Isebe elitsha elizinzile le-Flatpak 1.14 toolkit lishicilelwe, elibonelela ngenkqubo yokwakha iipakethi ezizimeleyo ezingabophelelekanga kwi-Linux ethile yokusasazwa kwaye iqhutywe kwisitya esikhethekileyo esihlukanisa isicelo esivela kuyo yonke inkqubo. Inkxaso yokuqhuba iiphakheji ze-Flatpak inikezelwa kwi-Arch Linux, i-CentOS, i-Debian, i-Fedora, i-Gentoo, i-Mageia, i-Linux Mint, i-Alt Linux kunye ne-Ubuntu. Iiphakheji zeFlatpak zibandakanyiwe kwindawo yokugcina i-Fedora kwaye zixhaswa ngumphathi wesicelo se-GNOME.
Izinto ezintsha eziphambili kwisebe leFlatpak 1.14:
- ΠΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ³Π° Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΉΠ»ΠΎΠ² Π² ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ (.local/state) ΠΈ Π²ΡΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π½Π° ΡΡΠΎΡ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ³ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠΊΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ XDG_STATE_HOME.
- ΠΠΎΠ±Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π° Β«have-kernel-module-ΠΈΠΌΡΒ» Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΉ ΡΠ΄ΡΠ° (ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³ ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»Π°Π³Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΊΠ΅ have-intel-gpu, Π²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Β«have-kernel-module-i915Β»).
- Π Π΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ°Π½Π΄Π° Β«flatpak document-unexport βdoc-id=β¦Β».
- ΠΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠΎΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ Appstream Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠΊΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ.
- ΠΠΎΠ±Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»Π° Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ°Π½Π΄ flatpak Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ°Π½Π΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ Fish
- Π Π°Π·ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΡΠΏ ΠΊ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ°ΠΌ X11 ΠΈ PulseAudio (ΠΏΡΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ±Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΡ Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊ).
- ΠΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½Π°Ρ Π²Π΅ΡΠΊΠ° Π² Git-ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π° Ρ Β«masterΒ» Π½Π° Β«mainΒ», ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎ Β«masterΒ» ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π½Π΅Π΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π½Π΅ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ½ΡΠΌ.
- ΠΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π·Π°ΠΏΠΈΡΡ ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΏΡΠΎΠ² Π·Π°ΠΏΡΡΠΊΠ° Π² ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ.
- Π ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ°Π½Π΄Ρ install Π΄ΠΎΠ±Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠΈ Β«βinclude-sdkΒ» ΠΈ Β«βinclude-debugΒ» Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ SDK ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΉΠ»ΠΎΠ² debuginfo.
- Π ΡΠ°ΠΉΠ»Ρ flatpakref ΠΈ flatpakrepo Π΄ΠΎΠ±Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ° Β«DeploySideloadCollectionIDΒ», ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ Π²ΡΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ Π²ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ±Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΡ, Π° Π½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ Π·Π°Π³ΡΡΠ·ΠΊΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ .
- Π Π°Π·ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ sandbox-ΠΎΠΊΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² Π² ΡΠ΅Π°Π½ΡΠ°Ρ Ρ ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π°ΠΌΠΈ MPRIS (Media Player Remote Interfacing Specification).
- Π ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ°Π½Π΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΈ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ Π²ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΎΠ± ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠΈΡ runtime-ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ.
- Π ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ°Π½Π΄Π΅ uninstall ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ Π·Π°ΠΏΡΠΎΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ ΡΠ΄Π°Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ runtime ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ runtime-ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π΅ΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡΡΡ.
- Π ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ°Π½Π΄Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π½ΡΠ΅ Β«flatpak runΒ» Π΄ΠΎΠ±Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΊΠ° ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠΈ Β«βsocket=gpg-agentΒ».
- Π libostree ΡΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½Π° ΡΡΠ·Π²ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ, ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΡΠ΄Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΠΉΠ»Ρ Π² ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π· ΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΌ flatpak-system-helper (ΠΎΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΊΠ΅ Π·Π°ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ° Π½Π° ΡΠ΄Π°Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅ΠΌ Π²Π΅ΡΠΊΠΈ). ΠΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ° ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π² ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΡ Flatpak ΠΈ libostree, Π²ΡΠΏΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ Π΄ΠΎ 2018 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π° (< 0.10.2), ΠΈ Π½Π΅ Π·Π°ΡΡΠ°Π³ΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ Π°ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΠΏΡΡΠΊΠΈ.
Masikukhumbuze ukuba i-Flatpak ivumela abaphuhlisi bezicelo ukuba benze lula ukuhanjiswa kweenkqubo zabo ezingabandakanyi kwiindawo zokugcina ezisemgangathweni ngokulungiselela isitya esinye sendalo yonke ngaphandle kokudala iindibano ezihlukeneyo zokusasazwa ngalunye. Kubasebenzisi abaqaphela ukhuseleko, i-Flatpak ikuvumela ukuba usebenzise isicelo esingathandabuzekiyo kwisitya, unikeze ukufikelela kuphela kwimisebenzi yenethiwekhi kunye neefayile zomsebenzisi ezinxulumene nesicelo. Kubasebenzisi abanomdla kwiimveliso ezintsha, iFlatpak ikuvumela ukuba ufake uvavanyo lwamva nje kunye nokukhutshwa okuzinzile kwezicelo ngaphandle kwesidingo sokwenza utshintsho kwinkqubo. Ngokomzekelo, iiphakheji zeFlatpak zakhelwe i-LibreOffice, iMidori, i-GIMP, i-Inkscape, i-Kdenlive, i-Steam, i-0 A.D., i-Visual Studio Code, i-VLC, i-Slack, i-Skype, i-Telegram Desktop, i-Android Studio, njl.
Ukunciphisa ubungakanani bepakethe, iquka kuphela ukuxhomekeka kwisicelo esithile, kunye nenkqubo esisiseko kunye neelayibrari zemizobo (i-GTK, Qt, GNOME kunye namathala eencwadi e-KDE, njl.njl.) ziyilwe njengeemeko-bume zexesha le-plug-in eliqhelekileyo. Umahluko ophambili phakathi kweFlatpak kunye ne-Snap kukuba i-Snap isebenzisa amacandelo ommandla wenkqubo engundoqo kunye nokuzihlukanisa ngokusekelwe kwiifowuni zenkqubo yokucoca, ngelixa i-Flatpak idala isitya esahlukileyo kwinkqubo kwaye isebenza ngeesethi ezinkulu zexesha lokugijima, ukubonelela kungekhona iiphakheji njengokuxhomekeka, kodwa umgangatho. iindawo zenkqubo (umzekelo, onke amathala eencwadi ayimfuneko ekusebenzeni kweGNOME okanye iinkqubo ze KDE).
Ukongeza kwindawo eqhelekileyo yenkqubo (ixesha lokuqhuba), efakwe kwi-repository ekhethekileyo, ukuxhomekeka okongeziweyo (i-bundle) efunekayo ekusebenzeni kwesicelo kunikwa. Lilonke, ixesha lokusebenza kunye ne-bundle zenza ukuzaliswa kwesikhongozeli, nangona ixesha lokugijima lifakwe ngokwahlukileyo kwaye liboshwe kwiikhonteyina ezininzi ngexesha elinye, elikuvumela ukuba uphephe ukuphindaphinda iifayile zenkqubo eziqhelekileyo kwizikhongozeli. Inkqubo enye inokuba namaxesha okusebenza ahlukeneyo afakiweyo (i-GNOME, i-KDE) okanye iinguqulelo ezininzi zexesha elinye lokubaleka (GNOME 3.40, GNOME 3.42). Isikhongozeli esinesicelo njengokuxhomekeka sisebenzisa isibophelelo kuphela kwixesha elithile lokuqhuba, ngaphandle kokuthathela ingqalelo iipakethe ezizimeleyo ezenza ixesha lokuqhuba. Zonke izinto ezingekhoyo zipakishwe ngqo kunye nesicelo. Xa isikhongozeli senziwe, imixholo yexesha lokuqhutywa inyuswa njenge /usr isahlulelo, kwaye inyanda ixhonywe kwi/app directory.
Ixesha lokusebenza kunye nezikhongozeli zesicelo zakhiwe kusetyenziswa ubuchwepheshe be-OSTree, apho umfanekiso uhlaziywa nge-atomically ukusuka kwindawo yokugcina efana ne-Git, evumela ukuba iindlela zokulawula uguqulelo zisetyenziswe kumacandelo osasazo (umzekelo, unokubuyisela ngokukhawuleza inkqubo kwi imeko yangaphambili). Iiphakheji ze-RPM ziguqulelwa kwindawo yokugcina i-OSTree usebenzisa i-rpm-ostree layer ekhethekileyo. Ufakelo olwahlukileyo kunye nohlaziyo lweepakethi ngaphakathi kwendawo yokusebenza ayixhaswanga; inkqubo ayihlaziywa kwinqanaba lamacandelo ngamanye, kodwa iyonke, iguqula imeko yayo ngeathom. Ibonelela ngezixhobo zokusebenzisa uhlaziyo ngokunyukayo, ukuphelisa imfuno yokutshintsha ngokupheleleyo umfanekiso ngohlaziyo ngalunye.
Ubume obuzimeleyo obuveliswayo buxhomekeke ngokupheleleyo kunikezelo olusetyenzisiweyo kwaye, kunye nezicwangciso ezifanelekileyo zephakheji, azikwazi ukufikelela kwiifayile kunye neenkqubo zomsebenzisi okanye inkqubo ephambili, kwaye ayikwazi ukufikelela ngokuthe ngqo kwisixhobo, ngaphandle kwemveliso nge-DRI kunye neefowuni. kwindlela esezantsi yothungelwano. Imveliso yeGraphics kunye nentlangano yegalelo iphunyezwa kusetyenziswa iprothokholi yeWayland okanye nge-X11 socket forwarding. Ukusebenzisana kunye nokusingqongileyo kwangaphandle kusekelwe kwinkqubo yokuthumela imiyalezo ye-DBus kunye ne-Portals API ekhethekileyo.
ΠΠ»Ρ ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠΉΠΊΠ° Bubblewrap ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π»Ρ Linux ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΉΠ½Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π²ΠΈΡΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ cgroups, ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ² ΠΈΠΌΡΠ½ (namespaces), Seccomp ΠΈ SELinux. ΠΠ»Ρ Π²ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π° Π·Π²ΡΠΊΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ PulseAudio. ΠΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π°, ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠ°ΠΊΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ° ΠΊ Π€Π‘ ΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π°ΠΌ Π² ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅. ΠΠ°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, Ρ ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΠΌΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΡΠΏ ΠΊ Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠ½Π΅ΠΌΡ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ³Ρ, ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠ°ΠΊΠ΅ΡΡ GIMP, VSCodium, PyCharm, Octave, Inkscape, Audacity ΠΈ VLC. Π ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΠΊΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² Ρ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠΎΠΌ ΠΊ Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠ½Π΅ΠΌΡ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ³Ρ, Π½Π΅ΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ Π½Π° Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ Π² ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΠΊΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Β«sandboxedΒ», Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π΄Π»Ρ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ΄Π° Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΉΠ» ~/.bashrc. ΠΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»Ρ Π·Π° Π²Π½Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π² ΠΏΠ°ΠΊΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊ ΡΠ±ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌ ΠΏΠ°ΠΊΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ², ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎ Π½Π΅ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Ρ Ρ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΡΡΡΠΈΠ±ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΠΌΠΈ.
umthombo: opennet.ru