Ukususela kumzuzu kwavela isidingo sokugcina (ukurekhoda ngokuchanekileyo) idatha, abantu babanjwe (okanye bagcinwe) kwiimidiya ezahlukeneyo, kunye nazo zonke iintlobo zezixhobo, ulwazi oluyimfuneko ekusebenziseni okulandelayo. Kangangamawaka eminyaka, wakrola imizobo ematyeni waza wayibhala phantsi kwisiqwenga sesikhumba, ngenjongo yokusetyenziswa kwixesha elizayo (ukubetha inyathi kuphela emehlweni).
Kwiwaka leminyaka lokugqibela, ukurekhoda inkcazelo ngolwimi loonobumba—“ukubhala”—kuye kwasasazwa ngokubanzi. Ukubhala, nangona kunjalo, nangona kunenzuzo engenakuphikiswa (ukuxhaphaka, ukukhululeka kokufunda nokubhala ulwazi, njl.), ngokubhekiselele kulawulo lwedatha, ayivumeli ukusetyenziswa ngokupheleleyo. Eyona nto ingcono umntu anokuthi eze nayo yokulawula idatha ebhaliweyo lithala leencwadi (uvimba). Kodwa ilayibrari nayo kwafuneka yongezwe ngophando olukhethekileyo (indexing) kunye nesixhobo solawulo lwedatha - isalathiso sekhadi. Isalathiso samakhadi ngokwesiseko yikhathalogu-registry yethala leencwadi. Kufuneka kucaciswe ukuba igama elithi ithala leencwadi (uvimba) kufuneka liqondwe kungekuphela nje njengamathala eencwadi esiwaqhelileyo, kodwa kunye nezinye iinkcukacha ezibhaliweyo ezicwangcisiweyo nezicwangcisiweyo (umzekelo, ifayile yeofisi yobhaliso okanye uMphathiswa weMicimbi yaNgaphakathi, iNkonzo yeRhafu kaRhulumente. ).
Kunzima ukungayijongeli phantsi indlela enefuthe elingakanani kwiinkqubo zokufayilisha amakhadi kwiinkqubo zobhaliso zikarhulumente. Umzekelo, iziko lobhaliso lwabemi apho idilesi yokuhlala iyindawo ebonakalayo yedatha egciniweyo malunga nommi. Ngaloo ndlela, zonke iinkcukacha zabemi abahlala kwizitrato ezithile nakwiindawo zigcinwa kwisebe elinye lokubhalisa elichongwe ngummandla. Oku kungenxa yokuba le ndlela ikuvumela ukuba ufumane ngokukhawuleza, uhlaziye, ubale, kwaye uvelise idatha yezibalo kunye nohlalutyo kunokuba ulwazi lugcinwe kwindawo enye. Umzekelo, iofisi yepasi okanye isebe lerhafu ongowalo ligcina idata ebhaliweyo nephathekayo malunga nemisebenzi yakho (iingxelo zerhafu okanye iirekhodi zasekuhlaleni). Nawuphi na umntu okanye iqumrhu likarhulumente, ngokusekelwe kwidilesi yobhaliso, unokugqiba ngokulula ukuba yeyiphi i-ofisi yobhaliso amaxwebhu agcinwe kwaye kweliphi isebe lesithili senkonzo yerhafu i-declaration yengeniso ifakwe.
Kwesi siseko sezakhono zokubala ikhadi, yonke inkqubo yokubhaliswa kwedatha yakhiwe: malunga nabemi (iofisi yokubhalisa, iofisi yepasipoti), malunga nomsebenzi wezoqoqosho (amasebe eenkonzo zerhafu yesithili), malunga ne-real estate (amasebe obhaliso lwesithili), malunga nezithuthi ( amasebe obhaliso kunye neemviwo)), malunga ne-conscript (i-military commissariats), njl.
I-accounting yekhadi inyanzelekile ukuba isebenzise amanqaku obhaliso karhulumente kunye nokutyunjwa kommandla (i-S227NA69-Tver region), igama lamasebe ahlukeneyo ngokweempawu zommandla (iSebe leSithili sasePervomaisky leMicimbi yangaphakathi), ukunyanzeliswa nokunyanzeliswa ukuba uhambise idatha, njl.
Ndicebisa ukuqwalasela ukunyakaza kweyunithi yedatha kwinkqubo yokufakela ikhadi ukusuka kwelinye isalathiso sekhadi ukuya kwelinye. Njengomzekelo ocacileyo, makhe sithathe inkqubo yokubhaliswa kwakhona kwesithuthi kwinkqubo yokubhalisa isithuthi, xa imoto ithengiswa kumntu ogama lakhe lokubhalisa (ukubhaliswa) lihluke kwindawo yokubhaliswa komnini wangaphambili. Ngokwemigaqo, umthengisi kunye nomthengi kufuneka beze kwi-REO "A" (apho umthengisi engowakhe) ukuze abhalise kwakhona imoto. Emva kokusayina isivumelwano sokuthenga kunye nokuthengisa kunye nokugqiba amaxwebhu afanelekileyo, umnini omtsha ufumana inombolo yokuthutha evumelekileyo ixesha elilinganiselweyo. Umnini omtsha, ngexesha lokuqinisekiswa kwenombolo yokuthutha, unyanzelekile ukuba afike kwi-REO "B" ehlala kuyo ngokubhalisa (ukubhalisa). Emva kokufika kwakhe kwi-REO "B", inombolo yakhe yokuhamba kunye namanye amaxwebhu okubhalisa athatyathwa kwaye imoto ibhaliswe kumnini omtsha.
Ukuqonda ngokupheleleyo ukuhamba kweyunithi yolwazi, ngezantsi siza kudweba isifaniso sokuhamba kweyunithi yedatha kunye nenqanaba ngalinye lezenzo zokubhalisa.
Umsebenzi 1
Umthengisi kunye nomthengi bafika kwi-REO "A" ukuthenga okanye ukuthengisa imoto kwaye baqhagamshelane nomsebenzisi. Umqhubi ufumana ikhadi lokubhalisa kwifayile yekhadi lokubhalisa - oko kukuthi, ukhangele ngokwasemzimbeni idatha, ethatha ixesha elithile. Emva kokufumana ikhadi, lihlola ubukho bokubanjwa okanye ukuboshwa kwimoto (idatha irekhodwa kwikhadi lokubhalisa imoto).
Umsebenzi 2
Umqhubi, emva kokwenza izenzo zokubhalisa eziyimfuneko, ukhupha iinombolo zokuhamba kunye namaxwebhu okubhalisa ixesha elilinganiselweyo. Ngenxa yokuba idatha malunga nomnini omtsha kufuneka igcinwe kwi-REO "B" (ekubeni i-database isekelwe kwikhadi kunye neendawo), le nkqubo ilandelayo iphuhliswe ukudlulisa ulwazi kwi-REO "A" ukuya kwi-REO "B". Idatha malunga nomnini omtsha kunye nemoto yakhe iya kuhamba naye, apho uya kunikwa iinombolo zokuhamba. Ikhadi lokubhalisa elinophawu olukhethekileyo malunga nokucinywa kobhaliso liya kuhlala kwi-REO "A" njengeyunithi yolwazi kwimbali yesithuthi. Ukucinywa kobhaliso kule meko kuthetha ukuba kwi-database ye-REO “A”, le yunithi yolwazi iya kungasebenzi kwaye ayisayi kuphinda ibe kuluhlu lokuphandwa kwedatha ebonakalayo ekhankanywe ngasentla (ikhadi lokubhalisa lemoto ecinyiweyo liya kususwa ngokulula kwelinye. iirola ezisebenzayo). Ulwazi olugqithisiweyo ngokwalo luya kuboniswa kwinombolo yokuhamba kunye nakumaxwebhu okubhalisa.
Umsebenzi 3
Umnini omtsha, ofumene iinombolo zokuhamba ngenxa yokucinywa kwemoto kwi-REO "A", ushiya i-REO "B". Igama kanye lohlobo lwenombolo "uhambo" lubonisa ukuba inani liyafuneka ukuhambisa idatha. Ulwazi ludluliselwa kwi-REO "A" ukuya kwi-REO "B", apho umnini omtsha usebenza njengomphathi wedatha. Ukuqinisekisa ukugqitywa kokudluliselwa kolwazi, iinombolo zokuhamba zikhutshwa ngexesha elithile lokuqinisekisa, apho umnini omtsha kufuneka abhalise kwi-REO "B". Ulawulo kule nkqubo luthwaliswe amaqumrhu afanelekileyo karhulumente. Oku kulandela apha ngasentla ukuba imilinganiselo emikhulu yomthetho kunye nezibonelelo zabasebenzi zibandakanyeka kwaye zisetyenziselwa ukulawula ukuphunyezwa kwenkqubo yokuhanjiswa kwedatha.
Umsebenzi 4
Emva kokuba imoto ifike kwi-REO "B", ibhalisiwe, oku kuthetha ukurekhoda idatha malunga nemoto kwikhabhinethi yefayile ye-REO "B". Umsebenzisi uhoxisa amanani okuhamba kwaye akhuphe amanani amatsha karhulumente, ngelixa eprinta ikhadi lokubhalisa kwaye alifake kwisalathiso sekhadi. Eli khadi lobhaliso libonisa yonke idatha ekhutshelwe kwi-REO "B".
Oku kugqiba inkqubo yokudluliselwa kwedatha "ye-analog" ukusuka kwi-REO "A" ukuya kwi-REO "B". Ngokungathandabuzekiyo, le algorithm yokuhamba kolwazi iyinkimbinkimbi kwaye ifuna iindleko ezinkulu zombini kwimithombo yoluntu kunye nomsebenzi womzimba. Idatha yemoto ehanjiswayo ayidluli i-3 kilobytes kumthamo, ngelixa ixabiso lemarike yokuhambisa ulwazi usebenzisa iteknoloji ekhoyo kunye nomthamo we-1024 kilobytes yi-3 soms (ngokwemirhumo ephezulu yabaqhubi beselula).
Ixesha lokusebenzisa i-DBMS-Database Management Systems
Ukusetyenziswa kweenkqubo zolawulo lwesiseko sedatha kunokwenza lula kakhulu iinkqubo zokutshintsha idatha kwiinkqubo ezinkulu zobhaliso. Zizenzele kwaye unikeze iziphumo eziqinisekisiweyo zemibuzo yedatha.
Umzekelo ocacileyo, makhe senze umzekeliso kunye nenkqubo engentla yokubhaliswa kwakhona kwemoto ukuba i-DBMS isetyenzisiwe.
Umsebenzi 1
Umthengisi kunye nomthengi bafika kwi-REO "A" ukuthenga okanye ukuthengisa imoto kwaye baqhagamshelane nomsebenzisi. Umqhubi ufumana ikhadi lokubhalisa kwifayile yekhadi lokubhalisa - oko kukuthi, ukhangele ngokwasemzimbeni idatha, ethatha ixesha elithile. Emva kokufumana ikhadi, lihlola ubukho bokubanjwa okanye ukuboshwa kwimoto (idatha irekhodwa kwikhadi lokubhalisa imoto). Umqhubi ufaka idatha yesithuthi kwi-DBMS kwaye ufumana impendulo ngokukhawuleza malunga nobukho bokubanjwa okanye ukubopha.
Umsebenzi 2
Umqhubi, emva kokwenza izenzo zokubhalisa eziyimfuneko, ukhupha iinombolo zokuhamba kunye namaxwebhu okubhalisa ixesha elilinganiselweyo. Ngenxa yokuba idatha malunga nomnini omtsha kufuneka igcinwe kwi-REO "B" (ekubeni i-database isekelwe kwikhadi kunye neendawo), le nkqubo ilandelayo iphuhliswe ukudlulisa ulwazi kwi-REO "A" ukuya kwi-REO "B". Umsebenzisi ufaka idatha malunga nomnini omtsha kwi-DBMS.
Oku kugqiba inkqubo yokubhalisa kwakhona. Yonke eminye imisebenzi ayihambelani, kuba i-database ibekwe kwindawo enye. Umnini omtsha akukho mfuneko yokuba afumane (ahlawule) iinombolo zokuhamba. Yima emgceni wokubhaliswa kwesithuthi (iqonga), hlawula isicelo esigcwalisiweyo, njl. Kwangaxeshanye, umthwalo kubasebenzi be-REO uya kucuthwa njengoko umsebenzi ungasayi kufuna isikim sobhaliso ngokutsha oluntsonkothileyo.
Kwakhona akukho mfuneko yenani lezithintelo, ezifana nokusetyenziswa kweempawu zengingqi kwiipleyiti zeelayisenisi zombuso (ukutyunjwa kwengingqi akuyi kufuneka, okuya kuvumela ukuba iimoto zibhaliswe kuyo nayiphi na i-REO), ukurekhoda idilesi yomnini kumaxwebhu okubhalisa, ukubhaliswa kwakhona kwimeko yokutshintsha indawo yokuhlala, kwaye njalo kuluhlu olukhulu.
Ithuba lokukhohlisa amaxwebhu okubhalisa apheliswa ngokwenene, kuba ulwazi malunga nesithuthi lunikezelwa kwi-database.
Iinkqubo ezikhoyo zokufumana idatha kwii-arhente zikarhulumente zisekelwe kwizakhono zokufakela amakhadi kunye nokugcinwa kwedatha.
Ngokusekwe koku kungasentla, ezi zibonelelo ziphambili zilandelayo zokusebenzisa iinkqubo zolwazi ezizenzekelayo (AIS) zinokumiselwa:
- I-AIS iya kwenza lula kakhulu kwaye itshintshe kakhulu inkqubo yeenkqubo zobhaliso.
- Kwiinkqubo zokubhalisa kuyimfuneko ukusebenzisa imigaqo kunye nemithetho yoyilo lweDBMS.
- Ukusebenzisa ngokupheleleyo amandla e-AIS, inkqubo yobhaliso esekiweyo kufuneka itshintshwe.
- Amathuba abanzi okudibanisa inkqubo ngokuthe ngqo kunye nezinye iinkqubo (umzekelo, iibhanki).
- Ukunciphisa iimpazamo ezinxulumene nemeko yomntu.
- Ukunciphisa ixesha elithathwayo ukuze abemi bafumane ulwazi.
umthombo: www.habr.com