HIROSHI WATANABE/GETTY IMAGES
Kwi-Wealth of Nations, u-Adam Smith ubonisa indlela ulwahlulo lwabasebenzi lube ngumthombo oyintloko wokwandisa imveliso. Umzekelo ngumgca wokudityaniswa komzi-mveliso wezikhonkwane: “Omnye umsebénzi utsala ucingo, omnye uyalulungisa, owesithathu uyalusika, owesine ulola isiphelo, owesihlanu ukrwela elinye icala ukuze lulingane intloko.” Ngombulelo kwiingcali ezigxile kwimisebenzi ethile, umqeshwa ngamnye uba yingcali eqeqeshwe kakhulu kumsebenzi wakhe omxinwa, okhokelela ekwandeni kwenkqubo esebenzayo. Imveliso ngomsebenzi ngamnye iyanda amaxesha amaninzi, kwaye umzi-mveliso uba ngobuchule ngakumbi ekuveliseni izikhonkwane.
Olu lwahlulo lwabasebenzi ngokusebenza lumiliselwe ezingqondweni zethu nanamhlanje kangangokuba siwalungelelanise ngokukhawuleza amaqela ethu ngokufanelekileyo. iNzululwazi yeDatha ayinjalo. Izakhono zoshishino ze-algorithmic eziyinkimbinkimbi zifuna imisebenzi emininzi yomsebenzi, ngoko ke iinkampani zihlala zenza amaqela eengcali: abaphandi, iinjineli zedatha, iinjineli zokufunda ngomatshini, izazinzulu zesizathu kunye nesiphumo, njalo njalo. Umsebenzi weengcali ulungelelaniswa ngumphathi wemveliso kunye nokudluliselwa kwemisebenzi ngendlela efana ne-pin factory: "umntu omnye ufumana idatha, enye imodeli, eyesithathu iyayenza, imilinganiselo yesine" njalo njalo,
Ewe, akufuneki sisebenzise amaqela ethu eNzululwazi yeDatha ukuphucula imveliso. Nangona kunjalo, ukwenza oku xa uqonda into oyenzayo: izikhonkwane okanye enye into, kwaye uzame nje ukwandisa ukusebenza kakuhle. Injongo yemigca yokuhlanganisa kukugqiba umsebenzi. Siyazi kakuhle into esiyifunayo - izikhonkwane (njengomzekelo kaSmith), kodwa nayiphi na imveliso okanye inkonzo inokukhankanywa apho iimfuno zichaza ngokupheleleyo zonke iinkalo zemveliso kunye nokuziphatha kwayo. Indima yabasebenzi kukuzalisekisa ezi mfuno ngobuchule kangangoko.
Kodwa injongo yeNzululwazi yeDatha ayikokugqiba imisebenzi. Endaweni yoko, injongo kukuphonononga kunye nokuphuhlisa amathuba oshishino amatsha awomeleleyo. Iimveliso ze-algorithmic kunye neenkonzo ezinje ngeenkqubo zokucebisa, unxibelelwano lwabathengi, ulwahlulo lwesitayile esikhethwayo, ubungakanani, uyilo lwempahla, ulungiselelo lolungiselelo, ukubhaqwa kwendlela yexesha kunye nokunye okuninzi akunakuphuhliswa kwangaphambili. Kufuneka zifundwe. Akukho ziplani zokuphinda-phinda, la ngamathuba amatsha ngokungaqiniseki okukhoyo. Ii-Coefficients, iimodeli, iindidi zemodeli, ii-hyperparameters, zonke izinto eziyimfuneko kufuneka zifundwe ngovavanyo, ulingo kunye neempazamo, kunye nokuphindaphinda. Ngezikhonkwane, uqeqesho kunye noyilo lwenziwa kwangaphambili kwemveliso. NgeNzululwazi yeDatha, ufunda njengoko usenza, hayi ngaphambili.
Kumzi-mveliso wepini, xa uqeqesho lusiza kuqala, asilindelanga kwaye asifuni ukuba abasebenzi baphucule kulo naluphi na uphawu lwemveliso ngaphandle kokuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwemveliso. Imisebenzi ekhethekileyo iyavakala kuba ikhokelela ekusebenzeni kakuhle kunye nokuhambelana kwemveliso (ngaphandle kotshintsho kwimveliso yokugqibela).
Kodwa xa imveliso isaphuhla kwaye injongo kuqeqesho, ubuchule buphazamisana neenjongo zethu kwezi meko zilandelayo:
1. Yandisa iindleko zokulungelelanisa.
Oko kukuthi, ezo ndleko ziqokelela ngexesha elichithwe ekunxibelelaneni, ukuxoxa, ukuthethelela kunye nokubeka phambili umsebenzi ekufuneka wenziwe. Ezi ndleko zilinganisa kakhulu ngenani labantu ababandakanyekayo. (Njengoko uJ. Richard Hackman wasifundisa, inani lobudlelwane r likhula ngokufana nomsebenzi wenani lamagama n ngokwale equation: r = (n ^ 2-n) / 2. Kwaye ulwalamano ngalunye lubonisa inani elithile ubudlelwane bexabiso.) Xa izazinzulu zedatha ziququzelelwe ngumsebenzi, kwinqanaba ngalinye, kunye noshintsho ngalunye, ukunikezelwa kwayo, njl., iingcali ezininzi ziyafuneka, oko kwandisa iindleko zokulungelelanisa. Umzekelo, iimodeli zamanani ezifuna ukuzama izinto ezintsha kuya kufuneka zilungelelanise neenjineli zedatha ezongeza kwiiseti zedatha ngalo lonke ixesha zifuna ukuzama into entsha. Ngokunjalo, imodeli nganye entsha eqeqeshiweyo ithetha ukuba umakhi wemodeli uya kufuna umntu oza kusebenzisana naye ukuze ayifake kwimveliso. Iindleko zolungelelaniso zisebenza njengexabiso lokuphindaphinda, okwenza kube nzima kwaye kubize kakhulu kwaye kunokwenzeka ukuba kubangele ukuba isifundo sishiywe. Oku kunokuphazamisana nokufunda.
2. Kwenza amaxesha okulinda abe nzima.
Eyona nto inzima ngakumbi kuneendleko zokulungelelanisa lixesha elilahlekileyo phakathi kweeshifti zomsebenzi. Ngelixa iindleko zolungelelwaniso ziqhele ukulinganiswa ngeeyure - ixesha elithathayo ukuqhuba iintlanganiso, iingxoxo, ukuphononongwa koyilo - ixesha lokulinda lidla ngokulinganiswa ngeentsuku, iiveki okanye iinyanga! Iishedyuli zeengcali ezisebenzayo kunzima ukuzilinganisa kuba ingcali nganye kufuneka isasazwe kwiiprojekthi ezininzi. Intlanganiso yeyure enye yokuxoxa ngotshintsho inokuthatha iiveki ukuze uhambelane nomsebenzi. Kwaye emva kokuvumelana ngeenguqu, kuyimfuneko ukucwangcisa umsebenzi wangempela ngokwawo kumxholo wezinye iiprojekthi ezininzi ezithatha ixesha lokusebenza kweengcali. Umsebenzi obandakanya ukulungiswa kwekhowudi okanye uphando oluthatha kuphela iiyure okanye iintsuku ezimbalwa ukugqitywa kunokuthatha ixesha elide ngaphambi kokuba kufumaneke izixhobo. Kude kube ngoko, ukuphindwaphindwa kunye nokufunda kuyanqunyanyiswa.
3. Icudisa umxholo.
Ulwahlulo lwabasebenzi lunokunciphisa umlinganiselo wokufunda ngokuvuza abantu ngokuhlala kubuchwephesha babo. Umzekelo, isazinzulu sophando ekufuneka sihlale ngaphakathi kobubanzi bokusebenza kwakhe siya kujolisa amandla akhe ekuvavanyeni ngeentlobo ezahlukeneyo ze-algorithms: ukuhlehla, uthungelwano lwe-neural, ihlathi elingacwangciswanga, njalo njalo. Kunjalo, ukhetho olulungileyo lwe-algorithm lunokukhokelela kuphuculo olongezelelekileyo, kodwa kukho okuninzi okunokuzuzwa kweminye imisebenzi, enjengokudibanisa imithombo emitsha yedatha. Ngokukwanjalo, iya kunceda ukuphuhlisa imodeli esebenzisa yonke intwana yamandla achazayo akhoyo kwidatha. Nangona kunjalo, amandla ayo anokuthi atshintshe umsebenzi wenjongo okanye ukukhulula imiqobo ethile. Oku kunzima ukukubona okanye ukwenza xa umsebenzi wakhe ulinganiselwe. Ngenxa yokuba isazinzulu sobuchwephesha sigxile ekuphuculeni i-algorithms, akanakukwazi ukwenza nantoni na eyenye, nokuba izisa izibonelelo ezibalulekileyo.
Ukubiza imiqondiso evelayo xa amaqela enzululwazi yedatha esebenza njengeefektri zephini (umzekelo, kuhlaziyo olulula lwesimo): “ukulindela utshintsho lwemibhobho yedatha” kunye “nokulinda izibonelelo zeML Eng” zizithinteli eziqhelekileyo. Nangona kunjalo, ndiyakholelwa ukuba impembelelo eyingozi ngakumbi yinto ongayiboniyo, kuba awukwazi ukuzisola ngento ongayaziyo. Ukuphunyezwa okungenasiphako kunye nokuzola okuzuzwe ekuphumezeni impumelelo yenkqubo kunokufihla inyaniso yokuba imibutho ayizazi iingenelo zokufunda eziphoswayo kuzo.
Isisombululo kule ngxaki, ngokuqinisekileyo, kukususa indlela yepini yefektri. Ukukhuthaza ukufunda kunye nokuphindaphinda, iindima zenzululwazi yedatha kufuneka zibe yinto eqhelekileyo kodwa kunye noxanduva olubanzi oluzimeleyo kumsebenzi wobugcisa, o.k.k. ukuququzelela izazinzulu zedatha ukuze zilungiselelwe ukufunda. Oku kuthetha ukuqesha "iingcali ze-stack epheleleyo" -iingcali ngokubanzi ezinokuthi zenze imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo, ukusuka kwingcamango ukuya kwimodeli, ukuphunyezwa ukuya kumlinganiselo. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba andicebisi ukuba ukuqesha italente epheleleyo kufuneka kunciphise inani labasebenzi. Endaweni yoko, ndiza kucinga ukuba xa zicwangciswe ngokwahlukileyo, inkuthazo yazo ihambelana ngcono nezibonelelo zokufunda nokusebenza. Umzekelo, masithi uneqela labantu abathathu abanezakhono ezintathu zoshishino. Kumzi-mveliso wezikhonkwane, igcisa ngalinye liya kunikela isahlulo sesithathu sexesha lalo kumsebenzi ngamnye womsebenzi, ekubeni kungekho mntu wumbi unokuwenza umsebenzi wakhe. Kwi-stack epheleleyo, i-generalist nganye izinikele ngokupheleleyo kuyo yonke inkqubo yeshishini, ukunyusa, kunye noqeqesho.
Ngabantu abambalwa abaxhasa umjikelezo wemveliso, ulungelelwaniso luyancitshiswa. I-generalist ihamba ngokukhawuleza phakathi kweempawu, ukwandisa umbhobho wedatha ukongeza idatha engaphezulu, ukuzama iimpawu ezintsha kwiimodeli, ukuhambisa iinguqulelo ezintsha kwimveliso yemilinganiselo ye-causal, kunye nokuphindaphinda amanyathelo ngokukhawuleza njengoko iingcamango ezintsha zivela. Ngokuqinisekileyo, inqwelo yesitishi yenza imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo ngokulandelelana kwaye hayi ngokuhambelana. Ngapha koko, ngumntu nje omnye. Nangona kunjalo, ukugqiba umsebenzi kudla ngokuthatha iqhezu lexesha elifunekayo ukufikelela kwesinye isixhobo esikhethekileyo. Ngoko ke, ixesha lokuphindaphinda liyancipha.
I-generalist yethu isenokungabi nesakhono njengengcaphephe kumsebenzi othile, kodwa asizabalazeli ukugqibelela kokusebenza okanye uphuculo oluncinci. Endaweni yoko, sizama ukufunda kwaye sifumanise ngakumbi nangakumbi imiceli mngeni yobuchwephesha enefuthe elithe chu. Ngomxholo opheleleyo wesisombululo esipheleleyo, ubona amathuba ingcali enokuthi iphoswe. Unemibono eninzi kunye namathuba amaninzi. Naye uyasilela. Nangona kunjalo, iindleko zokungaphumeleli ziphantsi kwaye iinzuzo zokufunda ziphezulu. Le asymmetry ikhuthaza ukuphindaphinda ngokukhawuleza kwaye ivuze ukufunda.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba isixa sokuzimela kunye nesahlukano sezakhono esinikwe izazinzulu ezigcweleyo sixhomekeke ikakhulu ekomeleleni kweqonga ledatha ekunokusebenza kulo. Iqonga ledatha eliyilwe kakuhle likhupha izazinzulu zedatha kwizinto ezintsonkothileyo zokufakwa kwesikhongozeli, ukusetyenzwa kokusasazwa, ukuhluleka okuzenzekelayo, kunye nezinye iikhonsepthi eziphambili zekhompyuter. Ukongeza kwi-abstraction, iqonga ledatha elomeleleyo linokubonelela ngoqhagamshelo olungenamthungo kwiziseko zovavanyo, ukujonga ngokuzenzekelayo kunye nokulumkisa, vumela ukukala okuzenzekelayo kunye nokubonwa kweziphumo ze-algorithmic kunye nokulungiswa kweempazamo. Ezi zixhobo ziyilwe kwaye zakhiwe yiinjineli zeqonga ledatha, oku kuthetha ukuba azidluliswanga kwisayensi yedatha kwiqela lophuhliso lwedatha. Yingcali yeNzululwazi yeDatha ejongene nayo yonke ikhowudi esetyenziselwa ukuqhuba iqonga.
Nam, ndandikhe ndanomdla kulwahlulo olusebenzayo lwabasebenzi kusetyenziswa inkqubo esebenzayo, kodwa ngolingo nangempazamo (akukho ndlela ingcono yokufunda), ndiye ndafumanisa ukuba iindima eziqhelekileyo ziququzelela ngcono ukufunda kunye nokusungula izinto ezintsha kunye nokubonelela ngeemetriki ezifanelekileyo: ukufumanisa kunye nokuqonda. ukwakha amathuba amaninzi oshishino kunendlela eyodwa. (Eyona ndlela isebenzayo yokufunda ngale ndlela yokulungelelanisa kunolingo kunye nempazamo endiye ndadlula kuyo kukufunda incwadi ka-Amy Edmondson ethi Team Collaboration: Indlela Imibutho Ifunda Ngayo, Isungula, kwaye Ikhuphisane kuQoqosho loLwazi).
Kukho iingcamango ezibalulekileyo ezinokuthi zenze le ndlela yokulungelelanisa ngakumbi okanye engaphantsi inokuthenjwa kwezinye iinkampani. Inkqubo yokuphindaphinda inciphisa iindleko zokuzama kunye nempazamo. Ukuba ixabiso lempazamo liphezulu, unokufuna ukunciphisa (kodwa oku akukhuthazwa kwizicelo zonyango okanye ukuvelisa). Ukongezelela, ukuba ujongene ne-petabytes okanye i-exabytes yedatha, ubuchule bobunjineli bedatha bunokufuneka. Ngokukwanjalo, ukuba ukugcina amandla eshishini kwi-Intanethi kunye nokufumaneka kwabo kubaluleke ngakumbi kunokuphucula, ukugqwesa kokusebenza kunokukhokelela ekufundeni. Ekugqibeleni, imodeli epheleleyo yesitaki ixhomekeke kwizimvo zabantu abaziyo ngayo. Ayizizo iiunicorns; ungazifumana okanye uzilungiselele ngokwakho. Nangona kunjalo, bakwimfuno ephezulu kwaye ukutsala kunye nokuzigcina kuya kufuna imbuyekezo ekhuphisanayo, amaxabiso aqinileyo eshishini kunye nomsebenzi ocela umngeni. Qinisekisa ukuba inkcubeko yenkampani yakho inokuxhasa oku.
Nangona konke okuthethiweyo, ndiyakholelwa ukuba imodeli epheleleyo yesitaki ibonelela ngezona meko zintle zokuqalisa. Qala ngabo, uze uhambe ngengqondo ukuya kwicandelo elisebenzayo labasebenzi kuphela xa kuyimfuneko.
Kukho ezinye izinto ezingeloncedo kwiingcali ezisebenzayo. Oku kunokukhokelela ekulahlekelweni luxanduva kunye nokungabinamdla kwicala labasebenzi. USmith ngokwakhe ugxeka ulwahlulo lwabasebenzi, ebonisa ukuba kukhokelela ekudakaleni kweetalente, oko kukuthi. abasebenzi baba nokungazi kwaye barhoxe njengoko iindima zabo zilinganiselwe kwimisebenzi embalwa ephindaphindwayo. Ngelixa ubungcali bunokubonelela ngenkqubo esebenzayo, akunakwenzeka ukuba bakhuthaze abasebenzi.
Ngapha koko, iindima eziguquguqukayo zibonelela ngazo zonke izinto eziqhuba ukwaneliseka komsebenzi: ukuzimela, ubukhosi kunye nenjongo. Ukuzimela kukuba abaxhomekeke kuyo nantoni na ukuphumeza impumelelo. Ubuchule buxhomekeke kukhuphiswano olumandla. Kwaye injongo yenjongo ilele kwithuba lokuba nefuthe kwishishini abalidalayo. Ukuba sinokwenza abantu babe nemincili ngomsebenzi wabo kwaye babe nempembelelo enkulu kwinkampani, yonke enye into iya kuwela endaweni.
umthombo: www.habr.com