Yintoni umahluko phakathi komntu kunye neprogram?
Iinethiwekhi ze-Neural, ngoku ezenza phantse yonke intsimi yobukrelekrele bokwenziwa, zinokuthathela ingqalelo izinto ezininzi ngakumbi ekwenzeni isigqibo kunomntu, zenze ngokukhawuleza kwaye, kwiimeko ezininzi, ngokuchanekileyo. Kodwa iinkqubo zisebenza kuphela njengoko zicwangcisiwe okanye ziqeqeshwe. Zinokuba nzima kakhulu, zithathele ingqalelo izinto ezininzi kwaye zisebenze ngendlela eguquguqukayo kakhulu. Kodwa abanakuthatha indawo yomntu xa besenza izigqibo. Wahluke njani umntu kucwangciso olunjalo? Kukho iiyantlukwano ezi-3 eziphambili ekufuneka uziqaphele apha, apho zonke ezinye zilandela:
- Umntu unomfanekiso wehlabathi, nto leyo emvumela ukuba afakelele umfanekiso ngenkcazelo engabhalwanga kucwangciso. Ukongezelela, umfanekiso wehlabathi ulungelelaniswe ngendlela evumela ukuba sibe nombono othile malunga nayo yonke into. Nokuba yinto engqukuva nekhazimlayo esibhakabhakeni (UFO). Ngokuqhelekileyo, i-ontologies yakhelwe le njongo, kodwa i-ontologies ayinakho ukugqibelela okunjalo, ayithatheli ingqalelo i-polysemy yeekhonsepthi, impembelelo yabo efanayo, kwaye isasebenza kuphela kwizihloko eziqingqiweyo.
- Umntu unengqiqo ethatha ingqalelo kulo mfanekiso wehlabathi, esiyibiza ngokuba yingqiqo okanye ingqiqo. Nayiphi na intetho inentsingiselo kwaye ithathela ingqalelo ulwazi olufihliweyo olungachazwanga. Nangona inyani yokuba imithetho yengqiqo ingamakhulu eminyaka ubudala, akukho mntu uyaziyo indlela eqhelekileyo, engeyiyo yezibalo, ingqiqo yokusebenza kwengqondo. Ngokwenyani asiyazi indlela yokucwangcisa ii-sylogisms eziqhelekileyo.
- Ukuba ngqongqo. Iinkqubo azinasizathu. Oku mhlawumbi ngoyena unzima kuzo zontathu iiyantlukwano. Yintoni esiyibiza ngokuba bubuqhophololo? Ukukwazi ukwakha indlela entsha yokuziphatha eyahlukileyo kwinto ebesiyenza phantsi kweemeko ezifanayo ngaphambili, okanye ukwakha indlela yokuziphatha entsha, engazange ihlangane ngaphambili kweemeko. Oko kukuthi, oko kukuthi, oku kukudala kwi-fly yenkqubo entsha yokuziphatha ngaphandle kovavanyo kunye nephutha, kuthathelwe ingqalelo entsha, kubandakanywa iimeko zangaphakathi.
I-arbitrariness iseyintsimi engazange ihlolwe kubaphandi. I-algorithms ye-Genetic enokuvelisa inkqubo entsha yokuziphatha kwii-arhente ezikrelekrele ayisiso isisombululo, kuba ivelisa isisombululo ngokungekho ngqiqweni, kodwa "ngokuguqulwa" kwaye isisombululo sifumaneka "ngokungaqhelekanga" ngexesha lokukhethwa kwezi zinguqu, oko kukuthi, ngovavanyo. kunye nempazamo. Umntu ufumana isisombululo ngokukhawuleza, esakha ngokusengqiqweni. Umntu unokude achaze isizathu sokuba kukhethwe eso sigqibo. I-algorithm yemfuzo ayinayo iingxoxo.
Kuyaziwa ukuba isilwanyana esiphezulu sikwinqanaba lokuziphendukela kwemvelo, ukuziphatha kwayo kunokuba ngqongqo. Kwaye kuluntu ukuba ubundlobongela obukhulu bubonakaliswa, ekubeni umntu unamandla okuqwalasela iimeko zangaphandle kuphela kunye nezakhono zakhe ezifundiweyo, kodwa kunye neemeko ezifihliweyo - iinjongo zomntu, ulwazi oluchazwe ngaphambili, iziphumo zezenzo kwiimeko ezifanayo. . Oku kwandisa kakhulu ukuhluka kokuziphatha komntu, kwaye, ngokombono wam, ukuqonda kubandakanyeka kule nto. Kodwa ngaphezulu koko kamva.
Ukuqonda kunye nokuzithandela
Ingaba ukwazi ukwenza ntoni na? Kwi-psychology yokuziphatha, kuyaziwa ukuba senza izenzo eziqhelekileyo ngokuzenzekelayo, ngoomatshini, oko kukuthi, ngaphandle kokuthatha inxaxheba kwengqondo. Le yinyaniso ephawulekayo, oku kuthetha ukuba ukuqonda kubandakanyeka ekudalweni kokuziphatha okutsha kwaye kuhambelana nokuziphatha okuqhelanisayo. Oku kukwathetha ukuba ukuqonda kusebenze ngokuchanekileyo xa kuyimfuneko ukutshintsha indlela eqhelekileyo yokuziphatha, umzekelo, ukuphendula kwizicelo ezitsha kuthathelwa ingqalelo amathuba amatsha. Kwakhona, ezinye izazinzulu, umzekelo, Dawkins okanye Metzinger, wabonisa ukuba ukwazi ngandlel 'ithile idityaniswe nobukho self-umfanekiso ebantwini, ukuba imodeli yehlabathi ibandakanya imodeli isifundo ngokwakhe. Imele ibukeke njani ke inkqubo ngokwayo ukuba inomkhethe onjalo? Sisiphi isakhiwo ekufuneka abenaso ukuze akwazi ukwakha indlela entsha yokuziphatha ukusombulula ingxaki ngokuhambelana neemeko ezintsha.
Ukwenza oku, kufuneka sikhumbule kuqala kwaye sicacise ezinye izibakala ezaziwayo. Zonke izilwanyana ezinenkqubo ye-nervous, ngendlela enye okanye enye, ziqulethe kuyo imodeli yendalo, ehlanganiswe ne-arsenal yezenzo zabo ezinokwenzeka kuyo. Okokuthi, oku akukona nje umzekelo wokusingqongileyo, njengoko ezinye izazinzulu zibhala, kodwa umzekelo wokuziphatha okunokwenzeka kwimeko ethile. Kwaye kwangaxeshanye, ngumzekelo wokuxela kwangaphambili utshintsho kwimo engqongileyo ekuphenduleni naziphi na izenzo zesilwanyana. Oku akusoloko kuthathelwa ingqalelo ngoososayensi bengqondo, nangona oku kuboniswa ngokuthe ngqo kwi-mirror mirror neurons kwi-premotor cortex, kunye nezifundo zokusebenzisa i-neurons kwi-macaques, ekuphenduleni kwimbono yebhanana apho kungekuphela nje iindawo zebhanana kwi-cortex ebonakalayo kunye neyexeshana ivuliwe, kodwa kunye nezandla kwi-cortex ye-somatosensory, ngenxa yokuba imodeli yebhanana ihambelana ngqo nesandla, ekubeni inkawu inomdla kuphela kwisiqhamo esinokuyichola kwaye siyidle. . Simane silibale ukuba inkqubo ye-nervous ayizange ibonakale ukuba izilwanyana zibonise ihlabathi. Abazizo ii-sophists, bafuna nje ukutya, ngoko imodeli yabo ingumzekelo wokuziphatha kwaye ayibonakalisi imeko.
Imodeli enjalo sele inomlinganiselo othile wokuzikhethela, obonakaliswa ngokuhlukahluka kokuziphatha kwiimeko ezifanayo. Oko kukuthi, izilwanyana zine-arsenal ethile yezenzo ezinokuthi ziqhube ngokuxhomekeke kwimeko. Ezi zinokuba ziipateni ezintsonkothileyo zethutyana (conditioned reflex) kunokusabela ngokuthe ngqo kwiziganeko. Kodwa oku akukona ukuziphatha ngokuzithandela ngokupheleleyo, okusivumela ukuba siqeqeshe izilwanyana, kodwa kungekhona abantu.
Kwaye apha kukho imeko ebalulekileyo ekufuneka siyithathele ingqalelo - iimeko ezaziwa kakhulu esidibana nazo, ukuguquguquka okuncinci kokuziphatha, kuba ingqondo inesisombululo. Kwaye ngokuchaseneyo, ngokukhona iimeko zintsha, kokukhona ukhetho oluninzi lokuziphatha okunokwenzeka. Kwaye wonke umbuzo kukukhetha kwabo kunye nokudibanisa. Izilwanyana zenza oku ngokubonisa nje yonke i-arsenal yezenzo zabo ezinokwenzeka, njengoko uSkinner wabonisa kwiimvavanyo zakhe.
Oku akuthethi ukuba ukuziphatha ngokuzithandela yinto entsha ngokupheleleyo; iquka iindlela zokuziphatha ezifundwe ngaphambili. Oku kukuhlanganiswa kwabo, okuqalwe ngeemeko ezintsha ezingahambelani ngokupheleleyo nezo meko sele kukho ipateni esele yenziwe. Kwaye le nto kanye ingongoma yokwahlukana phakathi kokuziphatha ngokuzithandela kunye nokuziphatha komatshini.
Ukwenza imodeli ngokungakhethi
Ukudala inkqubo yokuziphatha ngokuzithandela enokuthi ithathele ingqalelo iimeko ezintsha kuya kwenza kube lula ukudala "inkqubo yezinto zonke" (ngokufanisa "nethiyori yezinto zonke"), ubuncinane kwisizinda esithile seengxaki.
Ukwenza ukuziphatha kwabo kube ngqongqo kwaye kukhululeke? Uvavanyo endilwenzileyo lubonise ukuba ekuphela kwendlela yokuphuma kukuba nemodeli yesibini eyimodeli yokuqala kwaye enokuyitshintsha, oko kukuthi, ungenzi ngokusingqongileyo njengeyokuqala, kodwa ngemodeli yokuqala ukuze uyitshintshe.
Imodeli yokuqala iphendula kwiimeko zokusingqongileyo. Kwaye ukuba ipateni esebenzayo ijika ibe yintsha, imodeli yesibini ibizwa ngokuba, efundiswa ukukhangela izisombululo kwimodeli yokuqala, ukuqonda zonke iindlela zokuziphatha ezinokwenzeka kwindawo entsha. Makhe ndikukhumbuze ukuba kwindawo entsha iinketho ezininzi zokuziphatha zenziwe zisebenze, ngoko umbuzo kukukhetha kwabo okanye ukudibanisa. Oku kwenzeka ngenxa yokuba, ngokungafaniyo nendawo eqhelekileyo, ekuphenduleni iimeko ezintsha, akukho mzekelo wokuziphatha osebenzayo, kodwa eziliqela ngaxeshanye.
Ngalo lonke ixesha ubuchopho budibana nento entsha, ayenzi enye, kodwa izenzo ezimbini - ukuqaphela imeko kwimodeli yokuqala kunye nokuqaphela izenzo esele zigqityiwe okanye ezinokwenzeka ngemodeli yesibini. Kwaye kwesi sakhiwo amathuba amaninzi afana nokuqonda avela.
- Esi sakhiwo sezenzo ezibini senza ukuba kube lula ukuqwalasela izinto zangaphandle kuphela, kodwa kunye nezinto zangaphakathi - kwimodeli yesibini, iziphumo zesenzo sangaphambili, iinjongo ezikude zesifundo, njl.
- Inkqubo enjalo inokwakha indlela entsha yokuziphatha ngokukhawuleza, ngaphandle kokufunda ixesha elide okuqalwa yimekobume ngokwengcamango yendaleko. Ngokomzekelo, imodeli yesibini inamandla okudlulisa izigqibo ukusuka kwezinye iimodels zemodeli yokuqala ukuya kwezinye iindawo zayo kunye nezinye izakhono ezininzi zemetamodel.
- Ipropathi ekhethekileyo yengqondo kubukho bolwazi malunga nesenzo sayo, okanye inkumbulo ye-autobiographical, njengoko kubonisiwe kwinqaku (1). Ulwakhiwo olucetywayo lwezenzo ezimbini lunamandla anjalo - imodeli yesibini inokugcina idatha malunga nezenzo zokuqala (akukho modeli inokugcina idatha malunga nezenzo zayo, kuba oku kufuneka iqulathe imifuziselo engaguqukiyo yezenzo zayo, kwaye hayi ukusabela kokusingqongileyo).
Kodwa kwenzeka njani ukuba ulwakhiwo lokuziphatha okutsha lwenzeka kulwakhiwo lwezenzo ezimbini zolwazi? Asinayo ingqondo okanye imodeli ebambekayo esinayo. Saqala ukuzama izakhelo zezenzi njengeprototypes yeepateni eziqulethwe kubuchopho bethu. Isakhelo yisenzi ngabameli bezenzi ukuchaza imeko, kwaye indibaniselwano yezakhelo zingasetyenziswa ukuchaza indlela yokuziphatha entsonkothileyo. Izakhelo zokuchaza iimeko ziyizakhelo zemodeli yokuqala, isakhelo sokuchaza izenzo zomntu kuyo isakhelo somzekelo wesibini kunye nezenzi zezenzo zomntu. Kunye nathi bahlala bexubene, kuba nesivakalisi esinye singumxube wezenzo ezininzi zokuqaphela kunye nesenzo (isenzo sentetho). Kwaye ukwakhiwa kwamazwi eentetho ezinde ngowona mzekelo wokuziphatha ngokuzithandela.
Xa imodeli yokuqala yesixokelelwano iqaphela ipateni entsha engenayo impendulo ecwangcisiweyo, ibiza imodeli yesibini. Imodeli yesibini iqokelela iifreyimu ezisebenzayo zokuqala kwaye ifuna indlela emfutshane kwigrafu yezakhelo ezixhunyiwe, eyona ndlela ingcono "iya kuvala" iipatheni zesimo esitsha kunye nokudibanisa kwezakhelo. Lo ngumsebenzi onzima kakhulu kwaye asikaphumeleli umphumo othi "yinkqubo yezinto zonke", kodwa impumelelo yokuqala iyakhuthaza.
Izifundo zovavanyo zolwazi ngokwenza imodeli kunye nokuthelekisa izisombululo zesoftware kunye nedatha yezengqondo zibonelela ngezinto ezinomdla kuphando oluthe kratya kwaye zenze kube lula ukuvavanya ezinye iingqikelelo ezingavavanywanga kakuhle kwimifuniselo ebantwini. Ezi zinokubizwa ngokuba yimifuniselo yomzekelo. Kwaye esi sisiphumo sokuqala kuphela kolu lwalathiso lophando.
IBhayibhile
1. .
umthombo: www.habr.com