Kungekudala, imboni yomculo "yayiyiklabhu evaliweyo." Kwakunzima ukungena, kwaye incasa yoluntu yayilawulwa liqela elincinci. "ukhanyiselwe»iingcali.
Kodwa unyaka nonyaka uluvo lwe-elites luba luncinci kwaye lungabalulekanga, kwaye abagxeki bathatyathelw' indawo ngoluhlu lokudlala kunye ne-algorithms. Makhe sikuxelele ukuba kwenzeka njani.
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Ishishini lomculo ngaphambi kwenkulungwane ye-19
Ixesha elide, kwihlabathi lomculo laseYurophu kwakungekho mithetho, i-hierarchy kunye nokwahlula kwiingcali esiziqhelileyo. Kwakungekho nomzekelo wethu wesiqhelo wemfundo yomculo. Indima yezikolo zomculo yayidla ngokudlalwa ziicawa, apho abantwana bafunda phantsi kolwalathiso lwe-organism - yile ndlela uBach oneminyaka elishumi ubudala wafumana ngayo imfundo yakhe.
Igama elithi "Conservatory" lavela ngenkulungwane ye-16 kwaye lithetha , apho abafundi babefundiswa umculo. IiConservatories ezihlangabezana nengcaciso yanamhlanje yeli gama - kunye nokhuphiswano lokungena, inkqubo yemfundo ecacileyo kunye nethemba lomsebenzi - zisasazeke kulo lonke elaseYurophu kuphela ngenkulungwane ye-19.
Kangangexesha elide, ukuqamba kwakungeyondawo ibalaseleyo. Uninzi lwabafundi beklasikhi abadumileyo ngoku baphila njengabadlali, ababhexeshi kunye nootitshala.
Ngaphambi kokuba uMendelssohn avakalise umculo kaBach, umqambi wayekhunjulwa ngokuyintloko njengomfundisi obalaseleyo.
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Abona bathengi bakhulu bomculo yayiyicawa kunye nezihandiba. Eyokuqala yayifuna imisebenzi yokomoya, eyesibini yayifuna ezona lisayo. Yayingabo ababelawula ukuba nguwuphi na umculo ophulaphula ukukhanya - nokuba bona babenesimo sengqondo esinzulu kumculo.
Ngaphezu koko, ngelo xesha umjikelo wobomi bento nganye, ngokwemigangatho yanamhlanje, wawumfutshane kakhulu. “Iimvumi zomculo we<em>rock” ngoko zaziziingcungela—iimvumi ezikhenkethayo ezazibonisa ubuchule obubalaseleyo. Bahlaziya uluhlu lwabo lweengoma rhoqo ngonyaka - imisebenzi emitsha bekulindeleke kubo kwisizini entsha.
Kungenxa yoko, njani Unjingalwazi waseCambridge kunye nomdlali wepiyano uJohn Rink, kwisincoko sakhe esiphuma kwingqokelela ethi “Imbali yoMculo yaseCambridge,” abaqambi babedla ngokuwahlulahlula umsebenzi wabo waba “ziingoma” zexeshana leengoma zabadlali bekonsathi nokudlala ixesha elide “kokungaboliyo.” Imveliso yomculo kulo mxholo ifakwe kumgca wendibano.
Ukuzalwa komculo wezemfundo
Ulungelelwaniso olumiselweyo lwaqalisa ukutshintsha ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-18 neye-19, xa kwatshintsha isimo sengqondo sabantu abafundileyo baseYurophu ngomculo. Ndiyabulela kwiindlela zothando, ingcamango . Abaphezulu baqala ukubona kwinkcubeko yezixhobo zaseYurophu into epheleleyo, eyahlukileyo kwiindlela zokutshintsha ifashoni.
Kule mihla sibiza le ndlela yokufundisa umculo.
Njengawo nawuphi na umsebenzi obalaseleyo, umculo “ophakamileyo” wawufuna iinkqubo ezaziza kuwugcina nokukhusela ubunyulu bawo. Oku kwenziwa ngabaxhasi abazizityebi bezobugcisa (ukusuka kwizidwangube noosomashishini ukuya kookumkani), aba iye yaba newonga ngakumbi kunangaphambili.
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Kwakuyimali yabo ukuba amaziko emfundo kunye namaziko enkcubeko akhiwe, ngoku angundoqo wehlabathi lomculo weklasikhi. Ngaloo ndlela, i-elite ayizange ikhusele kuphela indawo yayo kwinkcubeko yomculo yaseYurophu, kodwa iphinde ilawule ukuphuhliswa kwayo.
Ukugxekwa komculo kunye nobuntatheli
Amaphephandaba okuqala apapasha uphononongo lwemisebenzi yomculo nawo aqala ukupapashwa ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-18 - malunga nexesha elinye lokuvela kweendawo zolondolozo lwendalo, imibutho yephilharmonic kunye nezikolo zomculo esiziqhelileyo. Ukuba amaziko emfundo abeka umqobo wokwenza nokuqulunqa umgangatho, abagxeki bayathandabuza.
Umsebenzi wabo wokwahlula okungunaphakade kwi-transitory wagxininisa ukungabikho kwexesha lomculo ophezulu kwisithethe sezemfundo. Kwangenkulungwane yamashumi amabini, umdlali wesiginkci uFrank Zappa waphawula ukuba “ukuthetha ngomculo kufana nokudanisa ngokwakha.” Kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo kufanelekile.
Ukugxekwa koMculo kuneengcambu zako kwi-musicology, aesthetics kunye nefilosofi. Ukuze ubhale uphononongo oluhle, kufuneka ube nolwazi kuzo zontathu iinkalo. Umgxeki kufuneka aqonde imiba yobugcisa bomsebenzi womculi kunye nomqambi, enze izigwebo zobuhle kwaye azive uxhulumaniso lomsebenzi kunye "ngokupheleleyo" - ngaphaya kwezinto ezicacileyo. Konke oku kwenza ukugxekwa komculo kube lolona hlobo lukhethekileyo.
Kungekudala emva kokuvela kwayo, ukugxekwa komculo kwaphuma kupapasho olukhethekileyo ukuya kumaphepha oshicilelo oludumileyo - abahlalutyi bomculo bakwazile ukuzibonakalisa njengenxalenye yenkcubeko yobuntatheli. Phambi kokwanda kwesandi esirekhodiweyo, iintatheli zomculo zaphonononga iimidlalo, ngakumbi iipremiere.
Indlela abasabela ngayo abagxeki kwipremiere yengoma inokugqiba ikamva layo. Ngokomzekelo, emva I-symphony yokuqala kaRachmaninov kumaphepha epapasho laseSt. Petersburg elithi "News and Exchange Newspaper", umsebenzi awuzange wenziwe de kwafa umqambi.
Ukunikezelwa kwesidingo sokuqonda icala lobugcisa lokuqamba, indima yabagxeki yayidla ngokudlalwa ngabaqambi bomculo ngokwabo. Uphononongo olukhankanywe ngasentla lubhalwe ngu - Ilungu le "Mighty Handful". Kwakhona babedume ngophononongo lwabo kunye noSchumann.
Ubuntatheli bomculo baba yinto ebalulekileyo kumculo omtsha we-ecosystem yenkulungwane ye-19. Kwaye njengeminye imiba yeli "shishini" litsha, nalo lalilawulwa ngabantu abafundileyo, abakhethekileyo abanemigangatho yemfundo.
Kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini imeko iya kutshintsha kakhulu: I-Elites iya kutshintshwa buchwephesha, abaqambi-abagxeki bathatyathelwa indawo ziintatheli zomculo oqeqeshiweyo kunye nee-DJs.
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Siza kuthetha ngezinto ezibangel’ umdla ezenzekayo ngokugxekwa komculo ebudeni beli xesha kwinqaku lethu elilandelayo. Siza kuzama ukuyilungiselela ngokukhawuleza.
PS Uthotho lwethu lwamva nje lwemathiriyeli “».
umthombo: www.habr.com