwee-dives ezinzulu.
Ukuntywila ebusuku okungatshoniyo, okwexeshana elifutshane kwakunxulunyaniswa nokuphumla kwaye ke ngoko kwakuxhaphake kakhulu kumazwe angasebenziyo. Izinga lentliziyo eliqhelekileyo eliqatshelwe ngexesha lokuntywila kwemizuzu emi-5 ebusuku (i-8 ibethi ngomzuzu) kunye nesithuba semizuzu emi-2 ehamba nomphezulu (25 beats ngomzuzu) inokudibana ukuze ibangele ukubetha kwentliziyo malunga ne-13 ibethi ngomzuzu. Lo mfanekiso, njengoko sibona, usondele ngokuphawulekayo kwiingqikelelo eziqikelelweyo zeemodeli ze-allometric.
Izazinzulu ke zenze iprofayile yesantya sentliziyo, ubunzulu, kunye nomthamo wemiphunga ozalanayo ukusuka kwi-4 eyahlukeneyo yokuntywila ukuphonononga iziphumo ezinokubakho zokuzilolonga kunye nobunzulu kulawulo lwesantya sentliziyo.
Umfanekiso #2: Izinga lentliziyo, ubunzulu kunye neeprofayili zevolumu ye-lung ye-4 eyahlukileyo.
Xa usitya ukutya kubunzulu obukhulu, umnenga wenza indlela ethile yokwenza i-lunge-uvula umlomo wawo ngokungqongqo ukuginya amanzi ngeplankton, emva koko ukuhluze ukutya. Kwaphawulwa ukuba ukubetha kwentliziyo ngexesha lokugwinya kwamanzi kumaxesha angama-2.5 aphezulu kunomzuzu wokucoca. Oku kuthetha ngokuthe ngqo kuxhomekeke kwizinga lentliziyo kumsebenzi womzimba.
Ngokubhekiselele kwimiphunga, impembelelo yayo kwisantya sentliziyo ayinakwenzeka kakhulu, kuba akukho lutshintsho lubalulekileyo kumthamo wemiphunga oye wabonwa ngexesha lokuntywila okubuzwayo.
Ngaphezu koko, kwizigaba ezisezantsi zokuntywila ezinzulu, ukonyuka kwexesha elifutshane kwisantya sentliziyo kwanxulunyaniswa ngokuchanekileyo notshintsho kumthamo onxulumene nemiphunga kwaye kunokubangelwa kukusebenza kwe-lung stretch receptor.
Ukushwankathela ukuqwalaselwa okuchazwe ngasentla, izazinzulu zafikelela kwisigqibo sokuba ngexesha lokutya kwiindawo ezinzulu kakhulu kukho ukunyuka kwexesha elifutshane kwizinga lentliziyo ngamaxesha angama-2.5. Nangona kunjalo, umndilili wokubetha kwentliziyo ngexesha lokutyisa imiphunga yayisesisiqingatha kuphela sexabiso lokuphumla eliqikelelweyo. Ezi datha zihambelana ne-hypothesis yokuba i-aortic arches eguquguqukayo yeminenga emikhulu yenza i-reservoir effect ngexesha lokucotha kwentliziyo yokuntywila. Ukongezelela, uluhlu lwezinga eliphezulu leentliziyo ngexesha lexesha lokuhamba lixhasa i-hypothesis yokuba i-aortic impedance kunye nomthwalo womsebenzi wenhliziyo uyancitshiswa ngexesha lokuphumla kwendawo ngenxa yokuphazamiseka okutshabalalisa okuphumayo kunye nokubonakaliswa kwamaza oxinzelelo kwi-aorta.
I-bradycardia ebukhali ejongwe ngabaphandi inokubizwa ngokuba sisiphumo esingalindelekanga sophononongo, ngenxa yenkcitho enkulu yamandla ngumnenga kwi-Lunge maneuver ngelixa uginya amanzi ngeplankton. Nangona kunjalo, iindleko ze-metabolism zolu buchule zingahambelani nesantya sentliziyo okanye ukuthuthwa kwe-oksijini ye-convective, inxalenye ngenxa yexesha elifutshane lokutya kunye nokukhangela okunokwenzeka kwe-glycolytic, i-fiber muscle ekhawulezayo.
Ngexesha le-Lunge, iminenga eluhlaza ikhawuleza ukuya kwisantya esiphezulu kwaye ifunxe umthamo wamanzi anokuba mkhulu kunomzimba wayo. Izazinzulu ziqikelela ukuba ukuxhathisa okuphezulu kunye namandla afunekayo ekusebenzeni ngokukhawuleza kuphelisa i-oksijini epheleleyo yomzimba, ngaloo ndlela kunciphisa ixesha lokuntywila. Amandla omatshini afunekayo ukufunxa izixa ezikhulu zamanzi kusenokwenzeka ukuba angaphezulu lee kumandla e-aerobic metabolism. Kungenxa yoko, ngexesha lokuqhuba okunjalo, ukubetha kwentliziyo kwanda, kodwa ixesha elifutshane kakhulu.
Ukuze ufumane ulwazi oluthe kratya malunga nee-nuances zophononongo, ndincoma ukujonga .
Ipilo
Esinye sezona ziphumo zibalulekileyo kukuba iminenga eluhlaza ifuna kufutshane namazinga entliziyo aphezulu ekutshintshisweni kwegesi kunye nokuphindaphinda kwakhona ngexesha elifutshane lomphezulu, kungakhathaliseki uhlobo lwegazi kunye nokuncipha kwe-oksijini yemisipha ngexesha lokuntywila. Ukuba sicinga ukuba iminenga emikhulu eblue kufuneka ityale imali yokusebenza ngakumbi ngexesha elifutshane lokufumana ukutya (ngokuhambelana neengqikelelo ze-allometric), ngokuqinisekileyo bajongana nemiqobo emininzi yefiziyoloji ngexesha lokuntywila kunye nangexesha lokuphumla komhlaba. Oku kuthetha ukuba ngokwendaleko ubukhulu bomzimba wabo bulinganiselwe, ekubeni ukuba ubumkhulu, inkqubo yokufumana ukutya bekuya kuba yindleko enkulu yaye ibingayi kuhlawulwa ngokutya okufunyenweyo. Abaphandi ngokwabo bakholelwa ukuba intliziyo ye-blue whale isebenza kumda wezakhono zayo.
Kwixesha elizayo, izazinzulu ziceba ukwandisa amandla esixhobo sabo, kuquka ukongeza i-accelerometer ukuqonda ngcono umphumo wemisebenzi eyahlukeneyo yomzimba kwizinga lentliziyo. Kwakhona baceba ukusebenzisa inzwa yabo ye-ECG kwezinye izinto eziphilayo zaselwandle.
Njengoko olu phononongo lubonisa, ukuba sesona sidalwa sikhulu sinentliziyo enkulu akukho lula. Nangona kunjalo, kungakhathaliseki ukuba ubukhulu babemi baselwandle, kungakhathaliseki ukuba yintoni ukutya ababambelela kuyo, kufuneka siqonde ukuba ikholamu yamanzi, esetyenziswa ngabantu ukuloba, ukukhutshwa kunye nokuthutha, ihlala ikhaya labo. Siziindwendwe kuphela, ngoko ke kufuneka siziphathe ngokufanelekileyo.
NgoLwesihlanu ukusuka phezulu:
Umfanekiso onqabileyo womnenga oluhlaza obonisa umthamo womlomo wawo.
Esinye isigebenga solwandle ngumnenga obizwa ngokuba yisperm whale. Kule vidiyo, izazinzulu ezisebenzisa i-ROV Hercules elawulwa kude zifota umnenga onomdla wokwazi umnenga kubunzulu be-598 yeemitha.
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