Ngexesha elizayo, xa uzifumana ukwisikhululo, thatha umzuzu wengqwalasela yakho kwaye uyihlawule kumbhalo, kanye embindini osemazantsi emoto kaloliwe, apho uya kuthi ukhutshelwe khona ukuya kwithuba elilandelayo lokulinda. iholide. Lo mbhalo awukho ngamabona-ndenzile; isixelela kwamanani angaqondakaliyo, aqhelekileyo osasazo lomoya webrake efakwe kule moto.
Umbhalo uyabonakala nokuba uloliwe umi kwiqonga eliphezulu, ungaphoswa.

Kule moto - "Ammendorf", ethe yalungisa ukulungiswa okukhulu (KVR) kwi-Tver Carriage Works, umsasazi womoya (VR) conv. No. 242 uhlobo umkhweli. Ngoku ifakwe kuzo zonke iimoto ezintsha kunye “nezingafakwanga”, ithatha indawo ye-VR yangaphambili ye-292. Zizi zixhobo ezizezosapho lwezixhobo zokuqhokra esiza kuthetha ngazo namhlanje.

1. Iindlalifa zaseWestinghouse

Abahambisi bomoya bohlobo lwabakhweli abasetyenziswa kuloliwe oyi-1520 mm gauge luhlobo oluthile lokuthomalalisa phakathi kokulula koyilo oluzuzwe njengelifa kwivalve ephindwe kathathu yaseWestinghouse kunye neemfuno zokhuseleko lwendlela. Abakhange bahambe kwindlela ende nemangalisayo yophuhliso njengabalingane babo bempahla.

Okwangoku, zimbini iimodeli ezisetyenziswayo: i-conv yokuhambisa umoya. No. 292 kunye ne-conv distributor air, ethatha indawo yayo ngokukhawuleza (ubuncinane kwi-Russian Railways fleet). No. 242.

Ezi zixhobo ziyahluka ngokuyila, kodwa ziphantse zifane kwiimpawu zazo zokusebenza.Zombini izixhobo zisebenza kumahluko wexinzelelo ezimbini - kwi-brake line (TM) kunye ne-reservoir reserve (R). Zomibini zibonelela ngokukhutshwa okongeziweyo komgca we-brake ngexesha lokuqhawula: i-292 ikhupha i-TM kwigumbi elikhethekileyo elivaliweyo (igumbi lokukhupha elongezelelweyo), kunye nomthamo we-1 litre, kunye ne-242 - ngqo emoyeni. Zombini ezi zixhobo zixhotyiswe ngesantya esingxamisekileyo sokunyathela isiqhoboshi. Zombini izixhobo azinakho ukukhutshwa kwenyathelo-ngenyathelo-zikhulula ngokukhawuleza xa uxinzelelo kwi-TM lukhuphuka ngaphezu koxinzelelo ekutshiseni, olusekwe apho emva kokunyathela kokugqibela; njengoko bethetha, banokukhululwa "okuthambileyo".

Ukunqongophala kokukhululwa kwe-stepwise kubuyekezwa yinto yokuba zombini izixhobo azisebenzi zodwa kwimoto (nangona zikwazi), kodwa kunye ne-electric air distributor conv. Inombolo ye-305, eyazisa ukulawulwa kwe-brake yombane, kunye negumbi lokusebenza kunye ne-pneumatic relay, enika amandla okukhupha inyathelo.

Njengomzekelo, qwalasela i-VR 242, njengeyangoku ngakumbi, kunye ne-EVR 305.

I-VR 242 entsha kwiphaneli ye-pneumatic kwigumbi le-injini ye-EP20 ye-locomotive yombane


Ikwaye ifakwe kwikhareji labakhweli


Ngoku makhe sijike kuyilo kunye nomgaqo wokusebenza kwesi sixhobo.

Umzobo ochaza isixhobo seVR 242: 1, 3, 6, 16 - imingxuma elinganisiweyo; 2,4 - izihluzi; I-5 - ipiston ye-limiter eyongezelelweyo yokukhupha i-TM;
7, 10, 13, 21, 22 - imithombo; 8 - ivalve yokukhupha; 9 - intonga engenanto; 11 - ipiston ephambili; I-12 - i-valve eyongezelelweyo yokukhupha; I-14 - ukuyeka ukutshintshwa kwendlela yokusebenza; I-15 - ipiston yokutshintsha imodi yokusebenza; 17. 28 - iintonga; I-18 - i-valve yokuqhawula; I-19 - i-valve yokumisa; I-20 - ukumisa ukutshintshwa kwe-braking engxamisekileyo; 23, 26 - iivalve; 24 - umngxuma; I-25 - ipiston ye-accelerator ye-brake engxamisekileyo; I-27 - i-valve yokunciphisa ukukhutshwa okongeziweyo; UK - ukukhawuleza kwegumbi; ZK - igumbi le-spool; MK - igumbi eliphambili; I-TM - i-brake line, i-ZR - itanki yokugcina; I-TC - i-cylinder ye-brake


Uqala phi umsasazi womoya? Iqala ngokutshaja, oko kukuthi, ukuzalisa amagumbi osasazo lomoya ngokwawo kunye netanki yogcino ngomoya ocinezelweyo ovela kumgca webhuleki. Ezi nkqubo zenzeka xa i-locomotive iqaliswa kwindawo yokugcina, xa imi ngaphandle komoya, kunye nakuzo zonke iimoto, xa zidityaniswe ne-locomotive, kwaye ivalve yokugqibela ivuliwe - uloliwe uthathwa "umoya". Makhe sihlolisise le nkqubo

Isenzo se-BP 242 xa ubiza


Ke, umoya osuka kumgca wokuqhawuka, phantsi koxinzelelo lwe-0,5 MPa, ubaleka ungene kwisixhobo, ugcwalise igumbi le-U4 phantsi kwepiston ekhawulezayo, emva koko unyuke umjelo (oboniswe ngobomvu), ngesihluzo 4, ngetshaneli A ukuya kwigumbi eliphambili. (MK), eyixhasa ukusuka ngaphantsi kwepiston ephambili ye-11, iphakama, kunye nentonga yayo ye-9 evulekileyo ivula i-valve yokukhupha i-8, ehambisa i-cavity ye-cylinder ye-brake kunye nomoya. Kwangaxeshanye, umoya ovela kwisihluzi, ecaleni kwendlela ye-axial yentonga ye-28, ngomngxuma olungelelanisiweyo we-3, ungena kwitanki yogcino (eboniswe tyheli), kwaye ukusuka apho ukuya kumjelo ukuya kwigumbi le-spool (SC) ngaphezulu. eyona piston 11.

Le nkqubo iyaqhubeka de uxinzelelo kwitanki yokugcina, amagumbi amakhulu kunye ne-spool alingana noxinzelelo lokutshaja kumgca we-brake. I-piston ephambili iya kubuyela kwindawo engathathi hlangothi, ivale i-valve yokukhupha. Umthengisi womoya ulungele ukusebenza.

Ndiza kubhala kwakhona - uxinzelelo kwi-TM aluzinzile, kukho ukuvuza kuyo, ukuvuza okuncinci, kodwa kuhlala kukho. Oko kukuthi, uxinzelelo kwi-TM lunokuncipha. Ukuba uxinzelelo luyancipha ngesantya esingaphantsi kwesantya senkonzo, ngoko umoya ovela kwigumbi le-spool unexesha lokuhamba ukuya kwigumbi eliphambili nge-throttle 3, i-piston engundoqo ihlala isendaweni kwaye i-braking ayinakwenzeka.

Xa uxinzelelo kumgca we-brake luhla ngesantya senkonzo ye-braking, uxinzelelo kwivalve ye-brake yehla ngokukhawuleza ngokwaneleyo ukuba i-piston enkulu ihlehle, phantsi kweempembelelo zoxinzelelo olukhulu kwigumbi le-spool. Ukuya ezantsi, kuvula ivalve eyongezelelweyo yokukhupha i-12.

Isenzo se-BP 242 ngexesha le-braking: isigaba sokukhutshwa okongeziweyo kwe-TM


Umoya osuka kwigumbi eliphambili, ngevalve 12 ngokusebenzisa umjelo we-axial wentonga yama-28, uphumela emoyeni. Uxinzelelo kumgca wokuqhawula kunye negumbi eliphambili liyancipha ngokukhawuleza kwaye i-piston 11 iyaqhubeka nokuhla kwayo.

Isenzo se-BP 242 ngexesha le-braking: ukuzaliswa kokuqala kwe-cylinder ye-brake


Intonga engumgongxo yepiston 9 isuka kude netywina kwivalve yokukhupha, ngaloo ndlela ivula indlela yomoya ovela kwitanki yogcino, oqukuqela umjelo B ukuya kwigumbi le-spool, umjelo we-axial wentonga ye-9, itshaneli D kunye ukutshintshwa kwemowudi kudlulela kwi-cylinder ye-brake ngokusebenzisa i-channel L. Ngelo xesha umoya ofanayo udlula kwi-channel D ukuya kwigumbi le-U2, ucinezela i-piston 6, enqumla umjelo wokukhutshwa okongeziweyo emoyeni. Ukuyeka ukukhupha okongeziweyo. Ngelo xesha, intonga ye-28 ye-piston ye-6 ihla, iziteshi ze-radial kuyo zivaliwe ngee-rubber cuffs, ezikhokelela ekuhlukaneni kwamagumbi aphambili kunye ne-spool. Oku kwandisa ubuntununtunu bomsasazi womoya kwi-braking - ngoku ukunciphisa uxinzelelo kumgca wokuqhawula nayiphi na inqanaba kuya kukhokelela ekuthotyweni kwepiston engundoqo kunye nokuzalisa i-cylinder ye-brake.

Isenzo se-BP 242 ngexesha le-braking: ukutshintsha izinga lokuzaliswa kwendawo yokuthenga


Ekuqaleni, i-cylinder ye-brake igcwaliswa ngokukhawuleza, ngokusebenzisa i-channel ebanzi, nge-valve ye-brake evulekile 18. Njengoko i-cylinder ye-brake igcwele, igumbi le-U16 lokutshintsha kwemowudi lizaliswa ngomngxuma olinganisiweyo we-1. Xa uxinzelelo luba lwanele ukucinezela intwasahlobo phantsi kwe-piston 15, ivalve ye-brake ivala kwaye i-TC izaliswe ngomngxuma owenziweyo kwi-valve ye-brake ngesantya esicothayo. Oku kwenzeka ukuba i-handle ye-mode switch 14 iguqulelwe kwindawo "D" (ijoyinti elide). Le ndlela isetyenziswa ukuba inani leemoto kuloliwe lidlula i-15. Oku kwenziwa ukuze kuthotywe isantya sokuzaliswa kwendawo yokuthenga ezimotweni, ukuqinisekisa ukufana okukhulu kweziqhoboshi kuloliwe.

Koololiwe abafutshane, umqheba we-14 ubekwe kwindawo “K” (uloliwe omfutshane). Ngelo xesha, ivula ngomatshini i-valve ye-brake 18, kwaye ukuzaliswa kwendawo yokuthenga kwenzeka ngokukhawuleza ngexesha lonke.

Xa umqhubi ebeka ivalve kwindawo yokuvala, ukuhla koxinzelelo kumgca wokuqhawula kuyayeka. Ukuzaliswa kwe-cylinder ye-brake kuya kwenzeka kude kube, ngenxa yokuhamba komoya wokuzaliswa, uxinzelelo kwitanki yokugcina, kwaye ngoko ke kwigumbi le-spool, lihla, lilingana noxinzelelo kwigumbi eliphambili, ngoko ke kumgca wokuqhawula. I-piston ephambili iya kubuyela kwindawo engathathi hlangothi. Ukuzaliswa kwendawo yokuthenga kuyayeka, kwaye kukho ukuvaleka.

Ukukhulula iziqhoboshi, umqhubi ubeka isiphatho secrane kwindawo yoku-I. Umoya ovela kwiindawo ezingundoqo ugijimela kumgca we-brake, ukwandisa kakhulu uxinzelelo kuwo (ukuya kwi-0,7 - 0,9 MPa, kuxhomekeke kubude besitimela). Uxinzelelo kwigumbi eliphambili leBP nalo liyanda, nto leyo ekhokelela kwipiston ephambili enyukayo, ivula ivalve yokukhupha 8, apho umoya ovela kwi-cylinders yebrake, kunye nakwigumbi le-U2, ubalekela emoyeni. Ukuhla koxinzelelo kwigumbi le-U2 kubangela ukuba i-piston 6 kunye nentonga ye-28 iphakame, umgca we-brake kunye ne-reservoir yokugcina ukunxibelelana kwakhona nge-throttle 3 - i-reservoir yokugcina ihlawuliswa.

Xa uxinzelelo lokutshaja kwi-tank yokunyuka (UR) lufikelela ngokulingana noxinzelelo lokutshaja, umqhubi ubeka i-valve kwindawo ye-II (indawo yesitimela). Uxinzelelo kwi-TM lubuyiselwa ngokukhawuleza kwinqanaba loxinzelelo kwi-UR. Ngelo xesha, ngenxa ye-throttle 3, uxinzelelo kwi-tank yogcino alukabinalo ixesha lokunyuka ukuya kwi-charge, ukuhlawulisa ukhuseleko lomoya kuyaqhubeka, kodwa ngesantya esincinci. Kancinci, uxinzelelo kwitanki yogcino, amagumbi aphambili kunye ne-spool abekwe alingana neyokutshaja. Umsasazi womoya uphinda alungele ukuqhobosha ngakumbi.

Ngokombono womqhubi, iinkqubo ezichazwe zijongeka ngolu hlobo:

Into eyahlukileyo ye-VR 242 yi-accelerator ye-braking engxamisekileyo; kumzobo ibekwe kwicala lasekhohlo lesixhobo. Xa utshaja, kunye nokuzalisa inxalenye ephambili yokusabalalisa umoya, i-accelerator iphinda ihlawuliswe - i-cavity phantsi kwe-piston 25 kunye ne-cavity engaphezulu kwepiston izaliswe ngumoya ngegumbi le-accelerator (AC). Umgca wokuqhawula kunye negumbi elikhawulezayo linxibelelana ngomngxuma we-throttle 1, ububanzi obunjalo ukuba ngexesha lokunyathela inkonzo, uxinzelelo lwegumbi elikhawulezayo lilawula ukulingana noxinzelelo lomgca we-brake kwaye i-accelerator ayisebenzi.

Ukusebenza kwe-accelerator ye-imergency brake


Nangona kunjalo, xa uxinzelelo lwehla ngesantya esiphuthumayo - umoya uphuma kumgca we-brake kwi-3 - 4 imizuzwana, uxinzelelo alunaxesha lokulingana, umoya ovela kwigumbi elikhawulezayo ucinezela i-piston 25, kwaye ivula. ivalve yesitali 19, ukuvula umngxuma obanzi kumgca wokuqhawuka apho umoya usiya emoyeni, nto leyo eyenza mandundu inkqubo. Ngaloo ndlela, ngexesha lokunyathela ngokukhawuleza, xa i-accelerator isebenza, ifestile kwi-brake line ivula kwimoto nganye.

Ukucima i-accelerator (umzekelo, ukuba ingasebenzi kakuhle), sebenzisa isitshixo esikhethekileyo ukujika i-stop 20, evimbela i-piston ye-accelerator kwindawo ephezulu.

Nangona kukho amagama amaninzi abhaliweyo kunye noonobumba, eneneni esi sixhobo sinoyilo olulula noluthembekileyo. Xa kuthelekiswa neyandulelayo, i-BP 292, le ayiqulathanga i-spools, esekho i-capricious ekusebenzeni, efuna ukugaya kwisibuko kunye nokuthambisa, kwaye nayo ixhomekeke ekunxibeni.

Umsasazi womoya 242 sisixhobo esizimeleyo kwaye sinokusebenza ngaphandle kwabancedisi. Enyanisweni, kwiimoto zabahambi kunye neenqwelo-moya, isebenza kunye nesinye isixhobo esibizwa ngokuba

2. Umsasazi womoya wombane (EVR) cond. No. 305

Esi sixhobo senzelwe ukusebenza kwi-electro-pneumatic brake system kwi-passenger rolling stock. Ifakwe kwiikhareji kunye neelocomotives kunye ne-VR 242 okanye i-VR 292. Yile nto iyunithi yesixhobo se-brake ibonakala ngayo kwinqwelo yabahambi.

Ngaphambili kukho i-cylinder ye-brake. Ngaphezulu kancinci, igumbi elisebenzayo i-EVR 305 lijijelwe kudonga olungasemva lweziko lokuthenga. Icandelo lombane le-EVR kunye noxinzelelo loxinzelelo luncanyathiselwe kuyo ngasekhohlo, kwaye umsasazi womoya 292 uncanyathiselwe kuyo ngasekunene. Indawo ephuma kumgca wokuqhawuka (ipeyintwe ebomvu) idityaniswe kuyo ngevalve yokuqhawula.

Isixhobo se-EVR 305: 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 18 - iziteshi zomoya; I-4 - i-valve yokukhulula; 5 - i-valve yokuqhawula; I-7 - i-valve ye-atmospheric; I-8 - i-valve yokubonelela; 11 - i-diaphragm; I-13, i-17 - imingxuma yevalve yokutshintsha; I-15 - i-valve yokutshintsha; I-16 - isitywina sevalve yokutshintsha; I-TC - i-cylinder ye-brake; I-RK - igumbi lokusebenza; I-OV - ivalve yokukhulula; I-TV - ivalve yokuqhawula; I-ZR - itanki yokugcina; I-VR - umthengisi womoya

I-EVR 305 iqukethe iinxalenye ezintathu eziphambili: igumbi lokusebenza (RC), i-valve yokutshintsha (i-PC) kunye noxinzelelo loxinzelelo (RD). Indlu yokutshintsha uxinzelelo iqulethe i-valve yokukhulula i-4 kunye ne-valve ye-brake 5, elawulwa yi-electromagnets.

Xa utshaja, amandla awanikezelwanga kwi-valve, i-valve yokukhulula ivula i-cavity yegumbi lokusebenza emoyeni, kwaye i-valve ye-brake ivaliwe. Umoya osuka kumgca wokuqhawuka, ngokusebenzisa umsasazi womoya kwiitshaneli ezingaphakathi kwe-EVR, udlula kwitanki esecaleni, uyitshaja, kodwa awuyi naphina, kuba indlela yayo yokungena kumngxuma ongaphezulu kwediaphragm yokutshintsha koxinzelelo ivaliwe ivalve yebrake evaliweyo.

Isenzo se-EVR 305 xa ubiza


Xa i-valve yomqhubi imiselwe kwi-Va, i-positive potential (ngokunxulumene neereyili) isetyenziswe kwi-EPT wire kwaye zombini iivalve zifumana amandla. Ivalve yokukhulula ihlukanisa igumbi lokusebenza ukusuka emoyeni, ngelixa i-valve ye-brake ivula indlela yomoya kwi-cavity ngaphezu kwe-diaphragm ye-RD kwaye iqhube ngakumbi kwigumbi lokusebenza.

Isenzo se-EVR 305 ngexesha le-braking


Uxinzelelo kwigumbi lokusebenza kunye nomgodi ongaphezulu kwe-diaphragm iyanda, i-diaphragm igoba, ivule i-valve yokubonelela 8, apho umoya ovela kwitanki yokugcinwa ungena kuqala kwi-cavity yasekunene yevalve yokutshintsha. Iplagi yevalve iya ngasekhohlo, ivula indlela yomoya kwicylinder yebrake.

Xa i-crane yomqhubi ifakwe kwisilingi, i-voltage enikezelwa kwi-EPT wire itshintsha i-polarity, i-diode apho i-valve ye-brake ifakwe khona ivaliwe, i-valve ye-brake ilahlekelwa amandla, kwaye i-valve ye-brake ivala. Ukunyuka koxinzelelo kwigumbi lokusebenza kuyeka, kwaye i-cylinder ye-brake izaliswe de ingcinezelo kuyo ilingana noxinzelelo kwigumbi lokusebenza. Emva koko, i-membrane ibuyela kwindawo engathathi hlangothi kwaye i-valve yokutya ivala. Isilingi iyeza.

Isiphumo se-EVR 305 xa sidibana


Ivalve yokukhulula iyaqhubeka ifumana amandla, ibambe ivalve yokukhulula kwindawo evaliweyo, ikhusela umoya ukuba ungaphumi kwigumbi lokupheka.

Ukukhutshwa, umqhubi ubeka isibambo se-crane kwindawo yoku-I ukuze ukhululwe ngokupheleleyo, kwaye kwindawo ye-II yokukhupha i-stepwise. Kuzo zombini iimeko, iivalve zilahlekelwa amandla, i-valve yokukhulula ivula, ikhupha umoya ukusuka kwigumbi lokusebenza ukuya emoyeni. I-diaphragm, exhaswa ukusuka ngaphantsi ngoxinzelelo kwi-cylinder ye-brake, ihambela phezulu, ivula ivalve yokukhupha umoya ophuma kuyo i-cylinder ye-brake.

Isenzo se-EVR 305 ngexesha leholide


Ukuba, xa ikhutshwe kwindawo yesibini, isiphatho sibekwe umva kwisilingi, umoya uya kuyeka ukuphuma ngaphandle kwegumbi lokusebenza, kwaye ukuchithwa kwe-TC kuya kwenzeka de uxinzelelo olukuyo lulingane noxinzelelo oluseleyo ekusebenzeni. igumbi. Oku kufezekisa ithuba lokukhululwa ngokunyathela.

Le brake ye-electro-pneumatic inenani leempawu. Okokuqala, ukuba umgca we-EPT uyaphuka, iibhuleki ziya kukhulula. Kule meko, umqhubi, emva kokwenza inani lezenzo ezinyanzelekileyo ezichazwe yimiyalelo, utshintshela ekusebenziseni i-brake ye-pneumatic. Oko kukuthi, i-EPT ayisiyiyo ibhuleki ezenzekelayo. Le yintsilelo yale nkqubo.

Okwesibini, xa i-EPT isebenza, umthengisi womoya oqhelekileyo ukwindawo yokukhulula, ngaphandle kokuyeka ukucwina ukuvuza kwitanki yokugcina. Oku kukudibanisa, njengoko kuqinisekisa ukungapheli kwe-electro-pneumatic brake.

Okwesithathu, olu yilo aluphazamisi ukusebenza komhambisi womoya oqhelekileyo konke konke. Ukuba i-EPT icinyiwe, ngoko i-BP, igcwalisa i-cylinder ye-brake, iya kuqala igcwalise i-cavity ekhohlo ye-valve yokutshintsha, iqhube iplagi kuyo ngasekunene, ivule indlela yomoya ovela kwindawo yokugcina indawo yokungena kwi-cylinder ye-brake. .

Nantsi indlela ukusebenza kweenkqubo ezichaziweyo kujongeka njani kwikhabhu yomqhubi:

isiphelo

Bendifuna ukucinezela izixhobo zokunyathela imithwalo kwinqaku elinye, kodwa hayi, esi sihloko sifuna ingxoxo eyahlukileyo, kuba izixhobo ze-cargo brake zintsonkothe ​​kakhulu, zisebenzisa izisombululo zobugcisa ezintsonkothileyo kunye namaqhinga, ngenxa yeenkcukacha zokusebenza kwempahla eqengqelekayo. .

Ngokubhekiselele kwi-passenger brake, ubudlelwane bayo kunye ne-Westinghouse brake bubuyekezwa zizisombululo ezongezelelweyo zobuchwepheshe, ezifumaneka kwi-stock rolling yasekhaya zibonelela ngezalathisi zokusebenza ezamkelekileyo, inqanaba lokhuseleko kunye nokuveliswa kokugcinwa nokulungiswa. Kuya kuba mnandi ukuthelekisa kunye "nendlela ehamba ngayo" ngaphandle. Siza kuthelekisa, kodwa emva kwexeshana. Enkosi ngosinaka kwakho!

P.S.: Ndiyabulela ku-Roman Biryukov ngezinto ezifotayo, kunye nakwindawo www.pomogala.ru, apho kuthatyathwe khona umzekeliso.

umthombo: www.habr.com