"Ngolunye usuku ebomini be-squirrel" okanye ukusuka kwimodeli yenkqubo ukuya kuyilo lwenkqubo yokubala ubutyebi obuzenzekelayo "i-Belka-1.0" (Icandelo 1)
“Inomatse” inantoni yakwenza nayo?
Ndiza kuchaza ngokukhawuleza ukuba yintoni "i-squirrel" enxulumene nayo. Ukufumana iiprojekthi ezimnandi kwi-Intanethi zokufunda i-UML esekwe kwisifundo esibolekwe kwiintsomi (umzekelo, [1]), ndaye ndagqiba ekubeni ndilungiselele umzekelo ofanayo kubafundi bam ukuze bafunde iintlobo ezintathu kuphela zemizobo ukuqala: Idayagram yoMsebenzi, uMzobo wokusetyenziswa kunye neDiyagram yeKlasi. Andiwaguquleli ngabom amagama emizobo kwisiRashiya ukunqanda iingxabano malunga "nobunzima bokuguqulela." Ndiza kucacisa ukuba yintoni na kamva. Kulo mzekelo ndisebenzisa isakhelo se-Enterprise Architect esivela kwinkampani yase-Australia [2] - isixhobo esihle ngexabiso elifanelekileyo. Kwaye njengenxalenye yeeseshoni zam zoqeqesho ndisebenzisa [3], isixhobo esihle sasimahla sokuyila esijolise kwinto exhasa i-UML2.0 kunye nemigangatho yeBPMN, ngaphandle kweentsimbi ezingeyomfuneko kunye neempempe ngokwesakhono sokubonwayo, kodwa ngokwaneleyo ngokwaneleyo ukufunda iziseko zolwimi.
Siza kwenza ngokuzenzekelayo umsebenzi wokubalwa kwezinto eziphathekayo, ezivela kwezi nkqubo.
...
Isiqithi silele elwandle, (E1, E2)
Kukho isichotho esiqithini (E3, E1)
Kunye neecawa ezilawulwa yigolide, (E4)
Neenqaba nemiyezo; (E5, E6)
Umthi wespruce ukhula phambi kwebhotwe, (E7, E8)
Kwaye ngaphantsi kwayo yindlu yekristale; (E9)
Unomatse ohlala apho, (A1)
Ewe, olunjani lona ulonwabo! (A1)
Unomatse ucula iingoma, (P1, A1)
Ewe, uqhubeka edla amandongomane, (P2)
Kodwa amandongomane ayilula, (C1)
Onke amaqokobhe anegolide, (C2)
Undoqo yi-emeraldi ecocekileyo; (C3)
Izicaka zigada unomatse, (P3, A2)
Bamkhonza njengezicaka ezahlukeneyo (P4)
Kwaye kwabelwa umabhalane (A3)
Ingxelo engqongqo yamandongomane ziindaba; (P5, C1)
Umkhosi uyambulisa; (P6, A4)
Ingqekembe igalelwa kumaqokobhe, (P7, C2, C4)
Mabajikeleze ihlabathi; (P8)
Amantombazana agalela i-emerald (P9, A5, C3)
koovimba nangaphantsi; (E10, E11)
...
(A.S. Pushkin "Ibali leTsar Saltan, iqhawe lakhe elizukileyo nelinamandla, iNkosana uGuidon Saltanovich kunye neNkosana enhle yaseNkosana", -Iminyaka eyi-10 ukusuka kwingcinga ukuya kupapasho, ngendlela!)
Kancinci malunga neekhowudi ezibhaliweyo ngasekunene kwemigca. “A” (ukusuka “kuMyili”) kuthetha ukuba umgca uqulethe ulwazi malunga nomthathi-nxaxheba kwinkqubo. "C" (ukusuka "kwiKlasi") - ulwazi malunga nezinto zeklasi ezicutshungulwayo ngexesha lokwenziwa kweenkqubo. "E" (ukusuka kwi "Environment") - ulwazi malunga nezinto zeklasi ezibonisa indawo engqongileyo yokuphumeza iinkqubo. "P" (ukusuka kwi "Process") - ulwazi malunga neenkqubo ngokwazo.
Ngendlela, inkcazo echanekileyo yenkqubo iphinda ithi yimbangela yeengxabano zendlela, ukuba kuphela ngenxa yokuba kukho iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo: ishishini, imveliso, iteknoloji, njl. kwaye nangokunjalo. (unokufumanisa, umzekelo, [4] kunye [5]). Ukuze siphephe impikiswano, masivume ukuba Sinomdla kwinkqubo ukusuka kwindawo yokujonga ukuphindaphinda kwayo ngokuhamba kwexesha kunye nesidingo sokuzenzekelayo, o.k. ukudlulisela ukuphunyezwa kwayo nayiphi na inxalenye yemisebenzi yenkqubo kwi-automated system.
Amanqaku okusebenzisa umzobo woMsebenzi
Masiqalise ukwenza umzekelo wenkqubo yethu kwaye sisebenzise umzobo woMsebenzi kule nto. Okokuqala, makhe ndichaze ukuba ezi khowudi zingasentla ziya kusetyenziswa njani kwimodeli. Kulula ukucacisa ngomzekelo wegraphic, kodwa kwangaxeshanye siza kuhlalutya ezinye (phantse zonke esizifunayo) izinto zomzobo woMsebenzi.
Makhe sihlalutye isiqwenga esilandelayo:
...
Unomatse ucula iingoma, (P1, A1)
Ewe, uqhubeka edla amandongomane, (P2)
Kodwa amandongomane ayilula, (C1)
Onke amaqokobhe anegolide, (C2)
Undoqo yi-emeraldi ecocekileyo; (C3)
...
Sinamanyathelo amabini enkqubo ye-P1 kunye ne-P2, umthathi-nxaxheba A1, kunye nezinto zeeklasi ezintathu ezahlukeneyo: into yeklasi C1 igalelo kwinqanaba, izinto zeeklasi ze-C2 kunye ne-C3 ziphuma ngenxa yomsebenzi weli nyathelo P2 yethu. inkqubo. Kumzobo sisebenzisa ezi zinto zilandelayo zemodeli.
Iqhekeza lenkqubo yethu inokumelwa into enje (Umfanekiso 1).
Umzobo 1. Isiqwenga somzobo womsebenzi
Ukulungelelanisa indawo kunye nokwakhiwa kwedayagram yoMsebenzi, siya kusebenzisa indlela engekho-standard, ukusuka kwindawo yokujonga ukusetyenziswa kweklasikhi ye-UML notation. Kodwa kukho izizathu ezininzi zoku. Okokuqala, ngaphambi nje kokuba siqale imodeli siya kuqulunqa into ebizwa isivumelwano somzekelo, apho sibhala zonke iimpawu zokusebenzisa ubhalo. Okwesibini, le ndlela isetyenziswe ngokuphindaphindiweyo ngempumelelo kwinqanaba lokulinganisa ishishini kwiiprojekthi zokwenyani zokudala iinkqubo zesoftware, iziphumo zabhalwa liqela lethu elincinci lababhali kwinto ehambelanayo yelungelo lokushicilela [6], kwaye zisetyenziswe kwakhona kwincwadi yoqeqesho [] 7]. Kumzobo woMsebenzi, sichaza ukuba ibala lomzobo lakhiwe kusetyenziswa “iindlela zokuqubha”. Igama lengoma liya kuhambelana nohlobo lwezinto zetshathi eziya kufakwa kulo mzila.
"Iinput and output artifacts": Lo mzila uza kuqulatha Izinto - izinto ezisetyenziswayo okanye zisisiphumo sokuphumeza inyathelo lenkqubo ethile.
"Amanyathelo okuqhuba": Apha siza kubeka izinto zoMsebenzi - iintshukumo zabathathi-nxaxheba benkqubo.
"Abathathi-nxaxheba": Umendo wezinto eziya kubonisa indima yabadlali bentshukumo kwinkqubo yethu; kubo siya kusebenzisa into efanayo yomfuziselo - into, kodwa siya kongeza i-"Actor" stereotype kuyo.
Ingoma elandelayo ibizwa ngokuba "Imigaqo yoShishino" kwaye kulo mzila siya kubeka kwifom yesicatshulwa imigaqo yokuphunyezwa kwamanyathelo enkqubo, kwaye ngenxa yale nto siza kusebenzisa i-model element Qaphela - inqaku.
Siza kumisa apha, nangona sinokusebenzisa indlela "Izixhobo" ukuqokelela ulwazi malunga nenqanaba lenkqubo yokuzenzekelayo. Indlela inokuba luncedo "Izikhundla kunye nezahlulo zabathathi-nxaxheba", ingasetyenziselwa ukudibanisa iindima kwizikhundla kunye namasebe abathathi-nxaxheba benkqubo.
Yonke into endisandul’ ukuyichaza iyingceba imimiselo yomzekelo, le nxalenye yesivumelwano iphathelele imigaqo yokulungelelanisa umzobo omnye kwaye, ngokufanelekileyo, imigaqo yokubhala nokufunda.
"Iresiphi"
Ngoku makhe siqwalasele inketho yokwenza imodeli yenkqubo ngokuthe ngqo ukusuka kwidayagram yoMsebenzi. Le yenye nje yeenketho, ndiyaqaphela ukuba, ngokuqinisekileyo, ayisiyiyo yodwa. Umzobo woMsebenzi uza kuba nomdla kuthi ngokwembono yendima yawo kutshintsho ukusuka kumzekelo wenkqubo ukuya kuyilo lwenkqubo ezenzekelayo. Ukwenza oku, siya kubambelela kwiingcebiso ze-methodological - uhlobo lweresiphi olubandakanya izigaba ezintlanu kuphela kunye nokubonelela ngokuphuhliswa kweentlobo ezintathu kuphela zemizobo. Ukusebenzisa le recipe kuya kusinceda sifumane inkcazo esesikweni yenkqubo esifuna ukuyenza ngokuzenzekelayo kwaye siqokelele idatha yoyilo lwenkqubo. Kwaye kubafundi ekuqaleni kokufunda i-UML, olu luhlobo lomlondolozi wobomi ongayi kubavumela ukuba batshone kuzo zonke iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokubonwayo kunye nobuchule obufumaneka kwi-UML kunye nezixhobo zemodeli zanamhlanje.
Apha, enyanisweni, yiresiphi ngokwayo, kwaye emva koko ulandele imizobo eyakhelweyo kwindawo yethu yesifundo "sentsomi".
Inqanaba 1. Sichaza inkqubo ngokomzobo woMsebenzi. Kwinkqubo enamanyathelo angaphezu kwe-10, kunengqiqo ukusebenzisa umgaqo wenkqubo yokubola umgaqo wokuphucula ukufundeka komzobo.
Inqanaba 2. Khetha into enokuthi izenzekele (amanyathelo anokugqanyiswa kumzobo, umzekelo).
Inqanaba 3. Isinyathelo esizenzekelayo kufuneka sidibaniswe nomsebenzi okanye imisebenzi yenkqubo (ubudlelwane bunokuba ngabaninzi ukuya kwabaninzi), zoba umzobo wokuSebenzisa. Le yimisebenzi yenkqubo yethu.
Inqanaba 4. Masichaze umbutho wangaphakathi we-AS sisebenzisa umzobo weklasi - Iklasi. “Iizinto zeNgeniso neZiphumo (Amaxwebhu)” kwidayagram yoMsebenzi sisiseko sokwakha imodeli yento kunye nemodeli yobudlelwane beziko.
Inqanaba 5. Makhe sihlalutye amanqaku kwingoma ethi "Imigaqo yoShishino"., babonelela ngeentlobo ezahlukeneyo zezithintelo kunye neemeko, eziguqulwa ngokuthe ngcembe zibe ziimfuno ezingasebenziyo.
Iseti yesiphumo semizobo (Umsebenzi, iSebenzisa-imeko, iKlasi) isinika inkcazelo esesikweni ngobhalo olungqongqo, okt. inofundo olucacileyo. Ngoku unokuphuhlisa iinkcukacha zobugcisa, ukucacisa iimfuno zeemfuno, njl.
Masiqale ukwenza imodeli.
Inqanaba 1. Chaza inkqubo ngokohlobo lomzobo woMsebenzi
Makhe ndikukhumbuze ukuba sakha intsimi yomzobo ngokusebenzisa imizila "yokubhukuda" indlela nganye iqulethe izinto zohlobo olufanayo (Umfanekiso 2). Ukongeza kwizinto zomzobo ezichazwe ngasentla, siya kusebenzisa izinto ezongezelelweyo, masizichaze.
Isigqibo (Isigqibo) sichaza indawo ye-branching yenkqubo yethu kumzobo, kunye neentambo zokudibanisa (Hlanganisa) - inqaku lokuhlanganisana kwabo. Iimeko zotshintsho zibhalwe kwizibiyeli ezisikwere kwiinguqu.
Phakathi kwama-synchronizers amabini (iFork) siya kubonisa amasebe enkqubo ehambelanayo.
Inkqubo yethu ingaba nesiqalo esinye kuphela - indawo enye yokungena (Eyokuqala). Kodwa kusenokubakho ukugqityezelwa okuninzi (Okokugqibela), kodwa hayi kumzobo wethu othile.
Zininzi kakhulu iintolo; ngenani elikhulu lezinto kunye noqhagamshelo, unokwazi kuqala ukuchonga amanqanaba enkqubo, kwaye emva koko wenze ukubola kwezi zigaba. Kodwa ukucaca, ndingathanda ukubonisa inkqubo yethu "yentsomi" ngokupheleleyo kumzobo omnye, ngelixa, ngokuqinisekileyo, kufuneka siqinisekise ukuba iintolo "azibambeleli kunye", kuya kwenzeka ukulandelela ngokuchanekileyo oko kuxhunyiwe. ukuba yintoni.
Umzobo 2. Umzobo womsebenzi - umbono jikelele wenkqubo
Ngokuba kwimigca yeembongo, ezinye iinkcukacha zenkqubo zishiywe, kwafuneka zibuyiselwe, ziboniswa ngamalungu anemvelaphi emhlophe. Ezi nkcukacha ziquka i-Transfer/Reception for Storage and Processing step kunye nezinto ezininzi zokufakelwa kunye nemveliso. Kuyafaneleka ukuba uqaphele ukuba le nyathelo nayo ayivezi ngokupheleleyo inkqubo, kuba Kuya kufuneka sikhethe ngokwahlukileyo inyathelo lokuhambisa kunye nenqanaba lokwamkela, kwaye songeze inyathelo elahlukileyo leeqokobhe, kwaye sicinge ukuba kuqala onke la maxabiso ezinto eziphathekayo kufuneka agcinwe okwethutyana kwenye indawo, njl. kwaye nangokunjalo.
Masiqaphele kwakhona ukuba umbuzo wemvelaphi yamandongomane awukaphendulwa - avela phi kwaye afika njani kwi-squirrel? Kwaye lo mbuzo (uphawulwe ngefonti ebomvu kwinqaku - inqaku leNqaku) ufuna isifundo esahlukileyo! Yile ndlela umhlalutyi asebenza ngayo - ukuqokelela ulwazi kancinci kancinci, ukwenza uqikelelo kunye nokufumana "kulungile" okanye "akukho kulunga" kwiingcali zemiba echaphazelekayo - abantu ababaluleke kakhulu kwaye abangenakutshintshwa kwinqanaba lokulinganisa ishishini xa kusenziwa iinkqubo.
Qaphela kwakhona ukuba inyathelo lenkqubo P5 linamalungu amabini.
Kwaye siya kudiliza inxalenye nganye kwaye siyiqwalasele ngokubanzi (Umfanekiso 3, umzobo 4), kuba imisebenzi eyenziwa phakathi kwala manyathelo aya kuzenzekela.
Umzobo 3. Idayagram yomsebenzi-inkcukacha (icandelo 1)
Umzobo 4. Idayagram yomsebenzi-inkcukacha (icandelo 2)
Inqanaba 2. Khetha into enokuthi izenzekele
Amanyathelo okwenziwa ngokuzenzekelayo agxininiswe ngombala kwimizobo (jonga umfanekiso 3, umzobo 4).
Zonke zenziwa ngumthathi-nxaxheba omnye kwinkqubo-uMabhalane:
- Ifaka ulwazi malunga nobunzima be nut kwingxelo;
- Ifaka ulwazi malunga nokudluliselwa kwe nut kwingxelo;
- Irekhoda inyani yokuguqulwa kwe nut kwiqokobhe kunye ne kernel;
- Ifaka ulwazi malunga ne-nut kernel kwingxelo;
- Faka ulwazi malunga namaqokobhe amandongomane kuluhlu.
Uhlalutyo lomsebenzi owenziweyo. Yintoni elandelayo?
Ngoko ke, senze umsebenzi omningi wokulungiselela: siqokelele ulwazi malunga nenkqubo esiya kuyenza ngokuzenzekelayo; waqala ukwenza isivumelwano malunga nemodeli (ukuza kuthi ga ngoku kuphela malunga nokusebenzisa umzobo woMsebenzi); yenza ukulinganisa inkqubo kwaye yade yabola amanyathelo ayo amaninzi; Sichonge amanyathelo enkqubo esiya kuthi sizenzele. Ngoku sikulungele ukuqhubela phambili kumanyathelo alandelayo kwaye siqalise ukuyila ukusebenza kwenkqubo kunye nombutho wangaphakathi.
Njengoko uyazi, ithiyori ngaphandle kokuziqhelanisa akukho nto. Ngokuqinisekileyo kufuneka uzame "umzekelo" ngezandla zakho, oku kuluncedo ekuqondeni indlela ecetywayo. Umzekelo, unokusebenza kwindawo yokumisela imodeli [3]. Sibolile kuphela inxalenye yamanyathelo omzobo wenkqubo yonke (jonga umfanekiso 2). Njengomsebenzi osebenzayo, unokucelwa ukuba uphinde yonke imizobo kwindawo yeModelio kwaye wenze ukubola kwenyathelo elithi "Ukudlulisa / uKwamkela ukuGcinwa kunye nokuLungiswa".
Asikacingi ngokusebenza kwiindawo ezithile zemodeli, kodwa oku kunokuba ngumxholo wamanqaku azimeleyo kunye nophononongo.
Kwinxalenye yesibini yenqaku, siya kuhlalutya imodeli kunye neendlela zoyilo eziyimfuneko kwizigaba ze-3-5 siya kusebenzisa i-UML Use-case kunye nemizobo yeKlasi. Iza kuqhubeka.
Uluhlu lwemithombo
- Iwebhusayithi "UML2.ru". Umhlalutyi weForam yoLuntu. Icandelo ngokubanzi. Imizekelo. Imizekelo yamabali afomathiweyo njengemizobo ye-UML. [Isixhobo sombane] Indlela yokufikelela: I-Intanethi:
- Iwebhusayithi yeSparx Systems. [Isixhobo sombane] Indlela yokufikelela: I-Intanethi:
- Iwebhusayithi yeModelio. [Isixhobo sombane] Indlela yokufikelela: I-Intanethi:
- Big Encyclopedic Dictionary. Inkqubo (ingcaciso). [Isixhobo sombane] Indlela yokufikelela: I-Intanethi:
- Iwebhusayithi "Umbutho woLawulo olusebenzayo". Ibhlog. Udidi "Ulawulo lweNkqubo yoShishino". Inkcazo yenkqubo yeshishini. [Isixhobo sombane] Indlela yokufikelela: I-Intanethi:
- Isatifikethi esingu-18249 sokubhaliswa kunye nediphozithi yomsebenzi wengqondo. Alfimov R.V., Zolotukhina E.B., Krasnikova S.A. Umbhalo-ngqangi woncedo lokufundisa olunesihloko esithi “Modeling a subject area using Enterprise Architect” // 2011.
- Zolotukhina E.B., Vishnya A.S., Krasnikova S.A. Imodeli yenkqubo yeshishini. - M.: IKHOSI, SIC INFRA-M, EBS Znanium.com. - 2017.
umthombo: www.habr.com