4-3 Siyibona njani iConciousness?
Umfundi: Awukawuphenduli umbuzo wam: ukuba "ukwazi" ligama nje elingaqondakaliyo, yintoni eyenza ibe yinto ecacileyo.
Nantsi ithiyori yokuchaza ukuba kutheni: Uninzi lwemisebenzi yethu yengqondo yenzeka, ukuya kuthi ga kwinqanaba elikhulu okanye elincinci, "ngokungazi" - ngengqiqo yokuba asazi ngobukho bayo. Kodwa xa sidibana nobunzima, iqalisa iinkqubo ezikwinqanaba eliphezulu ezineempawu ezilandelayo:
- Basebenzisa iinkumbulo zethu zokugqibela.
- Bahlala besebenza ngokulandelelana kunokuba basebenze ngokufanayo.
- Basebenzisa iinkcazelo ezingavakaliyo, ezifuziselayo, okanye ezithethwa ngomlomo.
- Basebenzisa imizekelo esiye sazakhela ngayo thina.
Ngoku cinga ukuba ingqondo inokudala ubutyebi С ethi iqaliswe xa zonke ezi nkqubo zingentla ziqala ukusebenza kunye:
Ukuba i-C-detector ijika ibe luncedo kakhulu, ke oku kunokukhokelela ekubeni sikholelwe ukuba ibona ubukho bohlobo oluthile lwe "Conscious Thing"! Inene, singade siqikelele ukuba eli qumrhu lingunobangela wobukho beqela leenkqubo ezichazwe ngasentla, kwaye inkqubo yethu yolwimi inokunxulumanisa i-C-detector namagama afana nelithi “awareness,” “self,” “attention,” okanye “Mna.” Ukuze sibone isizathu sokuba imbono enjalo inokuba luncedo kuthi, kufuneka sihlolisise iinxalenye zayo ezine.
Iinkumbulo zakutsha nje: Kutheni kufuneka ukwazi ukukhumbula? Sihlala sibona ingqondo njengeyangoku, hayi ixesha elidlulileyo - njengento ekhoyo ngoku.
Ukuze nayiphi na ingqondo (njengawo nawuphi na umatshini) yazi into eyenziwe ngaphambili, kufuneka ibe nerekhodi yomsebenzi wamva nje. Umzekelo, masithi ndibuze umbuzo: "Ngaba uyazi ukuba uchukumisa indlebe yakho?" Usenokuphendula uthi: “Ewe, ndiyazi ukuba ndiyayenza le nto.” Nangona kunjalo, ukuze wenze ingxelo enjalo, izixhobo zakho zolwimi kufuneka ziphendule kwiimpawu ezivela kwezinye iindawo zengqondo, eziye zasabela kwiziganeko zangaphambili. Ke, xa uqala ukuthetha (okanye ucinga) ngawe, udinga ixesha lokuqokelela idatha eceliweyo.
Ngokuqhelekileyo, oku kuthetha ukuba ingqondo ayikwazi ukubonakalisa into ecinga ngayo ngoku; okona kulungileyo, unokuhlolisisa ezinye iingxelo zeziganeko zakutshanje. Akukho sizathu sokuba nayiphi na inxalenye yobuchopho ayikwazi ukucubungula imveliso yezinye iindawo zobuchopho - kodwa nangona kunjalo kuya kubakho ukulibaziseka okuncinci ekufumaneni ulwazi.
Inkqubo elandelelanayo: Kutheni iinkqubo zethu ezikwinqanaba eliphezulu ubukhulu becala zilandelelana? Ngaba bekungayi kusebenza ngakumbi ngathi ukwenza izinto ezininzi ngaxeshanye?
Amaxesha amaninzi kubomi bakho bemihla ngemihla wenza izinto ezininzi ngexesha elinye; Akunzima kuwe ukuhamba, ukuthetha, ukubona nokuzonwaya indlebe ngaxeshanye. Kodwa bambalwa kakhulu abantu abakwaziyo ukuzoba isangqa kunye nesikwere ngokupasa usebenzisa izandla zozibini ngaxeshanye.
Umntu oqhelekileyo: Mhlawumbi umsebenzi ngamnye kule mibini ufuna ingqalelo yakho kangangokuba awukwazi ukugxila komnye umsebenzi.
Le ngxelo iya kuba nengqiqo ukuba sicinga ukuba Ingqalelo kunikwe ngokwemiyinge emincinci - kodwa ngokusekwe koku siya kufuna ithiyori yokucacisa ukuba yintoni enokunyanzelisa olu hlobo lwesithintelo, njengoko sisenakho ukuhamba, ukuthetha kunye nokujonga ngaxeshanye. Enye ingcaciso kukuba imiqobo enjalo inokuvela xa izixhobo ziqala ukungqubana. Masithi ukuba imisebenzi emibini eyenziwayo ifana kangangokuba kufuneka basebenzise izixhobo zengqondo ezifanayo. Kule meko, ukuba sizama ukwenza izinto ezimbini ezifanayo ngexesha elinye, omnye wabo uya kunyanzeliswa ukuba aphazamise umsebenzi wayo - kwaye iingxabano ezifanayo zivela kwingqondo yethu, izinto ezincinci ezifanayo esinokuthi sizenze ngexesha elifanayo.
Kule meko, kutheni sinokubona, ukuhamba nokuthetha ngaxeshanye? Oku kuqikelelwa ukuba kwenzeka ngenxa yokuba ubuchopho bethu buneenkqubo ezahlukeneyo, ezibekwe kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zobuchopho, ukwenzela imisebenzi enikiweyo, ngaloo ndlela kuncitshiswe ungquzulwano phakathi kwabo. Nangona kunjalo, xa siphoqeleka ukuba sisombulule iingxaki ezinzima kakhulu, ngoko sinokukhetha enye kuphela: ngandlela-thile ingxaki iyayiqhekeza ibe ngamacandelo amaninzi, nganye eya kufuna ukucwangciswa kwenqanaba eliphezulu kunye neengcamango zokusombulula. Umzekelo, ukusombulula nganye kwezi ngxaki kunokufuna enye okanye ngaphezulu "ingqikelelo" malunga nengxaki ethile, kwaye emva koko kufuna umfuniselo wengqondo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuchaneka kwentelekelelo.
Kutheni singenakuzenza zombini ngexesha elinye? Isizathu esinye esinokuba lula - izixhobo ezifunekayo ukwenza kunye nokuphumeza izicwangciso zivele kutshanje - malunga nesigidi seminyaka eyadlulayo - kwaye asinazo iikopi ezininzi zezi zixhobo. Ngamanye amazwi, amanqanaba ethu aphezulu "olawulo" awanazo izixhobo ezaneleyo - umzekelo, izixhobo zokugcina umkhondo wemisebenzi ekufuneka yenziwe, kunye nezibonelelo zokufumana izisombululo kwimisebenzi ekhoyo kunye nenani elincinci langaphakathi. iingxabano. Kwakhona, iinkqubo ezichazwe ngasentla kusenokwenzeka ukuba zisebenzisa iinkcazelo ezingokomfuziselo esizichazile ngaphambili - kwaye ezi zibonelelo zikwanazo nomda. Ukuba oku kunjalo, siya kunyanzelwa nje ukuba sigxile kwiinjongo.
Ukukhutshwa okunjalo kusenokuba sesona sizathu siphambili sokuba sijonge iingcinga zethu “njengomsinga wokuqonda”, okanye “njengemonologue yangaphakathi”-inkqubo apho ukulandelelana kweengcinga kunokufana nebali okanye ibali. Xa izixhobo zethu zisikelwe umda, asinakukhetha ngaphandle kokubandakanyeka “kumsebenzi olandelelanayo” ocothayo, odla ngokubizwa ngokuba “kukucinga okukwinqanaba eliphezulu.”
Inkcazelo yomfuziselo: Kutheni sinyanzelwa ukuba sisebenzise iisimboli okanye amagama endaweni yokuba, sithi, uqhagamshelwano oluthe ngqo phakathi kweeseli zengqondo?
Abaphandi abaninzi baye baphuhlisa iinkqubo ezifunda kumava angaphambili ngokuguqula uxhulumaniso phakathi kweendawo ezahlukeneyo zenkqubo, ebizwa ngokuba yi "neural networks" okanye "ukufunda oomatshini ngokudala oonxibelelwano." Iinkqubo ezinjalo zibonakaliswe ukuba ziyakwazi ukufunda ukuqaphela iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeepateni-kwaye kunokwenzeka ukuba inkqubo efanayo yezinga eliphantsi eliphantsi "kwe-neural networks" inokuthi ibe phantsi kwemisebenzi yethu yobuchopho. Nangona kunjalo, nangona ezi nkqubo ziluncedo kakhulu kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo eziluncedo kwimisebenzi yabantu, azikwazi ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zemisebenzi yengqondo engaphezulu kuba zigcina ulwazi lwazo ngohlobo lwamanani, ekunzima ukulisebenzisa kunye nezinye izixhobo. Abanye banokusebenzisa la manani njengomlinganiselo wonxulumano okanye ukuba nokwenzeka, kodwa abayi kuba nofifi lokuba yintoni enye enokuboniswa ngala manani. Ngamanye amazwi, unikezelo olunjalo lolwazi alunantsingiselo yaneleyo. Umzekelo, inethiwekhi encinci ye-neural inokujongeka ngolu hlobo.
Ngokuthelekisa, umzobo ongezantsi ubonisa okubizwa ngokuba yi "Semantic Web", ebonisa ezinye zokudibanisa phakathi kweengxenye zepiramidi. Umzekelo, ikhonkco ngalinye elatha kwingcamango ixhasa ingasetyenziselwa ukuqikelela ukuwa kwebhloko ephezulu ukuba iibhloko ezisezantsi zisusiwe kwiindawo zazo.
Ngoko, ngeli xesha "unxibelelwano lwenethiwekhi"Ibonisa kuphela "amandla" okunxibelelana phakathi kwezinto, kwaye ayithethi nto malunga nezinto ngokwazo, udibaniso lwamanqanaba amathathu "wenethiwekhi ye-semantic" ingasetyenziselwa ukuqiqa okuhlukeneyo.
Imifuziselo yobuqu: Kutheni sifake "iimodeli zethu" kwiinkqubo eziyimfuneko kwidayagram yakho yokuqala?
Xa uJoan wacinga ngoko wayekwenzile, wazibuza, “Baya kucinga ntoni abahlobo bam ngam?” Kwaye ekuphela kwendlela yokuphendula umbuzo iya kuba kukusebenzisa iinkcazo okanye iimodeli ezimele abahlobo bakhe kunye naye. Eminye imizekelo kaJoan yayiza kuchaza umzimba wakhe womzimba, abanye baya kuchaza iinjongo zakhe, kwaye abanye baya kuchaza ubudlelwane bakhe kwiziganeko ezahlukeneyo zentlalo kunye nenyama. Ekugqibeleni, besiya kwenza inkqubo ebandakanya iseti yamabali malunga nexesha lethu elidlulileyo, iindlela zokuchaza imeko yengqondo yethu, umzimba wolwazi malunga nesakhono sethu, kunye nokubonwa kwabantu esibaziyo. Isahluko 9 siza kucacisa ngakumbi indlela esizenza ngayo ezi zinto size senze “imizekelo” yethu.
Nje ukuba uJoan enze iseti yedatha yeepateni, unokuzisebenzisa ukuze azibonakalise-kwaye emva koko azibone ecinga ngaye. Ukuba ezi zindlela zokuziphatha zikhokelela kuyo nayiphi na indlela yokuziphatha, ngoko uJoan uya kuziva ukuba "ulawula" -kwaye mhlawumbi usebenzisa igama elithi "ukuqonda" ukushwankathela le nkqubo. Ezinye iinkqubo ezenzeka engqondweni, ekungenakwenzeka ukuba azi, uJoan uya kuchaza iindawo ezingaphaya kolawulo lwakhe kwaye azibize ngokuthi "zingekho zingqondweni" okanye "ngokungaqondanga." Kwaye ukuba thina ngokwethu sinokwenza oomatshini abanolu hlobo lokucinga, mhlawumbi nabo baya kufunda ukuthetha amabinzana afana nala: “Ndiqinisekile ukuba uyayazi into endiyithethayo xa ndithetha “ngamava engqondo”.
Andinyanzelisi ukuba ezo detectors (njengenqaku lomhleli we-C-detector) kufuneka ithathe inxaxheba kuzo zonke iinkqubo esizibiza ngokuba zingqondweni. Noko ke, ngaphandle kweendlela zokuqaphela iipatheni ezithile zeemeko zengqondo, sisenokungakwazi ukuthetha ngazo!
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Eli candelo liqale ngokuxoxa ngezimvo malunga nokuba sithetha ukuthini xa sithetha malunga nokuqonda, kwaye sacebisa ukuba ukwazi kunokubonakaliswa njengokubonwa komsebenzi othile okwinqanaba eliphezulu ebuchotsheni.
Nangona kunjalo, saphinda sazibuza ukuba yintoni enokubangela isiqalo le misebenzi ikwinqanaba eliphezulu. Sinokuqwalasela ukubonakaliswa kwazo kulo mzekelo ulandelayo: masithi phakathi kwezixhobo zikaJoan kukho “Abachongi beNgxaki” okanye “Abagxeki” abathi baqalwe xa ukucinga kukaJoan ehlangabezana neengxaki - ngokomzekelo, xa engalufezi usukelo oluthile olubalulekileyo, okanye engalufezi olo sukelo lubalulekileyo. Sombulula ingxaki ethile. Ngaphantsi kwezi meko, uJoan unokuchaza imeko yakhe yengqondo "ngokungonwabi" kunye "nokukhungatheka" kwaye uzame ukuphuma kule meko ngokusebenzisa umsebenzi onengqondo, onokuthi ubonakaliswe ngala magama alandelayo: "Ngoku kufuneka ndizinyanzele ukuba gxininisa." Emva koko unokuzama ukucinga malunga nemeko, eya kufuna ukuthatha inxaxheba kweseti yeenkqubo eziphakamileyo-umzekelo, ukwenza isethi yezi zixhobo zilandelayo zengqondo:
Oku kubonisa ukuba ngamanye amaxesha sisebenzisa "ukuqonda" ukuchaza izenzo eziqalisa iinkqubo endaweni yokuqaphela ukuqala kweenkqubo eziphezulu.
Umfundi: Ukhetha phantsi kwesiphi isiseko imigaqo yezicwangciso zakho, kwaye ngazo uchaze amagama anje “ngokwazi”? Ekubeni "ukuqonda" ligama le-polysemantic, umntu ngamnye unokudala uluhlu lwakhe lwamagama anokuthi afakwe kulo.
Ewe, kuba amagama amaninzi engqondo engaqondakaliyo, sinokutshintsha phakathi kweeseti ezahlukeneyo zamagama achaza kakuhle amagama adidayo, anje ngokuthi "ukuqonda."
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4.3.1 Inkohliso ye-Imanence
«I-paradox yengqondo-okukhona umntu ekrelekrele ngakumbi, kokukhona amanqanaba olwazi ahlulahlulwe kwihlabathi lokwenyani - oku, njengezinye izinto ezininzi kwindalo, luhlobo lokuthobela. Umgama oqhubekayo kwilizwe langaphandle lixabiso elihlawulwa kulo naluphi na ulwazi malunga nehlabathi ngokubanzi. Okukhona ulwazi [lwethu] lwehlabathi lusiya lusiba nzulu ngakumbi, kokukhona ulwazi oluntsonkothileyo luyimfuneko ukuze ubani abe nolwazi olungakumbi.”
-Derek Bickerton, Iilwimi kunye neentlobo, ngo-1990.
Xa ungena kwigumbi uba nemvakalelo yokuba ngokukhawuleza ubona yonke into ekwintsimi yakho yombono. Nangona kunjalo, oku kuyinkohliso kuba udinga ixesha lokuqonda izinto ezisegumbini, kwaye kuphela emva kokuba le nkqubo ususa izinto ezingalunganga zokuqala. Nangona kunjalo, le nkqubo iqhubela phambili ngokukhawuleza kwaye ngokucokisekileyo ifuna ingcaciso - kwaye oku kuya kunikwa kamva kwisahluko §8.3 Panalogy.
Kwenzeka into efanayo nangaphakathi engqondweni yethu. Ngokuqhelekileyo sihlala sivakalelwa kukuba "sizazi" izinto ezenzekayo esingqongileyo ngoku. Kodwa ukuba sijonga imeko kwimbono ebalulekileyo, siya kuqonda ukuba kukho ingxaki kule ngcamango - kuba akukho nto inokukhawuleza ngaphezu kwesantya sokukhanya. Oku kuthetha ukuba akukho nxalenye yobuchopho inokwazi ukuba kwenzeka ntoni “ngoku” - hayi kwihlabathi langaphandle okanye kwezinye iindawo zobuchopho. Ubuninzi bokuba inxalenye esiyicingayo inokwazi ukuba kwenzeke ntoni kwixesha elizayo elingekude.
Umntu oqhelekileyo: Ke kutheni kubonakala kum ukuba ndiyayazi yonke imiqondiso kunye nezandi, kwaye ndiziva nomzimba wam ngalo lonke ixesha? Kutheni kubonakala kum ukuba yonke imiqondiso endiyibonayo icutshungulwa ngoko nangoko?
Kubomi bemihla ngemihla, sinokucinga ukuba "siyazi" yonke into esiyibonayo nesivakalelwa ngayo apha kwaye ngoku, kwaye ngokuqhelekileyo ayihambi kakubi ukuba sicinge ukuba sihlala sidibana nehlabathi elisijikelezile. Nangona kunjalo, ndiya kuxoxa ukuba le nkohliso ivela kwizinto ezingaqhelekanga zombutho wezixhobo zethu zengqondo - kwaye ekugqibeleni kufuneka ndinike le nto ingasentla igama:
Inkohliso ye-Imanence: Uninzi lwemibuzo oyibuzayo iya kuphendulwa phambi kokuba amanqanaba aphezulu okuqonda aqale ukunxibelelana nokukhangela iimpendulo zale mibuzo.
Ngamanye amazwi, ukuba ufumana impendulo kumbuzo onomdla kuwo ngaphambi kokuba uqonde ukuba ubuyifuna, uye uzive usazi impendulo ngoko nangoko kwaye ufumana ingcamango yokuba akukho msebenzi wengqondo owawusenzeka.
Ngokomzekelo, ngaphambi kokuba ungene kwigumbi oliqhelileyo, kusenokwenzeka ukuba sele udlala kwakhona inkumbulo yelo gumbi engqondweni yakho, yaye kunokukuthatha ixesha emva kokuba ungenile ukuze uqaphele utshintsho olwenzeke kwelo gumbi. Ingcamango yokuba umntu uhlala ewazi umzuzu wangoku uyimfuneko kubomi bemihla ngemihla, kodwa uninzi lwezinto esizicingayo esizibonayo kukulindela kwethu okuqhelekileyo.
Abanye baphikisa ngelithi bekuya kuba kuhle ukuhlala uqaphela yonke into eyenzekayo. Kodwa okukhona iinkqubo zakho ezikwinqanaba eliphezulu zitshintsha umbono wazo wokwenyani, kokukhona kuya kuba nzima kubo ukufumana ulwazi olunentsingiselo ekutshintsheni iimeko. Amandla eenkqubo zethu eziphakamileyo aziveli kwiinguqu eziqhubekayo kwiinkcazo zabo zenyaniso, kodwa ukusuka ekuzinzeni kwazo.
Ngamanye amazwi, ukuze siqonde ukuba yeyiphi inxalenye yendawo yangaphandle kunye nengaphakathi egcinwe ixesha elide, kufuneka sikwazi ukuhlolisisa kunye nokuthelekisa iinkcazo zexesha elidlulileyo. Siyaluqaphela utshintsho nangona kunjalo, kungekhona ngenxa yokuba lusenzeka. Imvakalelo yethu yokunxibelelana rhoqo nehlabathi yi-Illusion of Immanence: ivela xa kuyo yonke imibuzo esiyibuzayo, sele sifumana impendulo kwiintloko zethu nangaphambi kokuba umbuzo ubuzwe - ngokungathi iimpendulo sele zikhona.
KwiSahluko sesi-6 siza kujonga indlela ukukwazi kwethu ukuvuselela ulwazi ngaphambi kokuba silufune kunokucacisa isizathu sokuba sisebenzisa izinto ezifana "ingqiqo" kwaye kutheni ibonakala "icacile" kuthi.
4.4 UkuVavanya ingqiqo
“Iingqondo zethu ziyilwe ngethamsanqa kangangokuba sinokuqalisa ukucinga ngaphandle kokuyiqonda indlela esebenza ngayo. Sinokuqonda kuphela umphumo walo msebenzi. Indawo yeenkqubo zokungazi nto yinto engaziwayo esebenzayo kwaye isidalele, kwaye ekugqibeleni izisa iziqhamo zemizamo yayo emadolweni ethu. "
UWilhelm Wundt (1832-1920)
Kutheni le nto “ukuqonda” kubonakala ngathi kuyimfihlakalo kuthi? Ndixoxa ngelithi isizathu soku kukuzibaxa kwethu ingqiqo yethu. Ngokomzekelo, ngexesha elithile, ilensi yeliso lakho inokujolisa kuphela kwinto enye ekumgama olinganiselweyo, ngelixa ezinye izinto ezingajoliswanga kakuhle ziya kuba mfiliba.
Umntu oqhelekileyo: Kubonakala kum ukuba le nyaniso ayisebenzi kum, kuba zonke izinto endizibonayo zibonwa ndim ngokucacileyo.
Uyabona ukuba le yinkohliso ukuba ujolisa amehlo akho kwincam yomnwe wakho ngelixa ujonge into ekude. Kule meko, uya kubona izinto ezimbini endaweni yesinye, kwaye zombini ziya kuba luzizi kakhulu ukuba zibonwe ngokweenkcukacha. Ngaphambi kokuba silwenze olu lingelo, sasicinga ukuba yonke into sinokuyibona ngokucacileyo ngobusuku nje obunye kuba ilensi yeliso ilungelelaniswe ngokukhawuleza ukuze ijonge izinto ezisingqongileyo kangangokuba sasingenamvakalelo yokuba iliso linokukwenza oku. Ngokunjalo, abantu abaninzi bacinga ukuba babona yonke imibala kwindawo yabo yombono - kodwa ukulinga olulula lubonise ukuba sibona kuphela imibala echanekileyo yezinto kufutshane nento esijongise kuyo.
Yomibini le mizekelo ingasentla inxulumene ne-Illusion of Immanence kuba amehlo ethu asabela ngokukhawuleza ngokumangalisayo kwizinto ezitsala ingqalelo yethu. Kwaye ndiyaxoxa ukuba into efanayo iyasebenza ekuqondeni: senza phantse iimpazamo ezifanayo malunga noko sinokukubona ngaphakathi kwengqondo yethu.
UPatrick Hayes: “Khawufane ucinge ukuba bekuya kuba njani ukwazi iinkqubo esidala intetho eqikelelwayo (okanye yokwenyani). [Kwimeko enjalo] isenzo esilula esinje, yithi, “ukwenza igama” bekuya kuba bubugocigoci nobuchubekileyo bokusetyenziswa kwendlela entsonkothileyo yokufikelela kwizichazi-magama, okufana nokudlala ilungu langaphakathi. Amagama namabinzana ekufuneka sinxibelelane nawo ngokwawo aya kuba lusukelo olukude, olufuna ulwazi nobuchule obufana neokhestra edlala i-symphony okanye umkhandi oqhawula inkqubo entsonkothileyo.”
UHayes uyaqhubeka esithi ukuba besisazi ukuba yonke into isebenza njani ngaphakathi kuthi:
“Sonke besiya kuzifumana sikwindima yabakhonzi bethu bangaphambili; besiya kuba sijikeleza ngaphakathi engqondweni sizama ukuqonda iinkcukacha zoomatshini bengqondo, ngoku abafihlwe ngokumangalisayo ukuba bangabonwa, beshiya ixesha lokusombulula imiba ebaluleke ngakumbi. Kutheni kufuneka sibe kwigumbi le-injini ukuba sinokuba kwibhulorho yomphathi?"
Xa kujongwa lo mbono udidayo, ukwazi kusabonakala kumangalisa – hayi kuba kusixelela okuninzi ngehlabathi, kodwa kuba kusikhusela kwizinto eziyindinisa ezichazwe ngasentla! Nantsi enye inkcazo yale nkqubo, enokufumaneka kwisahluko 6.1 "Society of Reason"
Cinga ngendlela umqhubi oyiqhuba ngayo imoto ngaphandle kolwazi ngendlela esebenza ngayo injini, okanye kutheni amavili emoto ejika ekhohlo okanye ekunene. Kodwa ukuba siqala ukucinga ngayo, siyaqonda ukuba silawula zombini umatshini kunye nomzimba ngendlela efanayo. Oku kusebenza nakwingcinga enengqondo-ekuphela kwento okufuneka ukhathazeke ngayo kukukhetha isalathiso sokuhamba, kwaye yonke enye into iya kusebenza ngokwayo. Le nkqubo ingakholelekiyo ibandakanya inani elikhulu lemisipha, amathambo kunye nemigqa, elawulwa ngamakhulu eenkqubo ezisebenzisanayo ezingenakuqondwa ziingcali. Nangona kunjalo, kufuneka ucinge "ujike kwicala" kwaye umnqweno wakho uya kuzaliseka ngokuzenzekelayo.
Yaye ukuba ucinga ngako, bekungenakuba ngenye indlela! Bekuya kwenzeka ntoni ukuba besinokunyanzelwa ukuba sibone izigidi ngezigidi zoqhagamshelo kwingqondo yethu? Ngokomzekelo, izazinzulu beziziqwalasela kangangamakhulu eminyaka, kodwa azikayiqondi indlela ezisebenza ngayo iingqondo zethu. Ngethamsanqa, kubomi banamhlanje, into ekufuneka siyazi kukuba yintoni ekufuneka yenziwe! Oku kunokufaniswa nombono wethu wehamile njengento enokusetyenziswa ekubetheni izinto, nebhola njengento enokujulwa ize ibanjiswe. Kutheni le nto sibona izinto ezingekho njengoko zinjalo, kodwa ngokwembono yokusetyenziswa kwazo?
Ngokukwanjalo, xa udlala imidlalo yekhompyutha, ulawula okwenzeka ngaphakathi ekhompyutheni ikakhulu ngokusebenzisa iisimboli namagama. Inkqubo esiyibiza "ingqondo" isebenza ngendlela efanayo. Kubonakala ngathi amanqanaba aphezulu okuqonda kwethu ahleli kwiikhomputha zengqondo, elawula oomatshini abakhulu kwiingqondo zethu, ngaphandle kokuqonda ukuba basebenza njani, kodwa ngokulula "ukucofa" kwiisimboli ezahlukeneyo ukusuka kuluhlu oluvela rhoqo ngoku kunye nokuboniswa kwengqondo.
Iingqondo zethu azizange zivele njengesixhobo sokuzijonga, kodwa ukusombulula iingxaki ezisebenzayo ezinxulumene nokutya, ukukhuselwa kunye nokuzala.
4.5 IiMfuziselo kunye nokuZiqonda
Ukuba siqwalasela inkqubo yokwenziwa kokuzazi, kufuneka siyiphephe imiqondiso enye yokubonakala kwayo, njengokuqondwa komntwana kunye nokwahlulwa kwamalungu athile omzimba wakhe kwimekobume, ukusebenzisa kwakhe amagama anjengathi “ndim,” kwanokwahlula. ukuqaphela ukubonakala kwakhe esipilini. Ukusetyenziswa kwezimelabizo zobuqu kusenokubangelwa kukuba umntwana uqalisa ukuphindaphinda amagama namabinzana athethwa ngabanye ngaye. Olu phindo lunokuqala kubantwana abakubudala obahlukeneyo, nokuba ukukhula kwabo kwengqondo kuqhubeka ngendlela efanayo.
- UWilhelm Wundt. 1897
Ku-§4.2 sicebise ukuba uJoan "uzenzele kwaye wasebenzisa imodeli yakhe" - kodwa asicacisanga ukuba sithetha ukuthini. imodeli. Sisebenzisa eli gama kwiintsingiselo ezininzi, umzekelo "uCharlie model administrator", oku kuthetha ukuba kufanelekile ukugxila, okanye umzekelo "Ndidala imodeli yenqwelomoya" oku kuthetha ukudala into encinci efanayo. Kodwa kwesi sibhalo sisebenzisa ibinzana elithi “umzekelo X” ukubonisa inkangeleko yengqondo eyenziwe lula esivumela ukuba siphendule imibuzo ethile ephathelele into ethile entsonkothileyo engu-X.
Ngaloo ndlela, xa sisithi "uJoan uye Imodeli yengqondo kaCharlie", sithetha ukuba uJoan unayo ezinye izixhobo zengqondo ezimnceda ukuba aphendule ezinye imibuzo malunga noCharlie. Ndaligqamisa igama ezinye kuba imodeli nganye kaJoan iya kusebenza kakuhle neentlobo ezithile zemibuzo - kwaye iya kunika iimpendulo ezingachanekanga kuninzi lweminye imibuzo. Ngokucacileyo, umgangatho wokucinga kukaJoan awuyi kuxhomekeka kuphela kwindlela elungile ngayo imodeli yakhe, kodwa nakwindlela izakhono zakhe ezintle ngayo ekukhetheni le mizekelo kwiimeko ezithile.
Ezinye zeemodeli zikaJoan ziya kuxela kwangaphambili ukuba izenzo zomzimba zinokuchaphazela njani ihlabathi elisingqongileyo. Ukwanayo neemodeli zengqondo eziqikelela ukuba izenzo zengqondo zinokusitshintsha njani isimo sakhe sengqondo. Kwisahluko se-9 siza kuthetha ngemizekelo anokuyisebenzisa ukuzichaza, umz. phendula imibuzo ethile malunga nobuchule bakhe kunye notyekelo lwakhe. Le mizekelo inokuchaza:
Iinjongo zakhe ezahlukeneyo kunye namabhongo.
Iimbono zakhe zobungcali nezopolitiko.
Iingcamango zakhe malunga nobuchule bakhe.
Iimbono zakhe malunga neendima zakhe kwezentlalo.
Iimbono zakhe ezahlukeneyo zokuziphatha nezokuziphatha.
Ukukholelwa kwakhe kwinto ayiyo.
Umzekelo, unokusebenzisa eminye yale mifuziselo ukuvavanya ukuba kufuneka athembele kuye ukuba enze okuthile. Ngaphezu koko, banokuchaza ezinye iingcamango malunga nokuqonda kwabo. Ukubonisa oku, ndiza kusebenzisa umzekelo onikwe sisithandi sobulumko uDrew McDermott.
UJoan ukwigumbi elithile. Unemodeli yazo zonke izinto kwigumbi elinikiweyo. Kwaye enye yezinto nguJoan ngokwakhe.
Izinto ezininzi ziya kuba nezazo iimodeli ezisezantsi, eziya kuthi, umzekelo, zichaze ulwakhiwo kunye nemisebenzi yazo. Imodeli kaJoan yento ethi "Joan" iya kuba yisakhiwo esiza kubiza ngokuthi "I", eya kubandakanya ubuncinane iinxalenye ezimbini: enye yazo iya kubizwa ngokuba Umzimba, Isibini - Ngesizathu.
Ukusebenzisa iindawo ezahlukeneyo zale modeli uJoan unokuphendula "ukuba" kumbuzo othi: "Ngaba unabo nabuphi na ubukrelekrele?" Kodwa ukuba uyambuza: "Iphi ingqondo yakho?"- le modeli ayiyi kukwazi ukunceda ukuphendula umbuzo ngendlela abanye abantu abenza ngayo: "Ingqondo yam ingaphakathi kwentloko yam (okanye ngaphakathi kwengqondo yam)" Nangona kunjalo, uJoan uya kukwazi ukunika impendulo efanayo ukuba Я iyakuqulatha udibaniso lwangaphakathi phakathi Ngesizathu и Umzimba okanye unxibelelwano lwangaphandle phakathi Ngesizathu kwaza kwabizwa elinye ilungu lomzimba Ngengqondo.
Ngokubanzi, iimpendulo zethu kwimibuzo emalunga nathi zixhomekeke kwiimodeli esinazo ngathi. Ndiye ndasebenzisa igama elithi imifuziselo endaweni yemodeli kuba, njengoko siza kubona kwiSahluko 9, abantu bafuna imizekelo eyahlukeneyo kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo. Ngaloo ndlela, kukho iimpendulo ezininzi kumbuzo ofanayo, kuxhomekeke kwiyiphi injongo umntu afuna ukuyifeza, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha ezi mpendulo aziyi kuhambelana.
UDrew McDermott: Bambalwa abantu abakholelwa ukuba sineepateni ezinjalo, kwaye bambalwa abantu abaziyo ukuba sinabo. Into ephambili ayikuko ukuba inkqubo inemodeli yayo, kodwa inemodeli yayo njengomntu oyaziyo. " — comp.ai.philosophy, ngoFebruwari 7, 1992.
Nangona kunjalo, ezi ngcaciso azichazi kakuhle, kodwa akunakwenzeka ukuba ziqhubeke zikhona ukuba azenzi nto iluncedo kuthi.
Kwenzeka ntoni xa sibuza uJoan: “Ngaba uyayiqonda into osandul 'ukwenza kwaye kutheni uyenzile?"?"
Ukuba uJoan unemizekelo emihle yendlela alwenza ngayo ukhetho lwakhe- ke uya kuziva ukuba unayo "ulawulo"Ngasemva kwezenzo zakhe kwaye usebenzisa igama"izigqibo eziqondayo" ukubachaza. Iindidi zemisebenzi angenayo imodeli elungileyo, angayihlela njengezimeleyo kwaye afowune "engekho zingqondweni"okanye"engaqondanga" Okanye ngokuchaseneyo, unokuziva ngathi usenolawulo olupheleleyo lwemeko kwaye wenza izigqibo ezisekelwe kwi "okufunwa nguwe"- leyo, nangona angayithetha, iya kuthetha: "Andinayo ingcaciso entle yokuba yintoni ebangele ukuba ndenze esi senzo.».
Ngoko xa uJoan esithi, "Ndenze ukhetho olufanelekileyo"- oku akuthethi ukuba kukho into engummangaliso eyenzekayo. Oku kuthetha ukuba uyamchaza iingcinga iindawo ezahlukeneyo zeemodeli zabo eziluncedo kakhulu.
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4.6 Ithiyetha yaseCarthusian
“Ingqondo sinokuyijonga njengeqonga lemidlalo yeqonga elidlala ngaxeshanye. Ukuqonda kubandakanya ukuzithelekisa nomnye, ukukhetha ezona zifanelekileyo kwiimeko ezinikiweyo kunye nokucinezela eyona nto ifunekayo ngokunyusa kunye nokunciphisa izinga lokuqwalaselwa. Ezona ziphumo zibalaseleyo nezibonakalayo zomsebenzi wengqondo zikhethwa kwiinkcukacha ezibonelelwa ngamanqanaba asezantsi okwenziwa kolwazi, ahluzwayo kulwazi olulula nangakumbi, njalo njalo.”
- UWilliam James.
Ngamanye amaxesha sithelekisa umsebenzi wengqondo nomdlalo weqonga. Ngenxa yoko, uJoan ngamanye amaxesha unokuzibona njengombukeli kumqolo ongaphambili weqonga, kwaye "iingcinga entlokweni yakhe" njengabadlali abadlalayo. Omnye wala badlali wayenentlungu emadolweni akhe (§3-5), eyaqala ukudlala indima enkulu. Kungekudala, uJoan waqalisa ukuva ilizwi entloko yakhe: “Kufuneka ndenze okuthile ngale ntlungu. Uyandinqanda ukuba ndingenzi nantoni na.»
Ngoku, xa uJoan eqalisa ukucinga ngendlela avakalelwa ngayo noko anokukwenza, uJoan ngokwakhe uya kuvela. Kodwa ukuze eve into ayithethayo, kufuneka abe seholweni. Ngaloo ndlela, sineekopi ezimbini zikaJoan - kwindima yomdlali, kunye nendima yombukeli!
Ukuba siqhubeka nokubukela le ntsebenzo, iikopi ezininzi zikaJoan ziya kuvela kwinqanaba. Kufuneka kubekho uJoan umbhali oza kubhala imiboniso kunye noJoan umyili weqonga lemiboniso. Ezinye iiJoans kufuneka zibekho ngasemva kwesiteji ukulawula umva, ukukhanya kunye nesandi. UJoan umlawuli kufuneka abonakale edlala umdlalo kunye noJoan umgxeki ukuze akwazi ukukhalaza: “Andisakwazi ukumelana nale ntlungu!"
Nangona kunjalo, xa sijonga ngokusondeleyo kule mbono yeqonga, sibona ukuba ibeka imibuzo eyongezelelweyo kwaye ayinikezi iimpendulo eziyimfuneko. Xa uJoan uMgxeki eqala ukukhalaza ngeentlungu, uziva njani ngoJoan odlala eqongeni ngoku? Ngaba kukho imfuneko yethiyetha eyahlukileyo kumntu ngamnye kwaba badlali beqonga ukuya kumdlalo weqonga noJoan nje omnye? Ngokuqinisekileyo, i-theater ekuthethwa ngayo ayikho, kwaye izinto zikaJoan azikho abantu. Ziyimizekelo nje eyahlukileyo kaJoan ngokwakhe, awayidalayo ukuba azimele kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo. Kwezinye iimeko, le mizekelo ifana kakhulu nabalinganiswa beekhathuni okanye i-caricatures, kwezinye zihluke ngokupheleleyo kwinto ethathwe kuyo. Nokuba yeyiphi na indlela, ingqondo kaJoan izele ziimodeli ezahlukeneyo zikaJoan ngokwakhe-uJoan kwixesha elidlulileyo, uJoan okwangoku, kunye noJoan kwixesha elizayo. Kukho zombini iintsalela zikaJoan wangaphambili, kunye noJoan afuna ukuba nguye. Kukwakho neemodeli ezisondeleleneyo nezentlalo zikaJoan, umgijimi uJoan kunye noJoan isazi sezibalo, uJoan imvumi kunye noJoan wezopolitiko, kunye neentlobo ezahlukeneyo zikaJoan oyingcali-kwaye kanye ngenxa yeminqweno yabo eyahlukileyo asinakuthemba ukuba bonke. UJoan uya kuhambelana. Siza kuxoxa ngalo mba banzi kwiSahluko se-9.
Kutheni uJoan esenza imodeli yakhe? Ingqondo yintaphane yeenkqubo esingaziqondi kakuhle. Kwaye nanini na sidibana nento esingayiqondiyo, sizama ukucinga ngayo kwiifom eziqhelekileyo kuthi, kwaye akukho nto ifanelekileyo ngaphezu kwezinto ezahlukahlukeneyo ezisingqongileyo. Ke ngoko, sinokucinga ngendawo apho zonke iinkqubo zokucinga zikhoyo-kwaye eyona nto imangalisayo kukuba abantu abaninzi badala iindawo ezinjalo. Ngokomzekelo, uDaniel Dennett wabiza le ndawo ngokuthi "iCarthusian Theatre".
Kutheni lo mfanekiso uthandwa kangaka? Okokuqala, ayichazi izinto ezininzi, kodwa ubukho bayo bungcono kakhulu kunokusebenzisa ingcamango yokuba konke ukucinga kuqhutywa nguYe omnye. Iyabuqonda ubukho bamalungu ahlukeneyo engqondo kunye nokukwazi kwawo ukusebenzisana, kwaye ikwasebenza njengengqondo yomntu omnye. uhlobo "lwendawo" apho yonke into isebenza kwaye inxibelelane. Umzekelo, ukuba izibonelelo ezahlukeneyo zibonelela ngezicwangciso zabo malunga nento ekufuneka yenziwe nguJoan, umbono weqonga lethiyetha unokubonelela ngembono yendawo yokusebenza ngokubanzi. Ngale ndlela, i-Joan's Cartesian Theatre imvumela ukuba asebenzise ezininzi zezakhono zobomi bokwenene azifundileyo "entloko yakhe." Kwaye le ndawo imnika ithuba lokuba aqalise ukucinga ngendlela izigqibo ezenziwa ngayo.
Kutheni le nto sifumanisa ukuba lo mzekeliso usengqiqweni kwaye ungokwemvelo? ngokunokwenzeka ubuchule «моделировать мир внутри своего разума» была одной из первых приспособлений, которое привело наших предков к возможности саморефлексии. (Kukwakho neemvavanyo ezibonisa ukuba ezinye izilwanyana zidala ebuchotsheni bazo ngokufana nemephu yendawo eziqhelene nayo). Enoba kuyintoni na, izikweko ezifana nezi zichazwe ngasentla zigqugqisa kulwimi nakwiingcinga zethu. Khawucinge nje ukuba bekuya kuba nzima kangakanani ukucinga ngaphandle kwamakhulu eengcamango ezahlukeneyo ezifana: "Ndiyalufikelela usukelo lwam" Iimodeli zeSpatial ziluncedo kakhulu kubomi bethu bemihla ngemihla, kwaye sinezakhono ezinamandla zokuzisebenzisa, kangangokuba iqala ukubonakala ngathi le mizekelo isetyenziswa kuyo yonke imeko.
Nangona kunjalo, mhlawumbi siye sahamba kakhulu, kwaye ingcamango yeCartesian Theatre sele ibe ngumqobo wokuqwalaselwa ngakumbi kwengqondo yengqondo. Umzekelo, kufuneka siyiqonde into yokuba iqonga lethiyetha liyi-facade nje efihla eyona ntshukumo iphambili eyenzekayo emva kwemidlalo yeqonga - okwenzeka apho kufihlwe ezingqondweni zabadlali. Ngubani okanye yintoni egqibayo ukuba yintoni efanele ibonakale eqongeni, oko kukuthi, okhetha ukuba ngubani kanye kanye oza kusonwabisa? Uzenza njani ngokwenene izigqibo uJoan? Lo mzekelo unokumela njani uthelekiso lweziphumo ezimbini ezahlukeneyo ezinokubakho zemeko ethile ngaphandle kokubamba iithiyetha ezimbini ngaxeshanye?
Umfanekiso weholo yeqonga ngokwawo awusincedi ukuba siphendule imibuzo enjalo kuba unika ingqondo eninzi kakhulu kuJoan xa ebukele umdlalo evela kubaphulaphuli. Nangona kunjalo, sinendlela engcono yokucinga ngale ndawo yeGlobal Workplace, eyacetywa nguBernard Baars noJames Newman, abacebise oku kulandelayo:
"Ithiyetha iba yindawo yokusebenza apho isethi enkulu "yeengcali" inokufikelela. ... Ukuqonda imeko eqhubekayo nangaliphi na ixesha lihambelana nomsebenzi olungelelanisiweyo womanyano olusebenzayo lweengcali okanye iinkqubo ezisisiseko. … Nangawuphi na umzuzu, abanye basenokuba bayozela ezitulweni zabo, abanye basenokuba basebenza eqongeni … [kodwa] wonke umntu unokuthatha inxaxheba kuphuhliso lwebali. … Ingcaphephe nganye “inevoti” kwaye ngokwenza umanyano nezinye iingcali inokuba negalelo kwizigqibo malunga nokuba yeyiphi imiqondiso evela kumazwe angaphandle ekufuneka yamkelwe ngokukhawuleza kwaye yeyiphi “emele ibuyiselwe ukuze ihlolwe.” Umsebenzi omninzi weli qumrhu lengxoxo livela ngaphandle kwendawo yokusebenza (oko kukuthi, kwenzeka ungekho zingqondweni). Kuphela yimiba efuna isisombululo esikhawulezileyo enikwa ithuba lokungena eqongeni. "
Lo mhlathi wokugqibela usilumkisa ukuba singabandakanyi indima eninzi kwi-compact self okanye "homunculus" - umntu omncinci ngaphakathi kwengqondo owenza wonke umsebenzi onzima wengqondo, kodwa endaweni yoko kufuneka sisasaze umsebenzi. Kuba, njengoko uDaniel Dennett watsho
“Oomunculi bangoompondo zihlanjiwe ukuba bakopa zonke iitalente zethu ezibonelela ngomsebenzi wethu, nangona bekufanele ukuba bathathe inxaxheba ekucaciseni nasekubanikeni. Ukuba uhlanganisa iqela okanye ikomiti ye-homunculi yokungazi, ingqondo ephangaleleyo, engaboniyo ukudala ukuziphatha okukrelekrele kwiqela lonke, oko kuya kuba yinkqubela phambili. " — kwiBrainstorms 1987, iphepha 123.
Zonke izimvo ezikule ncwadi zixhasa le ngxoxo ingentla. Nangona kunjalo, kuphakama imibuzo enzulu malunga nokuba iingqondo zethu zixhomekeke kangakanani kwindawo yokusebenza ekwabelwana ngayo okanye ibhodi yebhulethi. Sigqiba kwelokuba umbono "wendawo yentengiso yokuqonda" yindlela elungileyo yokuqala ukucinga ngendlela esicinga ngayo, kodwa ukuba sijonga le modeli ngokweenkcukacha ngakumbi sibona imfuneko yemodeli yokumelwa enzima kakhulu.
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4.7 Ulandelelwano lokuZiqonda
“Inyaniso yeyokuba ingqondo yethu ayikho kweli xesha langoku: iinkumbulo kunye nolindelo luthatha phantse lonke ixesha lobuchopho. Iminqweno yethu - uvuyo kunye nosizi, uthando nentiyo, ithemba kunye noloyiko lwexesha elidlulileyo, kuba isizathu esibangeleyo kufuneka sivele phambi kwesiphumo. "
— USamuel Johnson.
Ihlabathi lamava e-subjective libonakala liqhubeka ngokugqibeleleyo. Kubonakala ngathi siphila apha kwaye ngoku, sisiya ngokuthe ngcembe kwikamva. Nangona kunjalo, xa sisebenzisa ixesha langoku, sihlala siwela kwimpazamo, njengoko sele kuphawuliwe kwi-§4.2. Sisenokuba siyayazi into esiyenzileyo kutshanje, kodwa asinandlela yokwazi esikwenzayo “ngoku.”
Umntu oqhelekileyo: Kuyahlekisa. Ewe ndiyayazi into endiyenzayo ngoku, kunye nento endiyicingayo ngoku, kunye nento endiziva ngayo ngoku. Ithiyori yakho ichaza njani ukuba kutheni ndiziva ndingumsinga oqhubekayo wolwazi?
Nangona oko sikubonayo kubonakala ngathi ‘lixesha langoku,’ enyanisweni yonk’ into intsonkothe ngakumbi. Ukwakha imbono yethu, izixhobo ezithile kufuneka zidlule kwimemori yethu ngokulandelelana; ngamanye amaxesha kufuneka baphonononge iinjongo zethu ezindala kunye nokuphazamiseka ukuze bahlole ukuba siqhubele phambili kangakanani kwinjongo ethile.
UDennett noKinsbourne “[Iziganeko ezinkqayayo] zisasazwa kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zobuchopho nakwiinkumbulo ezahlukeneyo. Ezi ziganeko zineepropati zexeshana, kodwa ezi zakhiwo azikwazi ukumisela umyalelo apho ulwazi lunikezelwa khona, kuba akukho "umsinga wokuqonda" opheleleyo, kodwa kunoko kuhambelanayo, ukungqubana kunye nokuhlaziywa rhoqo imijelo. Ukuhlelwa kwexesha leziganeko ezizimeleyo kuyimveliso yenkqubo yobuchopho yokutolika iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo, kunokuba kuboniswe ngokuthe ngqo iziganeko ezenza ezo nkqubo. "
Ukongeza, kukhuselekile ukucinga ukuba iindawo ezahlukeneyo zengqondo yakho ziqhuba ulwazi ngezantya ezahluke kakhulu kunye nezantya ezahlukeneyo. Ke ukuba uzama ukuba nomfanekiso ngqondweni wengcinga zakho zamva nje njengebali elihambelanayo, ingqondo yakho kuya kufuneka ukuba iliqambe ngandlela thile ngokukhetha iingcinga zangaphambili kwimijelo eyahlukeneyo yolwazi. Ukongezelela, ezinye zezi nkqubo zizama ukulindela iziganeko "iindlela zokuqikelela" esizichaza kwi-§5.9 zizama ukuqikelela. Oku kuthetha ukuba "okuqulethwe yingqondo yakho" akukho malunga neenkumbulo kuphela, kodwa kunye neengcinga malunga nekamva lakho.
Ke, ekuphela kwento ongenakuyicinga yile nto iyenzayo ingqondo yakho “ngoku”, kuba isixhobo sobuchopho ngasinye sinokwazi ngcono ukuba zeziphi ezinye izixhobo zobuchopho bezisenza kwimizuzu embalwa edlulileyo.
Umntu oqhelekileyo: Ndiyavuma ukuba uninzi lwezinto esizicingayo zinento yokwenza neziganeko zamva nje. Kodwa ndisavakalelwa kukuba kufuneka sisebenzise enye ingcamango ukuchaza ukusebenza kweengqondo zethu.
HAL-2023: Mhlawumbi zonke ezi zinto zibonakala ziyimfihlakalo kuwe ngenxa yokuba inkumbulo yomntu yexesha elifutshane imfutshane kakhulu. Kwaye xa uzama ukuphonononga iingcinga zakho zamva nje, uyanyanzeleka ukuba ubuyisele idatha oyifumana kwimemori kunye nedatha eza kwixesha langoku. Ngale ndlela uhlala ususa idatha oyifunayo kule nto ubuzama ukuyichaza.
Umntu oqhelekileyo: Ndicinga ukuba ndiyayiqonda into oyithethayo, kuba ngamanye amaxesha iimbono ezimbini zifika engqondweni yam ngaxeshanye, kodwa nokuba yeyiphi ebhalwe phantsi kuqala, eyesibini ishiya ngasemva intetha nje yobukho. Ndiyakholelwa ukuba oku kungenxa yokuba andinandawo yaneleyo yokugcina izimvo zombini. Kodwa ngaba oku akusebenzi nakwiimoto?
HAL-2023: Hayi, oku akusebenzi kum, kuba abaphuhlisi bandinike indlela yokugcina iziganeko zangaphambili kunye namazwe am kwiibhanki ezikhethekileyo "zememori". Ukuba kukho into engahambi kakuhle, ndiyakwazi ukuphonononga ukuba iinkqubo zam bezisenza ntoni phambi kwempazamo, kwaye ke ndingaqala ukulungisa ingxaki.
Umntu oqhelekileyo: Ngaba le nkqubo ikwenza uhlakaniphe?
HAL-2023: Ngamaxesha ngamaxesha. Nangona la manqaku anokundenza "ndizazi" ngakumbi kunomntu olandelayo, awaphuculi umgangatho womsebenzi wam kuba ndiwasebenzisa kuphela kwiimeko ezingxamisekileyo. Ukuphatha iimpazamo kuyadinisa kangangokuba kwenza ingqondo yam isebenze kancinane, ngoko ke ndiqala ukujonga izinto zakutsha nje xa ndiqaphela ukuba ndilivila. Ndihlala ndisiva abantu besithi, "Ndizama ukunxibelelana nam." Nangona kunjalo, kumava am, abayi kusondela kakhulu ekusombululeni ingxabano ukuba bangayenza loo nto.
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4.8 Imfihlelo "Yamava"
Iinkcuba-buchopho ezininzi ziqiqa ngelithi nokuba sazi yonk’ into ngendlela ubuchopho bethu obusebenza ngayo, omnye umbuzo osisiseko usaseleyo: “Kutheni siziva izinto?. Iingcali zefilosofi zithi ukuchaza "amava aphantsi" kunokuba yingxaki yengqondo enzima kakhulu, kwaye enye ayinakuze isonjululwe.
UDavid Chalmers: Kutheni le nto xa iinkqubo zethu zokuqonda ziqala ukucubungula ulwazi olubonakalayo kunye noluvayo, sinamava okubonwayo okanye okuvayo, njengokuziva kombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka okanye isandi esiphakathi kwe-C? Sinokusichaza njani isizathu sokuba kukho into enokusenza sibe nomfanekiso-ngqondweni okanye ibe neemvakalelo? Kutheni le nto ukugcinwa kolwazi ngokwasemzimbeni kufanele kubangele ubomi bangaphakathi butyebe? Ukufumana amava kudlula ulwazi olunokufunyanwa kwithiyori yomzimba. "
Kubonakala kum ukuba uChalmers ukholelwa ukuba amava yinkqubo elula kwaye ecacileyo - kwaye ke kufuneka abe nengcaciso elula, ehlangeneyo. Nangona kunjalo, xa siqonda ukuba ngalinye lamagama ethu engqondo yemihla ngemihla (njenge amava, uvakalelo и ingqondo) libhekisela kwinani elikhulu lezinto ezahlukeneyo, kufuneka sinqabe ukufumana indlela enye yokuchaza umxholo wala magama e-polysemantic. Endaweni yoko, kufuneka siqale senze iithiyori malunga nesenzeko ngasinye esinexabiso elininzi. Emva koko sinokukwazi ukufumana iimpawu zabo ezifanayo. Kodwa de sikwazi ukuzahlula ngokufanelekileyo ezi ziganeko, ibiya kuba kukungxama ukugqiba kwelokuba le nto bayichazayo ayinako “ukuphuma” kwezinye iithiyori.
UGqirha: Mhlawumbi ingqondo isebenza ngokwemigaqo engekaziwa kuthi, engenakudluliselwa kumatshini. Umzekelo, okwangoku asikayiqondi ngokupheleleyo indlela umxhuzulane osebenza ngayo, kwaye ukuqonda kusenokuba ngumzekelo ofanayo.
Lo mzekelo ukwacebisa ukuba kufuneka kubekho umthombo omnye okanye unobangela wayo yonke imimangaliso “yokuqonda.” Kodwa njengoko sibonile ku-§4.2, ukuqonda kuneentsingiselo ezininzi kunokuba kunokuchazwa kusetyenziswa indlela enye okanye ngokubanzi.
I-Essentialist: Kuthekani ngesibakala sokuba ukwazi kundenza ndizazi? Indixelela into endiyicingayo ngoku, kwaye ndiyabulela kuyo ndiyazi ukuba ndikhona. Iikhomputha zibala ngaphandle kwentsingiselo, kodwa xa umntu evakalelwa okanye ecinga, ingqiqo "yamava" iqala ukudlala, kwaye akukho nto isisiseko kunale mvakalelo.
KwiSahluko sesi-9 siza kuxoxa ukuba yimpazamo ukucinga ukuba “uyazazi” ngaphandle nje koqikelelo olungelulo lwemihla ngemihla. Endaweni yoko, sihlala sitshintsha phakathi “kweemodeli zakho” ezahlukeneyo onazo, nganye isekwe kweyahlukileyo, iseti engaphelelanga yedatha engaphelelanga. “Amava” asenokubonakala ecacile kwaye eqondile kuthi - kodwa sihlala silwakha ngendlela engachanekanga, kuba imbono yakho nganye eyahlukileyo ngawe isenokusekelwa phezu koqwalaselo kunye neendidi ezahlukeneyo zeempazamo.
Nanini na sijonga omnye umntu, sibona inkangeleko yakhe, kodwa hayi oko kungaphakathi. Kuyafana nokujonga esipilini - ubona kuphela into elele ngaphaya kwesikhumba sakho. Ngoku, kwimbono edumileyo yengqondo, nawe unalo iqhinga lomlingo lokukwazi ukuzijonga ngaphakathi, kwaye ubone yonke into eyenzekayo engqondweni yakho. Kodwa xa ucinga ngesihloko ngononophelo ngakumbi, uya kubona ukuba "ukufikelela kwilungelo" lakho kwiingcamango zakho kunokuchaneka kunokuba "ukuqonda" kwabahlobo bakho abasenyongweni.
Umntu oqhelekileyo: Le ngcinga ibubudenge kangangokuba iyandicaphukisa, kwaye ndiyakwazi oku ngenxa yento ethile ephuma ngaphakathi kum endixelela into endiyicingayo.
Abahlobo bakho nabo bayakubona ukuba ukhathazekile. Ingqondo yakho enengqondo ayinakukuxelela iinkcukacha malunga nokuba kutheni uziva ucaphukile, kutheni unikina intloko kwaye usebenzise igama elithi "iyacaphukisa", ngaphandle kwe "amaxhala"? Enyanisweni, asikwazi ukubona zonke iingcamango zomntu ngokujonga izenzo zakhe ngaphandle, kodwa nangona sijonga inkqubo yokucinga "ngaphakathi", kunzima ukuba siqiniseke ukuba sibona ngokwenene ngakumbi, ngakumbi ekubeni "ukuqonda" okunjalo kuhlala kuphosakele. Ngoko ke, ukuba sithetha "ingqondo»«ukuqonda iinkqubo zethu zangaphakathi- ke oku akuyonyani.
“Eyona nto inenceba ehlabathini kukungakwazi kwengqondo yomntu ukunxulumanisa yonke into ekuyo. Sihlala kwisiqithi esizolileyo sokungazi, phakathi kolwandle olumnyama olungapheliyo, kodwa oku akuthethi ukuba asifanele sihambe kude. Inzululwazi, nganye kuzo ezisitsalela kwicala layo, ukuza kuthi ga ngoku yenze umonakalo omncinci kuthi, kodwa ngenye imini ukudityaniswa kolwazi olwahlukileyo kuya kuvula amathemba oyikekayo enyani kunye nemeko eyoyikisayo ekuyo kangangokuba siya kuphambana ukusuka kwizityhilelo. okanye ubalekele ekukhanyeni okubulalayo ulwazi olumanyeneyo uye kwihlabathi lexesha elitsha lobumnyama elikhuselekileyo.
-G.F. Lovecraft, Umnxeba kaCthulhu.
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4.9 A-ingqondo kunye no-B-buchopho
USocrates: Khawube nomfanekiso-ngqondweni wabantu ngokungathi bakwindlu engaphantsi komhlaba enjengomqolomba, apho kukho imbobo ebanzi. Kwasebuncinaneni babo banamakhamandela emilenzeni nasentanyeni, ukuze abantu bangakwazi ukushukuma, yaye babona okuthe tye phambi kwamehlo abo, kuba abakwazi ukujika iintloko ngenxa yala makhamandela. Abantu bajikel’ umva ekukhanyeni okuphuma emlilweni, ovutha phezulu phezulu, yaye phakathi komlilo namabanjwa kukho indlela ephezulu, ebiyelwe ngodonga oluphantsi, njengomkhusane abathi emva kwawo amagqirha abeke abancedi babo xa kukho oonodoli. iboniswe ngaphezulu kwesikrini.
Glaucon: Ndimele.
USocrates: Emva kolu donga, abanye abantu baphatha izixhobo ezahlukahlukeneyo, bazibambe ukuze zibonakale phezu kodonga; Baphethe imifanekiso eqingqiweyo nayo yonke imifanekiso eqingqiweyo yezinto eziphilileyo ezenziwe ngamatye nangomthi. Ngexesha elifanayo, njengesiqhelo, abanye abathwali bathetha, abanye bathule.
Glaucon: Umfanekiso ongaqhelekanga uwupeyintayo...
USocrates: Njengathi, ababoni nto ngaphandle kwezithunzi zabo okanye izithunzi zezi zinto ezahlukahlukeneyo eziphoswe ngomlilo kudonga lomqolomba oluphambi kwabo ... Emva koko amabanjwa aya kuqwalasela inyaniso njengento engekho ngaphezu kwezi thunzi - uPlato, iRiphabhliki.
Ngaba ungacinga ngale nto ucinga ngayo ngoku?? Ewe, ngokoqobo, akunakwenzeka - kuba yonke ingcamango iya kutshintsha into ocinga ngayo. Nangona kunjalo, ungalungisa into encinci ukuba ucinga ukuba ingqondo yakho (okanye ingqondo) yenziwe ngamalungu amabini ahlukeneyo: masibabize. A-ingqondo и B-ingqondo.
Ngoku cinga ukuba i-A-brain yakho ifumana umqondiso kumalungu afana namehlo, iindlebe, impumlo kunye nolusu; isenokuthi ke isebenzise le miqondiso ukuze ibone iziganeko ezithile ezenzeke kumazwe angaphandle, ize ke ikwazi ukuphendula ngokuthumela imiqondiso ebangela ukuba izihlunu zakho zibe ncinane – nto leyo enokuphembelela imeko yehlabathi elikungqongileyo. Ngaloo ndlela, sinokuyithelekelela le nkqubo njengenxalenye eyahlukileyo yomzimba wethu.
I-B-brain yakho ayinazo izivamvo ezifana ne-A-brain yakho, kodwa inokufumana imiqondiso esuka kwi-A-brain yakho. Ke, i-B-brain ayikwazi "ukubona" izinto zokwenyani; inokubona kuphela iinkcazo zazo. Njengombanjwa emqolombeni kaPlato obona izithunzi kuphela eludongeni, i-B-ingqondo ibhidanisa iinkcazo ze-A-brain zezinto zokwenyani ngaphandle kokwazi ukuba ziyintoni na. Yonke into ebonwa yi-B-brain njenge "ihlabathi langaphandle" ziziganeko ezicutshungulwa yi-A-brain.
Ingcali yemithambo-luvo: Kwaye oku kusebenza kuthi sonke. Kuyo nayiphi na into oyichukumisayo okanye oyibonayo, amanqanaba aphezulu obuchopho bakho akanakuze akwazi ukunxibelelana ngokuthe ngqo nezi zinto, kodwa uya kukwazi ukutolika umbono wezi zinto ezinye izixhobo ezikuqokelelele zona.
Xa incam yeminwe yabantu ababini abathandanayo ichukumisana, akukho mntu unokuma ngelithi ukudibana ngokwasemzimbeni kunentsingiselo ekhethekileyo. Emva kwayo yonke loo nto, imiqondiso enjalo ayinayo intsingiselo: intsingiselo yolu nxibelelwano ilele ekuboniseni olu nxibelelwano kwiingqondo zabantu abathandanayo. Nangona kunjalo, nangona i-B-brain ayikwazi ukwenza ngokuthe ngqo isenzo somzimba, isenokuchaphazela ihlabathi elijikelezayo ngokungangqalanga - ngokuthumela izibonakaliso kwi-A-brain eya kutshintsha impendulo yayo kwiimeko zangaphandle. Ngokomzekelo, ukuba i-A-brain ibamba ngokuphindaphinda izinto ezifanayo, i-B-brain inokuphazamisa ngokulula le nkqubo ngokuthumela isignali ehambelanayo kwi-A-brain.
Umfundi: Ngokomzekelo, xa ndilahlekelwa iindondo zam, ndihlala ndiqala ukujonga kwi-shelf ethile. Emva koko ilizwi liqalisa ukundingcikiva ngenxa yoku, nto leyo endenza ndicinge ngokujonga kwenye indawo.
Kule meko ifanelekileyo, i-B-brain inokuxelela (okanye ifundise) i-A-brain ngqo into enokuyenza kwimeko efanayo. Kodwa nokuba i-B-brain ayinayo nayiphi na ingcebiso ethile, ayinakuchazela i-A-brain nantoni na, kodwa iqale ukugxeka izenzo zayo, njengoko kuchazwe kumzekelo wakho.
Umfundi: Kodwa bekuya kwenzeka ntoni ukuba, ngoxa ndandihamba endleleni, ingqondo yam enguV ngequbuliso yathi: “Mhlekazi, ubuphindaphinda izenzo ezifanayo ngomlenze wakho ngaphezu kwezihlandlo ezilishumi elinesibini ngokulandelelana. Kuya kufuneka ume ngoku kwaye wenze omnye umsebenzi.
Enyanisweni, isenokuba ngumphumo wengozi embi. Ukuthintela iimpazamo ezinjalo, i-B-brain kufuneka ibe neendlela ezifanelekileyo zokumela izinto. Le ngozi ngeyingazange yenzeke ukuba i-B-brain yayicinga "ukufudukela kwindawo ethile" njengesenzo esinye eside, umzekelo: "Qhubeka uhambisa iinyawo zakho de uwele isitalato," okanye njengendlela yokuphumeza injongo: "Qhubeka unciphisa umgama okhoyo." Ngaloo ndlela, i-B-brain inokusebenza njengomphathi ongenalo ulwazi lwendlela yokwenza umsebenzi othile ngokuchanekileyo, kodwa unako ukunika iingcebiso "jikelele" malunga nendlela yokwenza izinto ezithile, umzekelo:
Ukuba iinkcazo ezibonelelwe yi-A-brain azicacanga kakhulu, i-B-brain iya kukunyanzela ukuba usebenzise ezinye iinkcukacha.
Ukuba i-A-brain icinga izinto kwiinkcukacha ezininzi, i-B-brain iya kunika iinkcazo ezingabonakaliyo.
Ukuba i-A-brain yenza into ixesha elide, i-B-brain iya kucebisa ukusebenzisa ezinye iindlela zokufezekisa injongo.
I-B-brain yayinokubufumana njani ubuchule obunjalo? Ezinye zezi zinto zisenokuba zakhelwe kuyo kwasekuqaleni, kodwa kukwafuneka kubekho indlela yokuba izakhono ezitsha zifundwe ngoqeqesho. Ukwenza oku, i-B-brain inokufuna uncedo oluvela kwamanye amanqanaba okuqonda. Ke, xa iB-brain yongamela i-A-brain, enye into, masiyibize “yi-C-brain,” iya kongamela i-B-brain.
Umfundi: Zingaphi iileya ezifunwa ngumntu? Ngaba sinamashumi okanye amakhulu azo?
KwiSahluko sesi-5 siza kuchaza imodeli yengqondo apho zonke izibonelelo zilungelelaniswe zibe ngamanqanaba ama-6 ahlukeneyo okuqonda. Nantsi inkcazelo ekhawulezileyo yalo mzekelo: Iqala ngeseti yeempendulo zethuku esinazo ekuzalweni. Singaqalisa ke ukuqiqa, sicinge, kwaye sicwangcisele ikamva, siphuhlisa indlela yokuziphatha esiyibiza ngokuba “zizigqibo zangabom.” Kamva, sihlakulela ukukwazi “ukucinga ngokucingisisayo” ngeengcinga zethu. Emva koko, sifunda ukuzihlalutya, okusivumela ukuba sicinge ngendlela nesizathu sokuba sicinge ngezinto ezinjalo. Ekugqibeleni, siqala ukucinga malunga nokuba bekufanele ukuba senze konke oku. Nantsi indlela lo mzobo onokusebenza ngayo kwiingcinga zikaJoan ngelixa enqumla indlela:
Yintoni eyenza uJoan ajike ajonge kwisandi? [Ukusabela ngokwethuku]
Wazi njani ukuba inokuba yimoto? [Iimpendulo ezifundiweyo]
Zeziphi izixhobo ezisetyenzisiweyo ukwenza isigqibo? [Ecinga]
Wagqiba njani ukuba enze ntoni kule meko? [Reflection]
Kwakutheni ukuze acingele ukhetho lwakhe? [Ndizibonakalise]
Ngaba izenzo zazingqinelana nemigaqo yayo? [Ukucamngca ngokuzazi]
Ewe, oku kulula kakhulu. La manqanaba akanakuze achazwe ngokucacileyo kuba ngalinye kula manqanaba, kubomi bamva, linokusebenzisa izibonelelo zamanye amanqanaba. Nangona kunjalo, ukuseka isikhokelo kuya kusinceda siqalise ukuxubusha iintlobo zemithombo esetyenziswa ngabantu abadala kunye neendlela ezilungelelaniswe ngazo.
Umfundi: Kutheni le nto kufuneka kubekho naziphi na iileya kuzo zonke, endaweni yelifu elinye elikhulu lemithombo edibeneyo?
Ingxoxo yethu yethiyori yethu isekwe kwingcinga yokuba ukuze iinkqubo ezintsonkothileyo ezisebenzayo zivele, inyathelo ngalinye lendaleko kufuneka lenze urhwebo phakathi kwezinto ezimbini ezizezinye:
Ukuba kukho unxibelelwano olumbalwa ngaphakathi kwenkqubo phakathi kwamalungu ayo, ngoko amandla enkqubo aya kuthintelwa.
Ukuba kukho unxibelelwano oluninzi phakathi kwamalungu ayo ngaphakathi kwenkqubo, utshintsho ngalunye olulandelayo kwinkqubo luya kwazisa izithintelo ekusebenzeni kwenani elikhulu leenkqubo.
Indlela yokuphumeza ulungelelwaniso oluhle phakathi kwezi zinto zigqithisileyo? Isixokelelwano sinokuqalisa uphuhliso kunye namalungu acazululwe ngokucacileyo (umzekelo, kunye neeleya ezingaphezulu okanye ezingaphantsi ezahluliweyo), kwaye emva koko yakhe imidibaniso phakathi kwazo.
I-Embryologist: Ngexesha lophuhliso lwe-embryonic, ubume obuqhelekileyo bengqondo buqala ukubunjwa ngokuhlukana kweeleya ezingaphezulu okanye ezingaphantsi komda okanye amanqanaba, njengoko kubonisiwe kwimizobo yakho. Emva koko iqela ngalinye leeseli liqalisa ukwenza imiqulu yeentsinga ezithi zidlulele kwimida yezowuni zobuchopho kwimigama emide kakhulu.
Inkqubo inokuqala ngokuseka inani elikhulu loqhagamshelo kwaye emva koko isuse ezinye zazo. Inkqubo efanayo iyenzeka nakuthi: emva xa ubuchopho bethu buvela, ookhokho bethu kwafuneka baziqhelanise namawaka eemeko ezahlukeneyo zokusingqongileyo, kodwa ngoku iimpendulo ezininzi ebezikade "zilungile" ziye zajika zaba "ziziphoso" ezinzulu kwaye kufuneka sizilungise ngoku. Udibaniso olungeyomfuneko.
I-Embryologist: Enyanisweni, ngexesha lokukhula kwe-embryonic, ngaphezu kwesiqingatha seziseli ezichazwe ngasentla ziyafa ngokukhawuleza nje ukuba zifikelele usukelo lwazo. Inkqubo ibonakala iluthotho lohlelo olulungisa iindidi ezahlukeneyo ze "bugs."
Le nkqubo ibonisa umda osisiseko wokuziphendukela kwemvelo: kuyingozi ukwenza utshintsho kwiindawo ezindala zezinto eziphilayo, kuba iindawo ezininzi eziye zavela kamva zixhomekeke ekusebenzeni kweenkqubo zakudala. Ngenxa yoko, kwinqanaba ngalinye elitsha lokuziphendukela kwemvelo songeza "iipetshi" ezahlukeneyo kwizakhiwo esele ziphuhlisiwe. Le nkqubo ikhokelele ekuveleni kobuchopho obuntsonkothileyo ngendlela engakholelekiyo, inxalenye nganye esebenza ngokungqinelana nemigaqo ethile, nganye kuzo inezimo ezininzi. Olu bunzima lubonakaliswa kwingqondo yomntu, apho yonke inkalo yokucinga inokuchazwa ngokuyinxenye ngokwemithetho ecacileyo kunye nemigaqo yokusebenza, nangona kunjalo, umthetho ngamnye kunye nomgaqo-siseko unemiqobo yawo.
Imida efanayo ibonakala xa sizama ukuphucula ukusebenza kwenkqubo enkulu, njengenkqubo ekhoyo yekhompyutha. Ukuyiphuhlisa, songeza ngakumbi nangakumbi ukulungiswa kunye neepetshi, endaweni yokuphinda sibhale izinto ezindala. "Impazamo" nganye ethile. Into esinokuyilungisa ekugqibeleni inokukhokelela kwezinye iimpazamo ezininzi kwaye yenze inkqubo ingalawuleki kakhulu, ekusenokwenzeka ukuba yiloo nto yenzekayo ezingqondweni zethu ngoku.
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Esi sahluko siqale ngokubeka iimbono ezininzi ezibanjwe ngokubanzi malunga nokuba yintoni "ingqondo"kwaye yintoni. Sifikelele kwisigqibo sokuba abantu basebenzisa eli gama ukuchaza inani elikhulu leenkqubo zengqondo ekungekho mntu uyiqonda ngokupheleleyo. Igama elithi "ukuqonda" liluncedo kakhulu kubomi bemihla ngemihla kwaye libonakala libaluleke kakhulu kwincoko kwinqanaba lentlalontle kunye nokuziphatha kuba lisigcina ekufuneni ukwazi ukuba yintoni na esezingqondweni zethu. Okufanayo kunokuthiwa malunga namagama amaninzi angokwengqondo, njenge ukukhupha, imvakalelo и imvakalelo.
Nangona kunjalo, ukuba asiyiqondi i-polysemy yamagama angaqondakaliyo esiwasebenzisayo, sinokuwela kumgibe wokuzama ukuchaza ngokucacileyo ukuba igama elithi "lithetha ntoni." Siye sazifumana sikwimeko eyingxaki ngenxa yokungaqondi kakuhle ukuba yintoni ingqondo yethu kunye nendlela amalungu ayo asebenza ngayo. Ngoko ke, ukuba sifuna ukuqonda into eyenziwa yingqondo yomntu, kufuneka sahlule zonke iinkqubo zengqondo zibe ziinxalenye esinokuzihlalutya. Isahluko esilandelayo siza kuzama ukucacisa indlela ingqondo kaJoan enokwenza ngayo umsebenzi wengqondo yomntu.
Enkosi kuStanislav Sukhanitsky ngenguqulelo. Ukuba ufuna ukujoyina kunye nokunceda ngeenguqulelo (nceda ubhale umyalezo wakho okanye i-imeyile [imeyile ikhuselwe])
"Itheyibhile yeMixholo yoMatshini we-Emotion"
Isahluko 1. Ukuwa eluthandweni
Isahluko 2. IZIQINISEKISO NEENJONGO
Isahluko 3. UKUSUKA KWIINTLUNGU UKUYA EBUHLWENI
Isahluko 4. UKUZIPHATHA
4-3. Siyibona njani iConsciousness?
4.3.1 I-Imanence Illusion
4-4. Over-rating Consciousness
4-5. Iimodeli zobuqu kunye nokuZiqonda
4-6. Ithiyetha yeCartesian
4-7. Uthotho loMjelo woLwazi
4-8. Imfihlelo yamava
4-9. I-A-Brains kunye ne-B-Brains
Isahluko 5. AMANQANABA EMISEBENZI YENGQONDO
Isahluko 6. INDLELA EQHELEKILEYO [] Isahluko 7. Ukucinga []Isahluko 8. Ukuba nengqiqo[] Isahluko 9. UZiqu []
Iinguqulelo ezisele zilungile
Iinguqulelo zangoku onokunxibelelana nazo
umthombo: www.habr.com