Inqaku elitsha: Uphononongo kunye novavanyo lwe-Noctua NH-U12A epholileyo: uguquko lwenguquko

Inkampani yaseAustria Noctua Ukusukela ekusekweni kwayo ngo-2005, ibisebenzisana ngokusondeleyo ne-Austrian Institute of Heat Transfer and Fans, ke ngoko, phantse kuwo wonke umboniso omkhulu wempumelelo, i-Hi-Tech iveza uphuhliso lwayo olutsha kwicandelo leenkqubo zokupholisa kumacandelo ekhompyuter. Nangona kunjalo, ngelishwa, ezi nkqubo zokupholisa azisoloko zifikelela kwimveliso yobuninzi. Kunzima ukuthetha ukuba yintoni enetyala, kodwa inkampani ayifane ithande abalandeli beemveliso zayo ngeemveliso ezintsha.

Nangona kunjalo, kwinyanga ephelileyo uNoctua ukhuphe iprosesa entsha ngokupheleleyo. Kwaye nangona igama layo litshintshile xa lithelekiswa nabanduleli bayo ngonobumba omnye kuphela, I-Noctua NH-U12A ijongeka njengomoya omtsha kwicandelo lokupholisa umoya le-CPU, apho iindlela zamva nje "zophuhliso" zihlala zilinganiselwe ekukhanyeni ngasemva kwabalandeli kunye nezinye izinto ezipholileyo.

Inqaku elitsha: Uphononongo kunye novavanyo lwe-Noctua NH-U12A epholileyo: uguquko lwenguquko

Makhe sijonge ngokungaguquguqukiyo kunye neenkcukacha kule mveliso intsha kwaye siyivavanye ngokuthelekisa nabo bakhuphisana nabo.

⇑#Iimpawu zobugcisa kunye neendleko

Sibonisa iimpawu zobuchwepheshe zepholile etafileni xa kuthelekiswa neempawu zangaphambili - imodeli. I-Noctua NH-U12S.

Igama leempawu zobugcisa I-Noctua NH-U12A I-Noctua NH-U12S
Imilinganiselo yokupholisa (H Γ— W Γ— T),
ifeni, mm
I-158 Γ— 125 Γ— 112 I-158 Γ— 125 Γ— 71
(120 Γ— 120 Γ— 25, 2 iipcs.) (120 Γ— 120 Γ— 25)
Ubunzima bubonke, g 1220
(760-irediyetha)
755
(580-irediyetha)
Izinto zeradiator kunye noyilo Isakhiwo senqaba esine-nickel eyenziwe ngeepleyiti ze-aluminiyam kwimibhobho yobushushu e-7 yobhedu enobubanzi obuyi-6 mm edlula kwisiseko sobhedu. Isakhiwo senqaba esine-nickel eyenziwe ngeepleyiti ze-aluminiyam kwimibhobho yobushushu e-5 yobhedu enobubanzi obuyi-6 mm edlula kwisiseko sobhedu.
Inani lee-radiator fins, iipcs. 50 50
Ubukhulu bepleyiti yeradiator, mm 0,45 0,40
Umgama we-Intercostal, mm 1,8 1,75
Indawo yeradiyetha eqikelelweyo, cm2 6 860 5 570
Ukumelana nobushushu, Β°C/W n / a n / a
Uhlobo lwabalandeli kunye nemodeli I-Noctua NF-A12x25 PWM (iipcs ezi-2) I-Noctua NF-F12 PWM
Isantya sokujikeleza kwabalandeli, rpm 450–2000 (Β±10%)
450–1700 (Β±10%) LNA
300–1500 (Β±10%)
300–1200 (Β±10%) LNA
Ukuhamba komoya, CFM 60,1 (ubuninzi)
49,8 (ubuninzi) LNA
55,0 (ubuninzi)
43,8 (ubuninzi) LNA
Inqanaba lengxolo, i-dBA 22,6 (ubuninzi)
18,8 (ubuninzi) LNA
22,4 (ubuninzi)
18,6 (ubuninzi) LNA
Uxinzelelo oluzinzileyo, mm H2O 2,34 (ubuninzi)
1,65 (ubuninzi) LNA
2,61 (ubuninzi)
1,83 (ubuninzi) LNA
Inani kunye nohlobo lweebheringi zefeni SSO2 SSO2
Ixesha leFan phakathi kokusilela, iiyure/iminyaka 150 / >000 150 / >000
I-voltage yegama / yokuqala yefeni, V 12 / 4,5 12 / 4,4
Umlandeli wangoku, A 0,14 0,05
Isibhengezo/umlinganiselo wokusetyenziswa kwamandla efeni, iW 1,68 / 1,51 0,60 / n/a
Ukunokwenzeka kofakelo kwiiprosesa ezineesokethi Intel LGA115x/2011(v3)/2066
AMD Socket
AM2(+)/AM3(+)/AM4/FM1/FM2(+)
Intel LGA775/115x/2011(v3)/2066
I-AMD Socket AM2(+)/AM3(+)/FM1/FM2(+)
Elona nqanaba liphezulu leTDP yeprosesa, W n / a n / a
Ezongezelelweyo (iimpawu) Iifeni ezimbini ze-PWM, iiadaptha ezimbini ze-LNA, i-Noctua NT-H1 3,5 g intlama ye-thermal Ifeni ye-PWM, iadaptha ye-LNA, i-Noctua NT-H1 3,5 g intlama ye-thermal
Ixesha lewaranti, iminyaka 6 6
Iindleko ezicetyiswayo, $ 99,9 65

⇑#Ukupakisha kunye nokupakishwa

Uyilo lweebhokisi apho ii-coolers ze-Noctua zinikezelwa khona azitshintshanga, mhlawumbi, ukususela ekubonakaleni kwazo kwimarike. Isicwangciso sombala kuphela siye satshintsha utshintsho oluncinci, kodwa ngokubanzi iibhokisi zifana nangaphambili. Kwaye i-Noctua NH-U12A yayingekho ngaphandle: sinephakheji ephakathi, ehlotshiswe ngeetoni ezimdaka kunye ezimhlophe.

Inqaku elitsha: Uphononongo kunye novavanyo lwe-Noctua NH-U12A epholileyo: uguquko lwenguquko

Icala ngalinye lokupakisha lizaliswe ngolwazi oluthile oluluncedo, ukusuka kwiinkcukacha zobugcisa kunye neempawu eziphambili kwiingxelo zewaranti. Kwakukho nendawo yebhloko yombhalo ngesiRashiya. Singagqiba kwelokuba iNoctua ithatha intengiso yaseRussia njengenye yezinto eziphambili kuyo.

Inqaku elitsha: Uphononongo kunye novavanyo lwe-Noctua NH-U12A epholileyo: uguquko lwenguquko   Inqaku elitsha: Uphononongo kunye novavanyo lwe-Noctua NH-U12A epholileyo: uguquko lwenguquko
Inqaku elitsha: Uphononongo kunye novavanyo lwe-Noctua NH-U12A epholileyo: uguquko lwenguquko   Inqaku elitsha: Uphononongo kunye novavanyo lwe-Noctua NH-U12A epholileyo: uguquko lwenguquko

Ngokuphathelele ukuthembeka, ibhokisi nayo ayiphakamisi nayiphi na imibuzo. Ngaphakathi kwepakethe ephambili kukho igobolondo lekhadibhodi edibeneyo ekhusela i-radiator kunye nabalandeli.

Inqaku elitsha: Uphononongo kunye novavanyo lwe-Noctua NH-U12A epholileyo: uguquko lwenguquko

Ngokubhekiselele kwizinto ezincedisayo, zifakwe kwibhokisi yeflethi kunye nokutyunjwa kwecandelo ngalinye kwicala langaphambili.

Inqaku elitsha: Uphononongo kunye novavanyo lwe-Noctua NH-U12A epholileyo: uguquko lwenguquko

Ngaphakathi ungafumana ipleyiti yokuqinisa kwicala elingasemva le-motherboard, izibini ezimbini zezikhokelo zentsimbi, iiseti zezikrufu, iibhushi kunye neewasha, iiadaptha kunye nemiyalelo, kunye ne-thermal paste. Noctua NT-H1 kwisirinji enobunzima obuyi-3,5 grams.

Inqaku elitsha: Uphononongo kunye novavanyo lwe-Noctua NH-U12A epholileyo: uguquko lwenguquko

Zonke iimveliso ze-Austrian Noctua zenziwa eTaiwan. Iinkqubo zokupholisa eziphambili ziza newaranti yeminyaka emithandathu. Ixabiso elibhengeziweyo le-Noctua NH-U12A yi-99,9 yeedola zase-US, kwaye le yinyani engaqhelekanga, kuba i-flagship NH-D15 kunye neradiyetha kabini-tower zingathengwa ngexabiso eliphantsi. Mhlawumbi imveliso entsha isebenza ngakumbi kwaye ithule kunomzalwana wayo omdala? Siza kufumanisa yonke into kungekudala.

⇑#Impawu zoKwakha

Uyilo lweNoctua NH-U12A alutshintshanga xa kuthelekiswa nomzekelo wangaphambili wolu hlobo - NH-U12S. Into ebethayo kuphela kukuba inani labalandeli kunye nabalandeli ngokwabo baye baphinda kabini, kunye nokunyuka kancinci kwe-cooler. Kungenjalo, sinayo inqaba epholileyo efanayo yemilinganiselo ephakathi-phezulu eneradiyetha yealuminiyam kwimibhobho yobushushu.

Inqaku elitsha: Uphononongo kunye novavanyo lwe-Noctua NH-U12A epholileyo: uguquko lwenguquko   Inqaku elitsha: Uphononongo kunye novavanyo lwe-Noctua NH-U12A epholileyo: uguquko lwenguquko
Inqaku elitsha: Uphononongo kunye novavanyo lwe-Noctua NH-U12A epholileyo: uguquko lwenguquko   Inqaku elitsha: Uphononongo kunye novavanyo lwe-Noctua NH-U12A epholileyo: uguquko lwenguquko

Nangona kunjalo, kukho utshintsho oluninzi olwaneleyo kuyilo olupholileyo. Kodwa okokuqala, siyaqaphela ukuba ukuphakama kunye nobubanzi be-cooler buhlala bufana: 158 kunye ne-125 mm, ngokulandelanayo. Kodwa ubukhulu bunyukile ukusuka kwi-71 ukuya kwi-112 mm, kwaye kungekhona nje ngenxa ye-fan eyongezelelweyo, ekubeni ubukhulu be-radiator ye-NH-U12A bunyuke ukusuka kwi-12 ukuya kwi-41 mm xa kuthelekiswa ne-NH-U58S.

Inqaku elitsha: Uphononongo kunye novavanyo lwe-Noctua NH-U12A epholileyo: uguquko lwenguquko

Ubunzima be-cooler buye banda, ngoku yi-1220 grams, apho i-radiator ibala i-760 grams. Kwinguqu yangaphambili yalo mzekelo, i-radiator inobunzima be-580 grams.

Ngokubanzi, uyilo lwe-cooler alutshintshanga. Ngaphambi kwethu kukho "inqaba" yeklasiki ene-radiator ye-aluminium, eboshwe ngokungathi ikwi-vice phakathi kwabalandeli ababini be-120 mm.

Inqaku elitsha: Uphononongo kunye novavanyo lwe-Noctua NH-U12A epholileyo: uguquko lwenguquko   Inqaku elitsha: Uphononongo kunye novavanyo lwe-Noctua NH-U12A epholileyo: uguquko lwenguquko

Ubunzima obuninzi be-heatsink bekufanele buthintele ukufakwa kweemodyuli ze-RAM ezine-heatsinks eziphezulu kwiindawo zokubeka ezikufutshane kwi-motherboard. Nangona kunjalo, iinjineli zaseOstriya zayisa iradiyetha phambili kwicala lokuhamba komoya, zizama ukuphepha le ngxaki. Oku kubonakala ngokucacileyo xa ujonge i-cooler ukusuka kwicala.

Inqaku elitsha: Uphononongo kunye novavanyo lwe-Noctua NH-U12A epholileyo: uguquko lwenguquko

Apha siqaphela ukuba amacala e-radiator aphantse agutyungelwe ngokupheleleyo yiziphelo ezisezantsi ezigobileyo.

Inani elipheleleyo lamacwecwe e-aluminium kwi-radiator ngama-50. I-fin nganye igxininiswe ngokuqinileyo kwimibhobho yokushisa, kwaye zonke i-interfaces zazo zithengiswa. Umgama we-intercostal ngu-1,75-1,85 mm, kwaye ubukhulu beplate nganye yi-0,45 mm. Ngokubanzi, sinokuthi i-radiator ixinene kakhulu, kodwa ekupheleni kweeplate zayo kukho i-protrusions ebonakalayo kunye namazinyo, okumele kunciphise ukuchasana nokuhamba komoya kwabalandeli kunye nokwandisa ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-radiator ngesantya esiphantsi.

Inqaku elitsha: Uphononongo kunye novavanyo lwe-Noctua NH-U12A epholileyo: uguquko lwenguquko   Inqaku elitsha: Uphononongo kunye novavanyo lwe-Noctua NH-U12A epholileyo: uguquko lwenguquko

Imilinganiselo yeplate nganye yi-120 Γ— 58 mm, indawo ye-radiator ebalwayo yi-6860 cm2. Le yi-23,2% inkulu kune-NH-U12S heatsink, kodwa isekude kwii-coolers zokwenyani, ezine-heatsinks ezimalunga ne-11000 cm2. Indlela i-NH-U12A eceba ngayo ukukhuphisana nabo ayikacaci kuthi.

Ukongeza kwiradiyetha entsha enendawo eyandisiweyo, i-NH-U12A ifumene imibhobho yobushushu eyi-6 mm esixhenxe ngokuchasene nesihlanu kwi-NH-U12S. Bagqobhoza iradiyetha kwicala ngalinye ngeeovali ezimbini ezikhethekileyo zeityhubhu ezintandathu, kwaye iziphelo zombhobho wobushushu wesixhenxe zime ngoko nangoko emva kombhobho wokugqibela kwicala lokuhamba komoya.

Inqaku elitsha: Uphononongo kunye novavanyo lwe-Noctua NH-U12A epholileyo: uguquko lwenguquko   Inqaku elitsha: Uphononongo kunye novavanyo lwe-Noctua NH-U12A epholileyo: uguquko lwenguquko

Qaphela ukuba imibhobho emithathu yokushisa ephakathi, ekufuneka ithwale umthwalo ophezulu we-thermal, yahlulwe omnye komnye ngokusemandleni, kwaye isibini esilandelayo semibhobho yokushisa nayo ibekwe kumgama ohloniphekileyo omnye komnye.

Inqaku elitsha: Uphononongo kunye novavanyo lwe-Noctua NH-U12A epholileyo: uguquko lwenguquko

Ngesi sisombululo, abaphuhlisi bafuna ukuqinisekisa ukusasazwa okufanayo kokuhamba kobushushu kwi-radiator fins. Kwakhona songeza ukuba kwiindawo apho imibhobho yokushisa idibanisa namacwecwe, i-1,5 mm "intamo" kunye nemikhondo ye-solder ecocekileyo ibonakala.

Kwisiseko se-cooler kukho i-nickel-plated copper plate kunye ne-grooves kumbhobho ngamnye wokushisa. Zonke iibhubhu kule grooves zibekwe kunye nomgama we-0,5 mm ukusuka komnye nomnye, kwaye ubuncinci beplate phantsi kwabo abudluli kwi-2,0 mm. Ngokuqinisekileyo, i-solder isetyenziswa apha. Imilinganiselo yesiseko soqhagamshelwano lweplate yi-48 Γ— 48 mm. Umgangatho wokusebenza kwayo unokubizwa ngokuba yireferensi.

Inqaku elitsha: Uphononongo kunye novavanyo lwe-Noctua NH-U12A epholileyo: uguquko lwenguquko

Kodwa okona kubaluleke kakhulu, umphezulu woqhagamshelwano wesiseko seNoctua NH-U12A yethu ugudileyo kakhulu. Nangona kunjalo, i-convexity ye-heater spreader ye-LGA2066 test processor ayizange isivumele ukuba sifumane iiprinta ezigqibeleleyo.

Inqaku elitsha: Uphononongo kunye novavanyo lwe-Noctua NH-U12A epholileyo: uguquko lwenguquko   Inqaku elitsha: Uphononongo kunye novavanyo lwe-Noctua NH-U12A epholileyo: uguquko lwenguquko

Irediyetha entsha - abalandeli abatsha, uNoctua wagqiba kwaye endaweni yenye NF-F12 PWM I-NH-U12S yayixhotyiswe ngento epholileyo enesibini esandula ukukhutshwa I-NF-A12x25 PWM. Njengoko kuhlala kunjalo kwinkampani yase-Austrian, abalandeli bahambele phambili kakhulu ngokwetekhnoloji kwaye bayilwe ngokugqibeleleyo. Badibanisa i-impeller enamabala alithoba e-brown kunye ne-crescent-shaped blades kunye ne-dozen good proprietary Noctua technologies, kunye ne-milk-colored frame frame kunye neekona ze-silicone ezimdaka.

Inqaku elitsha: Uphononongo kunye novavanyo lwe-Noctua NH-U12A epholileyo: uguquko lwenguquko

Ungaziva nangayiphi na indlela othanda ngayo malunga neskimu sombala sabalandeli bakaNoctua, kodwa umntu akanakunceda kodwa avume ukuba bahlala bephambili kubuchwephesha bale mihla. I-NF-A12x25 PWM entsha yayingenjalo, eyathi, ukongeza kwiitekhnoloji ezaziswa ngaphambili, yafumana i-impeller eyenziwe nge-polymer entsha yekristale. Sterrox ukwanda koxinzelelo. Oku kwenziwa ukwenzela ukuba i-impeller ayiyi "kolula" ngexesha, ekubeni le modeli inesithuba phakathi kokuphela kwe-impeller kunye nesakhelo se-0,5 mm kuphela. Oku kungaphantsi ngokuphindwe kathathu kunoninzi lwabanye abalandeli, kubandakanya zonke iimodeli zangaphambili zeNoctua. Ukongeza, le nto intsha ayinakuchaphazeleka kakhulu kukungcangcazela, oku kuthetha ukuba abalandeli abanjalo kufuneka basebenze ngenqanaba elisezantsi lengxolo. Ukuphela kokungalunganga kwe-NF-A12x25 PWM yindleko yayo ephezulu kakhulu (i-29,9 yeedola), kwaye ekubeni iNoctua NH-U12A inabalandeli ababini abanjalo, isizathu sokuba le nto ipholileyo ixabisa ngaphezu kwezinye iinkqubo zokupholisa kunye nesiqalo "esiphezulu" iyaqondakala.

Ngokubhekiselele kwiimpawu zobugcisa, isantya sokujikeleza kwe-fan, elawulwa yi-pulse-width modulation, kufuneka ibe kuluhlu ukusuka kwi-450 ukuya kwi-2000 rpm, kwaye xa i-adapter ye-LNA ifakwe kwisiphaluka, umda wesantya esiphezulu "unqunyulwe" 1700 rpm. Umoya ophezulu we-fan nganye unokufikelela kwi-60,1 CFM, uxinzelelo lwe-static - 2,34 mm H2O, inqanaba lengxolo - 22,6 dBA.

Abalandeli basebenzisa iibheringi zobunikazi SSO2 kunye nobomi benkonzo obuqhelekileyo beeyure ezingamawaka angama-150, okanye ngaphezulu kweminyaka eyi-17 yokusebenza ngokuqhubekayo. Ukongeza kokuqina, abalandeli nabo banoqoqosho: kunye neenkcukacha ezichaziweyo ze-1,68 W ngesantya esiphezulu, umlandeli ngamnye akadlanga ngaphezu kwe-1,5 W, isalathisi esibalaseleyo se-2000 rpm.

Inqaku elitsha: Uphononongo kunye novavanyo lwe-Noctua NH-U12A epholileyo: uguquko lwenguquko

I-voltage yokuqala yabalandeli nayo yajika yaphantsi kwaye yafikelela kwi-4,5 V kuphela.

Ukuze kuncitshiswe ukuhanjiswa kweentshukumo kwiradiyetha, iikona ezithambileyo kakhulu ze-silicone zifakwe kwiikona zesakhelo ngasinye sefeni.

Inqaku elitsha: Uphononongo kunye novavanyo lwe-Noctua NH-U12A epholileyo: uguquko lwenguquko

Iifeni ngokwazo zikhuselwe kwiradiyetha ngeentsimbi zeebrakethi.

Inqaku elitsha: Uphononongo kunye novavanyo lwe-Noctua NH-U12A epholileyo: uguquko lwenguquko

Kodwa i-synthetic braided fan cables zifutshane kakhulu, ubude bazo buyi-195 mm. Oku kwanele nje ukudibanisa i-fan kwisidibanisi esikufutshane kwi-motherboard, kwaye ayiyiyo yonke imodeli yebhodi yomama eneziqhagamshelo ezinjalo kwindawo ekufutshane yesokethi yeprosesa. Kodwa oku mhlawumbi kuphela kokuphazamiseka xa ufaka kwaye udibanisa abalandeli beNoctua NH-U12A.

⇑#Ukuhambelana kunye noFakelo

I-Noctua NH-U12A iyahambelana ne-Intel LGA2011/2066/115x iprosesa kunye neeprosesa ze-AMD ezifumaneka kwi-Socket AM2(+)/AM3(+)/AM4/FM1/FM2(+) ifomathi. Ukuthathela ingqalelo isiseko esikhulu seradiyetha kunye neendleko zokupholisa, kuyamangalisa ukungaboni iqonga le-AMD Socket TR4 kolu luhlu, kodwa siyaqaphela ukuba iNoctua ineemodeli ezipholileyo ezikhethekileyo kwezi ziqhagamshelo.

Inkqubo yokupholisa ifakwe kusetyenziswa intaba ye-SecuFirm2 yobunikazi, exhotywe ngeemodeli ezininzi zenkampani yase-Austrian. Inkqubo yofakelo kwikhonkco nganye exhaswayo icacisiwe. kwimiyalelo. Sifake i-cooler kwi-motherboard kunye ne-LGA2066 isinxibelelanisi, apho izikhonkwane ezineentambo eziphindwe kabini zifakwe kwimingxuma yepleyiti yokuxhasa i-socket.

Inqaku elitsha: Uphononongo kunye novavanyo lwe-Noctua NH-U12A epholileyo: uguquko lwenguquko   Inqaku elitsha: Uphononongo kunye novavanyo lwe-Noctua NH-U12A epholileyo: uguquko lwenguquko

Ezi studs ke zifakelwe iipleyiti ezimbini zentsimbi ezikhuselwe ngamandongomane aqholiweyo.

Inqaku elitsha: Uphononongo kunye novavanyo lwe-Noctua NH-U12A epholileyo: uguquko lwenguquko

Emva koko, i-radiator ifakwe kwiprosesa kwaye itsalwa kula macwecwe ngezikrini ezilayishwe entwasahlobo kumacala omabini abanzi.

Inqaku elitsha: Uphononongo kunye novavanyo lwe-Noctua NH-U12A epholileyo: uguquko lwenguquko

Ngeli nqanaba, kuyimfuneko ukuqinisekisa ukuba i-heatsink icinezelwe ngokulinganayo kwi-processer heat spreader kwaye ungalibali malunga ne-thermal paste.

Umgama ukusuka kwi-plate ephantsi ye-radiator ye-Noctua NH-U12A kwi-motherboard yi-44 mm, kwaye abalandeli banokunyuswa phezulu.

Inqaku elitsha: Uphononongo kunye novavanyo lwe-Noctua NH-U12A epholileyo: uguquko lwenguquko   Inqaku elitsha: Uphononongo kunye novavanyo lwe-Noctua NH-U12A epholileyo: uguquko lwenguquko

Inqaku elitsha: Uphononongo kunye novavanyo lwe-Noctua NH-U12A epholileyo: uguquko lwenguquko

Kodwa inzuzo ye-Noctua NH-U12A kukuba i-heatsink yayo itshintshelwe phambili kwimibhobho yobushushu, ngoko ke kwiibhodi ezininzi ze-motherboard i-cooler akufanele iphazamise ukufakwa kweemodyuli zememori ezine-heatsinks eziphezulu. Nangona iingxaki zisenokwenzeka kwiibhodi ezinememori yamajelo amane.

Emva kofakelo kwiprosesa, ukuphakama kwendawo epholileyo kufikelele kwi-162 mm, ngoko ke, ngokungafaniyo nezona zipholileyo eziphezulu, ziya kuhambelana nazo zonke iimeko zenkqubo ye-ATX.

Inqaku elitsha: Uphononongo kunye novavanyo lwe-Noctua NH-U12A epholileyo: uguquko lwenguquko

Ngaphakathi kweyunithi yenkqubo ye-Noctua NH-U12A ibonakala ingaqhelekanga; Ke ngoko, ukuba uyilo lwetyala kunye nezinto zalo azikho kwindawo yokugqibela kuwe, ke iimveliso zeNoctua kulo mba azinakubizwa ngokuba lukhetho olufanelekileyo.

umthombo: 3dnews.ru

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