Molo %igama lomsebenzisi.
Njengesiqhelo, andizophola.
Kwaye isizathu salokhu iodine pentafluoride kunye !
Ngokubanzi, sonke (ngethemba) sikhumbula ukuqala komsebenzi kaRidley Scott kunye nefilimu emangalisayo ethi "Alien", endiyincomayo, nangona yayivela kwi-1979. Ekupheleni kweli nqaku, ndiya kungqina ukuba ifilimu ayikho nje epholileyo - yi-SCENTIFIC!
Kwaye ngenxa yoku siya kutsala inkumbulo yethu kwaye sikhumbule isiphelo: u-Ripley ubhodisa i-shuttle kwaye ngequbuliso wafumanisa i-Alien apho.
Kwaye ngoku kuya kubakho imifanekiso, iinkumbulo ezifudumeleyo kunye nekhemistri.
Emva kokufumana i-Alien, uRipley uthatha isigqibo sokuvuthela iigesi ezikhethekileyo kuye. Ecula ingoma malunga yinkwenkwezi enethamsanqa, uRipley uvula le phaneli ilula.
Iigesi ezikhethekileyo kwi-shuttle
Uluhlu lungaphezulu komdla:
- A. Iodine pentafluoride.
- B. Isobutane.
- C. Methyl chloride.
- D. Nitrosyl chloride.
- E. Methyl bromide.
- F. Isobutylene.
- G. Phosphine.
- N. Silan.
- I. Perfluoropropane.
- J. Phosgene.
- K. Into eno "A", argon? Andazi, andikwazi ukuphuma.
Ke, uRipley uzama ukutshisa umhlobo wethu kuqala nge-iodine pentafluoride:
Zama kuqala
Umphambukeli ngandlelβ ithile akazibhiyozeli kakhulu ezi zenzo.
Emva koko sifunxa nge-methyl chloride.
Inzame yesibini
Kwakhona zero emhlabeni.
Ixesha lesithathu - inhlanhla! Sifunxa isidalwa nge-nitrosyl chloride.
itrayi yesithathu
Kwaye kwafika ukujijisana nokujula
Yonke yaphela ngokuphoswa emajukujukwini yaza yatshiswa kumbhobho ophuma enjinini.
Ngendlela, i-Alien ayizange itshise ekukhupheni, okubalulekileyo
Ngoku makhe sijonge oko sikubonileyo.
Ziziphi iigesi?
"Iigesi ezikhethekileyo kwiShuttle" iseti engaqhelekanga ngokwenene.
1. Iodine pentafluoride IF5
Ewe, eneneni, i-iodine pentafluoride asiyogesi, kodwa lulwelo olunzima olutyheli oluneqondo lokubila eliyi-97,85 Β°C. , le yi-fluoridating agent eyomeleleyo, oko kukuthi, ukuba isilwanyana sethu esincinane sivuthelwe ngale nkunkuma kubushushu bamanzi abilayo, siqinile ngokwenene! Imibuzo emininzi iphakanyiswa yintoni i-shuttle ngokwayo eyenziwe ngayo, ekubeni iodine pentafluoride itshabalalisa ngokulula isinyithi kuphela, kodwa kunye neglasi. Kwakhona imibuzo malunga nesiphekepheke sikaRipley-kodwa yiyo leyo.
2. I-Isobutane CH (CH3)3
I-Isobutane yigesi eqhelekileyo evuthayo (ngendlela, kunye nenombolo ye-octane ye-100), ingasetyenziselwa kwiinjini zokutsha zangaphakathi kunye ne-coolant. U-Ripley akazange ayisebenzise - kwaye ngokufanelekileyo: ukuba iodine pentafluoride ayizange inike naziphi na iziphumo, yintoni inqaku? Ngaphezu koko, kwakunokubakho iintlantsi apho kamva, okuthetha ukuba kwakunokuqhushumba.
3. I-Methyl chloride CH3Cl
IMethyl chloride yirhasi engenambala, enetyhefu enevumba elimnandi. Ngenxa yevumba eliphantsi, ukuxinana okuyityhefu okanye okuqhumayo kunokuphoswa lula. I-Chloromethane yayikhe yasetyenziswa ngaphambili njengefriji, kodwa ngenxa yetyhefu kunye nokuqhushumba kwayo ayisasetyenziswa kule ndima. Ukusetyenziswa okuphambili ngoku: ukuveliswa kwepolymer, njenge-methylating agent kwi-organic synthesis, njenge-rocket fuel, njengomthwali kwi-polymerization yobushushu obuphantsi, njengolwelo lwezixhobo ze-thermometric kunye ne-thermostatic, njenge-herbicide (nayo iyancipha ngenxa yetyhefu).
Ubuthi be-methyl chloride bunxulunyaniswa ne-hydrolysis yayo kwi-methyl alcohol-kwaye ke, njengoko sele ndibhalile kuyo. .
U-Ripley mhlawumbi wayengazi i-biochemistry, okanye wayenethemba lokuba i-Alien nayo ine-dehydrogenase yotywala emzimbeni wayo, kwaye yayinokusela nayo ngokukhuselekileyo. Kodwa, njengoko bekulindelekile, iqhinga alizange lisebenze - ilinge lesibini likaRipley aliphumelelanga.
4. I-Nitrosyl chloride NOCl
I-Nitrosyl chloride yirhasi ebomvu, enetyhefu, enevumba elifuthaniselayo. Ngokuqhelekileyo ibonwa njengemveliso yenkqubo yokubola kwe-aqua regia - umxube we-hydrochloric kunye ne-nitric acids - yiloo nto enuka ngayo kwaye umsila wayo uphakama ngaphezu kwayo xa ushushu (umphunga nge-nitrogen oxides). Ndithetha ngaye nam .
I-Nitrosyl chloride isetyenziswa ngokubanzi njenge-agent ye-chlorinating; ngendlela, ibhaliswe njenge-additive yokutya kunye ne-index E919 - njengomphuculi kunye nokuqina kombala kwimpahla ebhakiweyo. Ngamanye amaxesha yayisetyenziselwa ukucoca kunye nokubulala iintsholongwane emanzini okusela.
Incinci kakhulu i-nitrosyl chloride isetyenziswa kwishishini lokutya; kwangaxeshanye, kwimo yayo ecocekileyo, le nto ibeka eyona ngozi imbi kakhulu kubomi nakwimpilo. Ukuphefumla umphunga wayo kubangela ukucaphuka okukhulu kwenwebu, i-pulmonary edema, i-bronchospasm, i-asthmatic attack, kunye nenani lezinye iimbonakaliso zokungasebenzi kakuhle kokuphefumla. Ukudibana nomzimba kukhokelela ekutshisweni kweekhemikhali eluswini.
Akumangalisi ukuba uMphambukeli akazange amthande kakhulu.
5. I-Methyl bromide CH3Br
Ubume bayo bufana ne-methyl chloride. Ukongeza, ngaphandle kwe-organic synthesis, isetyenziswa njenge-fumigant yokubulala iintsholongwane kwizixhobo zezityalo ukusuka kwizinambuzane zesikali, izinambuzane zesikali sobuxoki kunye ne-mealybugs, kunye nokulawula izitshabalalisi zesitokhwe, ngakumbi imifuno emitsha kunye neyomileyo kunye neziqhamo, kwaye kancinci kancinci kwiinkozo. ukuqhubekeka. Njengesiqhumiso akuvumelekanga ukuba sisetyenziswe ngenxa yetyhefu ngokuhambelana neMigaqo yaseMontreal.
Kwakhona yayisetyenziselwa ukulungiswa kwempahla esetyenzisiweyo, kodwa apha nayo yashiywa ngenxa yetyhefu (ngoko unokuya ngokukhuselekileyo kwi-SecondHand).
U-Ripley wayechanekile ngokupheleleyo ukuba angayisebenzisi-yintoni inqaku ukuba i-methyl chloride ayincedanga?
6. I-Isobutylene CH2C(CH3)2
Irhasi enokutsha edla ngokusetyenziswa kwimveliso yeepolima. Akukho nto ikhethekileyo, umphumo uya kufana ne-isobutane.
7. I-Phosphine PH3
Irhasi enetyhefu iphazamisa imetabolism kwaye ichaphazela inkqubo ye-nervous ephakathi, kwaye ichaphazela imithambo yegazi, amalungu okuphefumla, isibindi kunye nezintso. Yayithathwa njenge-arhente yemfazwe yeekhemikhali-kwaye ngendlela, enye yeemveliso ezinobuthi ekusebenzisaneni kwe-phosphorus etyheli kunye namanzi (kwakhona kubhekiswa kuyo. ). Irhasi esulungekileyo ayinavumba, igesi yobugcisa iqulethe ubumdaka, yiyo loo nto inuka njengentlanzi ebolileyo.
I-Phosphine isetyenziselwa ukuhlanganiswa kwe-organophosphates, njengomthombo wokungcola kwe-phosphorus ekuveliseni i-semiconductors, kunye ne-fumigant - enye indlela kwi-methyl bromide engavumelekanga. Ngokucacileyo, ngokufanisa ne-methyl bromide kunye ne-methyl chloride, u-Ripley wagqiba ekubeni i-phosphine ayiyi kunceda.
8. Silane, okanye kunoko monosilane SiH4
Irhasi engenambala enevumba elibi. Kufuneka kuthiwe phambi kwe-oksijini, i-monosilane i-oxidizes ngokukhawuleza nakwiqondo lokushisa lomoya. Babhala ukuba i-silane inetyhefu kunye ne-LC50 ye-0,96% yeempuku - kodwa ukuqonda iimpawu ze-silane kunye nesidingo sokuba iimpuku ziphefumle into ethile, ngoko mhlawumbi iimpuku zavele zahlutha ngenxa yokunqongophala kwe-oksijini, okanye zatshiswa kwidangatye le-silane, okanye .
Isetyenziswa kwiindlela ezahlukeneyo zokusabela kwi-organic synthesis (ukulungiswa kweepolymers ze-organosilicon, njl.njl.), njengomthombo wesilicon esulungekileyo kushishino lwe-microelectronics ekwenzeni icrystalline kunye neefilm ezibhityileyo zeefotoconverters ezisekwe kwisilicon, izikrini zeLCD, ii-substrates kunye neengqimba zetekhnoloji. yeesekethe ezidibeneyo, kunye nokuveliswa kwepolysilicon ecocekileyo kakhulu.
Ndicinga ukuba uRipley wayewoyika ngokwenene umlilo, kwaye ke akazange asebenzise i-silane kwi-Alien.
9. Perfluoropropane C3F8
I-Perfluoropropane ngummeli oqhelekileyo we-perfluorinated hydrocarbons. Ingasetyenziswa njengefriji. Ukutsha okuphantsi, ukungaqhumisi, ityhefu ephantsi. Njengazo zonke iiperfluorocarbons, iyakwazi ukwenza i-greenhouse effect eyomeleleyo ngokuphindwe kalikhulu kune-CO2, enokuthi isetyenziswe ukwenza iterraforming. Ngendlela, ayidali i-greenhouse effect.
U-Ripley, ngokucacileyo, wagqiba ekubeni i-perfluoropropane ayiyi kuba luncedo, yayifanelekile kuphela kwizilwanyana ezifunxayo eziphefumla i-oksijini - kodwa ngokuqwalasela indlela i-Alien igxininise ngayo ngamandla esithubeni, kwakungeyona inketho.
10. Phosgene COCl2
Ukhetho oluhle lwetyhefu ebantwini nakwizilwanyana ezanyisayo-ndithetha ngayo . Ikwasetyenziswa kwi-organic synthesis.
Kuyabonakala ukuba, uRipley waqonda ukuba i-Alien yahluke kakhulu kwi-biology yezilwanyana ezincelisayo, kwaye ke ayizange ikhethe i-phosgene. Inokuba "inombolo yesine" emva kwe-nitrosyl chloride. Ayaziwa apha.
11. Huh? Argon?
Akukho nto ikhethekileyo konke konke - igesi engasebenziyo. Ayidibanisi nantoni na.
Kwakhona ayinamsebenzi, njenge-perfluoropropane.
ezifunyanisiweyo
- U-Ripley, kwiimeko ezixinzelelekileyo, wenza ngokucokisekileyo nangamabomu: wayenqanda umlilo, wakhetha ngobulumko iigesi zokutshaya i-Alien - yonke into yenziwa ngokuchanekileyo.
- Akukacaci ngokupheleleyo ukuba i-Alien iquka ntoni? Ukuqwalasela i-causticity yamathe akhe, iqulethe into efana ne-chlorine trifluoride, kodwa ke ubushushu bakhe kufuneka bube ngaphantsi kwe-+12 Β°C, ngaphandle koko le nto iya kubilisa. Igazi lakhe lenziwe ngebromine fluorides (ndithetha ngazo )? Emva koko yintoni eyenziwa ngayo: ayinako ukwesaba amaqondo aphezulu kunye namaqondo aphantsi, kodwa inomlinganiselo omkhulu wokwandisa xa ishushu - khumbula ukuphela kwe-Alien 3, apho emva kokhokelo olutyhidiweyo kwakunokwenzeka ukuliqhumisa ngamanzi atshisiweyo. I-Organosilicon ayifanelekanga - i-fluorides iya kuyinyibilikisa. Olunye uhlobo lwe-organofluorine? Kodwa kwakutheni ukuze i-nitrosyl chloride isebenze? Apha abenzi befilimu bashiye imfihlelo.
- Akukacaci ngokupheleleyo ukuba inqanawa yenziwe ngantoni: ayoyiki iodine pentafluoride eshushu, i-nitrosyl chloride - kodwa ityiwa kanye ngamathe e-Alien. Ukuba igazi le-Alien liqulethe ii-asidi eziphezulu (funda ngazo kwi ), ke ukuchasana neegesi kuyamangalisa. Ukuba kukho i-halogens ye-fluoride egazini lomfokazi, kuyamangalisa ukuba inqanawa yadliwa ngabo, kodwa iodine pentafluoride yasinda. Imfihlelo yesibini.
- I-tug yorhwebo i-Nostromo, okanye kunoko i-shuttle yokuhlangula, ixhotyiswe ngokungalindelekanga ngeegesi eziyimfuneko kwi-organic synthesis (i-fluorination, i-methylation, i-polymer reactions, i-chlorination), iigesi zokunyanga izityalo ngokuchasene nezinambuzane, i-fuel gases, iifriji, izinto eziluhlaza zokuvelisa i-semiconductor kunye neegesi. ukwenzela ukwenza iterraforming. Ngaba bekulindelwe ukuba usomajukujuku asebenzise ubuchwephesha obuphezulu ukuze aphile? Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ikusasa elikude (uguqulelo lwangaphambili lweskripthi luthetha malunga ne-2087)...
- "Alien" yeyona movie ipholileyo. Ngokungafaniyo nezinye iifilimu zaseHollywood, kucatshangelwa ukuya kuthi ga kwiinkcukacha zekhemikhali.
umthombo: www.habr.com