- Ezi zidenge zabeka isitya se-porcelain kunye ne "jelly" kwigumbi elikhethekileyo, lilodwa kakhulu ... Oko kukuthi, babecinga ukuba igumbi lilodwa kakhulu, kodwa xa livula isitya kunye nama-manipulators, "ijeli" yadlula ngesinyithi. kunye neplastiki, njengamanzi e-blotter, kwaye yabalekela ngaphandle, kwaye yonke into awadibana nayo kwakhona yajika yaba "ijeli." Kwabulawa abantu abangamashumi amathathu anesihlanu, abangaphezu kwekhulu benza imilwelwe, yaye sonke isakhiwo selabhoratri sasingasenakusetyenziswa kwaphela. Ngaba ukhe waya apho? Isakhiwo esihle! Kwaye ngoku "ijeli" iye yageleza kwiindawo eziphantsi kunye nemigangatho ephantsi ... Nantsi isandulela soqhagamshelwano.
- A. Strugatsky, B. Strugatsky "Ipikiniki yeNdlela"
Molo %%igama lomsebenzisi%!
Ndisole ndisabhala into . Wandinika umbono.
Kanye emva kwengcinga ethile, ndaye ndagqiba kwelokuba uhambo olufutshane lokungena kwizinto ze-caustic luya kukhawuleza. Mhlawumbi umntu uya kuba nomdla. Kwaye kwabanye luncedo.
Yiya.
Masiyichaze ngokukhawuleza imiqondo.
I-Corrosive - 1. I-Chemical corrosive. 2. Ibukhali, ibangela ukucaphuka, intlungu. 3. Sargent, caustic.
Ozhegov S.I. Isichazi-magama solwimi lwesiRashiya. - M.: Rus.yaz., 1990. - 921 iphe.
Ngoko, silahla ngokukhawuleza iintsingiselo ezimbini zokugqibela zegama. Sikwalahla iilachrymators “caustic” - ezingeyocaustic kakhulu njengoko zibangela ukukrala, kunye nama-sternites - abangela ukukhohlela. Ewe, ngaphantsi kuya kubakho izinto ezinezi mpawu, kodwa zibalulekile! - ngokwenene corrode izinto, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha inyama.
Asiyi kuqwalasela izinto ezibangela kuphela abantu kunye nezinto ezinjalo - ngenxa yokutshatyalaliswa okuthe ngqo kweembrane zeseli. Ke ngoko, iigesi zemostade ziya kuhlala zingasebenzi.
Siza kuqwalasela iikhompawundi ezilulwelo kwiimeko zegumbi. Ngoko ke, asiyi kuqwalasela i-oksijeni yamanzi kunye ne-nitrogen, kunye neegesi ezifana ne-fluorine, nangona zinokuthi zithathwe njenge-caustic, ewe.
Njengesiqhelo, imbono iya kuba yinto ezimeleyo, esekelwe kumava omntu. Kwaye ewe-kunokwenzeka ukuba andizukukhumbula mntu - bhala amagqabantshintshi, %igama lomsebenzisi%, zingaphelanga iintsuku ezintathu ukusukela kumhla wokupapashwa, ndiza kongeza inqaku ngento ebeyilibele kwasekuqaleni!
Kwaye ewe-andinalo ixesha kunye namandla okwakha "i-hit parade", ngoko iya kuba yi-hodgepodge. Kwaye ngaphandle kwayo yonke into, yajika yaba mfutshane kakhulu.
Iialkali zeCaustic
Ngokukodwa, i-alkali metal hydroxides: i-lithium, i-sodium, i-potassium, i-rubidium, i-cesium, i-francium, i-thallium (I) i-hydroxide kunye ne-barium hydroxide. Kodwa:
- I-lithium, i-cesium, i-rubidium kunye ne-barium ziyalahlwa - zibiza kwaye zinqabile
- Ukuba wena, %username%, udibana ne-francium hydroxide, into yokugqibela onokuthi uzikhathaze ngayo yi-causticity- iyingozi kakhulu.
- Kuyafana nethallium - inetyhefu eyoyikekayo.
Ngoko ke, i-sodium kunye ne-potassium yahlala. Kodwa masithembeke - iipropathi zazo zonke i-alkali ze-caustic zifana kakhulu.
I-sodium hydroxide - eyaziwa ngokuba yi-caustic soda - yaziwa ngumntu wonke. I-potassium hydroxide njengesongezo sokutya i-E525 nayo. Zombini ziyafana kwiipropati: ziphezulu kakhulu ze-hygroscopic, oko kukuthi, zitsala amanzi kwaye "zinyibilike" emoyeni. Zinyibilika kakuhle emanzini kwaye zikhulule ubushushu obukhulu.
"Ukusasaza" emoyeni kukwenza izisombululo ezigxininiswe kakhulu zealkali. Ngoko ke, ukuba ubeka iqhekeza le-alkali ye-caustic kwiphepha, isikhumba, ezinye izinyithi (i-aluminium efanayo) - emva koko emva kwexesha uya kufumanisa ukuba izinto eziphathekayo zidlile kakuhle! Oko kuboniswe kwi "Fight Club" kufana kakhulu nenyaniso: ngokwenene, izandla ezibilayo - kunye ne-alkali - ziya kubuhlungu! Ngokomntu, ndiyifumene ibuhlungu ngaphezu kwe-hydrochloric acid (ngaphezulu kwelo lingezantsi).
Nangona kunjalo, ukuba izandla zakho zome kakhulu, ngokuqinisekileyo awuyi kuva nantoni na kwi-alkali eyomileyo.
I-alkalis ye-Caustic igqwesileyo ekwaphuleni amanqatha kwi-glycerin kunye neetyuwa ze-fatty acids - yile ndlela isepha eyenziwa ngayo (hello, "Iqela lokulwa!") Ixesha elincinane, kodwa ngokufanelekileyo, iiprotheni zophukile - oko kukuthi, ngokomgaqo. , i-alkalis inyibilika inyama, ngokukodwa izisombululo ezinamandla - kwaye xa zishushu. Ukungalungi xa kuthelekiswa ne-asidi ye-perchloric efanayo (ngaphezulu kule ingezantsi) kukuba zonke iialkali zitsala i-carbon dioxide emoyeni, kwaye ngoko ke amandla aya kuncipha ngokuthe ngcembe. Ukongeza, i-alkalis iphinda iphendule kunye namacandelo eglasi - iglasi iya kuba namafu, nangona ukuze ichithe yonke into - apha, ngokuqinisekileyo, kufuneka uzame.
I-Tetraalkylammonium hydroxides ngamanye amaxesha ihlelwa njenge-alkali ye-caustic, umzekelo
I-Tetramethylammonium hydroxide
Ngapha koko, ezi zinto zidibanisa iipropathi ze-cationic surfactants (kakuhle, kufana nesepha eqhelekileyo - kuphela i-cationic: apha i-particle esebenzayo yi-diphilic particle - kunye nentlawulo "+", kunye nesepha - ngentlawulo "-") kunye isiseko esiphakamileyo. Ukuba ifika ezandleni zakho, ungayithambisa emanzini kwaye uyihlambe njengesepha; ukuba ufudumeza iinwele zakho, ulusu okanye iinzipho kwisisombululo esimanzi, ziya kunyibilika. "I-causticity" ngokubhekiselele kwimvelaphi ye-sodium kunye ne-potassium hydroxides injalo-njalo.
Isalfino acid
I-H2SO4
Eyona idumileyo, mhlawumbi, kuwo onke amabali. Ayisiyiyo eyona caustic, kodwa engathandekiyo: iasidi yesulfuric exineneyo (eyi-98%) lulwelo olunamafutha oluwathanda kakhulu amanzi, kwaye ke luwasusa kuye wonke umntu. Ngokuthatha amanzi kwi-cellulose kunye neswekile, iyabatshisa. Ngendlela efanayo, uya kuwathatha ngovuyo amanzi, %username%, ngakumbi ukuba uwagalela eluswini oluthambileyo lobuso bakho okanye emehlweni akho (kakuhle, enyanisweni, yonke into iya kungena emehlweni akho nge-adventure) . Abantu abanobubele ngakumbi baxuba iasidi yesulfuric kunye neoyile ukwenza kube nzima ukuyihlamba kwaye ifakwe ngcono eluswini.
Ngendlela, ngokuthatha amanzi, i-asidi ye-sulfuric iyatshisa, eyenza umfanekiso ube mnandi ngakumbi. Ngoko ke, ukuyihlamba ngamanzi ngumbono ombi kakhulu. Kungcono ukusebenzisa ioli (ihlambulule, ungayifaki, uze uhlambe ngamanzi). Kulungile, okanye umsinga omkhulu wamanzi ukupholisa ngoko nangoko.
"Amanzi okuqala, kwaye emva koko i-asidi - kungenjalo kuya kwenzeka ingxaki enkulu!" - oku ngokukodwa malunga ne-asidi ye-sulfuric, nangona ngenxa yesizathu esithile wonke umntu ucinga ukuba malunga nayo nayiphi na i-asidi.
Ekubeni i-oxidizing agent, i-asidi ye-sulfuric i-oxidize umphezulu wesinyithi kwi-oxides. Kwaye ekubeni ukusebenzisana kwee-oxides kunye ne-acids kwenzeka ngokuthatha inxaxheba kwamanzi njenge-catalyst - kunye ne-asidi ye-sulfuric ayikhuphi amanzi - umphumo obizwa ngokuba yi-passivation kwenzeka: ifilimu eshinyeneyo, engenakunyibilika kunye nengenakungena kwi-oxide yensimbi iyayikhusela ekupheliseni.
Ngokwale ndlela, i-asidi ye-sulfuric egxininisiweyo ithunyelwa kwiindawo ezikude ngentsimbi kunye ne-aluminium. Kuyaphawuleka ukuba ukuba i-asidi ihlanjululwe, amanzi avela, kwaye akunakwenzeka ukuthumela - iintsimbi zichitha.
Ngendlela, i-sulfur oxide SO3 inyibilika kwi-asidi ye-sulfuric kwaye ivelise i-oleum - ngamanye amaxesha ibhalwe ngempazamo njenge-H2S2O7, kodwa oku akuchanekanga ngokupheleleyo. I-Oleum inomtsalane ngakumbi emanzini.
Iimvakalelo zam xa i-asidi ye-sulfuric ifika esandleni sam: ishushu kancinci, emva koko iyatshisa kancinane-ndiyihlambe phantsi kwempompo, akukho nto inkulu. Musa ukukholelwa iimuvi, kodwa andikucebisi ukuyibeka ebusweni bakho.
Izinto eziphilayo zihlala zisebenzisa i-chromium okanye "umxube we-chromic" - le yi-potassium dichromate inyibilikiswe kwi-asidi ye-sulfuric. Ngokusisiseko esi sisisombululo se-chromic acid, kulungele ukuhlamba izitya kwiintsalela zezinto eziphilayo. Ukuba ifika esandleni sakho, iyatsha, kodwa ngokusisiseko yi-asidi yesulfuric kunye ne-chromium enetyhefu enetyhefu. Awuyi kufumana imingxuma esandleni sakho, ngaphandle mhlawumbi kwiimpahla zakho.
Umbhali wale migca uyazi idiot esebenzisa i-potassium permanganate endaweni ye-potassium dichromate. Yakuba idibene nezinto eziphilayo, yahlaba kancinane. Abo babelapho bazenza ikaka babaleka besoyika kancinane.
IHydrochloric acid
I-HCl
Akukho ngaphezulu kwe-38% emanzini. Enye yee-acids ezithandwa kakhulu zokuchithwa - kule nto ipholile kunabanye, kuba iteknoloji ingaba nyulu kakhulu, kwaye ngaphezu kokusebenza njenge-asidi, iphinda ifake i-chlorides eyinkimbinkimbi eyandisa i-solubility. Ngendlela, kungenxa yesi sizathu ukuba i-chloride yesilivere e-insoluble i-soluble kakhulu kwi-concentrated hydrochloric acid.
Lo, xa udibana nolusu, utshisa kancinci, ngokuzimeleyo, uyarhawuzelela, kwaye uyanuka: ukuba usebenza kakhulu nge-hydrochloric acid egxininisiweyo kwilabhoratri ene-hood engekho mgangathweni, ugqirha wakho wamazinyo uya kukubulela: uya kutyebisa ngokuzaliswa. Ngendlela, ukuhlafuna itshungama kuyanceda. Kodwa hayi kakhulu. Kungcono - i-hood.
Ekubeni ayinayo i-oyile kwaye ayitshisi kakhulu ngamanzi, i-caustic kuphela kwisinyithi, kwaye kungekhona kubo bonke. Ngendlela, intsimbi kwi-hydrochloric acid egxininisiweyo iyagqithiswa kwaye ithi "hayi!" Yiloo nto abayisebenzisayo ngexesha lokuhamba.
I-asidi ye-nitric
I-HNO3
Kwakhona uthandwa kakhulu, ngenxa yezizathu ezithile abantu bayamoyika naye - kodwa ngelize. Igxininise - le ifikelela kuma-70% - yeyona idumileyo, iphezulu - "iyatshaya", ngokuqhelekileyo akukho mntu uyidingayo. Kukho ne-anhydrous enye - kwaye iyaqhuma.
Ekubeni i-oxidizing agent, idlula iintsimbi ezininzi ezigqunywe ngefilimu enganyibilikiyo kwaye zithi "goodbye" - ezi ziyi-chromium, isinyithi, i-aluminium, i-cobalt, i-nickel kunye nezinye.
Isabela ngoko nangoko kunye nolusu ngokomgaqo we-xanthoprotein reaction - kuya kubakho indawo etyheli, okuthetha ukuba wena,% igama lomsebenzisi%, usenziwe ngeprotheni! Emva kwexesha elithile, ulusu oluphuzi luya kukhupha, njengokungathi lutshisiwe. Ngelo xesha, ihlaba ngaphantsi kwetyuwa, nangona ivumba kakhulu - kwaye ngeli xesha liyingozi kakhulu: i-nitrogen oxides endizayo ayilungele kakhulu umzimba.
Kwimichiza, basebenzisa oko kubizwa ngokuba "ngumxube we-nitrating" - eyona idumileyo ibandakanya i-sulfuric kunye ne-nitric acid. Isetyenziswa kwi-syntheses, ngakumbi kwimveliso yento evuyayo - ipyroxylin. Ngokubhekiselele kwi-causticity - i-chromium efanayo kunye nesikhumba esihle esityheli.
Kukho kwakhona "amanzi asebukhosini" - oku kuyinxalenye ye-nitric acid ukuya kumacandelo amathathu e-hydrochloric acid. Isetyenziselwa ukunyibilikisa iintsimbi ezithile, ingakumbi ezixabisekileyo. Indlela yokuthontsiza yokukhangela isampula yeemveliso zegolide isekelwe kwimilinganiselo eyahlukeneyo kunye nokongezwa kwamanzi - ngendlela, kunzima kakhulu kwiingcali zisebenzisa le ndlela ukukhohlisa ngenkohliso. Ngokubhekiselele kwi-causticity yesikhumba - "umxube we-nitrating" ofanayo kunye nevumba elimnandi, ivumba alinakubhidaniswa nayo nayiphi na enye into, ikwayityhefu.
Kukho kwakhona "i-reverse aqua regia" - xa umlinganiselo uguqulwa, kodwa oku kunqabile.
Phosphoric acid
H3PO4
Enyanisweni, ndinike ifomula ye-orthophosphoric acid, eyona iqhelekileyo. Kwaye kukho i-metaphosphoric, i-polyphosphoric, i-ultraphosphoric - ngokufutshane, oko kwanele, kodwa akunamsebenzi.
I-asidi ye-orthophosphoric egxininisiweyo (85%) yisiraphu enjalo. I-asidi ngokwayo i-avareji, idla ngokusetyenziswa kwishishini lokutya, ngendlela - xa ufumana ukuzaliswa, umphezulu wezinyo kuqala ufakwe nge-phosphoric acid.
Iimpawu zayo zokubola zinjalo, kodwa kukho i-nuance engathandekiyo: le isiraphu ifakwe kakuhle. Ngoko ke, ukuba ithontsiza kwizinto, iya kutsalwa, kwaye iya kuthi kancinane idle. Kwaye ukuba kukho i-stain okanye umngxuma ovela kwi-nitric kunye ne-hydrochloric acid, ngoko ke ukusuka kwi-phosphorus into iya kuhlukana, oku kumbala kakhulu kwizihlangu, xa umngxuma ubonakala udilika de uphume.
Ewe, ngokubanzi kunzima ukuyibiza ngokuba yi-caustic.
Hydrofluoric acid
HF
I-hydrofluoric acid egxininisiweyo imalunga ne-38%, nangona kukho okungaqhelekanga.
Iasidi ebuthathaka ethatha uthando oloyikekayo lwe-fluoride ion ukwenza iikhompleksi ezizingileyo naye wonke umntu enaye. Ke ngoko, ngokumangalisayo iyayinyibilikisa into enye, abahlobo abomeleleyo abanako, kwaye ke isetyenziswa rhoqo kwimixube eyahlukeneyo yokunyibilika. Xa uyifumana esandleni sakho, iimvakalelo ziya kuba zikhulu ukusuka kwamanye amacandelo emixube enjalo, kodwa kukho i-nuance.
Hydrofluoric acid inyibilika iSiO2. Yisanti leyo. Yiglasi leyo. Oko kukuthi, i-quartz. Kwaye nangokunjalo. Hayi, ukuba utshiza le asidi efestileni, ayiyi kuchithwa, kodwa ibala elinamafu liya kuhlala. Ukunyibilika, kufuneka uyibambe ixesha elide, okanye nokuba ngcono, uyifudumeze. Xa inyibilikiswa, i-SiF4 iyakhululwa, enenzuzo kakhulu kwimpilo kangangokuba kungcono ukuyenza phantsi kwe-hood.
I-nuance encinci kodwa ethandekayo: wena, %igama lomsebenzisi%, uqulethe i-silicon ezinziphoni zakho. Ngoko ke, ukuba i-hydrofluoric acid ingena phantsi kwezikhonkwane zakho, awuyi kuqaphela nantoni na. Kodwa awuyi kukwazi ukulala ebusuku - kuya kuba buhlungu kakhulu kangangokuba ngamanye amaxesha ufuna ukukrazula umnwe wakho. Ndikholelwe, sihlobo, ndiyazi.
Kwaye ngokubanzi, i-hydrofluoric acid inetyhefu, i-carcinogenic, ifakwe eluswini kunye nezinye izinto ezininzi - kodwa namhlanje sithetha nge-causticity, akunjalo?
Uyakhumbula ukuba sasivumelene njani kwasekuqaleni ukuba akusayi kubakho fluoride? Akayi kuba. Kodwa baya...
Iifluorides zeegesi ezingasebenziyo
Enyanisweni, i-fluorine iyindoda enzima, awukwazi ukubonakalisa ngayo, kwaye ngoko ke ezinye iigesi ze-inert zenza i-fluorides nayo. Ezi fluoride ezizinzileyo zilandelayo ziyaziwa: KrF2, XeF2, XeF4, XeF6. Zonke ezi ziikristale, ezisemoyeni ngesantya esahlukileyo kwaye zibole ngokulula ngokufuma kwi-hydrofluoric acid. I-causticity ifanelekile.
Hydroiodic acid
HI
Eyona nto inamandla (ngokwenqanaba lokuqhawula emanzini) i-asidi yokubini. I-agent yokunciphisa enamandla, esetyenziswa ngamachiza aphilayo. Emoyeni i-oxidize kwaye ijike ibe mdaka, nto leyo ebangela amabala xa udibana. Imvakalelo xa udibana nayo ifana namanzi anetyuwa. Konke.
Perchloric acid
I-HCLO4
Enye yezona zinamandla (ngokwenqanaba lokuqhawula emanzini) i-acids ngokubanzi (i-acids ephezulu ikhuphisana nayo - ngakumbi malunga nabo ngezantsi) - umsebenzi we-Hammett acidity (inkcazo yamanani yesakhono se-medium ukuba yi-proton donor ngokunxulumene nesiseko esingenasizathu, inani eliphantsi, i-asidi yomelele) ngu-13. I-Anhydrous yiarhente eyomeleleyo ye-oxidizing, ithanda ukugqabhuka, kwaye ayizinzanga jikelele. I-Concentrated (70% -72%) yi-agent e-oxidizing ayikho embi kakhulu, isoloko isetyenziswa ekuboleni kwezinto eziphilayo. Ukubola kunomdla kwaye kunomdla ngenxa yokuba kunokuqhuma kwinkqubo: kufuneka uqiniseke ukuba akukho ngqungquthela yamalahle, ukuba ayibilisi kakhulu, njl. I-Perchloric acid nayo imdaka kakhulu - ayinakucocwa nge-subdistillation, usulelo luyaqhuma! Ngoko ke, ayisetyenziswa rhoqo.
Xa idibana nolusu, iyatshisa kwaye ivakale njengetyuwa. Iyanuka. Xa ubona kwiifilimu ukuba umntu waphosa isidumbu kwisitya kunye ne-perchloric acid kwaye yachithwa, ngoko ewe, oku kunokwenzeka - kodwa kuya kuthatha ixesha elide okanye ukufudumala. Ukuba uyayifudumeza, inokugqabhuka (jonga ngasentla). Ngoko gxeka i-cinema (ndicinga ukuba ndibone oku kwi-10 Cloverfield Lane).
Ngendlela, i-causticity ye-chlorine oxide (VII) i-Cl2O7 kunye ne-chlorine oxide (VI) i-Cl2O6 yisiphumo sokuba ezi oxide zenza i-perchloric acid ngamanzi.
Ngoku makhe sicinge ukuba sigqibe kwelokuba sidibanise i-asidi eyomeleleyo kunye ne-causticity ye-fluorine kwikhompawundi enye: thatha i-molecule ye-perchloric okanye i-sulfuric acid kwaye ubeke endaweni yawo onke amaqela ayo e-hydroxyl nge-fluorine! Inkunkuma iya kuba yinto enqabileyo: iya kusebenzisana namanzi kunye neekhompawundi ezifanayo - kwaye kwindawo yokusabela i-asidi eqinile kunye ne-hydrofluoric acid iya kufumaneka ngokukhawuleza. A?
IiFluorides zesulfure, ibromine kunye ne-iodine
Uyakhumbula ukuba sivumelene ngokuthathela ingqalelo izinto ezingamanzi kuphela? Ngenxa yesi sizathu, ayizange ifakwe kwinqaku lethu. iklorine trifluoride ClF3, Okubilisa kwi +12 ° C, nangona onke amabali amasikizi anetyhefu kakhulu, avutha iglasi, i-mask yegesi, kwaye xa uchithe iikhilogram ezingama-900, udla i-30 cm yekhonkrithi kunye nemitha yegrabile - konke oku kuyinyaniso. Kodwa savuma - ulwelo.
Nangona kunjalo, kukho ulwelo oluphuzi - Iodine pentafluoride IF5, ulwelo olungenambala - I-Bromine trifluoride BrF3, mthubi okhanyayo - I-Bromine pentafluoride BrF5, ezingezimbi ngakumbi. I-BrF5, umzekelo, iphinda ichithe iglasi, isinyithi kunye nekhonkrithi.
Ngokufanayo, phakathi kwazo zonke i-sulphur fluorides, kuphela I-Disulfur decafluoride (ngamanye amaxesha ikwabizwa ngokuba yi-sulphur pentafluoride) lulwelo olungenambala kunye nefomula ethi S2F10.. Kodwa le khompawundi izinzile kumaqondo obushushu aqhelekileyo, ayiboli ngamanzi-kwaye ke ayinabungozi. Kuyinyani, amaxesha ama-4 anetyhefu ngakumbi kunephosgene enendlela efanayo yokwenza.
Ngendlela, iodine pentafluoride kuthiwa "igesi ekhethekileyo" esetyenziselwa ukuzalisa umoya kwi-shuttle yokuphunyuka kwiindawo zokugqibela zefilimu ye-1979 i-Alien. Ewe, andikhumbuli, ngokunyaniseka.
Iiasidi eziphezulu
Igama elithi "super acid" layilwa nguJames Conant ngo-1927 ukuze ahlele iiasidi ezinamandla kunee-acids zeminerali eziqhelekileyo. Kweminye imithombo, i-perchloric acid ihlelwa njenge-asidi ephezulu, nangona oku akunjalo - yinto eqhelekileyo yeminerali.
Inani lee-superacids ziiminerali acids encanyathiselwe kuyo ihalogen: ihalogen itsalela ii-electron kuyo, zonke iiathom ziba nomsindo kakhulu, kwaye yonke into iya kwihydrogen njengesiqhelo: iwela ikwimo yeH + - boom: iasidi iye yomelela.
Imizekelo - i-fluorosulfuric kunye ne-chlorosulfuric acids
I-asidi ye-Fluorosulfuric inomsebenzi we-Hammett we--15,1; ngendlela, ngenxa ye-fluorine, le asidi ngokuthe ngcembe iyayinyibilikisa ityhubhu yovavanyo apho igcinwe khona.
Emva koko umntu ohlakaniphile wacinga: masithathe i-Lewis acid (into enokwamkela iperi ye-electron ukusuka kwenye into) kwaye siyixube ne-asidi ye-Brønsted (into enokunikela ngeproton)! Sixube i-antimony pentafluoride kunye ne-hydrofluoric acid kwaye safumana hexafluorantimony acid HSbF6. Kule nkqubo, i-hydrofluoric acid ikhupha iproton (H +), kwaye isiseko se-conjugate (F-) sisodwa yintambo yokulungelelanisa kunye ne-antimony pentafluoride. Oku kuvelisa i-octahedral anion enkulu (SbF6-), eyi-nucleophile ebuthathaka kakhulu kunye nesiseko esibuthathaka kakhulu. Emva kokuba "ikhululekile", iproton imisela i-hyperacidity yenkqubo - umsebenzi weHammett -28!
Kwaye ke abanye beza bathi kutheni bathatha i-asidi ebuthathaka kaBernstead kwaye beza nale nto.
I-Tetrafluoromethanesulfonic acid
- ngokwayo sele i-asidi ephezulu (umsebenzi weHammett - 14,1). Ke, bongeze i-antimony pentafluoride kuyo kwakhona-bafumene ukuncipha ukuya kwi--16,8! Iqhinga elifanayo kunye ne-fluorosulfuric acid yanika ukuhla ukuya kwi-23.
Kwaye ke iqela lezenzululwazi kwisebe lekhemistri yeYunivesithi yaseMelika yaseCalifornia, ekhokelwa nguNjingalwazi uChristopher Reed, yaxhonywa kunye noogxa kwiZiko leCatalysis yeSebe laseSiberia leRussia Academy of Sciences (Novosibirsk) kwaye beza ne-carborane. iasidi H (CHB11Cl11). Ewe, bayibiza ngokuba "i-carborane" kubantu abaqhelekileyo, kodwa ukuba ufuna ukuziva ngathi sisazinzulu, yithi "2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12-undecachlor-1- carba-closo-dodecaborane (12)” kathathu kwaye ngokukhawuleza.
Yile nto ibukeka ngayo obu buhle
Lo ngumgubo owomileyo onyibilikayo emanzini. Le yeyona Acid inamandla okwangoku. Iasidi yeCarborane iqikelelwa kwisigidi ngokuphindwe komelele kuneasidi yesulfuric. Akunakwenzeka ukulinganisa amandla e-asidi kwisikali esiqhelekileyo, kuba i-asidi iprotonate zonke iziseko ezibuthathaka ezaziwayo kunye nazo zonke izinyibilikisi apho inyibilika khona, kubandakanywa namanzi, ibenzene, i-fulerene-60, kunye ne-sulfur dioxide.
Emva koko, uChristopher Reed waxelela inkonzo yeendaba zeNdalo oku: “Ingcamango yokwenziwa kwe-carborane acid yavela kwiingcamango “ngeemolekyuli ezingazange zidalwe ngaphambili.” Ekunye noogxa bakhe, ufuna ukusebenzisa i-asidi ye-carborane ukuze i-oxidize iiathomu ze-inert gas xenon-ngenxa yokuba akukho mntu wenze le nto ngaphambili. Original, ndithini.
Ewe, ekubeni iiasidi eziphezulu ziziiasidi eziqhelekileyo, zisebenza ngokuqhelekileyo, zinamandla nje kancinane. Kucacile ukuba ulusu luya kutshisa, kodwa oku akuthethi ukuba luya kutshabalalisa. I-Fluorosulfonic acid yimeko eyahlukileyo, kodwa yonke into inombulelo kwi-fluorine, njengakwi-fluoride.
Trihaloacetic acids
Ngokukodwa, i-trifluoroacetic kunye ne-trichloroacetic acid
Imnandi kwaye imnandi ngenxa yokudibanisa iipropathi ze-organic polar solvent kunye ne-asidi eyomeleleyo ngokufanelekileyo. Ziyanuka—njengeviniga.
Eyona nto inqabileyo yi-trifluoroacetic acid: isisombululo se-20% sitshabalalisa isinyithi, i-cork, i-rubber, i-bakelite, i-polyethylene. Ulusu luyatshisa kwaye lwenza izilonda ezomileyo ezifikelela kumaleko wezihlunu.
I-Trichloroacetic acid ngumzalwana omncinci kulo mba, kodwa oko kulungile. Ngendlela, ihlombe kwisini esibuthathaka: ekusukeleni ubuhle, abanye baya kwinto ebizwa ngokuba yinkqubo ye-TCA yokuqhawula (i-TCA yiTetraChloroAcetate) - xa le asidi ye-tetrachloroacetic efanayo isetyenziselwa ukunyibilikisa phezulu, umaleko orhabaxa wesikhumba.
Enyanisweni, ukuba i-cosmetologist ixoxa ngefowuni, ukusilela kunokwenzeka
Ewe, into efana nale, ukuba sithetha malunga nolwelo kunye ne-causticity. Ngaba kuya kubakho ukongezwa okungakumbi?
umthombo: www.habr.com