Ukufunda isiNgesi kwimidlalo nakwiincwadi kuyonwabisa kwaye kuyasebenza. Kwaye ukuba umdlalo kunye nencwadi zidityanisiwe kwisicelo esinye seselfowuni, kukwafanelekile. Kwenzekile ke ukuba kulo nyaka uphelileyo ndiye ndaqhelana kancinci nodidi “lweencwadi zemidlalo”; Ngokusekwe kwiziphumo zokwazana, ndikulungele ukuvuma ukuba le nto inomdla, imvelaphi kwaye ayaziwa kakhulu kwisebe lemidlalo okanye uncwadi. Kweli nqaku lovavanyo likaSkyeng, ndiza kushukumisa "umdlalo" wakudala ngokuphonononga abona bameli banomdla bohlobo kunye nabapapashi babo.
Kodwa okokuqala, imbali encinci.
Kudala kakhulu, emva phayaa kwinkulungwane edluleyo, ndandisebenzisa iincwadi kunye nemidlalo yekhompyutha ukudibanisa ulwazi lolwimi lwesiNgesi endalufumana esikolweni. Yayilixesha langaphambi kwe-Intanethi, ke iincwadi zenziwe ngephepha kwaye iithoyi zenziwe ngeediski zefloppy. Ezi ndlela zineenzuzo kunye neengxaki zazo. Kwakulula ukuzifumana ezo ncwadi, zinesigama esityebileyo, yaye ekugqibeleni, zazinokufundwa naphi na nangaliphi na ixesha; kwelinye icala, ziphawulwa ngokhetho oluthile - ukuba kukho into endingayiqondiyo, ndiyitsibile, ngethemba lokuyiqonda kamva: kulungile, andikwazi kufumana isichazi-magama kwindlela engaphantsi. Izinto zokudlala (kwaye ezi zaziyimibuzo) azizange zikuxolele ukungakhathali okunjalo - ukuba awuyiqondi into, awuzange uqhubele phambili, ulahlekelwe lixesha elixabisekileyo lekhompyuter, ngenxa yoko - ingqalelo ephezulu kunye nokufunda okusebenzayo kwamagama amatsha. Ngaphezu koko, imiyalelo kwakufuneka ifakwe kwisicatshulwa, ngoko kwakungenakwenzeka ukwenza iimpazamo kumagama. Olunye uhlangothi lwengqekembe kukuba kukho iitekisi ezimbalwa kwimidlalo, kwaye umgangatho wabo awuzange uhlale ulungile.
Ngoku ukuba sineekhompyuter kwiipokotho zethu ezinamandla amakhulu kunama-286 amadala, sinokufunda kwaye sidlale naphi na ngaphandle kweengxaki. Sikwanethuba lokudibanisa iingenelo zokufunda ulwimi ezincwadini nakwimidlalo, sisebenzisa “iincwadi zemidlalo” - iincwadi ezinezinto zomdlalo. Apha, emva kwesahluko ngasinye, ukhetha ukuqhubeka nesicwangciso, kwaye ukwenzela ukuba ukhetho luchaneke, kufuneka uqonde oko kwenzekayo. Siza kuthetha ngazo.
Umba wesigama
Kukho iindidi ezimbini ezifanayo kakhulu - iintsomi ezisebenzisanayo (sihlala sizibiza ngokuba "yimibuzo yesicatshulwa") kunye neencwadi zemidlalo (ekwaziwa ngokuba khetha eyakho incwadi ye-adventure, iincwadi ezineploti ye-branching). Kutshanje, ezi ziganeko ziphantse zadityaniswa zaba yinto enye, kodwa iingcambu zazo zahluke kakhulu.
Iintsomi ezisebenzisanayo zayilwa ngabadwelisi benkqubo, kwaye konke kwaqala nge-Adventure, eyanika olu hlobo igama layo. Emva kwe-Adventure kwakukho i-Zorks, emva koko iiKumkani kunye ne-Space Quest, kwaye emva koko konke kwavela ngokuthe ngcembe kwi-Throttle egcweleyo. Kwi-classic "quests text", endaweni yomfanekiso kukho umbhalo, endaweni yokucofa isikrini kufuneka uchwetheze imiyalelo ebhaliweyo ("vula ucango", "thatha ifosholo"), kwaye isekho ngendlela enye okanye enye. . Ngenye imini ndiza kubhala inqaku malunga nemeko yabo yangoku, kodwa okwangoku ndingathumela abo banomdla kumsebenzi wam kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini eyadlulayo kwiphephancwadi elithi "Ilizwe leMidlalo", elifumaneka (isilumkiso: iileta ezininzi!).
"Iincwadi zemidlalo" zavela njengesiqhelo soncwadi, zaqulunqwa ngababhali, zathengiswa kwiivenkile zeencwadi emva kweminyaka engama-30 yekhulu lokugqibela. Ezi ziincwadi zephepha eziqhelekileyo apho umfundi anikwe inkululeko encinci yokukhetha ukuphuhliswa kweploti. Ekupheleni kwesahluko ngasinye, ugqiba ngoko kuza kwenzeka aze afumane iphepha elifanelekileyo. Kwi-70s, baphinde bavela, besiya kwimidlalo yokudlala indima ye-tabletop, babenedayisi, amakhadi aneetshiphusi ezihambayo kunye nezinye iimpawu zomdlalo, kodwa isiseko sahlala sisicwangciso soncwadi (nangona singengomsebenzi wobugcisa), nto leyo i-Adventure ayinayo. kukonke .
Eli lifa lakhokelela komnye umahluko phakathi kwe-IF kunye ne-gamebooks. Kwi-IF, umdlali ubenenkululeko ethile yesenzo kwicandelo ngalinye lomdlalo (wayenokuphonononga iindawo, ahambe phakathi kwazo, asebenzise izinto kwaye asombulule iipuzzle), kodwa ngokubanzi iyelenqe lahlala limgca kwaye ngokukhawuleza okanye kamva kukhokelele kwelinye. isiphelo. Kwiincwadi zemidlalo, akukho phantse inkululeko yokwenza ngaphakathi kwizahluko, kodwa phakathi kwabo kufuneka wenze izigqibo ezithatha icandelo lebali, kwaye kuhlala kukho iziphelo ezininzi.
Ngoku iindlela zala macala mabini ahlukeneyo ziye zawela kwaye zadibanisa, kodwa ngenxa yokucaca kulo mbhalo ndiza kuthetha kuphela ngeencwadi zemidlalo.
Ngoko, masihambe!
Inkampani encinci yaseMelika egxile kumabali asekelwe kwisicatshulwa kuphela ngoyilo oluncinci. Icandelo loncwadi lilapha ngaphambili; ezi ziincwadi zokwenyani, apho izigqibo zakho zichaphazela uphuhliso lweploti, kodwa apho awukwazi "ukulahlekelwa", unokufikelela kuphela kwiziphelo ezahlukeneyo. Isiphumo sale ndlela kukuqwalaselwa okukhulu kumgangatho weploti nolwimi. Umphumela wecala kukuba akukho nto yakwenza apha ukuba awuyiqondi into ethethwayo, ngoko ke bafaneleka ngakumbi kwiNqanaba eliPhezulu lolwazi lolwimi.
Ukhetho lweMidlalo luvule ulwimi lwalo lokubhala "iincwadi zesebe" kuye wonke umntu, kwaye inani elikhulu labantu lathatha ithuba loku. Iincwadi zabo ziyathengiswa okanye zinikezelwe simahla phantsi kweleyibhile .
Iincwadi zemidlalo ziyafumaneka kuwo onke amaqonga, kwaye izahluko zokuqala zinokufundwa simahla kwisikhangeli-esilungele ukuba unayo. yeChrome: unokuguqulela izicatshulwa kwaye wongeze amagama okufunda.
Ngokubanzi, zonke iincwadi zoKhetho lweMidlalo zilungile. Unokuqala ngendalo yabo yokuqala , nakwintanda-bulumko ; Akulula ukukhetha iingcebiso ezimbalwa apha.
Imveliso evela kwi-Hosted, i.e. ibhalwe ngumbhali ozimeleyo, kodwa lo mbhali, uHeather Albano, wayekhe wabhala iincwadi ezininzi “ezisemthethweni” zeCoG. I-hodgepodge eyoyikekayo neyothusayo eyimpumelelo ye-Sherlock Holmes, uJack the Ripper, uJekyll kunye noHyde, i-classic fantasy, i-Victorian England kunye ne-steampunk. Ibali linika umdla, lizele ii-twist ezingalindelekanga kunye neefolokhwe zeplothi. Olona khetho lubalaseleyo lokuqalisa ukuqhelana nohlobo oya kulufunda kwaye uphinde ulufunde, utshintsha ibali qho. Ukongeza inkuthazo yokuphinda umdlalo, kukho "impumelelo" evulwa ngokwenza izinto ezithile ozenzayo.
Incwadi yemidlalo ebalisa ibali lobomi bekati (okanye iikati) ezithathwe ekhaya ukusuka kwindawo yokuhlala. Kuya kufuneka wenze isigqibo malunga nokuba i-shit kwi-tray okanye ezicathulweni zakho, ulahle i-vase kwi-shelf okanye i-purr emadolweni akho, uvume ukutya ukutya okanye ulinde i-foie gras. Kubonakala ngathi ubomi bekati abuzalanga nezeziganeko, kodwa le yeyona ncwadi yemidlalo inamandla kwikhathalogu ye-CoG: kukho amagama angama-600 amawaka, ngaphezulu kweMfazwe noXolo. Kufuneka kubathandi bekati.
Inkampani yaseMexico ebeke umzamo omkhulu kunye nothando ekuphuhliseni injini, kodwa isemva kakhulu kubakhuphisana bayo ngokwemixholo. Iincwadi (apha ezibizwa ngokuba zii-pathbooks) ziqala ngeziqalo ezinomdla, apho ulindele into enkulu nenomdla, kodwa kwangoko emva kwesiqalo kufika isiphelo esishwabeneyo, esishwabeneyo. Kwangaxeshanye, umfundi akanalo amathuba amaninzi ngandlel’ ithile ukuphembelela iploti - kukho malunga neefolokhwe ezintlanu okanye ezintandathu kwincwadi, zenzeke kwiindawo ezingaqhelekanga kwaye impembelelo yazo ebalini ayibonakali. Nangona kunjalo, zonke ezi ncwadi zinokufundwa kube kanye (kwaye ngamanye amaxesha nangaphezulu) simahla, kwaye ubungakanani bazo obuncinci bunokuba nomtsalane kubafundi bolwimi. Kukwakho neencwadi zemidlalo zabantwana!
Abantu abadala: Iimpazamo Zangaphambili (, ) yi-noir iseti kwikamva le-dystopian emva kweMfazwe yeHlabathi yesi-3, enesimo esifana nekaDick's Indoda kwiNqaba ePhakamileyo. Ngelishwa, yonke into iphela ngokusetwa. - ibali malunga ne-adventure engaqhelekanga ehlathini, ephinda ayinanto yakwenza nesicwangciso.
Abantwana: - umboniso wequbuliso wokuba kwincwadi yabantwana indlela yeploti emfutshane nelula kakhulu isebenza kakuhle.
Abadali abavela eBarcelona, ukongeza kwiincwadi zemidlalo, bakwayile ukhenketho lwemyuziyam olusebenzisanayo. Saqala "ngeencwadi zesebe" zakudala (i-Deadman Diaries), kodwa ngomculo kunye noyilo olutyebileyo, kwaye ngoku siye saphuhlisa inkqubo yethu yokudlala indima kunye namadayisi kwaye sibhala iifilimu zesenzo esimangalisayo (i-Heavy Metal Thunder). Nangona inxalenye yesithathu ibonakala icwangcisiwe, ezi filimu zesenzo azisebenzi kwi-Android yesixhenxe, ngoko andiyi kubhala ngazo. Ukongeza, iCubus inemveliso engenakuthelekiswa ngokupheleleyo ngaphandle kweenkqubo zokulwa kunye nokulwa okungahleliwe.
Iimfazwe zeFrankenstein
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Mhlawumbi eyona ncwadi ibalaseleyo yomdlalo kule ngqokelela ibalisa ibali lenye imbali yenkulungwane ye-XNUMX yaseFransi, apho abavukeli-mbuso bafumana iidayari zikaFrankenstein, bafunda ukwenza izilo ezikhulu kumajoni awileyo, baphinda bavuselela isidumbu sikaNapoleon, bamguqula waba nguDarth Vader kwindawo ehlala emanzini. Abalinganiswa ababini abaphambili ngabazalwana abathi, ngentando yelishwa, bazifumana becalanye ngaphambili. Okanye abo bazifumana bekwicala elinye kukuwe ukuba uthathe isigqibo; okuninzi kulo msebenzi kunokutshintsha kakhulu ngesigqibo somfundi. Kukho kwakhona ukudubula okubhaliweyo, idabi lobuchule bombhalo kunye nesandi esikhulu. Ngamanye amaxesha isibali-xesha siyavula: amanye amacandelo kufuneka agqithwe ngokukhawuleza; Ukuba ulwazi lwakho ngolwimi alwanelanga, oku kunokubangela ubunzima.
Abafana abancinci baseCambridge, abadali babo benza konke okusemandleni abo ukuze bazenze imidlalo "yenyani", eseleyo ziincwadi zemidlalo. Zininzi iigraphics, oopopayi, isandi, iziphumo kunye nazo zonke ezinye iintsimbi kunye neempempe ezingenakwenzeka ezincwadini zamaphepha, kodwa isicwangciso sixhomekeke kwizigqibo zakho, kwaye ezi zigqibo kufuneka zenziwe ngokusekelwe kwisicatshulwa osifundileyo. I-Inkle isebenzisana ngokusebenzayo nabavelisi bemidlalo kunye nabapapashi-bakha iiprojekthi zePenguin USA, kubandakanya, umzekelo, isicelo sokukhumbula imibongo yesiNgesi. , kwaye kwakhona ubhale iingxoxo zeethoyi usebenzisa ukuvula kwazo . Ngenxa yokuba abafana bancinci kwaye be-hip, imidlalo yabo ikhululwe kwi-iOS kuqala, kwaye emva koko, ukuba banethamsanqa, kwamanye amaqonga.
Incwadi yomdlalo esekelwe "Ehlabathini lonke kwiiNtsuku ezingama-80", ethatha indlela ekhululekile kakhulu kwimithombo yomthombo. Ngokwenyani, iintsuku ezingama-80 zikaJules Verne zihlala apha, kunye nenani leentshukumo ezivela kwimisebenzi yakhe eyahlukeneyo. Ngelo xesha, ihlabathi apho i-Passepartout (wena) kunye ne-Fogg yokuhamba ithathwa kwisithethe se-steampunk - oololiwe bangaphantsi kwamanzi bahamba ukusuka eLondon ukuya eParis, iinqwelo-moya zomoya ziyabhabha, abasebenzi balawulwa ngamarobhothi, kunye ne-chrome-shiny teknoloji emangalisayo yonke indawo. Ngokwenyani, eyona nto iphambili yomdlalo kukuphononongwa kwehlabathi layo ngexesha lohambo. Ungalahlekelwa ukuba awunalo ixesha lokufikelela kumgca wokugqibela, okanye ukuba uphelelwe yimali okanye impilo-kodwa oku akunamsebenzi kwaphela, kuba uhambo ngalunye olutsha lwahluke kakhulu koludlulileyo, kukho amakhulukhulu. yeendlela ezinokwenzeka kwihlabathi jikelele. Kwaye, ngendlela, le yintshatsheli ngokwenani lamagama kule ngqokelela: kukho amawaka angama-750 kubo, phantse enye enesiqingatha "Imfazwe noxolo"!
Ulungelelwaniso lwencwadi kaSteve Jackson edumileyo yee-80s yeRPG yakudala, eyinxalenye yongcelele lweFighting Fantasy (eyabhalwa nguJackson kunye no-Ian Livingstone, omnye wabaseki beMidlalo yoCwangciso lweMidlalo). Izinto zomdlalo apha zithatha indawo eninzi, kufuneka ubeke iliso kwimpilo yakho kwaye ulwe neentshaba ngekrele kunye nomlingo, kodwa isiseko sisesesicatshulwa; Amadabi amaninzi anokuphetshwa ngokufunda ngononophelo ibali, kwaye kwiimfazwe kufuneka ubeke ingqalelo kwiingcebiso ezibhaliweyo ukuze uqikelele ukuba yeyiphi na indlela efanelekileyo yokusebenzisa. Umlingo womlingo uqokelelwa kwiileta, zininzi izipela, kwaye kufuneka zinkqaywe; nangona kunjalo, zifana namagama, anokuba luncedo xa ufunda ulwimi (HOT - fireball, FOG - blinding, njl.). Amacandelo amane (kwakukho neencwadi ezine) adibeneyo, ngoko kufuneka uqale ekuqaleni. Isenokubonakala imfutshane ngeedola ezintlanu, kodwa ibeka isiseko kwaye iba mnandi ngakumbi ukusuka apho.
Ewe, njengebhonasi - idemo yedesktop yasimahla yenjini ye-Ink ebizwa . Le yincwadi yomdlalo engaphezulu kwenkonzo emalunga nesiqingatha seyure.
Iincwadi zemidlalo zekhompyuter zakudala-inkampani yaseAustralia iTin Man Games. Aba bafana be-gamebook badle ngaphezu kwenja enye, kwaye ukuba i-Inkle ngandlela-thile ikwazile ukufumana izandla zabo kwi-Sorcery!, Ke yonke enye into evela kwi-Fighting Fantasy ilapho, kunye nemidlalo yabo emininzi. Kwaye le yimidlalo edlala indima enkulu kuneencwadi - zinenkqubo yokudlala indima, nangona yayiyeyokuqala, umlingiswa unezixhobo, kwaye uhlala ebandakanyeka ekulweni (zinokuthi zithintelwe, kodwa ngenxa yoko kufuneka uphucule. izakhono ezithile kwaye uqengqe idayisi kwakhona). Ekuqaleni kwesicatshulwa, unokukhetha inqanaba lobunzima, ukusuka kwinkohlakalo ngaphandle kokukwazi "ukuskrola umva" ukuya "kumfundi", apho zonke iimfazwe zisonjululwa ngokuzenzekelayo ngokuthanda kwakho. Ndincoma ukuba ukhethe ukhetho oluphakathi (kunye nenani elingenamkhawulo "leebhukhimakhi") - ukufaneleka kwencwadi yale mi sebenzi ayihlaseli kakhulu, kodwa isebenza kakuhle njengenxalenye yomdlalo.
I-GA yi-Gamebook Adventures series, imveliso ye-flagship ye-Tin Man Games; imidlalo ekuyo ayinalo iyelenqe elingaguqukiyo, ngoko ke kufuneka uqale ngeyamva nje. Umlinganiswa oyintloko, i-petty bandit-informant, uthunyelwa ukuba akhangele iimeko zokunyamalala okungaqondakaliyo kwe-ambassador kwinqununu engummelwane; Akuba efikile, uzifumana ekwinzonzobila yeziganeko ezingaqhelekanga ezijikeleze ukuvuselelwa kothixo uAzuria. Umdlalo mkhulu, isicwangciso sibhalwe kakuhle, kwaye isilungiselelo ngokwaso asiqhelekanga (kwaye sibe singaqhelekanga njengoko siqhubeka). Ewe, i-plus yinkqubo yokudlala indima ephuhliswe kakuhle ye-Tin Man Games, apho unokuzama ukunqumla yonke into ngobudenge ngezembe, okanye unokufunda izicatshulwa kwaye ujonge iindlela zokusebenza. Kukho iiglitches zeploti ezincinci ezingabalulekanga, kodwa oku kulindeleke kumsebenzi omkhulu kunye nesebe.
Ukuthatha okungalindelekanga kwi-classic ye-Tin Man Games: inguqulelo ye-elektroniki yephepha lephepha lephepha le-Ryan North, apho wanyusa ngempumelelo imali kwi-Kickstarter. Ukuchazwa kwakhona okuphambeneyo kunye nokuhlekisayo kweHamlet, apho unokudlala khona njengoHamlet, u-Ophelia kunye noyise kaHamlet (othi ngokukhawuleza abe sisithunzi sakhe). Le yiprojekthi yoncwadi, ayingomdlalo, kodwa zininzi iindlela onokukhetha kuzo ukuphuhlisa iploti. Ulwazi lweeklasikhi lunqweneleka ekuqondeni iziqhulo zomntu ngamnye, nangona kunjalo, ukwenzela ukuba kube lula, "iqhinga likaShakespearean" liphawulwe ngokhakhayi lukaYorick kwizikrini zokukhetha. Ukongeza, kukho iziphelo ezingaphezu kwekhulu, kubandakanywa ukuveliswa kwe-Ophelia yokufudumeza okuphakathi kunye ne-adventures engaphantsi kwamanzi yesithunzi sikayise kaHamlet, owathi ngokukhawuleza wagqiba ekubeni abe ichthyologist. Ngendlela, ukuqhubeka malunga neRomeo noJuliet .
I-IP evela kummandla waseWashington, i-Sam Landstrom's Delight Games luhlobo lwe "Tin Man for the poor." Le ikwayimidlalo yokudlala indima yencwadi, kodwa ingca yalapha isezantsi kwaye namanzi mancinci. Kodwa yonke into inokwenzeka kwimowudi ye "freemium": igqityiwe inxalenye yolu chungechunge, iqokelelwe "iingqekembe", yavula elandelayo - okanye ithenge "iingqekembe" ngemali yokwenyani (bayaziphosa ukuba usungula isicelo yonke imihla). USam ngumbhali ochubekileyo, unothotho oluninzi, kwaye ukwatsala abantu abasuka ngaphandle. Zonke zikude ezinkwenkwezini, ngoko akukho mfuneko yokulinda ukufunyaniswa koncwadi. Kodwa ungazifumana phi ezinye iincwadi zemidlalo zeentlobo ngeentlobo ezahlukeneyo zabaphulaphuli, kuquka nabantwana?
Oku kuqukumbela uphononongo lwanamhlanje. Ewe, ekubeni eli linqaku lovavanyo, ndiya kuba nombulelo kakhulu ngamagqabantshintshi: sifuna ukuqonda ukuba zinomdla kangakanani ezo zibhalo kubafundi bakaHabr. Ngaba kufanelekile ukuqhubeka?
umthombo: www.habr.com