Impazamo yabasindileyo

"Ukhuseleko" luphawu oluhle lwezinto ezimbi.
UMilton Friedman "Inkululeko Yokukhetha"

Lo mbhalo ufunyenwe ngenxa yokuhlalutya amagqabantshintshi athile kumanqaku "Njengeziphene" и "EzoQoqosho kunye namaLungelo oLuntu".

Xa betolika nayiphi na idatha baze bafikelele kwizigqibo, abanye abahlalutyi benza “impazamo yexhoba” eliqhelekileyo.

Yintoni umkhethe wexhoba? Oku kuthathelwa ingqalelo okwaziwayo nokutyeshela okungaziwayo kodwa okukhoyo.

Umzekelo “weendleko” zempazamo yomntu osindileyo kunye nomzekelo wokoyisa ngempumelelo le mpazamo ngumsebenzi wengcali yezibalo yaseHungary uAbraham Wald, owayesebenzela umkhosi waseMerika ebudeni beMfazwe Yehlabathi II.

Umyalelo wamisela u-Wald umsebenzi wokuhlalutya imingxuma kwiimbumbulu kunye ne-shrapnel kwiinqwelomoya zaseMelika kunye nokuphakamisa indlela yokubhukisha ukuze abaqhubi kunye neenqwelomoya bangafi.

Kwakungenakwenzeka ukusebenzisa izixhobo eziqhubekayo - inqwelomoya yayinzima kakhulu. Kwakuyimfuneko nokuba kugcinwe ezo ndawo apho kukho umonakalo, apho iimbumbulu zibethe khona, okanye ezo ndawo apho kungekho monakalo. Abachasi bakaWald bacebise ukuba kugcinwe izihlalo ezonakeleyo (ziphawulwe ngamachaphaza abomvu emfanekisweni).

UWald wachasa. Uthe iinqwelomoya ezinomonakalo onjalo zikwazile ukubuya, ngelixa iinqwelomoya ezinomonakalo kwezinye iindawo zingakwazi ukubuya. Umbono kaWald uphumelele. Iinqwelomoya zazibhukishwe apho kungekho monakalo kwinqwelomoya ebuyayo. Ngenxa yoko, inani leenqwelomoya ezisindileyo landa kakhulu. Ngokutsho kwezinye iingxelo, uWald usindise ubomi bamalunga nama-30% abaqhubi beenqwelomoya baseMelika ngale ndlela. (Inokuba andilunganga malunga namanani, kodwa isiphumo besibaluleke kakhulu. UWald usindise amakhulukhulu obomi).

Omnye umzekeliso “wobuxoki bexhoba” yingxelo kaCicero yamazwi kaDiagoras waseMelos, owathi, ekuphenduleni impikiswano exhasa izibhambathiso zoothixo, kuba kukho “imifanekiso eqingqiweyo yosindiso lwabantu ababanjiweyo.” kuqhwithela waza wenza isifungo koothixo ukuba benze isifungo esithile,” waphendula wathi, “noko ke, akukho mifanekiso iqingqiweyo yabo bafela elwandle ngenxa yokwaphukelwa yinqanawa.”

Kwaye "impazamo yabasindileyo" yokuqala kumazwana kwinqaku "Njengeziphene" kukuba asazi ukuba zingaphi iimbono ezilungileyo, eziluncedo, eziqaqambileyo, indalo, izinto eziqanjiweyo, imisebenzi yesayensi yangcwatywa "ngokungathandwa", "ukungahoywa" kunye "nokuvalwa".

Ndiza kucaphula amazwi kaMnu. @Sen: “Akukho mntu waziyo ukuba zingaphi na izimvo ezilungileyo ezipapashiweyo, ezingapapashwanga, aziphuhliswanga ngenxa yokoyika ukuvalwa umlomo. Kwakukho iinzame ezininzi eziye zaphela ngokuzolileyo kunye nombhali evaliwe, naye. Into ebonakalayo ngoku kukuba zininzi kangakanani iingcamango eziphumelelayo eziye zaqondwa ngokukhawuleza okanye emva kwexesha, nokuba zingaphi ezingaphumelelanga ezingaqondwayo. Ukuba uthembele kuphela kwinto ebonakalayo, ewe, yonke into ilungile. "

Oku kuyinyaniso kuyo nayiphi na inkqubo yokulinganisa ngokusekelwe kwizinto ezikhethwa sisininzi. Nokuba yinzululwazi, inethiwekhi yoluntu, iinjini zokukhangela, izizwe zamandulo, amaqela enkolo okanye olunye uluntu.

“Ukuvalwa umlomo” kunye “nokungathandi” akusoloko kusenzeka ngenxa “yenjongo embi.” Ukusabela "komsindo" kwinto entsha nengaqhelekanga yindlela yokusabela ngokwasemzimbeni nangokwengqondo ebizwa ngokuba ligama elithi "cognitive dissonance" - luphawu nje lweentlobo zeHomo sapiens, kwaye ayisiyonto yalo naliphi na iqela. Kodwa iqela ngalinye linokuba nezinto zalo ezicaphukisayo. Kwaye "entsha" kwaye "engaqhelekanga ngakumbi", kokukhona ingqumbo, inamandla ngakumbi i-dissonance. Kwaye kufuneka ulawule ingqondo yakho kakuhle ukuze ungahlaseli "umenzi wenkathazo." Nto leyo, nangona kunjalo, ayimthetheleli kwaphela umxhasi. "Umphazamisi" kuphela "unomsindo," ngelixa izenzo zomhlaseli zijolise ekutshatyalalisweni.

Impazamo yomntu osindileyo nayo inokufumaneka kwizimvo kwinqaku. "EzoQoqosho kunye namaLungelo oLuntu". Kwaye ichaphazela ukuqinisekiswa kwamachiza.

Ngezantsi ndiza kunika isicatshulwa esikhulu kwincwadi ethi "Inkululeko yokuKhetha" nguNobel laureate kwezoqoqosho uMilton Friedman, kodwa okwangoku ndiza kuqaphela ukuba inani elikhulu lezilingo zeklinikhi, izatifikethi kunye nezinye izinto ngenxa yesizathu esithile aziqinisekisi bonke abantu. ukuba ugonywe, thatha i-antibiotics emiselweyo kunye namahomoni. Ezo. Ilayisensi kunye nesatifikethi "ayisebenzi" kule meko. Kwangaxeshanye, baninzi kakhulu abantu abasebenzisa izongezo zokutya okanye i-homeopathy, engeyiyo (ukuyibeka kancinci) phantsi kolawulo olunzima njengamayeza. Baninzi abantu abakhetha ukubhenela kumagqirha namaxhwele, endaweni yokuya egqirheni basele “chemistry”, eneelayisenisi, iziqinisekiso kwaye ephumelele ulawulo kunye novavanyo oluninzi.

Ixabiso lesigqibo esinjalo linokuba phezulu kakhulu - ukusuka ekukhubazekeni ukuya ekufeni. Ukufa ngokukhawuleza. Ixesha apho isigulane sichitha unyango kunye nezongezo zokutya, ukutyeshela i-chemistry kunye nokutyelela ugqirha, kubangela ithuba elilahlekileyo lokunyanga isifo kwisigaba sokuqala, esibizwa ngokuba. "isithuba esicacileyo".

Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuba ngaphambi kokuba iyeza lithunyelwe "kwisatifikethi", inkampani yoxubo mayeza yenza ezininzi iimvavanyo kunye nolawulo lwayo, kubandakanywa. esidlangalaleni.

Isiqinisekiso siphinda le nkqubo kuphela. Ngaphezu koko, kwilizwe ngalinye yonke into iphinda iphindwe, ekugqibeleni inyuse ixabiso leyeza kumthengi.

Oku yayikukuphambuka okuncinci kwisihloko. Ngoku, ukufinyeza kakhulu, ndicaphula uMilton Friedman.

«Ukulungelelanisa imisebenzi edibeneyo yokunceda abantu ayifuni ukungenelela kwamandla angaphandle, ukunyanzeliswa okanye ukuthintela inkululeko ... Kukho ngoku ubungqina obuninzi bokuba imisebenzi yolawulo ye-FDA iyingozi, ukuba yenze umonakalo omkhulu ngokuthintela inkqubela ekuvelisweni nasekuhanjisweni kwamachiza aluncedo kunokuba ilungile ngokukhusela imarike kumachiza ayingozi nangasebenziyo.
Impembelelo yoLawulo lokuTya kunye neDrugs (i-FDA) kwizinga lokuqaliswa kwamachiza amatsha ibaluleke kakhulu ... ngoku kuthatha ixesha elide ukufumana ichiza elitsha elivunyiweyo kwaye, ngokuyinxenye ngenxa yoko, iindleko zokuphuhlisa amachiza amatsha. ziye zanda ngokukhawuleza ... ukwazisa imveliso entsha kwimarike kufuneka uchithe i-54 yezigidi zeedola kunye malunga neminyaka eyi-8, i.e. kukho ukunyuka kweendleko ngokuphindwe kane kunye nokunyuka kwexesha eliphindwe kane xa kuthelekiswa nokunyuka okuphindwe kabini kumaxabiso. Ngenxa yoko, iinkampani zamayeza zase-US azisakwazi ukwenza amayeza amatsha okunyanga izigulane ezinezifo ezinqabileyo. Ukongeza, asinakukwazi ukusebenzisa ngokupheleleyo inzuzo yangaphandle, kuba i-Arhente ayibamkeli ubungqina obuvela phesheya njengobungqina bokusebenza kwamachiza.

Ukuba uhlolisisa ixabiso lonyango lwamayeza angekaziswa eUnited States kodwa afumanekayo eNgilani, ngokomzekelo, uya kudibana neqela leemeko apho abaguli baye bathwaxwa kukungabi namayeza. Ngokomzekelo, kukho amayeza abizwa ngokuba zii-beta blockers anokuthintela ukufa ngenxa yokuhlaselwa sisifo sentliziyo—okwesibini kukuthintela ukufa ngenxa yesifo sentliziyo—ukuba la mayeza ebekho eUnited States. babenokusindisa ubomi obumalunga namawaka alishumi ngonyaka...

Umphumo ongathanga ngqo wesigulane kukuba izigqibo zonyango, ezazifudula ziphakathi kogqirha kunye nesigulane, zisanda kwenziwa kwinqanaba likazwelonke ngamakomiti eengcali. KuLawulo lokuTya kunye neDrugs, ukuphepha umngcipheko yeyona nto iphambili kwaye, ngenxa yoko, sinamachiza akhuselekileyo, kodwa awekho asebenzayo.

Akumangalisi ukuba uLawulo lokuTya kunye neDrugs, ngaphandle kweenjongo zalo ezilungileyo, lusebenza ukudimaza uphuhliso kunye nokuthengiswa kwamachiza amatsha kunye anokuba luncedo.

Zibeke ezihlangwini zegosa le-FDA elinoxanduva lokuvuma okanye ukungawamkeli iyeza elitsha. Unokwenza iimpazamo ezimbini:

1. Vuma iyeza, enesiphumo esingalindelekanga esinokubangela ukufa okanye ukuwohloka okunzulu kwempilo yabantu abaninzi ngokwentelekiso.

2. Ukwala ukuvuma ichiza, enokusindisa ubomi babantu abaninzi okanye ithobe ukubandezeleka okukhulu kwaye ingabi namiphumo mibi.

Ukuba wenza impazamo yokuqala kwaye uyavuma, igama lakho liya kuvela kumaphepha angaphambili awo onke amaphephandaba. uya kudana kakhulu; Ukuba wenze impazamo yesibini, ngubani oza kwazi? Inkampani yoxubo-mayeza ekhuthaza iyeza elitsha elinokugatywa njengomzekelo woosomashishini ababawayo abaneentliziyo zelitye? Ngaba oosokhemesti abambalwa abanomsindo kunye noogqirha baphuhlisa kwaye bavavanya iyeza elitsha?

Izigulane ebezinokusindiswa ubomi babo azisayi kukwazi ukuqhankqalaza. Iintsapho zabo aziyi kwazi nokuba abantu ababakhathaleleyo baphulukene nobomi babo ngenxa “yengqiqo” yegosa elingaziwayo loLawulo lokuTya kunye neziyobisi.

Nokuba ngezona njongo zintle ehlabathini, ubuya kuvala amachiza amaninzi alungileyo ngokungazi okanye ulibazise ukuvunywa kwawo ukunqanda nokuba nethuba elikude lokuvumela iyeza lingene emarikeni eliya kuba nesiphumo esisecaleni sokwenza iintloko...
Umonakalo obangelwa yimisebenzi yoLawulo lokuTya kunye neZiyobisi awubangelwa kukungaphumeleli kwabantu abakwizikhundla zoxanduva. Uninzi lwabo ngabasebenzi bakarhulumente abanobuchule nabazinikeleyo. Noko ke, ingcinezelo yezentlalo, yezobupolitika neyezoqoqosho imisela indlela abantu abaziphatha ngayo isebe likarhulumente ngaphezu kokuba bona bemisela indlela eliziphatha ngayo. Kukho izinto ezingafaniyo, ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo, kodwa ziphantse zanqabile njengeekati ezikhonkothayo. " Ukuphela kwesicatshulwa.

Ngaloo ndlela, “impazamo yalowo usindileyo” ekuhloleni ukusebenza kwequmrhu elilawulayo “ixabisa” ubomi babantu abali-10000 XNUMX ngonyaka ngechiza nje elinye kwilizwe elinye. Ubungakanani bayo yonke inxalenye engabonakaliyo yale “iceberg” kunzima ukuqikelela. Kwaye, mhlawumbi, iyoyikisa.

“Izigulana ebezinokusindiswa ubomi bazo azisayi kuphinda zivakalise uqhankqalazo lwazo. Iintsapho zabo aziyi kwazi nokuba abantu ababathandayo baphulukana nobomi babo ngenxa “yesilumkiso” segosa elingaziwayo.. Akukho namnye umenzi ongakhathaliyo oye wenza umonakalo onjalo kubantu abangoogxa bakhe.

Phakathi kwezinye izinto, inkonzo yesiqinisekiso ibiza kakhulu kubahlawuli berhafu. Ezo. kubo bonke abahlali. Ngokwezibalo zikaMilton Friedman, isabelo "sokudliwa" ngamagosa alawula iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zentlalo e-United States malunga nesiqingatha semali yerhafu eyabelwe izibonelelo ezahlukeneyo zentlalo. Esi siqingatha sichithwa kwimivuzo kunye nezinye iindleko zamagosa asuka kulwabiwo lwentlalo kunye nenkqubo yolawulo. Naliphi na ishishini laliza kubhanga kwakudala ngeendleko ezinjalo ezingenamveliso.

Oku kuyafana nokuhlawula i-weyitala yenkonzo embi kwindawo yokutyela ingcebiso elingana neendleko zesidlo sangokuhlwa. Okanye hlawulela ukupakishwa kweemveliso kwivenkile enkulu kwisixa seendleko zazo ezipheleleyo kuphela ngenxa yokuba ziya kupakishwa kuwe.

Ubukho begosa kwityathanga lomenzi-impahla-umthengi okanye inkonzo-umthengi iphinda kabini ixabiso layo nayiphi na imveliso kunye nenkonzo. Ezo. Nawuphi na umvuzo womntu unokuthenga iimpahla neenkonzo ngokuphindwe kabini ukuba igosa alibandakanyekanga kulawulo lwezi mpahla neenkonzo.
Kunjengokuba iJaji uLouis Brandeis yatshoyo: “Amava afundisa ukuba inkululeko ifuna ukukhuselwa ngokukhethekileyo xa urhulumente ejoliswe kwiinjongo eziyingenelo.”

Ukukhutshwa kwelayisensi, kunye nezinye iindlela ezinqandayo zokulawula (ukudakumba) uqoqosho, azintsha kwaphela kwaye zaziwa ukususela kwi-Middle Ages. Zonke iindidi zemibutho, i-castes, i-estates ayikho enye into ngaphandle kwelayisensi kunye nesiqinisekiso, esiguqulelwe kulwimi lwanamhlanje. Kwaye injongo yabo ibisoloko ifana - ukunciphisa ukhuphiswano, ukunyusa amaxabiso, ukwandisa ingeniso "yabo" kunye nokuthintela "abangaphandle" ukuba bangene. Ezo. ucalucalulo olufanayo kunye nesivumelwano se-banal cartel, umgangatho ombi kunye nokunyuka kwamaxabiso kubathengi.

Mhlawumbi kufuneka siphume ngandlela thile kumaXesha Aphakathi? Yinkulungwane yama-21.

Iingozi ezindleleni zibangelwa ngabaqhubi abanamalungelo kunye namaphepha-mvume. Iimpazamo zonyango zenziwe ngoogqirha abaqinisekisiweyo kunye nabanelayisensi. Ootitshala abanelayisenisi nabaqinisekisiweyo bafundisa kakubi kwaye babangela ukwenzakala ngokwasengqondweni kubafundi. Kwangaxeshanye, amaxhwele, ii-homeopaths, ii-shamans kunye nee-charlatans zilawula ngokugqibeleleyo ngaphandle kweelayisenisi kunye neemviwo kwaye ziphumelele kakuhle, zihamba ngeshishini labo, zisanelisa imfuno yabemi.

Kwangaxeshanye, zonke ezi mvume kunye neemvume zondla amagosa amaninzi angavelisi naziphi na iimpahla okanye iinkonzo eziluncedo kubemi, kodwa ngesizathu esithile enelungelo lokugqibezela ummi apho anokufumana khona unyango aze afunde ngeerhafu zakhe.

Umntu unokumangaliswa kukuba, nangona i-prohibitive vector yomsebenzi wamagosa, iinkampani zamachiza zisakwazi ukubhalisa amayeza amaninzi kwinkulungwane yama-20 eyasindisa izigidi zabantu.

Kwaye umntu ungothuswa kukuba mangaphi na amachiza angazange aphuhliswe, ayengabhaliswanga, kwaye ayegqalwa njengengathembisiyo ngokwezoqoqosho ngenxa yeendleko eziphezulu kunye nobude benkqubo yokukhutshwa kwelayisensi. Iyothusa indlela abantu abaninzi abaye baphulukana ngayo nobomi babo nempilo yabo ngenxa yezenzo ezithintelayo zamagosa.

Kwangaxeshanye, ubukho benani elikhulu lelayisenisi, ukulawula, ukongamela kunye nokuhlawuliswa kwamagosa kunye nabasemagunyeni akhange banciphise inani le-charlatans, amayeza esintu, zonke iintlobo ze-panaceas kunye neepilisi zomlingo. Ezinye zazo ziveliswa phantsi kwengubo yezongezo zokutya, ezinye zisasazwa ngokudlula naziphi na iikhemesti, iivenkile kunye nabasemagunyeni.

Ngaba kufuneka siqhubeke sityhala indlela engalunganga yokukhutshwa kweelayisenisi kunye nommiselo? Andiqondi.

Ukuba ubuchopho bomfundi ohloniphekileyo weqhawe oye walifunda inqaku ukuya ekupheleni ayikavuthi kunye nobundlobongela bokungazinzi kwengqondo, ngoko ndifuna ukucebisa iincwadi ezine ze "priming", ezibhalwe ngolwimi olulula kakhulu kwaye zitshabalalisa iintsomi ezininzi malunga ne-capitalism, i-survivor's. impazamo, uqoqosho kunye nolawulo lukarhulumente. Ezi ziincwadi: UMilton Friedman "Inkululeko yokukhetha" Ayn Rand "Ubungxowankulu. "Umbono ongaqhelekanga" USteven Levitt "Freakonomics" UMalcolm Gladwell "Iingcali kunye nabangaphandle" UFrederic Bastia "Yintoni ebonakalayo kunye nengabonakaliyo."
А apha Elinye inqaku malunga “nempazamo yexhoba” liposiwe.

Imizekeliso: McGeddon, Sergey Elkin, Akrolesta.

PS Bafundi abathandekayo, ndiyanicela ukuba nikhumbule ukuba “Isitayile se-polemic sibaluleke ngaphezu komxholo we-polemic. Izinto ziyatshintsha, kodwa isitayile sidala impucuko. ” (uGrigory Pomerantz). Ukuba khange ndiphendule kuluvo lwakho, kukho into engalunganga ngesitayile sakho.

Ukongezwa.
Ndiyaxolisa kumntu wonke obhale i-sensible comment khange ndiphendule. Inyani kukuba omnye wabasebenzisi ungene kumkhwa wokuthoba izimvo zam. Yonke. Ngokukhawuleza xa kubonakala. Oku kundithintela ekufumaneni "intlawulo" kunye nokubeka i-plus kwi-karma kunye nokuphendula abo babhala izimvo ezinengqiqo.
Kodwa ukuba usafuna ukufumana impendulo kwaye uxoxe ngenqaku, ungandibhalela umyalezo wabucala. Ndiyabaphendula.

IsiHlomelo sesi-2.
"Impazamo yabasindileyo" usebenzisa eli nqaku njengomzekelo.
Njengoko kubhaliwe, inqaku linemibono ye-33,9k kunye ne-141 izimvo.
Masicinge ukuba uninzi lwazo aluchanekanga kwinqaku.
Ezo. Eli nqaku lafundwa ngabantu abangama-33900. Ungxoliswe 100. 339 amaxesha ngaphantsi.
Ezo. Ukuba sihlanganisa ngokucokisekileyo kunye neengcinga, ngoko umbhali akanalo idatha kwizimvo zabafundi abangama-33800, kodwa kuphela kwizimvo zabafundi abayi-100 (enyanisweni, nangaphantsi, kuba abanye abafundi bashiya izimvo ezininzi).
Kwaye umbhali wenza ntoni, oko kukuthi. ndifunda izimvo? Ndenza "impazamo yexhoba." Ndihlalutya kuphela ikhulu "i-minuses", ngokupheleleyo (ngokwengqondo) indiva into yokuba ezi zi-0,3% kuphela zeembono. Kwaye ngokusekelwe kule 0,3%, engaphakathi kwempazamo yamanani, ndiphetha ukuba andizange ndilithande inqaku. Ndikhathazekile, ngaphandle kokuba nesizathu esincinci soku, ukuba ucinga ngengqiqo kwaye kungekhona ngokweemvakalelo.
Oko. “Ubuxoki bomsindisi” abukho nje kuphela kwicandelo lemathematika, kodwa kwakhona kwinkalo yenzululwazi yengqondo kunye ne-neurophysiology, eyenza ukubhaqwa nokulungiswa kwayo kube “ngumsebenzi obuhlungu” wobuchopho bomntu.

IsiHlomelo sesi-3.
Nangona oku kungaphaya kwemida yeli nqaku, kuba umba wolawulo lomgangatho weziyobisi uxoxiwe ngamandla kwizimvo, ndiphendula wonke umntu kwangoko.
Enye indlela kulawulo lukarhulumente inokuba kukudala iilebhu zengcaphephe zabucala eziya kuthi zijonge umgangatho wamayeza, zikhuphisane. (Kwaye iilabhoratri ezinjalo, imibutho, imibutho kunye namaziko sele ekhona ehlabathini).
Iza kunika ntoni? Okokuqala, kuya kuphelisa urhwaphilizo, kuba kuya kuhlala kukho ithuba lokuphinda uhlolisise kwaye uphikise idatha yoviwo olukhohlakeleyo. Okwesibini, iya kukhawuleza kwaye ingabizi. Kuba nje ishishini labucala lihlala lisebenza ngakumbi kuneshishini likarhulumente. Okwesithathu, i-laboratory yeengcali iya kuthengisa iinkonzo zayo, oku kuthetha ukuba iya kuba noxanduva lomgangatho, imigaqo, amaxabiso.Konke oku kuya kunciphisa ngokudibeneyo iindleko zamachiza ekhemesti. Okwesine, ukuba iphakheji ayinaphawu kuvavanyo kwilebhu yengcali yabucala ezimeleyo, okanye ezimbini okanye ezintathu, ngoko ke umthengi uya kuqonda ukuba iyeza alivavanywanga. Okanye wavavanywa amaxesha amaninzi. Kwaye uya "kuvota nge-ruble yakhe" kule nto okanye loo menzi weyeza.

IsiHlomelo sesi-4.
Ndicinga ukuba kubalulekile ukuthathela ingqalelo ixhoba xa uyila i-AI, ii-algorithms zokufunda ngomatshini, njl.
Ezo. kubandakanywa kwinkqubo yoqeqesho kungekhona nje imizekelo eyaziwayo, kodwa kunye ne-delta ethile, mhlawumbi kunye neemodeli zethiyori "enokwenzeka engaziwayo".
Ukusebenzisa umzekelo we-AI "umzobo", oku kunokuba, ngokwemiqathango, "van Gogh + delta", ngoko ngexabiso elikhulu le-delta, umatshini uya kudala ifayile esekelwe kwi-van Gogh, kodwa ihluke ngokupheleleyo kuye.
Uqeqesho olufanayo lunokuba njalo luncedo apho kukho ukungabikho kwedatha: iyeza, i-genetics, i-quantum physics, i-astronomy, njl.
(Ndiyaxolisa ukuba ndiyichazile "ngobugwenxa").

Qaphela (ngethemba lokugqibela)
Kuwo wonke umntu ofunde kude kube sekupheleni - "Enkosi." Ndivuya kakhulu ukubona "iibhukhimaksi" kunye "nemibono" yakho.

umthombo: www.habr.com