🥇Python yewebhu: Yintoni iJunior ekufuneka uyazi ukuze usebenze kunye nokuphuhlisa

Senze umbhalo omfutshane kunye neengcinga eziphambili ezivela kwiPython Junior Podcast: kuyo saxoxa ngokuba masiqale phi kwaye siye phi njengomqambi oqalayo wePython. Kutshanje sinomxholo omninzi wabaphakathi kunye nabadala, kodwa esi siqendu ngokuqinisekileyo sesabantwana.

Izihloko eziphambili:

Luluphi ulwazi olufuna ukufundiswa ngumdwelisi we-novice
uphuhliso lwewebhu?
Balindele ntoni abaqeshi kubaphuhlisi?
Yintoni onokuyenza ukuze ufumane umsebenzi ngaphandle kwamava?
Umphuhlisi wePython unokuphuhlisa njani?

IPython Junior Podcast yipodcast yenkqubo kwabo bafuna ukuqonda ngcono iPython. Usasazo luqhutywa ngabavangeli basekuhlaleni IPython yaseMoscow kunye nootitshala bekhosi Funda iPython.

Abathathi-nxaxheba kwincoko:

UValentin Dombrovski,Umseki weMoscowPython
UZlata Obukhovskaya, Iqela leNVIDIA elikhokelayo
UGrigory Petrov, umvangeli eMoscowPython
UAlexey Shtyrnyaev, umphuhlisi eFinEx, utitshala wezifundo zokuFunda
Python

Kutheni iPython ilungile kuphuhliso lwewebhu

UValentin Dombrovsky: Kutheni iPython ifanelekile kuphuhliso lwewebhu? Kutheni kungenjalo i-PHP okanye iJavaScript, umzekelo?

UGrigory Petrov: Ngoko akukho khetho ingako. Ngaphandle kwento yokuba kwiWebhu yanamhlanje unokwakha usetyenziso lwephepha elinye okanye usetyenziso lwewebhu oluqhubela phambili ngaphandle komva-usebenzisa itekhnoloji yesiphelo sangaphambili, usebenzisa iJavaScript - isentsonkothile kakhulu, ibhalwe kakubi kwaye ifuna abaphuhlisi abapholileyo.

Ukuba sifuna ukwenza iwebhusayithi okanye inkonzo, sisebenzisa indlela edibeneyo: enye i-backend isebenzisa i-logic kwaye idale amaphepha ewebhu, kwaye enye i-frontend idonsa la maphepha ewebhu kwi-browser. Kwaye xa kufuneka sidibanise ngokukhawuleza kwinto ethile, asinakukhetha ngokwenene.

Makhe sijonge ukhetho olunokwenzeka.

C#. IMicrosoft ilungile ngokwenene, baye benza i-NET Core kwaye bayayikhuthaza ngandlela zonke. Kodwa, okokuqala, le yitekhnoloji entsha ye-cross-platform, kwaye ayisiyiyo yonke into egudileyo apho okwangoku. Okwesibini, iyabiza ngenene, bambalwa abaphuhlisi be-C # - kuba nje ayithandwa.
Java Inzulu. Ukwenza iwebhusayithi eqhelekileyo kwiJava ayithathi imigca ye-10 yekhowudi, njengePython. Le yikhowudi eninzi, ezi ziziseko, kwaye kufuneka wazi iinkcukacha zokucwangcisa iiseva zeJava. Ngokubanzi, intlungu eqhubekayo kunye nokubandezeleka.
PHP. Kwiinguqulelo zamva nje kuyamangalisa. Ndiza kuthetha oku: PHP 7.2 ayikho mbi kunePython. Kodwa awukwazi ukukhetha kwaye usebenzise i-PHP 7.2. Ukuba umntu oqhelekileyo, ongeyena umphuhlisi ophezulu wenza iwebhusayithi kwi-PHP, akayi kubhala kuphela kwi-7.2: kuya kufuneka afunde ezinye iincwadi zezifundo, izifundo, kukho ikhowudi yelifa kuyo yonke indawo, kwaye oku akulungile kakhulu.
JavaScript kunye Node.js. Iyamangalisa kwaye yangoku kakhulu xa kukho ulwimi olunye kumphambili nasemva. Ayizinzanga kakhulu. I-Node.js yinto elungileyo, kodwa kuyingxaki ukuyihambisa kwimveliso ukuze ingaphazamisi kwaye isebenze ngokuzinzileyo. Kwaye, ukuba sifuna ukubhala ikhowudi yeJavaScript esemgangathweni, asiyidingi iJavaScript, kodwa i-TypeScript. Kodwa i-TypeScript intsonkothile ngokungalindelekanga, kwaye ubuchopho bomphuhlisi ophakathi buyabila xa buyibona.

Masishiye uRuby, uHaskell, u-Erlang kunye nezinye izinto ze-niche, kwaye sishiywe ... Python. Ulwimi olune-syntax engaguqukiyo, ilayibrari esemgangathweni efanayo, awona maxwebhu agqwesileyo, izikhokelo ezidumileyo ezilula, kunye ne-mega-ethandwayo Django idibanisa.

Kuvela ukuba, nangona kukho ukhetho olubanzi, ukuba sinesiqhelo, kungekhona abaphuhlisi abaphezulu, siyishishini eliqhelekileyo elifuna ukwenza iiwebhusayithi eziqhelekileyo, asinalo isebe lophuhliso lwabantu abangama-50, ngoko sithatha iPython.

Luluphi ulwazi olufunekayo ukuze ungene kulo msebenzi?

Zlata Obukhovskaya: Ndiyakholelwa ukuba kufuneka wazi isikhokelo esinye kakuhle - kwaye wazi ukuba yintoni enye ekhoyo kwaye xa isetyenziswa. Iphi iTornado, iphi iDjango, iphi iFlask, iphi aiohttp njalo njalo.
Kuya kuba luncedo ukwazi ukuba kukho into efana neprotocol. Ngokukodwa, ulwazi lweprotocol ye-http lungundoqo wokwakha izicelo zewebhu.

Kwakhona kufuneka ubuncinane uqonde ukuba isiphelo sangaphambili sisebenza njani kwiiprojekthi zewebhu: yintoni i-HTML, CSS, JS.

UAlexey Shtyrnyaev: Kwaye uyazi apho amaxwebhu akhoyo. Ibaluleke kakhulu.

UGrigory Petrov: Apha sinyathela kumhlaba ozamazama kakhulu. Ukuba sinelishwa kwaye ngandlela thile siqala ngokunzulu ukufunda i-frontend yanamhlanje, kuya kuba malunga namaxesha ali-10 anzima ngakumbi kune-backend ePython. Umphuhlisi we-novice kufuneka anciphise ugxininiso lwakhe ukuze aqalise ukufunda i-HTML, kodwa angalahleki kuzo zonke ezi divs, i-spans, i-floats, indlela yonke into elungelelaniswe ngayo kwaye ifakwe kumgca.

UAlexey Shtyrnyaev: Kufuneka ikhosi yeBootstrap esisiseko. Kwaye iziseko ze-HTML.

Kunyaka wokuqala, akufuneki ujonge kwizikhokelo ze-JS (ukuba ugxile kwi-backend). Ikhosi yeBootstrap esisiseko sele inemodyuli esele zenziwe: ukuba ufuna isilayidi, yenza isilayidi ukuba ufuna imenyu edadayo, yenza imenu edadayo.

Zlata Obukhovskaya: Ndicinga ukuba ngelixa ufunda i-frontend, unokuzicwilisa, ngokukodwa, kwindlela i-statics inikezelwa ngayo ngokubanzi kwizicelo zewebhu. Ke umphuhlisi uqhubela phambili ngokutyibilikayo ukuze aqale ukufunda ukuba ulwakhiwo lwezicelo zewebhu lusebenza njani ngokwemigaqo kunye nendlela abahlala ngayo kwimveliso.

UGrigory Petrov: Ewe, ndiya kuyincoma kwangoko xa ukhetha iPython njengolwimi lophuhliso lwe-backend kwaye, umzekelo, i-Django njengesakhelo: I-Django inamaxwebhu kwiNcwadi ye-Django, ipholile ngokwenene, iqulethe yonke into eyathethwa nguZlata, ngokwenene. kuhle kwabaqalayo.

UAlexey Shtyrnyaev: Amanye amantombazana e-Django nawo afanelekile ukuqala ngokukhawuleza ukuba injongo yakho kukufunda i-Django. Esi sisifundo apho ngosuku olunye ungaya phezulu, uqonde iziseko kunye nokuba yintoni isakhelo esikwaziyo.

UValentin Dombrovsky: Ukulungiselela ukurekhoda ipodcast, siqulunqe uluhlu lwezinto ezifunwa ngumdwelisi wePython kuphuhliso lwewebhu, olushwankathela into ebesiyithethile ngaphambili.

Yintoni ebandakanyiweyo kwiziseko zophuhliso lwewebhu kwiPython

Izikhokelo zewebhu Django, Flask, aiohttp, Tornado, njl. (kwaye wazi malunga nobukho babanye).
IiProtocols kunye nee-APIs: ngokuyinhloko i-http, i-JSON-RPC, i-Protocol Buffers, i-gRPC.
I-ORM kunye nokufuduka, i-database yobudlelwane, i-SQLAlchemy, i-SQL, i-PostgreSQL, i-MySQL.
Iziseko ze-HTML, i-CSS, i-Bootstrap, kunye ne-JS frameworks kunye ne-JQuery.
Imigaqo yokusebenza kwesicelo kwimveliso, uvavanyo, iimvavanyo zeyunithi, ii-autotests, iinkqubo zokulawula inguqulelo, i-git.

Ngaba abancinci bafuna i-algorithms?

Zlata Obukhovskaya: Ekuqaleni, awudingi ukwazi ii-algorithms; ziya kuvela ngokuthe ngcembe entlokweni yakho ukuba uzibandakanya kuphuhliso ixesha elide ngokwaneleyo. Ndiyazi iitoni zeenjineli ezilungileyo ezingakhange zibe nekhosi elungileyo ye-algorithms esesikweni.

UGrigory Petrov: Ndifuna ukufaka amafutha emlilweni. Uvela phi umnqweno wethu we-algorithms?

Okwangoku asinayo imfundo esisiseko kwi-algorithms, asiyazi indlela yokuqeqesha abaprogram, asinaso isiseko sobugcisa.

Bazama ukwenza oku, kodwa apha sinebali likaHogwarts: asinako ukwenza isikolo sabathakathi ngelixa singenaye wizard enye. Ngoko ke, kufuneka yenze ntoni iyunivesiti xa beza kubo baze babuze: "Qala abadwelisi beprogram," kodwa abanalo abaprogram, kuba wonke umntu usebenza kwi-Mail.ru, i-Rambler kunye ne-Yandex, baziva belungile apho?

IYunivesithi ijonge kwaye ithi:
- Kulungile, inkqubo. Masifumane indawo enxulumeneyo yolwazi kwaye simeme iingcali apho. Masimeme iintatheli ezinokubhala ikopi, iinjineli zombane ezinokwenza iisekethe zombane, kunye neengcali zezibalo ezinokusebenzisa i-algorithms.

Ekugqibeleni, kuyavela ukuba oku kuyasebenza njengokufundisa i-fiziksi yomakhi ngenxa yokuba izitena kunye nesamente zenziwe ngamasuntswana asisiseko.

Ngelo xesha, abathethi ngesamente kunye nezitena ngokwabo, kuba i-physicist ezama ukuqeqesha umakhi akayazi indlela yokwakha izindlu. Ngenxa yoko, sifumana umakhi okwazi ukuchaza ngokugqibeleleyo indlela "i-samente esebenza ngayo", kodwa akazange ayibone kwaye akakwazi ukwenza nantoni na kuyo.

I-algorithms kunye nezakhiwo zedatha zilungile kakhulu, kodwa le yindawo encinci yesicelo. Zifuneka ngokungxamisekileyo, umzekelo, ukuba ubhala i-injini yomdlalo, i-compiler, okanye iprotocol yenethiwekhi.

Uninzi lwabadwelisi benkqubo basombulula iingxaki zoshishino apho i-algorithms kunye nezakhiwo zedatha zingafuneki.

Eyona mathematika inzima apho kukudibanisa kabini nokwahlulahlula. Ifuna ulwazi olwahluke ngokupheleleyo. Ukusonjululwa kweengxaki zoshishino kufuna ukusetyenziswa ikakhulu kunolwazi olusisiseko.

Kungcono ukuba umphuhlisi we-novice abe nokuqonda kweshishini kunye nendlela yokudibanisa ngokuchanekileyo nangokukhawuleza izakhiwo eziyimfuneko kwiibhloko esele zenziwe, indlela yokuyilungisa, indlela yokuqinisekisa ukuba ayiwa, yazi ukuba kutheni ihlukana, kwenzeka ntoni xa iimfuno zitshintsha kwaye inkqubo iqala "ukuzinza kwisiseko" njengendlu emva kwemvula.
Ezi zizinto eziphathekayo kunye nokuqonda indlela yokubhala isofthiwe. Kufuneka azi ukuba ukongeza kwi-debugger, unesethi yezixhobo eziza kubonisa ngqo apho inkqubo iyancipha khona.

UValentin Dombrovsky: Olu thelekiso lwafika engqondweni yam: olu luguqulelo olusuka kulwimi lweshishini ukuya kulwimi onokuthi unxibelelane ngalo nekhompyutha. Oko kukuthi, umdwelisi wenkqubo luhlobo oluthile lwengcali yolwimi.

UGrigory Petrov: Ishishini lifuna umbhali, hayi isazi seelwimi. Umbhali akufuneki azi ukuba kutheni le nto kwiminyaka eliwaka eyadlulayo eli gama latshintshwa libe koku. Kufuneka akwazi ukuwasebenzisa la mazwi.

Yintoni oyifunayo ukuze ufumane umsebenzi wakho wokuqala njengomphuhlisi

UAlexey Shtyrnyaev: Kukho mhlawumbi akukho recipe yendalo yonke yendlela yokupheka ijunior.

Ukuba uza kwinkampani ethile, baya kukuqesha hayi ngenxa yokuba uyazi i-Django, i-JSON kunye nee-algorithms ezimbalwa. Uya kuqeshwa ngezakhono ezifunwa yile nkampani apha kwaye ngoku.

Kukho iinkampani ezininzi, kwaye zonke zineemfuno ezahlukeneyo. Alukho ulwazi olunjalo lwehlabathi lonke olufuna ukufunyanwa ukuze uqhubele phambili ulungiselela i-CV kwaye uye kufuna umsebenzi.

UGrigory Petrov: Xa thina eVoxImplant sasikhangela iinjineli ezininzi, umlawuli wethu wezobugcisa wenza imfuneko esisiseko ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: umntu kufuneka akwazi ukusombulula iingxaki. Kucacile ukuba umntu oselula akayi kuhlala ekwenza oku ngokufanelekileyo, kungekhona ngendlela efanelekileyo kwaye akusoloko ngokuchanekileyo, kodwa ngokufanelekileyo unika umntu umsebenzi, uyawuhlutha aze awusombulule. Obu bubuchule obufunwa ngabaqeshi ngokuyintloko.

Zlata Obukhovskaya: Abantu abafuna umsebenzi kwezinye iindawo banenzuzo ethile kwimbono yezoshishino kuba sele behamba ngendlela ethile kwaye banako ukucombulula iingxaki ngokukhawuleza. Ezi zizakhono ezithambileyo, ndingade ndithi yinkcubeko yomsebenzi. Ngokufuthi, abafundi abaphumelele eyunivesithi abakayivelisi le ndlela yokusebenza.

Kodwa ndingathanda ukuzama ukunika uhlobo oluthile lweresiphi kubaqalayo.

Amanyathelo okuqala omphuhlisi oqalayo

Zlata Obukhovskaya: Eyokuqala kukuba oku kuseluhlobo oluthile lweprojekthi yakho, kuba kufuneka ubhale into kwi-resume yakho kwaye ubonise ipotfoliyo encinci. Kupholile xa ezi projekthi zingenzelwanga wena, kodwa njengeprojekthi yokuzimela - kumntu othile.

Emva kweeprojekthi zokuqala, unokwenza i-resume kwaye uyithumele kuzo zonke iinkampani apho kukho izikhundla zikaJuni. Udliwano-ndlebe luya kunika ingqiqo kwinto efunwa ziinkampani. Kungekudala okanye kamva umntu uya kukuqesha, ubuncinci kwinkampani encinci. Emva koko, la mava omsebenzi aya kukunika ithuba lokungena kwinkampani enkulu kunye nenomdla ngakumbi.

UValentin Dombrovsky: Ngendlela, kwiikhosi zethu silungiselela abafundi ukuba babe neprojekthi yabo kwiiveki ezili-10 zoqeqesho. Kwaye siqeqesha izakhono zophuhliso lweqela. Ezi zizakhono ezithambileyo athetha ngazo uZlata.

UAlexey Shtyrnyaev: Ndingakuxelela ngokusuka kumava ukuba kunokuthatha ixesha elide ukukhangela umsebenzi wakho wokuqala. Xa ukhangela inyanga okanye ezimbini, oko kuqhelekile. Ukuba uhambisa i-resume yakho kuzo zonke iinkampani, yiya kudliwano-ndlebe, kwinyanga yesithathu ngokuqinisekileyo uya kufumana into.

UValentin Dombrovsky: Unokuzisika iiprojekthi zakho okanye uthathe iiprojekthi ezilula ezizimeleyo kwaye kwangaxeshanye uthumele i-resume yakho.

Ngawaphi amathemba anawo umphuhlisi wePython?

Zlata Obukhovskaya: Umphuhlisi wePython unokuya naphi na. Ungangena kuvavanyo kwaye uqhubeke uphuhlisa ukuya kumakhi aphezulu. Okanye nakulawulo. Kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zabaphathi bezobugcisa, kwaye unokukhulela kulawulo oluphezulu. Unokuphuhlisa kwisayensi yedatha, i-DevOps, ungene kuvavanyo oluzenzekelayo okanye ukufunda ngomatshini.

UValentin Dombrovsky: Ngokubanzi, kukho ezininzi iinketho kunye namathuba, kuquka izifundo zethu. Awudingi lwazi lungako ekungeneni, kodwa kuyacetyiswa ukuba ugubungele uluhlu olubanzi, kuba okukhona unako, kokukhona kungcono kuwe.

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Le yinxalenye nje yokukhululwa Python Junior. Inguqulelo epheleleyo yesiqendu iyafumaneka mamela.

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