Malunga nabangakwaziyo ukulwa

Molo %igama lomsebenzisi.

gjf ukunxibelelana kwakhona.

Ndicela uxolo ngoko nangoko ukuba inqaku elidlulileyo bendibonakala ndikruqukile kuwe, kodwa kweminye imibuzo ndiye ndingabi naburharha.

Kwaye ndicela uxolo ukuba nditshabalalise inkohliso yabanye abafundi.

Kodwa ngokusekelwe kwiziphumo zokuvota, siza kuthetha ngeziyobisi zokulwa. Kodwa la ayingowamanye amayeza asentsomini anokuthi ajike umntu obuthathaka abe liJoni leHlabathi liphela.

Oku akuyonyani kwaphela.

Xa ndandiqala ukufunda lo mxholo, ndandinomdla kakhulu kubantu abangenamandla. Ngokuqinisekileyo: kwinqanaba elithile, uluntu lwaqaphela ngokukhawuleza ukuba wonke umntu unetyhefu ngento efana ne-phosgene kunye ne-V-gases, bekungayi kubakho ubuntu obusele!

Abangakwazi ukwenza umsebenzi banomdla ngakumbi! Ngokuchazwa, "abangakwaziyo ukwenza izinto zizinto ezithi okwexeshana zingakwazi ukwenza amandla okuphila." Ngokuchanekileyo "ngaphandle kocwangco" - kodwa hayi ukufa.

Ebomini bam, ndifumene ulwazi lokuba amaqela angaphantsi ambalwa ahlelwa njengabantu abangenamandla:
Uluhlu oluthile olungaqhelekanga ndilufumene kumnatha

1. I-Algogens zizinto ezibangela intlungu enzima xa zidibana nolusu. Okwangoku, kukho iingoma ezithengiswayo zokuzikhusela kubantu. Bahlala benempembelelo ye-lachrymatory. Umzekelo: 1-methoxy-1,3,5-cycloheptatriene, dibenzoxazepine, capsaicin, pelargonic acid morpholide, resiniferatoxin, phorbol esters, cycloheptatriene.
2. I-Anxiogens ibangela ukuhlaselwa kwe-panic acute kumntu. Imizekelo: i-cholecystokinin yohlobo lwe-B receptor agonists.
3. I-Anticoagulants - ukunciphisa ukujika kwegazi, kubangela ukopha. Imizekelo: superwarfarin, dicoumarin derivatives.
4. Abakhangayo - ukutsala izinambuzane ezahlukahlukeneyo okanye izilwanyana (umzekelo, ukuhlaba, ukungathandeki) kumntu. Oku kunokukhokelela ekuphenduleni kokuphazamiseka emntwini okanye kubangele ukuhlaselwa kwezinambuzane kumntu. Zisenokusetyenziswa ukutsala izinambuzane ezitshabalalisayo kwizityalo zotshaba. Umzekelo: 3,11-dimethyl-2-nonacosanone (umtsalane wamaphela).
5. I-Aphrodisiacs - ibangela ukwanda okunamandla kwi-libido. Ngokutsho kwabaphandi, oku kunokubangela iingxabano kwiqela lomkhosi eliphantse lifane nesini esifanayo. Imizekelo: Viagra, Cialis.
6. I-smelly (malodorants) - kubangela ukususwa kwabantu kwintsimi okanye kumntu othile ngenxa yokuchaswa kwabantu kwiphunga elibi lendawo (umntu). Nokuba izinto ngokwazo okanye iimveliso zemetabolism yazo zinokuba nevumba elibi. Imizekelo: i-mercaptans, i-isonitriles, i-selenols, i-sodium tellurite, i-geosmin, i-benzcyclopropane.
7. Ukubangela intlungu yemisipha - kubangela intlungu enzima kwimisipha yomntu. Imizekelo: i-thymol amino esters.
8. Ukubangela ukulahleka kweenwele - injongo yokusetyenziswa kukuchaphazela abantu abasebenzayo ekuhlaleni, ukunciphisa umtsalane wangaphandle. Imizekelo: iityuwa zethallium.
9. I-Antihypertensives - inciphisa kakhulu uxinzelelo lwegazi, ibangela ukuwa kwe-orthostatic, okubangela ukuba umntu alahlekelwe zingqondo okanye akwazi ukuhamba. Imizekelo: clonidine, canbisol, platelet activating factor analogues.
10. IiHormones - zichaphazela iinkqubo ezininzi zomzimba kwiindawo ezincinci kakhulu, ezinokubangela utshintsho kwintlalontle kunye nesimo sengqondo. Iintlobo zeehomoni ezizinzileyo kwi-metabolism zihlala ziphuhliswa. Imizekelo: i-insulin, ihomoni ye-adrenocorticotropic, iglucocorticoids.
11. I-Denaturants - inika incasa engathandekiyo ekutyeni, enokuthi ibangele indlala kwiindawo ezichaphazelekayo. Imizekelo: iityuwa zedenatonium, iquinine.
12. I-Castorers - ibangela ukuchithwa kweekhemikhali (ilahleko yokuzala). Imizekelo: gossypol.
13. I-Catatonic - kubangela ukuphuhliswa kwe-catatonia kwabo bachaphazelekayo. Idla ngokubizwa ngokuba luhlobo lwe-psychochemical toxic substance. Imizekelo: bulbocapnin.
14. Izihlunu zeperipheral zibangela ukuphumla okupheleleyo kwemisipha yamathambo. Inokubangela ukufa ngenxa yokuphumla kwezihlunu zokuphefumla. Imizekelo: tubocurarine, dithiline.
15. Izihlunu ezisembindini zokuphumla zibangela ukuphumla kwezihlunu zamathambo. Ngokungafaniyo ne-peripheral, zinempembelelo encinci ekuphefumleni kwaye ukukhutshwa kwazo kunzima. Imizekelo: i-muscle relaxin, phenylglycerin, benzimidazole.
16. I-Diuretics - kubangela ukukhawuleza okubukhali ekukhupheni isinyi. Imizekelo: furosemide.
17. I-anesthetic - kubangela i-anesthesia kubantu abaphilileyo. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, ukusetyenziswa kweli qela lezinto kuthintelwa ngumsebenzi ophantsi webhayoloji wezinto ezisetyenzisiweyo. Imizekelo: isoflurane, halothane.
18. Amachiza enyaniso abangela ukuba abantu bakhule kwimeko apho bangakwaziyo ukuxoka. Ngoku kuye kwaboniswa ukuba le ndlela ayiqinisekisi ukunyaniseka okupheleleyo komntu kwaye ukusetyenziswa kwabo kulinganiselwe. Ngokuqhelekileyo ezi azikho izinto ezizimeleyo, kodwa indibaniselwano ye-barbiturates kunye ne-stimulants.
19. I-analgesics ye-narcotic - kwiidosi ezingaphezulu kwezonyango, zinefuthe elingenakunyakaziswa. Ukukwazi ukwenza umlutha. Imizekelo: fentanyl, carfentanil, 14-methoxymethopon, etorphine, dihydroetorphine.
20. Ukonakala kweMemori-Kubangela ukulahleka kwenkumbulo okwethutyana. Idla ngokuba yityhefu. Imizekelo: cycloheximide, domoic acid, anticholinergics ezininzi, ezinye benzdiazepines.
21. I-Neuroleptics ibangela ukukhubazeka kweemoto kunye nengqondo ebantwini. Imizekelo: i-haloperidol, i-spiperone, i-fluphenazine.
22. I-Irreversible MAO inhibitors liqela lezinto ezivimba i-monoamine oxidase. Ngenxa yoko, xa udla ukutya okuphezulu kwi-amines yendalo (i-cheeses, i-tshokoleta), i-hypertensive crisis ibangelwa. Imizekelo: nialamide, pargyline.
23. Abacinezeli - babangela ukuphazamiseka kokukwazi ukwenza izigqibo ezizimeleyo. Zizinto zamaqela ahlukeneyo. Umzekelo: scopolamine.
24. I-Prurigens - ibangela ukurhawuzelelwa okunganyamezelekiyo. Umzekelo: 1,2-dithiocyanoethane.
25. Iziyobisi ze-Psychotomimetic zibangela i-psychosis ehlala ixesha elithile, apho umntu engakwazi ukwenza izigqibo ezifanelekileyo. Umzekelo: BZ, LSD, mescaline, DMT, DOB, DOM, cannabinoids, PCP, psilocybin, DET, DMHP.
26. I-Laxatives ibangela ukukhawuleza okubukhali ekukhupheni iziqulatho zamathumbu. Ngokusetyenziswa ixesha elide kweziyobisi kweli qela, ukudinwa komzimba kunokukhula. Imizekelo: bisacodyl.
27. I-Lachrymators (i-lacrimators) ibangela ukuhlambalaza okukhulu kunye nokuvalwa kweenkophe zomntu, ngenxa yoko umntu akakwazi ukubona okwethutyana oko kwenzekayo kuye kwaye ulahlekelwe amandla akhe okulwa. Kukho izinto eziyityhefu eziqhelekileyo ezisetyenziselwa ukusasaza imiboniso. Imizekelo: chloroacetophenone, bromoacetone, bromobenzyl cyanide, trialkyl lead salts, ethyl bromoacetate, ethyliodoacetate, ortho-chlorobenzylidene malonodinitrile (CS).
28. Iipilisi zokulala - kubangela ukuba umntu alale. Imizekelo: i-flunitrazepam, i-barbiturates.
29. I-Sternites - kubangela ukuthimla okungalawulekiyo kunye nokukhohlela, okunokubangela ukuba umntu alahle imaski yegesi. Kukho amakhadi engxelo. Imizekelo: i-adamsite, i-diphenylchloroarsine, i-diphenylcyanarsine.
30. I-Tremorgens - ibangela ukuxhuzula kwemisipha yamathambo. Imizekelo: tremorine, oxotremorine, tremorgenic mycotoxins.
31. Iifotosensitizers-zonyusa uvakalelo lwesikhumba kwimitha yelanga ye-ultraviolet. Xa uphuma elangeni, umntu unokutsha kabuhlungu. Imizekelo: i-hypericin, i-furocoumarins.
32. I-Emetics (i-emetics) - ibangela i-gag reflex, ngenxa yoko ukuba kwi-mask yegesi kuba yinto engenakwenzeka. Imizekelo: i-apomorphine derivatives, i-staphylococcal enterotoxin B, i-PHNO, i-aminotetralin derivatives.

Ekubeni lo nguHabr, kwaye le opus ayibhalwanga ngugqirha wesayensi, i-general general in chemistry. imikhosi, ilungu-cor. kwaye njalo njalo njalo, emva koko ndithatha inkululeko yokucela umngeni kolu luhlu.
Ingxoxo iya kuba mfutshane, icala elinye, ingenamsebenzi kakhulu kwaye ixhomekeke kakhulu."Iziyobisi zenyaniso" kufuneka zifakwe emithanjeni - kwaye kwangaxeshanye kufuneka zibe nempembelelo yengqondo kumntu. Indlela yokusebenzisa oku kwimeko yokulwa? Kwaye "imizekelo" iphikisana kakhulu: umzekelo, "i-castrator" i-gossypol yi-polyphenol yendalo ene-antiviral, i-antimicrobial, i-antiprotozoal, i-antioxidant properties, kunye nomsebenzi we-antitumor. Andizange ndibone ulwazi olusetyenziselwa ukuchithwa kweekhemikhali: akusiyo ihomoni efana ne-cyproterone acetate, eya kwenza ukuba nendoda eqhelekileyo ye-macho ikhule izibonda, kwaye kungekhona i-antipsychotic efana ne-benperidol, eyenza ukuba ungafuni nto. Kubonakala ukuba, indima "yabadlali" ekunciphiseni amandla okulwa ababhali batshintsha kakhulu emva kwebali likaTheon Greyjoy - kakuhle, akukho nto, kamva wabonisa ukuba ulungile kakhulu, ewe.

Ngaba izinto ezinukayo ziyakoyikisa amajoni? Le nto yabhalwa ngumntu ongazange aye kwi-barracks.

Kwaye ngaba i-scopolamine ngumcinezeli wentando? Bugaga.

Ke ngoko, andizukuzama ukunika imizekelo kolu luhlu kwiqela ngalinye. Mhlawumbi zikhona, kodwa zihlelwe, mhlawumbi ezi ziingcamango nje zababhali abazithe thaca, okanye mhlawumbi andifuni)))

Ndiphinde ndidikwe liqela lezinto ezicaphukisayo - esi sixa se-lachrymators (yintoni ebenza bakhale) kunye ne-sternites (yintoni ebenza bakhohlele). Andiyi kuqwalasela i-irritants - okokuqala, kukho ingxaki kunye nabo - abayi kuhlala ixesha elide, ngakumbi ukuba ushiya indawo echaphazelekayo, kwaye kunye nabanye, ukusilela ngengozi kunokwenzeka, ngakumbi nge-CS eVietnam (nangona kunjalo, emva kwe-defoliants). , andiqondi ukuba le yeyona ngxaki inkulu). Ewe, okwesibini, njengoko ndiyiqonda, ukufunda ixesha elide kuyamkhathaza umfundi)

Ke, %igama lomsebenzisi%, masithethe ngezinto ezinomdla kakhulu!

Akusayi kubakho parade ngeli xesha, ke wonke umntu makakhethe intando yakhe.

I-Ftorotan (halothane)

I-Ftorotan yeyona nto ikruqulayo, ilula kwaye ingenamdla. Lulwelo olungenambala, olungatshiyo nolunoguquguquka kakhulu (indawo yokubilisa malunga ne-50°C). Ivumba njenge chlorform.

I-Fluorotane anesthesia isetyenziselwa imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo, kubandakanywa nokusebenza kwesisu (kwisisu okanye kwizitho ze-thoracic), kubantwana kunye nabantu abadala, kunye nezigulane ezine-asthma ye-bronchial. Ukusetyenziswa kwe-anesthesia ye-fluorotane luncedo ngakumbi kwiimeko apho ukuxhatshazwa kunye noxinzelelo lwesigulane kufuneka kugwenywe (umzekelo, kwi-neurosurgery, ophthalmology, njl.). Ukukhupha i-anesthesia, qalisa ngokunikezelwa kwe-fluorothane kwi-concentration ye-0,5 vol.% (nge-oksijini), emva kwemizuzu eyi-1,5-3 iyakwandisa ukuya kwi-3-4 vol.%. Ukugcina isigaba sotyando lwe-anesthesia, i-concentration ye-0,5-2 vol.% isetyenziswa.

Xa usebenzisa i-fluorotane, ingqondo idla ngokucima emva kwemizuzu eyi-1-2 emva kokuqala kokuphefumla umphunga wayo. Emva kwemizuzu engama-3-5, isigaba sotyando lwe-anesthesia siqala. Emva kwemizuzu emi-3-5 emva kokuyeka ukunikezelwa kwe-fluorotane, izigulane ziqala ukuvusa. Ukudakumba kwe-Anesthesia kuyanyamalala ngokupheleleyo kwi-5-10 imizuzu emva kwe-anesthesia yexesha elifutshane kunye ne-30-40 imizuzu emva kwe-anesthesia yexesha elide. Imincili inqabile kwaye ibonakaliswe buthathaka. Akukho ukucaphuka kwenkqubo yokuphefumla kwaphela.

Bathi akufanele udibanise ne-fluorotane, kuba kwezinye iimeko kubangela umonakalo omkhulu wesibindi (i-halothane hepatitis). I-Hepatitis ixhaphake kakhulu kubantu abangaphezu kweminyaka engama-40 ubudala, kaninzi kubasetyhini kunamadoda. Isiphumo esinobuthi se-fluorotane sibangelwa kuphela kwisiphumo esithe ngqo, kodwa kunye nokusekwa kwe-metabolites enetyhefu (i-trifluoroacetic acid, i-trifluoroethanol, i-trifluoroacetaldehyde).

Kodwa ekubeni umphunga we-fluorotane umalunga namaxesha angama-6,7 anzima kunomoya, ngokwenene kwakubhekwa njengokhetho "lwegesi yokulala", ukungahambi kakuhle kukuba kufuneka usebenze ngokukhawuleza, kuba emva kokuba umphunga uhlakazeke, wonke umntu uya kuvuka ngemizuzu emi-5.

I-Isoflurane ineempawu ezifanayo.
Isoflurane

Aba ngabangena buchule bokungena. Kodwa bafumanisa iqela elikhulu kunye neloyikeka leengcali ze-physicians-izinto ezibangela ukuphazamiseka kwexesha elifutshane-ngokomzimba okanye ngokomzimba.

Ngoobani abanye esinabo apha?

I-Apomorphine

Ewe, i-apomorphine mhlawumbi yaziwa kakuhle kwabo bazibulalayo kwaye bakhe banamava okutyhefwa kokutya. Ewe, ewe, eli liyeza elifunyenwe kwi-morphine ngokulibeka kwi-hydrochloric acid. Kule meko, ibhuloho ye-oksijini ye-alkaloids ye-morphine iyasuswa kwaye, ngenxa yokuhlengahlengiswa kwe-molecular, i-compounds entsha ye-cyclic yenziwe.

Bonke abasebenzisa iziyobisi kufuneka beme kwaye bangabaleki kwikhemesti - nangona i-apomorphine igcina ezinye zeepropathi zikayise, umphumo wayo ophambili uhlukile: i-emetic enamandla. I-0,01 mg / kg ibangela oku kulandelayo ukuva okumnandi: ekuqaleni wena,% igama lomsebenzisi%, ubonakala ngathi uziva ulwandle: i-pale, i-sweat sweat, i-nausea - ukuba awuzange uhlaselwe yi-seasick, ke qhubeka - uqinisekisiwe ukuba uyayiqonda indlela evakalelwa ngayo. Emva koko emva kwemizuzu engama-3-10 uya kuqalisa ngokukhawuleza, ngokugqithisileyo nangokungalawulekiyo ukuhlanza. Hayi, akufani "nokulahla" njengokuba ngamanye amaxesha emva kokusela - hayi: udibana ngokoqobo nomhlobo omhlophe, ekusenokwenzeka ukuba ukwindawo yembeko kwindlu yakho. Kuya kuthatha malunga neyure ukumbamba kwaye ubize i-Ichthyander - rhoqo, kunye nekhefu elinqabileyo. Emva koko uyayeka - ubuthathaka obuncinane kwaye yonke into iya kudlula.

Ngaba icacile ngoku ukuba kutheni i-apomorphine isetyenziselwa ukuhlushwa ngenxa yetyhefu?

Kucacile ukuba ijoni elikhaliphileyo elilangazelela ilizwe lalo ngokungalawulekiyo alincedi nganto edabini. Kukho i-drawback enye kuphela: i-apomorphine kufuneka ifakwe egazini okanye ifakwe empumlweni. Ukuze ube nempembelelo, kufuneka usele amanzi amaninzi (ngaphezu kwe-10 mg) - kwaye i-gelatin capsule ene-ascorbic acid, ngaphandle koko into iya kuhlukana esiswini. Ayiyi kusebenza ngolo hlobo edabini.

Ngendlela, i-apomorphine isoloko isetyenziselwa ukuqeqesha izinxila ezipheleleyo. Indlela yokuqeqesha ilula: i-apomorphine hydrochloride ijojowe phantsi kwesikhumba kwi-dose enye ye-0,002 g ukuya kwi-0,01 g, ngamnye ukhetha umthamo obangela ukuhlanza kwisigulane esinikiweyo. Emva kwemizuzu engama-3-4 emva kokulawulwa kwe-apomorphine, unike isigulane iglasi kunye ne-30-50 ml yesiselo esinxilisayo esiyisebenzisa kakubi. Xa i-nausea iqala, bacebisa ukuba uthathe isiselo sesiselo, emva koko kufuneka usifunxe kwaye uhlambulule umlomo wakho ngaso. Xa isicefecefe sisiva kakhulu kwaye isigulane siziva kusondela ukuhlanza, kufuneka aphinde asele enye isiselo esinxilisayo. Ngokuqhelekileyo emva kwemizuzu eyi-1-15 emva kokuqala kwesicaphucaphu, ukuhlanza kukhula. Iiseshoni ziqhutywa 1-2 amaxesha ngosuku. UPavlov uqhwaba izandla.

Kukho ezinye izinto ezineziphumo ezifanayo. Nanku umzekelo okufutshane:
I-Lycorine

Akukho mntu ufumana i-lycorine, iyodwa: i-alkaloid efumaneka kwinani lezityalo ze-amaryllis, ngakumbi kwizityalo ze-genera Clivia, Crinum, Galanthus, kunye ne-Ungernia.
Ichiza libuthathaka ngamaxesha angama-50 kune-apomorphine, kodwa libangela ukugabha nokuba kukho ityhefu nge-antipsychotics - yiyo loo nto ithandwa kakhulu kubantu abafuna ukuzibulala.

I-Fentanyl

Andiyithandi le nto, kodwa lelinye ibali. I-Fentanyl yi-narcotic analgesic. Kwinkqubo yonyango isetyenziswe ngendlela ye-citrate. Inefuthe elinamandla, elikhawulezayo le-analgesic. NgesiRashiya, baphuma kuye. Kwaye ngamandla. Njenge heroin.

Xa ilawulwa ngumzali kwizilwanyana, ibangela i-analgesia kwiidosi zamawaka ukuya kwikhulu le-mg / kg. Isiphumo senzeka ngaphakathi kwe-2-10 imizuzu. Umthamo obulalayo we-fentanyl kwigundane xa ulawulwa nge-intravenously yi-LD50 = 3-5 mg / kg. I-Fentanyl ibangela ukulahlekelwa kobuzwe kubantu kwi-dose yomlomo ye-0,05-0,1 mg / kg, kunye ne-dose engaphezulu kwe-0,2 mg / kg, ukuxhatshazwa sele kwenzeka.

Ewe, kucacile ukuba iikhemikhali ezinesibindi azizange ziyeke kwi-fentanyl kwaye zaqala ukukhangela ngenkuthalo into enokuyenza ngayo ukuze iphume ngokukhawuleza, phezulu, yomelele. Ewe, mandithi-isebenzile. Ezinye iimpumelelo ngezantsi.

Carfentanil

Eyona mpumelelo ibalulekileyo. Enye yee-opioids ezinamandla kakhulu, iyunithi enye ye-carfentanil inamandla ngamaxesha angama-100 ngaphezu kwexabiso elifanayo le-fentanyl, amaxesha angama-5000 anamandla ngaphezu kweyunithi ye-heroin, kunye namaxesha angama-10 anamandla ngaphezu kweyunithi ye-morphine. Umsebenzi we-analgesic we-median ED000 (oko kukuthi, ichaphazele i-50% yezifundo) kule nto xa ilawulwa nge-intravenously kwiigundane yi-50 mcg / kg, i-dose ebulalayo ye-LD0,41 (apha i-50% yafa) yi-50 mg / kg, i-exposure on umzimba womntu uqala nge 3,39 mcg.

Ngexesha loxolo, i-carfentanil isetyenziselwa ukuthomalalisa iindlovu: ukuba wena, %username%, ugcina indlovu ekhaya, emva koko ukuyilalisa, yazi ukuba ii-milligrams ezimbini ze-carfentanil zanele. Le nto iveliswa ngokurhweba: ichiza lisemarikeni yamachiza phantsi kwegama elithi Wildnil njenge-anesthetic jikelele ejoliswe kwizilwanyana ezikhulu - amandla aphezulu kakhulu akacebisi ukusetyenziswa kwawo ebantwini. Ukuba unomdla, i-opioid enamandla kakhulu ngoku esetyenziselwa iinjongo zonyango ebantwini yi-sufentanil, malunga namaxesha angama-10-20 angaphantsi kwe-carfentanil. Ngendlela, i-ohmefentanil isetyenziselwa izilwanyana. Kwaye ewe, zonke ezi "sirinji zibhabhayo" ziphuma kwesi sihloko.

Umzekelo omnye owaziwayo wokusetyenziswa kwe-carfentanil kunyango lwezilwanyana sisiqendu seDiscovery Channel yengxelo ye-Animal Cops: eHouston, ebonise indlela ibhere emdaka eyabulawa ngayo nge-carfentanil (ehlanjululwe kubusi) ukuze ithuthwe ngokukhuselekileyo umnini wabucala oxhaphazayo emazantsi. Texas ukuya kuMyezo wezilwanyana waseHouston.

Ngokutsho kwenani leengcali, ezingakhange ziqinisekiswe yimikhosi yokhuseleko yaseRashiya, i-aerosol esekwe kwi-carfentanil yasetyenziswa ngexesha lokuqhuma kwe-Dubrovka Theatre Centre eMoscow ngo-2002 ukunciphisa amathuba okuba abanqolobi baqhume izixhobo eziqhumayo. Esi sigqibo sithathwe kwinto yokuba iinkonzo zonyango eziphuthumayo zayalelwa (ngokulibaziseka kwaye ngaphandle kokubhengezwa kobume be-arhente) ukusebenzisa abachasi be-opioid. Ngenxa yokungabikho kolwazi, oogqirha abakwazanga ukuphuhlisa isicwangciso sokuvuselela kunye nokubonelela ngobungakanani obaneleyo be-naloxone kunye ne-naltrexone esetyenziselwa ezi njongo ukunceda ngempumelelo onke amaxhoba. Ukucinga ukuba i-carfentanil yayikuphela kwento esebenzayo ye-hypnotic aerosol, eyona nto iphambili yokufa inokuba yi-opioid-induced breathing arrest, apho imeko yokuphefumla kunye nabachasayo basetyenziswe kwindawo (kunokuba bahanjiswe kwiiklinikhi) banokusindisa ubomi abaninzi. okanye onke amaxhoba.

Mandiphinde ndigxininise kwakhona: Bendingekho, ndibhala oko kukwimithombo evulekileyo, kwaye ke ngoko ndiza kuthi kusekho iimbono ezithi:

• Kwakungekho carfentanil eyayisetyenziswa, kodwa i-3-methylfentanyl (iya kuxoxwa ngezantsi).
• Kwasetyenziswa iFluorothane (yayiphezulu).
• I-BZ isetyenzisiwe (iya kuba ngaphantsi ngokupheleleyo).

Ngamafutshane,% igama lomsebenzisi%, ukuba uneminye imibuzo malunga noku, tsalela +74952242222.

I-Alfentanil

U-Alfentanil ngumntakwabo omncinci kakhulu we-carfentanil. Kwi-dose ye-0,0025 mg / kg, abantu bafumana ukuthuthumela, kwaye kwi-dose ye-0,175 mg / kg, umntu uba immobile 4-5 imizuzu emva kokulawulwa. Kuxelwa ukuba iZiko leSizwe lezoBulungisa lase-US, ekukhangeleni kwayo izinto ezinokukhubaza izaphuli-mthetho ngaphandle kokubenzakalisa, nayo yasebenzisa i-alfentanil. Noko ke, kuye kwavela ukuba, ukuba udlula idosi yonyango ngamaxesha angama-4, kukho ingozi yokubanjwa kokuphefumla. Ekugqibeleni, abaphandi kwafuneka bayeke ukuvavanya nge-alfentanil kwaye bajonge izinto ezikhuselekileyo. I-1972-methylfentanyl, eyenziwe ngo-3, yaduma kakhulu - ichiza elinamandla kunye ne-analgesic, amaxesha angama-500-2000 asebenzayo ngaphezu kwe-heroin. Xa ilawulwa nge-inhalation, inqanaba lomsebenzi we-3-methylfentanyl liphezulu kune-psychomimetics eninzi.

I-3-methylfentanyl

Ukwazi malunga neempawu ze-fentanyl derivatives, abanye bagqiba ekubeni benze ityhefu yabo ngokusebenza kunye namahenyukazi - kunye ne-α-methylfentanyl yavela. Le nto lichiza elibi, elona lidityaniswa lula kuzo zonke izinto eziphuma kwi-fentanyl. Iimpawu: utshabalalisa ubomi babo bayamkelayo, kwaye abo bayenzayo. Ngokomgaqo, andiyi kubhala nantoni na ngaye. Uxolo, %igama lomsebenzisi%.

Ngendlela, ukuze ungashukumi, akufuneki umpompoze egcwele iziyobisi. Le khompawundi ilandelayo inesiphumo sokungashukumi:

I-0,001 mg / kg ibangela ukungabi namandla komzimba, nangona idlula ngokukhawuleza. Ukuze ube buthathaka ngonaphakade, kufuneka utye kakhulu: idosi enetyhefu ngamaxesha angama-1000 aphezulu.
Ngokunyaniseka: Sele ndilibele igama elincinci lemihla ngemihla lale nto, kodwa ndiyifumene ifomula. Yisebenzise.

Siphakamisa iingxaki, %igama lomsebenzisi%!

Sernil

I-Sernyl, okanye i-phencyclidine, okanye i-SN ngokwe-nomenclature yeenkonzo zangaphandle kwiidosi ze-0,03-1 mg / kg, emva kwexesha lesenzo esifihlakeleyo ukuya kwiyure enye, iqala ukusebenza ngokuhlekisa kakhulu: kukho utshintsho lwexesha elithile kwilizwe. yolonwabo kunye nokudakumba. Andiyazi indlela yokudlulisela olu luhlu lweemvakalelo, kodwa ekugqibeleni umzimba udinwa ngokukhawuleza. Kukho imvakalelo yobulolo obunzulu kunye nokuzihlukanisa, ngoko-i-negativism kunye nobutshaba. Iiyure ezingama-8-10 emva kokufumana i-sernil, iimpawu zihluke kancinci kwezo zise-schizophrenia.

Ukuba ugqithise kancinci, ngoko kwi-2 mg / kg i-catalepsy inokwenzeka ukuya kwiintsuku ezi-3. Oku kuxa uhleli, jonga ngaphandle kwefestile kwaye ungashukumi. Kodwa kukho izinto eziluncedo - ungabonisa kwenye igalari...

Lo mmangaliso wadalwa ngeminyaka yoo-1950 e-USA kwaye wawuqale wasetyenziselwa iinjongo zonyango de kwangowe-1965. Ukususela ngo-1979, i-sernyl yavalwa ukuba isetyenziswe kunye nokuveliswa.

Ngendlela, i-contingant enomdla yeyadi yakho inokwazi isulfure njenge-PCP, ipilisi yoXolo, i-Angel dust - ewe, "i-Aria" icula ngayo, i-HOG, i-Killer weed, i-KJ, i-Embalming fluid, i-rocker fuel, i-Sherms, njl.

I-Sernil ibangela umlutha ngokukhawuleza, ukongeza, lo mhlobo unomona kakhulu weminye imithombo yolonwabo lwehlabathi: ngokudibanisa nezinye izinto - umzekelo, utywala, i-marijuana okanye i-benzodiazepines - inokukhokelela kwi-coma.

Umhlobo ka-Sernil kunye neqabane-engalo ngulo:
Ibullshit ethile

Le yinto yesibini endilibele ngayo igama elincinci. Ngoku uyawazi ukubhala kwam ngesandla, %igama lomsebenzisi%! Ndikholelwe, oku kubi kunayo nayiphi na ityhefu.

Le nkunkuma kwimilinganiselo ye-60-210 mcg / kg isebenza kwiiyure ze-0,5-2 ukuba ithathwe ngomlomo, kwaye ukuba ifakwe okanye ifakwe, emva kwemizuzu emi-5. Ngokomyinge, kuphela i-5 mg iyadingeka ngomntu ngamnye.

Xa zichaphazelekayo, iimpawu zifana kakhulu ne-sernil. Kungekudala emva kokuxilwa, ubuthathaka, isiyezi, ukuthuthumela kunye nokuxubha kwemisipha kuya kuvela, emva koko kuya kuvela isicaphucaphu, ukuphazamiseka emlonyeni kunye nokuphazamiseka kwentetho. Kwaye malunga neyure into ephambili iya kuqala. Ukukwazi ukugxila kunye nokucinga, ingqiqo yexesha kunye nendawo iya kulahleka. Ulungelelaniso luphazamisekile, i-reflexes esemgangathweni iyagqwetheka. Kwaye okona kubaluleke kakhulu: i-hallucinations. Inemibala. Ukuva nokubonwayo. Kodwa ingxaki kukuba, wonke umntu uyoyikeka. Ngokuchasene nemvelaphi yemvakalelo engapheliyo yoloyiko kunye noloyiko, le yinto. Uya koyika, uve kwaye ubone oko uyoyikayo ixesha elide 5-6 iiyure, kwaye ukuba unethamsanqa ngokwaneleyo ukubamba 200 mcg / kg okanye ngaphezulu, depersonalization ngokupheleleyo kwenzeka, wena, % username%, awusekho% igama lomsebenzisi% - kodwa encinci, eyoyikisayo, eshukumayo isidalwa esikhalayo, esililayo kwaye esoyikayo. Ayimnandi?

Kumnandi kakhulu ukuba i-psychotropic incapacitants eyaziwa kakhulu idibene nemiphumo ye-hallucinogenic.

Ke, masidibane - I-LSD

Ngendlela, emva kwegama elithi "LSD" ligama lalo msebenzi wobugcisa - D-lysergic acid N, N-diethylamide. Ewe, kufana nokubizwa ngegama lakho lokuqala kunye ne-patronymic.

Ngokwenene, %igama lomsebenzisi%, andazi ukuba njani okanye kutheni.Ngomhla we-16 kaNovemba, 1938, usokhemisti waseSwitzerland u-Albert Hofmann e-Basel wafumana i-LSD-25 kwi-lysergic acid (25 kuba yayiyikhompawundi yama-25 awayidibanisayo). Abantu sele besazi malunga netyhefu ye-ergotoxins evela ku-ergot; U-Arthur Stoll kwilabhoratri yaseSandoz wayekhe wahlukanisa i-ergotamine kwi-sclerotia ngo-1918 - kodwa bayifunda ekukhanyeni kwempembelelo yayo evuselelayo kwimisipha yesibeleko. Andiqondi ukuba uHofmann wayeneengxaki ngesibeleko sakhe, kodwa ngenye indlela okanye enye, wafumana i-LSD. Mqhwabele izandla (nangona sele eswelekile, kodwa hayi koku).

Ke ngoko, ngoAprili 19, 1943, uHofmann, njengesazinzulu sokwenyani (hmm?), Wamkela oko wakwenzayo. 250 micrograms. Isiphumo: emva kwexesha, isiyezi kunye nokuxhalaba kwaqala ukubonakala. Kungekudala umphumo waba namandla kangangokuba uAlbert wayengenakukwazi ukwenza izivakalisi ezihambelanayo kwaye, ebonwa ngumncedisi wakhe, ekwaziswa ngovavanyo, wakhwela ibhayisekile egodukayo. Uhambo luye lwaba luyolo: iimvakalelo zikaHofmann zokuziphendulela - ukuqhuba ngokucotha kakhulu - khange ihambelane neenjongo: waqhuba okwehagu evuselelweyo. Ngelo xesha, i-boulevard eqhelekileyo endleleni eya endlwini yajika iHofmann ibe ngumzobo kaSalvador Dali: kwakubonakala kuye ukuba izakhiwo zigutyungelwe ngamaqhekeza amancinci.

Emva kokuba uHofmann efikile ekhaya, wacela umncedisi wakhe ukuba abize ugqirha aze acele ubisi kummelwane, awayelukhethe njengeyeza eliqhelekileyo letyhefu.

Ugqirha ofikayo akazange afumane nakuphi na ukungaqhelekanga kwisigulana, ngaphandle kwabafundi abahlambulukekileyo. Noko ke, kangangeeyure eziliqela, uHofmann wayekwimo yokungathembeki: kuye kwabonakala ngathi ungenwe ziidemon, ummelwane wakhe wayeligqwirha, nokuba ifenitshala yendlu yakhe yayimsongela. Emva koko imvakalelo yokuxhalaba yaphela, kwaye yatshintshwa yimifanekiso enemibala emininzi ngendlela yeesangqa kunye ne-spirals, engazange iphele namehlo avaliweyo. U-Hofmann uphinde wathi wabona isandi semoto edlulayo ngokomfanekiso obonakalayo.

Ngomhla wama-22 kuAprili, wabhala ngovavanyo lwakhe namava, waza kamva wafaka eli nqaku kwincwadi yakhe ethi LSD - My Problem Child.

Kwintshayelelo yencwadi yakhe, uHofmann wabhala, ngokukodwa, ukuba waba ngusokhemisti ngenxa yomnqweno wakhe womanyano olupheleleyo nendalo. Wayekhangela izinto ezandisa amandla omntu okubona ihlabathi elimngqongileyo xa lilonke. Nangona kunjalo, ngexesha lokubhala le ncwadi, isazinzulu sele sisazi ukuba unxibelelwano alufumeneyo alugcini nje ukwandisa ukuqonda, kodwa lunokutshabalalisa ingqondo yomntu, ekhokelela kwimiphumo eyintlekele.

“Ukungeniswa ngabom kwamava angaqondakaliyo, ngakumbi ngoncedo lwe-LSD kunye ne-hallucinogens efanayo, xa kuthelekiswa namava ombono azenzekelayo, kubandakanya iingozi ezingenakujongelwa phantsi. Iingcali kufuneka zithathele ingqalelo ezinye zeziphumo zezi zinto, oko kukuthi ukukwazi kwabo ukuphembelela ukwazi kwethu, eyona nto inzulu kuthi. Imbali ye-LSD ukuza kuthi ga ngoku ibonisa kakhulu iziphumo ezibi ezinokuthi zenzeke xa ubunzulu beziphumo zayo bungajongelwa phantsi kwaye into leyo ibonwa njengechiza ekufuneka lithathelwe ukuzonwabisa. Ukusetyenziswa kakubi nokusetyenziswa ngendlela engafanelekanga kwenza iLSD yaba ngumntwana oyingxaki.”

— "LSD yingxaki yam umntwana", A. Hofmann.

Noko ke, ukususela ngoko, ngoAprili 19, 1943, bambi amarhamente baye babiza “uSuku lweBhayisekile” yaye bade balubhiyozele. Ngendlela yam.
Isitampu sokuhlonipha iholide. Yintoni kwelinye icala lesitampu - qikelela?

Indlela yokusebenza ye-LSD inzima kakhulu. Okokuqala, le nto i-analogue yesakhiwo se-serotonin, i-neurotransmitter elawula ukuphumla, ukulala kunye nokugcinwa kwamandla. Impembelelo ye-antiserotonin ye-LSD ikhokelela ekuboneni izinto ezingekhoyo. Ukongeza kwi-serotoninolytic ephantsi-specific (into evimba i-receptors ye-nerve synapses apho umlamli yi-serotonin), i-LSD nayo inefuthe elithintelayo kwi-monoamine oxidase (MAO) ye-serotonin, kunye nakwi-MAO yabanye abalamli. - γ-aminobutyric acid, histamine kunye norepinephrine. Ngamafutshane, umphumo wahluke kakhulu kwaye kufuneka kuthiwe awukafundwa ngokupheleleyo.

Ngexesha elithile kwakucingelwa ukuba ukufunda ichiza elitsha kuya kunika ingqiqo malunga nobunjani be-schizophrenia, ekwabonakaliswa ziingxaki zokusebenza kwe-serotonin. Nangona kunjalo, izazinzulu ezininzi azizange zikholelwe ukuba i-psychedelic kunye ne-schizophrenic psychosis zazifana. Ngaphandle kokufana okuthile, i-hypothesis yohlobo olulodwa lwe-schizophrenia kunye nesenzo se-LSD iye yaphikiswa.

Enye indlela okanye enye, ngo-1960, uphando lwe-LSD lwaluqhutywa ngenkuthalo-kwaye ngoku ndithetha ngophononongo olunoxolo ngokupheleleyo lwezazinzulu kwiiyunivesithi zase-USA nakwamanye amazwe. Izifundo ezidumileyo nguStanislav Grof kunye noTimothy Leary. Lo mva ukhuthaze ngokusebenzayo le nto ye-psychotropic, njengoko wayekholelwa ukuba isiphumo esiluncedo sayo sikhulu kuneziphumo ebezingalindelekanga. Ukongezelela, wanika i-LSD kwabanye abafundi ngaphandle kokubalumkisa ngegama layo, njengoko kwakusenziwa rhoqo ngexesha lokufunda nge-psychedelics ngeli xesha. Emva koko, uTimothy Leary watshutshiswa ngokukhutheleyo ngabasemagunyeni, kuquka nangenxa yokuma kwakhe ndlongo kwiingenelo “zokwandiswa kweengqondo” ebantwini.

Kwi-1977, ngexesha lokuvalelwa kwi-Senate yase-US, uMlawuli we-CIA uStansfield Turner wavuma ukuba i-CIA yayiqhuba uluhlu lwezilingo zisebenzisa i-LSD kubantu ngaphandle kwemvume okanye ulwazi lwabo ukususela ekuqaleni kwe-1960s (iprogram ye-MK Ultra). Abantu abaninzi baseMerika baye bavavanywa, phakathi kwabo kwakukho, ngokukodwa, amabanjwa, abaguli abakwizibhedlele zabagula ngengqondo nabaguli abakumaziko omhlaza, abongikazi “nabanye abasebenzi bezonyango.” Kwangaxeshanye, ezinye izifundo zovavanyo “zaba ziimpawu zokuqala ze-schizophrenia.”

Amaza okulangazelela izinto ze-psychotropic kunye ne-LSD atshayelwe kulo lonke elaseMelika, nto leyo eyaphembelela kakhulu ukwenziwa kwe-counterculture yeminyaka yama-60 namashumi asixhenxe. Ibinzana likaGqr. Leary laziwa ngokubanzi laza laba yintetho yabaxhasi bokusetyenziswa kwabagula ngengqondo: “Vula, vula, yeka.” Igama elithi "ukuwa" lithetha ukuhamba kwindlela yokuziphatha egcinayo kunye nendlela yokuphila yenxalenye ephambili yoluntu.

Ngowe-1966, ukuveliswa, ukuhanjiswa kunye nokusetyenziswa kwavalwa eUnited States. Iyeza lavalwa nakuphando lwaselabhoratri.
Kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo abantu abanobuchule babeyithanda i-LSD.

• Xa iiBeatles zirekhoda ingoma ethi "Lucy esibhakabhakeni ngeDayimane", uJohn Lennon wachaza imvelaphi yesihloko sengoma ngokuthi unyana wakhe uJulian wabhaptiza umzobo wakhe ngaloo ndlela. Nangona kunjalo, abaninzi babona kweli gama inqaku leziyobisi LSD, kuba esi sisishunqulelo esenziwe ngoonobumba bayo bokuqala, kwaye iBBC yavala ngokupheleleyo ingoma ekujikelezweni. UPaul McCartney kamva wathi impembelelo ye-LSD kule ngoma ibonakala ngokucacileyo.
• Abalandeli be-LSD baquka izazinzulu ezibalaseleyo njengoFrancis Crick, omnye woovulindlela kuphononongo lwesakhiwo kunye nemisebenzi ye-DNA, kunye noStanislav Grof, owafunda i-psychology ye-transpersonal. USteve Jobs kunye noBill Gates nabo basebenzisa ichiza. Imisebenzi ichaza amava akhe e-LSD "njengenye yezinto ezimbini okanye ezintathu ezibalulekileyo endakha ndazenza ebomini bam." Ngendlela, imisebenzi yabulawa ngumhlaza we-pancreatic, kwaye uGates ungomnye wabagcini beerekhodi malunga nesixa-mali esinikelwe kwisisa. Ngokunokwenzeka oku akunanto yakwenza nayo.
• Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba yayiyi-LSD eyasetyenziswa “ukuphefumlela” ngababhali abadumileyo behlabathi uAldous Huxley (“Ihlabathi Elitsha Elinobukroti”), uKurt Vonnegut (“I-Cat’s Cradle”), uKen Kesey (“Omnye Waphaphatheka Phezu kweCuckoo’s. Nest"), kunye nezinye iimvumi ezifana noJohn Lennon, uSyd Barrett, uJim Morrison nabanye.
• Ngendlela, kwifilimu ethi "Black Mirror. Bandersnatch” iqhawe kunye nomhlobo walo bafumana iziphumo ze-LSD ezifana kakhulu nento yokwenyani.

Kodwa masibuyele kwisihloko sethu. Ngexesha lokufunyanwa kwe-LSD, amajoni kunye neenkonzo zobuntlola babenoluhlu olupheleleyo lwezinto ezahlukahlukeneyo ezisele zenziwe ngefuthe elifanayo: i-mescaline, i-psilocybin, i-TMA, i-THC, i-nalorphine, i-harmine, i-DOM, i-DMT, i-ibotenic acid. Nangona i-N, N-dimethylamide efanayo ye-acetic acid - kunye ne-400 mg / kg ibangela ukudakumba, ukulahleka kwe-orientation, i-hallucinations ebonakalayo, i-delirium kunye ne-lethargy - kwaye ngokuthembekileyo, kwiintsuku ze-7!

Kodwa basakhetha iLSD. Ngoba?

• Ukuphunyuka okuthembekileyo, i-0,1-0,2 mg nge-teetotaler kunye ne-0,3-0,5 mg ngotywala kwanele (ewe, kunjalo!). INCINCI KAKHULU! Yingakho kwiindawo ezinomdla azithengisi iipilisi ze-LSD-zithengisa iimpawu ezinokuthi, ukuba uzikhotha, uqinisekisiwe ukuba ufumane idosi efanelekileyo.
• I-LSD inyibilika kakhulu emanzini (ngendlela ye tartrate) kwaye izinzile.
• Idosi ebulalayo imalunga ne-100 mg ngomntu ngamnye, amaxesha angama-500-1000 aphezulu kunomthamo osebenzayo. Kunzima kakhulu ukubulala (kodwa ngendlela, umntu omnye kwaba-1 uvuka kwi-N,N-dimethylamide ye-acetic acid ekhankanywe ngasentla).
• Akukho siphumo esongezelekayo.
• Akukho ndawo yokuhlala - ubuncinci ngokwefiziyoloji.
• "Uhamba" ubuncinane iiyure ezi-5 - ubuninzi beentsuku ezi-2.

Ngoko iyeza alifumananga kuphela indlela yalo kwiingxelo, kodwa lamkelwa phantsi kwekhowudi eqondakalayo necacileyo ye-LSD. Baphinde badibanisa iianalogu! Liyinyaniso elokuba, zonke azizange ziphumelele.
Iimpawu eziphambili ze-LSD (kwi-parentheses umsebenzi wabo we-hallucinogenic ngokumalunga ne-LSD kwi%).

• I-2-bromo-LSD (i-7%, umphumo uvela kwi-2% kuphela yezifundo, amaxesha angama-1,5 ngaphezulu kwe-antiserotonin esebenzayo kune-LSD, isifinyezo - BOL);
• i-lysergic acid amide (0%);
• I-Lysergic acid dimethylamide (10%);
• i-lysergic acid monoethylamide (5-10%);
• i-lysergic acid morpholide (30%);
• I-1-acetyl-LSD (i-100%, kodwa ubude besenzo bufutshane ngamaxesha angama-2-3, kunye nemiphumo yezityalo zichazwe ngakumbi, ukutyunjwa - i-ALD-52);
• I-1-methyl-LSD (i-36%, amaxesha e-4 asebenzayo ngaphezu kwe-LSD ngokwemiqathango ye-antiserotonin umsebenzi);
• I-1-methoxy-LSD (66%);
• i-lysergic acid pyrrolidide (5%).

Ukungalungi kwe-LSD kuya kubonakala: i-ergot yayifuneka kwi-synthesis, kwakufuneka ikhule, ivelise i-lysergic acid encinci - imveliso yayibiza. Kwaqalisa ukukhangela into eyayiza kuba mbi ngakumbi. Kwaye sifumene!
BZ

Hayi, %igama lomsebenzisi%, "BZ" ayinanto yakwenza nazo naziphi na izandi zendalo ephilayo. Kwaye into yokuba "i-BZ", xa kukho impazamo ngokucwangcisa, ijika ibe ngu "YA" yinto nje eyenzekayo. Ingayiyo.

I-BZ - i-benzyl acid 3-quinuclidyl ester yi-psychotomimetic evela kwiqela le-glycolate.
Yasungulwa yinkampani yaseSwitzerland yamachiza uHoffman-LaRoche ngowe-1951 - inkampani yayiphanda i-antispasmodics yonyango lwezifo zesisu. Kwaye oko kwabonakala kungafanelekanga ukuba izilonda zifaneleke kakhulu kwezinye iinjongo (kakuhle, kunye neViagra, ngendlela, kwenzeka into efanayo).

Ngeli xesha, umkhosi wase-United States wawuzama ukufumana iziyobisi ezinokuthi zingabulali, i-psychoactive incapacitating, kubandakanywa neziyobisi zengqondo ezifana ne-LSD kunye ne-THC, iziyobisi ezikhuphayo ezifana ne-ketamine kunye ne-phencyclidine, i-opioids enamandla njenge-fentanyl, kunye ne-glycolate anticholinergics ezininzi. . Kulapho ndaba nethamsanqa.

Ichiza ekuqaleni lalichongiwe "TK", kodwa xa lilinganiswe nguMkhosi ngo-1961, lafumana igama lekhowudi ye-NATO "BZ". I-arhente ngokuqhelekileyo yaziwa ngokuba yi "Buzz" ngenxa yesi sishunqulelo kunye nemiphumo ebenayo kwimeko yengqondo yamavolontiya ophando lwabantu e-Edgewood Arsenal eMaryland.

Ngomnyaka we-1962, kwisiseko somkhosi sasePine Bluff (Arkansas), ukufakelwa kokuveliswa kwezinto ze-BZ kwinqanaba lezoshishino kwaqaliswa. Ukuphumelela kwayo ukulwa kwavavanywa ngexesha lovavanyo lwasendle olugqitywe ngo-1966.

Ekubeni i-BZ iyikristale emhlophe enendawo yokunyibilika kwe-190 ° C, ukuguquguquka okuphantsi kunye nokuzinza okuphezulu kwe-thermal, iibhombu ze-cluster zisetyenzisiwe ezisasaza iibhombu ze-pyrotechnic "zokutshaya" nge-BZ malunga neehektare ze-1,2. Kwakukho "iijeneretha" ezizaliswe nge-5-6 kg ye-BZ. Iindlela zongcoliseko ezisuka kwi-shrapnel, iimbumbulu nezinye izinto ziye zaqwalaselwa.

I-BZ isebenza ngendlela ye-aerosol ekugxininiseni malunga ne-110 mg* min/l - kwaye kunzima ukuyibulala ngokwenene ngale nto, kwaye kwaphawulwa ukuba iqela eliyingozi libandakanya abantu abadala, abantwana kunye nabantu abanezifo zendlela yokuphefumla.

Ukuqala kuqhelekile: abafundi abahlanjululweyo, umlomo owomileyo, ukunyuka kwentliziyo. Emva kwemizuzu engama-30-60, isenzo esiphambili sedrama siqala: ubuthathaka bengqwalasela kunye nenkumbulo, ukunciphisa ukusabela kwi-stimuli yangaphandle, ukudakumba okuvakalisayo kunye nokuphazamiseka kwindalo. Emva kweeyure ezingama-1-4, i-tachycardia enzima, ukudideka, kunye nokulahlekelwa koqhagamshelwano nehlabathi langaphandle kuyaphawulwa. Imibono inamandla kangangokuba umntu onelishwa akakwazi ukuqonda oko kwenzeka ngokwenene kunye noko acinga ngako. Kuyonwabisa kakhulu oku, %igama lomsebenzisi%. Uzakufuna ukuhleka, damn it.

Ngenxa yoko, i-negativism enobudlova ikhula: umntu wenza ngokuchasene noko kucetyiswa kuye. Kwaye rhoqo kakhulu - ngokuvutha komsindo. Le impambano ihlala ukuya kwiintsuku ezi-4-5, ukuphazamiseka okushiyekileyo - ukuya kwiiveki ezi-2-3. Ukulahleka kwememori ngokuyinxenye okanye epheleleyo kunokwenzeka.

Indlela yokusebenza ye-BZ ayinzima kangako kune-LSD. I-BZ ngumchasi we-muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, oko kukuthi, ngokwenene i-anticholinergic ephazamisa ukuhanjiswa kweempembelelo ze-nerve kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba kwe-acetylcholine - ewe,% igama lomsebenzisi%, njenge-VX, kodwa kukho ama-nuances. I-nuance ngumlinganiselo ophezulu wetyhefu ukuya kwidosi esebenzayo: kwi-BZ lo mlinganiso malunga namaxesha angama-40 (uluhlu olusuka kuma-32 ukuya kuma-384 amaxesha), oko kukuthi, ngokwenene, umphumo we-BZ yityhefu encinci kakhulu. Ngamafutshane, umtyholi ngokwakhe uya kuphula umlenze wakhe, kodwa i-Datura, i-diphenhydramine kunye ne-taren (aprofen) ngabazalwana kwindlela yokusebenza kunye ne-BZ. Ewe, mhlawumbi hayi izalamane, kodwa ngokuqinisekileyo abazala.

Kukho ukukhankanywa kwento eyayisetyenziswa ngexesha leMfazwe yaseVietnam, kodwa iziphumo zichazwa nje ukuba "ziyanelisa."

Kukholelwa ukuba uPaul Robeson wayenetyhefu nge-BZ kwi-1961, eyabangela ukuba kubekho i-hallucinations kunye nokudakumba okukhulu.

NgoFebruwari 1998, uMphathiswa wezoKhuselo wase-UK watyhola i-Iraq ngokugcina inani elikhulu le-glycolate anticholinergic "Agent 15". I-Agent 15 yayirhanelwa ukuba ikhemikhali ifana okanye ihlobene ngokusondeleyo ne-BZ, kwaye yagcinwa ngobuninzi ngaphambi nangexesha leMfazwe yeGulf. Nangona kunjalo, emva kwemfazwe, i-CIA yagqiba ekubeni i-Iraq ayizange igcine okanye ikhuphe i-Agent 15.

NgoJanuwari 2013, igosa lolawulo lase-US elingaziwa, lichaza ikhebula leSebe le-State lase-US elingachazwanga, lathi "abafowunelwa baseSiriya banika ubungqina obucacileyo bokuba i-Agent 15, ikhemikhali ye-hallucinogenic efana ne-BZ, isetyenziswe eHoms." Nangona kunjalo, ekuphenduleni ezi ngxelo, isithethi seBhunga leSizwe lezoKhuseleko lase-US sathi: "Iingxelo esizibonile kumajelo eendaba malunga nezityholo zezixhobo zekhemikhali eSiriya azihambelani noko sikholelwa ukuba yinyaniso malunga nenkqubo yezixhobo zekhemikhali zaseSiriya. " Ikhemikhali yayisetyenziselwa ukuhlaselwa kweGhouta ngo-Agasti 2013.

Ngomhla we-14 kuTshazimpuzi, ngo-2018, uMphathiswa Wezangaphandle waseRussia uSergei Lavrov ubhengeze ukuba iingcali ezivela kwiziko laseSwitzerland lohlalutyo lweradiological kunye neekhemikhali-radiological kwisixeko saseSpiez, ezihlalutye iisampulu zoMbutho wokuThintelwa kweZixhobo zeMichiza kwindawo yetyhefu. USergei kunye noYulia Skripal eSalisbury, bafumana iimpawu zeBZ. Ngomhla we-18 ka-Apreli, kwintlanganiso yebhunga lesigqeba se-OPCW, umlawuli jikelele, u-Ahmet Üzümcü, wachaza ukuba i-precursor ye-BZ isetyenziswe njengesampuli yokulawula ukujonga umgangatho weebhubhoratri kwaye ayinanto yokwenza neesampuli ezivela eSalisbury.

Njengoko bebhala, ngo-1988-1990, bonke oovimba be-BZ e-United States bapheliswa kunye nokuveliswa kwemveliso. Ngoku kuphela imveliso yomqhubi weplanethi, ehlala kwisixeko sase-Edgewood (e-USA), ivumela ukuveliswa kweetoni ezingama-20 / ngonyaka, ngelixa ngaphandle kwe-USA umthamo wemveliso awufiki nakwi-1 ton / ngonyaka, ekubeni ingxaki. ayisonjululwanga ngale ndlela yonke imveliso esebenzayo ye-precursor yayo - 3-quinuclidol. Ewe, yiloo nto abayithethayo, andazi. Kodwa ndiyazi ukuba kuye kwakho iinzame zokutshintsha - eyona idumileyo yi-dithran.
I-Ditran ngokwenene ngumxube wale ngqungquthela

Kwi-dose ye-5-15 mg, lo mxube ukholelwa ukuba ubangela iimpawu ezifana ne-BZ, ukuphuhlisa ngaphakathi kweyure.

Okwangoku, iziyobisi ze-psychotropic azikho ngokusemthethweni kwinkonzo kunye namazwe emhlabeni jikelele. Kodwa emva kokubona iziganeko ezininzi kumazwe angabamelwane kwaye hayi kakhulu, ndiyathandabuza kakhulu ukuba oku kunjalo. Imikhosi isenokungabi nazo, kodwa iinkonzo zobuntlola zisebenza ngokucacileyo.

Ewe, le yindlela ibali eliye laba ngayo.

Makhe sibone ukuba uyayithanda na, %igama lomsebenzisi%. Akusayi kubakho kuvota ngeli xesha - yonke into iya kuboniswa ngokulinganiswa kwenqaku.

Ngelishwa, ngoMgqibelo ndiza kuqalisa elinye ixesha lohambo olude nolungekho lude kakhulu lweshishini-kwaye ke kuya kubakho ixesha elincinci lokuyila-ndiya kwenye isabatha. Kwaye ekubeni ixesha lincinci, kwaye okwangoku kukho ibali elinye kuphela okanye elingaphantsi kwentloko yam malunga ne-phosphorus ephuzi kunye nengozi ekufutshane neLvov ehambelana nayo, ngoko ukuba kubonakala ukuba ndisenomdla, ndiya kubelana ngeli bali. nawe.

Ewe, ukuba akunjalo, kulungile, ndizamile.

Ithamsanqa kwaye ungakhathazeki! Hayi ngokwasemzimbeni okanye ngokwasengqondweni...

umthombo: www.habr.com