Malunga nebhiya ngeliso lekhemisti. Icandelo lesi-1

Molo %igama lomsebenzisi.

Njengoko bendithembisile ngaphambili, bendingekho kancinci ngenxa yohambo lwam lomsebenzi. Hayi, ayikagqitywa okwangoku, kodwa ikhuthaze iingcinga endithathe isigqibo sokwabelana nawe.

Siza kuthetha ngebhiya.

Ngoku andiyi kuphikisa kwiindidi ezithile, xela ukuba yiyiphi incasa kunye nombala emzimbeni oguqukayo ngaphantsi kwexesha lokusetyenziswa ukuya kwixesha ... kakuhle, uyaqonda - ndifuna nje ukuthetha malunga nendlela endibona ngayo inkqubo yokuvelisa, Umahluko kunye neempembelelo zebhiya kumzimba wethu ngokwembono yekhemikhali.

Abantu abaninzi bakholelwa ukuba ibhiya sisiselo sabantu abaqhelekileyo-kwaye bayaphazama kakhulu; abaninzi bakholelwa ukuba ibhiya iyingozi-kwaye bayaphazama, nangona kunjalo, njengabo bakholelwa ukuba ibhiya ayinabungozi. Kwaye siza kukuqonda oku kwakhona

Kwaye ngokungafaniyo namanqaku angaphambili, ndiya kuzama ukulahla i-longreads, kodwa kunoko ulwahlule eli bali libe liqela. Kwaye ukuba kwinqanaba elithile akukho mdla, ke ndiya kuyeka ukukhathaza ingqondo yomfundi ohluphekayo.

Masihambe.

Imbali yokukhutshwa

Imbali yebhiya ehlabathini ibuyela emva kwiminyaka engamawaka aliqela. Ukukhankanywa kwayo okokuqala kubuyela kwixesha lokuqala leNeolithic. Kwiminyaka engama-6000 eyadlulayo, abantu basebenzisa itekhnoloji eyenze ukuba kube lula ukuguqula isonka sibe sisiselo esimnandi - kwaye ngokubanzi kukholelwa ukuba ibhiya sesona siselo sinxilisayo sakudala emhlabeni.

Imbali yemvelaphi yebhiya yaqala ngaphambi kwexesha lethu, kwaye i-laurels yabaqambi bangamaSumerians. Umbhalo wabo obhalwe ngoonobumba abatsobhileyo, owafunyanwa nguE. Huber eMesopotamiya, wawuqulethe iindlela zokupheka ezili-15 zesi siselo. Abemi baseMesopotamiya basebenzisa isipelingi (speli) ukwenza ibhiya. Yayigatywe ngerhasi, izaliswe ngamanzi, imifuno yongezwa kwaye ishiywe ukuba ivundiswe. Isiselo senziwe kwi-wort evelayo. Nceda uqaphele: ibhiya yengqolowa yayiyilwe ngokusisiseko, kodwa akukho mntu wayesele ethethe nantoni na malunga neehops, oko kukuthi, igruit okanye ibhiya yemifuno yayenziwa. Ngaphezu koko, imela ayizange intshule.

Imbalasane elandelayo kwimbali yotywala yayiyimpucuko yaseBhabhiloni. YayingamaBhabhiloni acinga indlela yokuphucula isiselo. Bayintshula ingqolowa, baza bayomisa kwaza kwavelisa ityuwa. Ibhiya eyenziwe ngeenkozo nemalti yayigcinwa ixesha elingekho ngaphezu kosuku. Ukwenza isiselo sivumba ngakumbi, iziqholo, ixolo le-oki, amagqabi omthi, ubusi bongezwa kuyo - izongezo zokutya zazisele zenziwe ngoko, ewe, ngaphambi kweReinheitsgebot okanye, njengoko kuqondakalayo, umthetho waseJamani malunga nokucoceka kwebhiya. yayisemalunga nama-5000 eminyaka ubudala!

Ngokuthe ngcembe, ibhiya yasasazeka kwiYiputa yaMandulo, ePersi, eIndiya naseCaucasus. Kodwa kwiGrisi yaMandulo yayingathandwa, kuba yayigqalwa njengesiselo sabahlwempuzekileyo. Kulapho kwavela khona lonke ucalucalulo.

Imbali yokudalwa kwebhiya yaphuhliswa ekuqaleni kweXesha Eliphakathi. Eli xesha libizwa ngokuba lixesha lokuzalwa kwesibini kwebhiya. Kukholelwa ukuba kwenzeka eJamani. Igama lesiJamani elithi Bier lisuka kwiOld Germanic Peor okanye iBror. Nangona i-ale yesiNgesi efanayo (ale) kuthiwa i-etymologically ibuyela kwingcambu yeProto-Indo-European, mhlawumbi ngentsingiselo "yokunxila". Imvelaphi ye-Indo-European yengcambu ingqinwe ngokuqinisekileyo xa kuthelekiswa neDanish kunye neNorway øl yanamhlanje, kunye ne-Icelandic öl (iqela lesiJamani leelwimi, apho isiNgesi sakudala sasingowaso) kunye neLithuanian kunye neLatvian alus - ibhiya (iqela leBaltic le-Indo -Intsapho yaseYurophu), iNorthern Russian ol (ithetha isiselo esinxilisayo ), kunye ne-Estonian õlu kunye nesiFinnish olut. Ngamafutshane, akukho mntu waziyo ukuba la magama avela njani na, kuba umntu othile waphambuka kwiBhabheli yaMandulo - ke, wonke umntu ngoku ubiza ibhiya ngokwahlukileyo. Noko ke, bayipheka ngokwahlukileyo.

KwakungamaXesha Aphakathi apho iihops zaqala ukufakwa kwisiselo. Ngokufika kwayo, incasa yebhiya yaphucuka, kwaye ubomi bayo beshelufu baba nde. Khumbula, %igama lomsebenzisi%: iihops ibisisigcinakaliso sebhiya. Ngoku isiselo sasinokuhanjiswa, kwaye yaba yinto yorhwebo. Kwavela amakhulukhulu eendlela zokupheka kunye neendidi zebhiya. Ezinye izazinzulu ezivela kwimimandla ethile zikholelwa ukuba amaSlavs ayengabasunguli bokulima kwe-hop, kuba ukutywala kwakuxhaphake eRashiya sele sele ikwinkulungwane ye-9.

Ngendlela, kumaXesha Aphakathi, ii-ales ezikhanyayo zazisetyenziswa kakhulu eYurophu endaweni yamanzi. Nditsho nabantwana babenakho ukuthenga ibhiya - kwaye ewe, yayiyibhiya ngokukodwa, hayi i-kvass, njengoko abanye bekholelwa. Babengaseli ngenxa yokuba abantsundu babefuna ukuzisela bona baze bafe, kodwa ngenxa yokuba ngokuwangcamla amanzi babenokunyanga ngokulula intlaninge yezifo ezaziwayo kodwa ezingaziwayo. Ngomgangatho wamayeza kwinqanaba le-plantain kunye nombelekisi, kwakuyingozi kakhulu. Ukongeza, into ebizwa ngokuba yibhiya yetafile ("i-ale encinci") yayinezondlo kwaye ihamba kakuhle kwitafile yesidlo sangokuhlwa ngobungakanani obukhulu, kuba yayiqulethe malunga ne-1% yotywala. Umbuzo onengqondo uthi "yintoni ke ngoku yabulala lonke usulelo?" Nathi ngokuqinisekileyo siya kuyiqwalasela.

Inkulungwane ye-1876 yaphawulwa yenye impumelelo kwimbali yebhiya. ULouis Pasteur waqala wafumanisa ubudlelwane phakathi kokubilisa kunye neeseli zegwele. Wapapasha iziphumo zophononongo ngo-5, kwaye kwiminyaka emi-1881 kamva, ngo-XNUMX, isazinzulu saseDanish u-Emil Christian Hansen wafumana inkcubeko esulungekileyo yegwele lomdidiyeli, eyaba yimpembelelo yokwenziwa kwebhiya kwimizi-mveliso.

Ukuba sithetha ngembali yebhiya engeyiyo utywala, impembelelo yokubonakala kwayo yayiyi-Volstead Act ye-1919, eyayiphawula ukuqala kwexesha loKwalela eUnited States: ukuveliswa, ukuthutha kunye nokuthengiswa kweziselo ezinxilisayo ezinamandla kune-0,5% walelwa ngokwenene. Ngoko ayisekho "i-ale encinci" kwakhona. Zonke iinkampani ezithengisa utywala zazibandakanyeke ekuveliseni iziselo ezingezizo ezinxilisayo ezisekwe kwi-malt, nangona kunjalo, ngokomthetho, isiselo kufuneka sibizwe ngokuba "sisiselo esinxilisayo", abantu babiza ngokukhawuleza "i-rubber yomfazi" kwaye "kufuphi. ibhiya". Enyanisweni, ukuze utshintshe ukusuka kwinto eqhelekileyo, engavumelekanga, ukuya kwintsha "phantse ibhiya", kwakwanele ukongeza inqanaba elinye elongezelelweyo kwinkqubo yokuvelisa (kwaye siya kuyikhumbula ngokuqinisekileyo), engazange inyuke kakhulu. iindleko zemveliso yokugqibela kunye nokuvumela ukubuyisela ngokukhawuleza kunokwenzeka kwimveliso yesiselo sendabuko: "Ndicinga ukuba eli iya kuba lixesha elizukileyo lebhiya," watsho uMongameli wase-US uFranklin Roosevelt, esayina uMthetho weCullen-Harrison ngoMatshi 22, I-1933, eyavumela ukuba utywala obuseziselo buphakanyiswe kwi-4%. Isenzo saqala ukusebenza nge-7 ka-Epreli, kwaye ke ukusukela ngoko lo mhla ibilusuku lweSizwe lwebhiya e-USA! Batsho ukuba sele ngo-Epreli 6, abantu baseMerika babethelela imivalo, kwaye xa ubusuku obunqwenelekayo bubetha, emva koko ... Ngokufutshane, izibalo zithi ngo-Apreli 7 kuphela, enye nesiqingatha sesigidi seebhari zebhiya zazinxiliswe eUnited States. States. Ubunayo iglasi yebhiya nge-7 ka-Epreli, %igama lomsebenzisi%?


Ngendlela, ukuba unomdla, kwelinye lamacandelo alandelayo ndiya kukuxelela malunga nomthetho wothintelo olunzima ngakumbi - kwaye oku akusiyo i-USSR, kodwa i-Iceland.

Okwangoku, ibhiya ayenziwanga ngaphandle kwe-Antarctica - nangona oku kungaqinisekanga. Kukho iindidi ezininzi kunye namakhulu ezitayile - kwaye ukuba unomdla, unokufunda iinkcazo zabo apha. Ibhiya ikude nokuba yinto elula njengoko kukholelwa; ixabiso lebhotile ngamanye amaxesha linokugqithisa ixabiso letyala lewayini-kwaye andithethi ngewayini yaseChateau de la Paquette.

Ke ngoko, %username%, ukuba ngoku uvule ibhotile yebhiya ngelixa ufunda, gcwaliswa ngentlonipho kwaye uqhubeke ufunda.

Izithako

Ngaphambi kokuba sijonge ukuba yintoni ibhiya, makhe sikhumbule ngokufutshane iteknoloji yokuvelisa esi siselo.

Ubhiya - njengezinto ezininzi kweli hlabathi - yimveliso yokutsha okungaphelelanga. Enyanisweni, ukuvutshelwa - inkqubo apho singcamla ngayo olu lonwabo, kunye ne, % igama lomsebenzisi%, ukukwazi ukufunda le migca - yimveliso yokutsha okungaphelelanga kweeswekile, kuphela kwimeko yebhiya, iiswekile zitshiswa kungekhona ingqondo yakho, kodwa kwitsheyini ye-metabolic yegwele.
Njengakuphi na ukutsha, iimveliso yikharbon diokside kunye namanzi - kodwa khumbula ukuba ndithe "ayiphelelanga"? Kwaye ngokwenene: ekuveliseni ibhiya, imvubelo ayivumelekanga ukuba idle kakhulu (nangona oku kungachanekanga ngokupheleleyo, kodwa kulungele ukuqonda ngokubanzi umfanekiso) - kwaye ngoko ke, ngaphezu kwe-carbon dioxide, utywala buyenziwa.

Ekubeni ukutya ayikho iswekile esulungekileyo, kodwa ingxubevange iikhompawundi ezahlukeneyo, imveliso ayikho nje carbon dioxide, amanzi kunye notywala - kodwa isipha yonke, yiyo loo nto ezi bhiya kakhulu zikhona. Ngoku ndiza kuthetha ngezinye zezithako eziphambili, kwaye ndiphinde ndikhuphe iintsomi malunga nebhiya endleleni.

Amanzi

Ndikhumbula ukuba, emva kwayo yonke loo nto, ndiyikhemisti, ndiya kutshintshela kulwimi lwekhemikhali olukruqulayo.

Ibhiya sisicombululo esimanzi sezinto ezitsalwayo zemalt ezingakhange zibe notshintsho ngexesha lokubiliswa kunye nasemva kokubiliswa kwebhiya, utywala be-ethyl kunye nencasa yezinto, eziziimetabolites zesibini zeyesti okanye ezisuka kwihops. Ukubunjwa kwezinto ezixutywayo kubandakanya i-carbohydrates engaxutywanga (i-α- kunye ne-β-glucans), izinto ze-phenolic (i-anthocyanogens, i-oligo- kunye ne-polyphenols), i-melanoidins kunye ne-caramels. Umxholo wabo ebhiya, ngokuxhomekeke kwiqhekeza lezinto ezomileyo kwi-wort yokuqala, ukubunjwa kwe-wort, iindlela zetekhnoloji zokubilisa kunye neempawu ze-yeast strain, ukusuka kwi-2,0 ukuya kwi-8,5 g / 100 g yebhiya. Izalathi zenkqubo efanayo zinxulunyaniswa nomxholo wotywala, iqhezu elikhulu apho ibhiya inokusukela kwi-0,05 ukuya kwi-8,6%, kunye nezinto zokuvumba (i-alcohols ephezulu, i-ethers, i-aldehydes, njl.njl.), ukuhlanganiswa kwayo kuxhomekeke ekubunjweni kwayo. yewort kwaye, ngakumbi kwiindlela zokubilisa kunye nohlobo lwegwele. Njengomthetho, kwibhiya evutshelwe ngegwele eliphantsi, ukuxinwa kweemveliso zesibini ze-yeast metabolism ayidluli i-200 mg / l, ngelixa ibhiya evundiweyo ephezulu inqanaba labo lidlula i-300 mg / l. Umlinganiselo omncinci nangakumbi kwibhiya wenziwa zizinto ezikrakra ezivela kwihops, isixa sazo ebhiya asidluli kuma-45 mg/l.

Konke oku kuyadika kakhulu, amanani anokwahluka kakhulu okanye ngaphantsi, kodwa ufumana umbono: konke oku kuncinci kakhulu xa kuthelekiswa nomxholo wamanzi ebhiya. Ngokufana nawe, %igama lomsebenzisi%, ibhiya imalunga nama-95% amanzi. Akumangalisi ukuba umgangatho wamanzi unempembelelo ngqo kwibhiya. Kwaye ngendlela, esi sesinye sezizathu zokuba uhlobo olufanayo lwebhiya, oluveliswe ziifektri ezahlukeneyo kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo, lunokungcamla ngokwahlukileyo. Umzekelo ocacileyo kwaye mhlawumbi owaziwa kakhulu nguPilsner Urquell, abaye bazama ukutywala eKaluga, kodwa ayizange isebenze. Ngoku le bhiya iveliswa kuphela kwiRiphabhliki yaseCzech ngenxa yamanzi ayo athambileyo akhethekileyo.

Akukho mzi wotywala uza kwenza ibhiya ngaphandle kokuvavanya kuqala amanzi eza kusebenza ngawo - umgangatho wamanzi ubaluleke kakhulu kwimveliso yokugqibela. Abadlali abaphambili kulo mbandela bafana neecations kunye neeanions ozibona kwibhotile nayiphi na i-soda - kuphela amanqanaba alawulwayo kungekhona kwi-"50-5000" mg / l, kodwa ngakumbi ngokuchanekileyo.

Makhe sibone ukuba ukubunjwa kwamanzi kuchaphazela ntoni?

Ewe, okokuqala, amanzi kufuneka ahambelane neMimiselo yeSanitary kunye neMimiselo, kwaye ngoko ke silahla ngokukhawuleza isinyithi esinzima kunye nezinye izinto ezinobuthi - le crap ayifanele ibe emanzini. Izithintelo eziphambili zamanzi asetyenziswa ngokuthe ngqo kwimveliso yebhiya (ngexesha lokuxutywa) zichaphazela izikhombisi ezifana nexabiso le-pH, ukuqina, umlinganiselo phakathi koxinzelelo lwe-calcium kunye ne-magnesium ion, engalawulwa kwaphela emanzini okusela. Amanzi okusela kufuneka aqulathe ii-ion zentsimbi, isilicon, ubhedu, i-nitrate, iikloridi, kunye neesulfates. I-nitrites, i-toxins enamandla kwi-yeast, ayivumelekanga emanzini. Amanzi kufuneka aqulathe amacandelo amabini angaphantsi kweeminerali (intsalela eyomileyo) kunye namaxesha angama-2,5 ngaphantsi kwe-COD (imfuno yekhemikhali yeoksijini - i-oxidability). Xa kuhlolwa ukufaneleka kwamanzi okutywala, isalathisi esifana ne-alkalinity saziswa, esingabandakanywanga kwimigangatho yamanzi okusela.

Ukongeza, iimfuno ezongezelelweyo zisebenza kumanzi asetyenziselwa ukulungelelanisa iqhekeza lezinto eziqinileyo kunye notywala kwi-high-gravity brewing. La manzi kufuneka, okokuqala, abe msulwa ngokwebhayoloji, kwaye okwesibini, angabi namanzi (o.k.t., angabinayo ioksijini enyibilikayo emanzini) kwaye aqulathe ii-ion zekhalsiyam kunye neebhicarbonates ezimbalwa xa kuthelekiswa namanzi acetyiswayo ukusetywa ngokubanzi. Yintoni ukwenziwa komxhuzulane ophezulu?Ukuba ubungazi, itekhnoloji ye-high-density brewing kukuba, ukwenzela ukwandisa imveliso ye-brewhouse, i-wort ixutywa ngeqhekeza lezinto ezomileyo eziyi-4 ... 6% ephezulu kuneqhekeza elikhulu. yezinto ezomileyo kwibhiya egqityiweyo. Emva koko, le wort ihlanjululwe ngamanzi kwiqhekeza elifunekayo lezinto ezomileyo, nokuba ngaphambi kokuvutshelwa, okanye ibhiya egqityiweyo (ewe, ibhiya ihlanjululwe - kodwa oku kuphela kumzi-mveliso, kwaye ndiya kuthetha ngale nto kamva). Kwangaxeshanye, ukuze ufumane ibhiya engahlukanga kwincasa yebhiya efunyenwe kusetyenziswa itekhnoloji yeklasikhi, akukhuthazwa ukuba kwandiswe isicatshulwa se-wort yokuqala ngaphezu kwe-15%.

Kubaluleke kakhulu ukugcina i-pH echanekileyo emanzini - andithethi ngoku malunga nencasa yebhiya egqityiweyo, kodwa malunga nenkqubo yokuvutshelwa kwe-wort (ngendlela, njengoko kufunyenwe, oku akuchaphazeli. incasa - awuyi kuva nje umahluko ochuliweyo). Inyaniso kukuba umsebenzi wee-enzymes ezisetyenziselwa ukutya igwele kuxhomekeke kwi-pH. Ixabiso elifanelekileyo ngu-5,2..5,4, kodwa ngamanye amaxesha eli xabiso litshintshela phezulu ukuze linyuse ubukrakra. Ixabiso le-pH lichaphazela ukuqina kweenkqubo ze-metabolic kwiiseli ze-yeast, ezibonakaliswa kwi-coefficient yokukhula kwe-biomass, izinga lokukhula kweeseli kunye nokuhlanganiswa kwee-metabolites zesibini. Ngaloo ndlela, kwindawo ene-acidic, ikakhulukazi i-ethyl alcohol yenziwa, ngelixa kwindawo ye-alkaline, i-synthesis ye-glycerol kunye ne-acetic acid iqiniswa. I-acetic acid ichaphazela kakubi inkqubo yokuveliswa kwegwele, kwaye ngoko ke kufuneka ingathathi hlangothi ngokulungelelanisa i-pH ngexesha lokuvutshelwa. "Ukutya" okwahlukeneyo kunokubakho amaxabiso afanelekileyo e-pH ahlukeneyo: umzekelo, i-4,6 iyafuneka kwi-metabolism ye-sucrose, kunye ne-4,8 ye-maltose. I-pH yenye yezinto eziphambili ekwenziweni kwee-esters, esiza kuthetha ngazo kamva kwaye zidale ezo zivumba zeziqhamo kwibhiya.

Ukulungelelanisa i-pH isoloko ibhalansi ye-carbonates kunye ne-bicarbonates kwisisombululo; ngabo abamisela eli xabiso. Kodwa nalapha, akusiyo yonke into elula kakhulu, kuba ukongeza kwi-anions kukho iications.

Xa kusenziwa utywala, ii-mineral cations ezenza amanzi zihlulwe zibe ziikhemikhali ezisebenzayo kwaye zingasebenzi ngokwekhemikhali. Zonke iityuwa ze-calcium kunye ne-magnesium ziyi-cations esebenzayo ngokwemichiza: ngoko, ubukho be-calcium kunye ne-magnesium (kwaye ngendlela ye-sodium kunye ne-potassium) ngokuchasene nemvelaphi yesiqulatho esiphezulu se-carbonates yandisa i-pH, ngelixa i-calcium kunye ne-magnesium (apha sele sele ikhona). i-sodium kunye ne-potassium emoyeni) - kodwa ngokubambisana ne-sulfates kunye ne-chlorides, banciphisa i-pH. Ngokudlala ngokugxilwa kweecations kunye neeanions, unokufezekisa i-acidity efanelekileyo ye-medium. Ngelo xesha, abenzi botywala bathanda i-calcium ngaphezu kwe-magnesium: okokuqala, i-yeast flocculation inxulumene ne-calcium ion, kwaye okwesibini, xa ubulukhuni bexeshana bususwa ngokubilisa (kufana neketile), i-calcium carbonate iyancipha kwaye ingaba isusiwe, ngelixa i-magnesium carbonate iyancipha ngokucothayo kwaye, xa amanzi epholile, iyancipha ngokuyinxenye kwakhona.

Kodwa enyanisweni, i-calcium kunye ne-magnesium zizinto ezincinci. Ukuze ungalayishi kakhulu inqaku, ndiza kuhlanganisa nje ezinye zeempembelelo zokungcola kwe-ion emanzini kwizinto ezahlukeneyo zokuvelisa ibhiya kunye nomgangatho.

Ifuthe kwinkqubo yokwenziwa kwebhiya

• I-calcium ions - Zinzisa i-alpha-amylase kwaye yandise umsebenzi wayo, okukhokelela ekunyuseni kwe-extract isivuno. Bandisa umsebenzi we-proteolytic enzymes, ngenxa yalo mxholo we-nitrogen epheleleyo kunye ne-α-amine kwi-wort iyanda.
• Inqanaba lokunciphisa i-pH yewort ngexesha lokuxutywa, ukubilisa wort nge-hops kunye nokuvundiswa kuchongwa. Igwele flocculation kumiselwa. Ugxininiso lwe-ion oluchanekileyo luyi-45-55 mg / l ye-wort.
• I-Magnesium ions - Inxalenye ye-enzymes ye-glycolysis, i.e. iyimfuneko kokubini ukuvutshelwa kunye nokusasazwa kwegwele.
• I-Potassium ions - Ukuvuselela ukuveliswa kwegwele, yinxalenye yeenkqubo ze-enzyme kunye ne-ribosomes.
• I-Iron ions - Impembelelo engalunganga kwiinkqubo zokucola. Ugxininiso olukhulu kuno-0,2 mg/l lunokubangela ukuwohloka kwegwele.
• I-Manganese ion-Ibandakanywe njenge-cofactor kwi-yeast enzymes. Umxholo akufanele udlule i-0,2 mg / l.
• I-Ammonium ion-Inokubakho kuphela kumanzi amdaka. Ayamkelekanga kwaphela.
• Iiyoni zobhedu - Kwizigxina ezingaphezulu kwe-10 mg/l - zinetyhefu kwigwele. Inokuba yinto ye-mutagenic yegwele.
• I-Zinc ions - Kwi-concentration ye-0,1 - 0,2 mg / l, ivuselela ukwanda kwemvubelo. Kwiindawo eziphezulu zivimbela umsebenzi we-α-amylase.
• I-Chlorides-Yehlisa igwele lokutyabula. Kwinqanaba elingaphezulu kwe-500 mg / l, inkqubo yokuvutshelwa iyancipha.
• I-Hydrocarbonates - Kwiindawo eziphezulu zikhokelela ekunyuseni kwe-pH, kwaye ngenxa yoko ukuncipha komsebenzi we-amylolytic kunye ne-proteolytic enzymes, ukunciphisa isivuno sesicatshulwa. kunye negalelo ekwandiseni umbala wewort. Ukugxininiswa akufanele kudlule i-20 mg / l.
• I-Nitrates - Ifunyenwe kumanzi amdaka kugxininiso olukhulu kune-10 mg/l. Phambi kweebhaktheriya zentsapho ye-Enterbacteriaceae, i-ion ye-nitrite enetyhefu yenziwa.
• I-Silicates - Nciphisa umsebenzi wokuvutshelwa kwiindawo eziphezulu kune-10 mg / l. I-silicates ubukhulu becala ivela kwi-malt, kodwa ngamanye amaxesha, ngakumbi entwasahlobo, amanzi anokuba sisizathu sokunyuka kwabo kwibhiya.
• I-Fluorides - Ukuya kwi-10 mg / l ayinayo umphumo.

Impembelelo kwincasa yebhiya

• I-calcium ions - Nciphisa ukutsalwa kweetannins, ezinika ibhiya ubukrakra oburhabaxa kunye nencasa ye-astringent. Yehlisa ukusetyenziswa kwezinto ezikrakra kwiihops.
• I-Magnesium ions - Nika incasa ekrakra kwibhiya, evakala kuxinzelelo olungaphezulu kwe-15 mg/l.
• I-Sodium ions - Xa kugxininiswe ngaphezu kwe-150 mg / l, kubangela incasa enetyuwa. Ekugxininiseni kwe-75 ... 150 mg / l - banciphisa ukugcwala kokunambitha.
• Sulfates - Nika ibhiya i-astringency kunye nobukrakra, ibangela i-aftertaste. Kwinqanaba elingaphezulu kwe-400 mg / l, banika ibhiya "incasa eyomileyo" (hello, Guiness Draft!). Iyakwazi ukwandulela ukubunjwa kweencasa zesulfure kunye nezivumba ezinxulumene nomsebenzi wokosulela ii-microorganisms kunye negwele.
• I-Silicates - Ichaphazela incasa ngokungathanga ngqo.
• I-Nitrates - Ichaphazela kakubi inkqubo yokuvutshelwa kwinqanaba elingaphezulu kwe-25 mg / l. Amathuba okwenza i-nitrosamines enetyhefu.
• I-Chlorides - Nika ibhiya incasa efihlakeleyo kunye ne-sweet (ewe, ewe, kodwa ukuba akukho sodium). Ngoxinaniso lwe-ion malunga ne-300 mg / l, bonyusa ukugcwala kwencasa yebhiya kwaye bayinike incasa yemelon kunye nevumba.
• I-Iron ions - Xa umxholo webhiya ungaphezulu kwe-0,5 mg / l, zandisa umbala webhiya kunye ne-brown foam ibonakala. Inika ibhiya incasa yesinyithi.
• I-Manganese ion-Ifana nefuthe le-iron, kodwa inamandla kakhulu.
• Iiyoni zobhedu - Ichaphazela kakubi ukuzinza kwencasa. Ithambisa incasa yebhiya enesalfure.

Ifuthe kuzinzo lwe-colloidal (i-turbidity)

• I-Calcium ions-I-Precipitate oxalates, ngaloo ndlela inciphisa amathuba okuba ne-oxalate clouding kwibhiya. Zinyusa iprotein coagulation xa ibilisa wort nge hops. Banciphisa i-silicon extraction, enempembelelo enenzuzo kwi-colloidal stability yebhiya.
• I-Silicates - Ukunciphisa ukuzinza kwe-colloidal yebhiya ngenxa yokuqulunqwa kweekhompawundi ezingenayo i-calcium kunye ne-magnesium ion.
• I-Iron ions - Ukukhawulezisa iinkqubo ze-oxidative kwaye kubangele i-colloidal turbidity.
• Iiyoni zobhedu - Ichaphazela kakubi ukuzinza kwe-colloidal yebhiya, esebenza njenge-catalyst ye-oxidation ye-polyphenols.
• Iikloridi - Phucula uzinzo lwe-colloidal.

Ewe, injani? Enyanisweni, iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zebhiya zenziwa kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zehlabathi ngenxa, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ngamanzi ahlukeneyo. Abenzi botywala kwindawo ethile babevelisa iibhiya ezinempumelelo ezinencasa eyomeleleyo yemalt kunye nevumba elibi, ngoxa abenzi botywala kwenye bebesenza utywala obukhulu obunophawu olubonakalayo lwehop—konke oku kungenxa yokuba imimandla eyahlukeneyo yayinamanzi ahlukeneyo enza enye ibhiya ibengcono kunenye. Ngoku, umzekelo, ukubunjwa kwamanzi ebhiya kuthathwa njengeyona nto ifanelekileyo kule fomu:

Nangona kunjalo, kuyacaca ukuba kukho rhoqo ukuphambuka - kwaye ezi ziphambuko zihlala zinquma ukuba "iBaltika 3" esuka eSt. Petersburg ayikho "iBaltika 3" esuka eZaporozhye nonke.

Kunengqiqo ukuba nawaphi na amanzi asetyenziselwa ukuveliswa kwebhiya ahamba ngeendlela ezininzi zokulungiselela, kubandakanywa ukuhlalutya, ukuhluzwa kunye, ukuba kuyimfuneko, ukulungiswa kokubunjwa. Ngokuqhelekileyo, i-brewery iqhuba inkqubo yokulungiswa kwamanzi: amanzi afunyenwe ngendlela enye okanye enye ikhupha i-chlorine, utshintsho kwi-mineral composition kunye nokulungiswa kobunzima kunye ne-alkalinity. Awunakukhathazeka ngayo yonke le nto, kodwa ke-kwaye kuphela ukuba unethamsanqa ngokubunjwa okuqhelekileyo kwamanzi - i-brewery iya kukwazi ukwenza iintlobo ezininzi. Ngoko ke, ukubekwa esweni nokulungiswa kwamanzi KUHLALA kusenziwa.

Ubugcisa bezi mini, obunemali eyaneleyo, bubangela ukuba kufumaneke amanzi phantse ngazo naziphi na iimpawu ezinqwenelekayo. Isiseko sinokuba ngamanzi epompo yedolophu okanye amanzi atsalwe ngokuthe ngqo kumthombo wobugcisa. Kukwakho neemeko ezingaqhelekanga: isiselo esinxilisayo saseSweden, umzekelo, ibhiya evundiweyo kumanzi amdaka acociweyo, kunye namagcisa aseChile enza ibhiya esebenzisa amanzi aqokelelwe kwinkungu entlango. Kodwa kuyacaca ukuba kwimveliso yobuninzi, inkqubo yokucoca amanzi ebiza kakhulu ichaphazela iindleko zokugqibela - kwaye mhlawumbi yiloo nto i-Pilsner Urquell esele ikhankanyiwe ayiveliswanga kwenye indawo ngaphandle kwekhaya laseCzech Republic.

Ndicinga ukuba kwanele ukuba inxalenye yokuqala. Ukuba ibali lam liya kuba nomdla, kwinxalenye elandelayo siza kuthetha malunga nezithako ezibini ezinyanzelekileyo zebhiya, kwaye mhlawumbi enye yokuzikhethela, siya kuxubusha ukuba kutheni ibhiya ivumba ngokwahlukileyo, nokuba kukho "ukukhanya" kunye "nobumnyama", kwaye kwakhona chukumisa iileta ezingaqhelekanga OG, FG, IBU, ABV, EBC. Mhlawumbi kuya kubakho enye into, okanye mhlawumbi into engeke yenzeke, kodwa iya kubonakala kwinxalenye yesithathu, apho ndiceba ukuhamba ngokufutshane ngetekhnoloji, kwaye emva koko ndijongane neentsomi kunye neengcamango eziphosakeleyo malunga nebhiya, kubandakanywa nokuba " idiluted” kunye “nokuqina”, siza kuthetha malunga nokuba ungasela ibhiya ephelelwe lixesha.

Okanye mhlawumbi kuya kubakho inxalenye yesine... Ukhetho lolwakho, %username%!

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