Ukukhululwa kweKernel Linux 5.19

Emva kweenyanga ezimbini zophuhliso, uLinus Torvalds wayikhulula i-kernel. Linux 5.19. Среди наиболее заметных изменений: поддержка процессорной архитектуры LoongArch, интеграция патчей «BIG TCP», режим «on-demand» в fscache, удаление кода для поддержки формата a.out, возможность применения ZSTD для сжатия прошивок, интерфейс для управления вытеснением памяти из пространства пользователя, повышение надёжности и производительности генератора псевдослучайных чисел, поддержка расширений Intel IFS (In-Field Scan), AMD SEV-SNP (Secure Nested Paging), Intel TDX (Trusted Domain Extensions) и ARM SME (Scalable Matrix Extension).

Kwisibhengezo, uLinus uthe kunokwenzeka ukuba ukukhutshwa kwe-kernel elandelayo kuya kubalwa i-6.0, ekubeni isebe le-5.x liqokelele ukukhutshwa okwaneleyo ukutshintsha inombolo yokuqala kwinombolo yenguqulo. Utshintsho lwamanani lwenziwa ngenxa yezizathu zobuhle kwaye linyathelo elisemthethweni elikhulula ukungahambi kakuhle ngenxa yokuqokelela inani elikhulu lemiba kuluhlu.

Также Линус упомянул, что использовал для формирования релиза ноутбук Apple на базе архитектуры ARM64 (Apple Silicon) с Linux-окружением на базе дистрибутива Asahi Linux. Это не основная рабочая станция Линуса, но он использовал данную платформу, чтобы проверить её пригодность для работы над ядром и быть уверенным в том, что сможет формировать выпуски ядра в поездке, имея под рукой лёгкий ноутбук. До этого много лет назад Линус имел опыт использования оборудования Apple для разработки — когда-то он пользовался компьютером на базе CPU ppc970 и ноутбуком Macbook Air.

Inguqulelo entsha ibandakanya ukulungiswa kwe-16401 ukusuka kubaphuhlisi be-2190 (ekukhululweni kokugqibela kukho ukulungiswa kwe-16206 ukusuka kubaphuhlisi be-2127), ubungakanani bepatch yi-90 MB (utshintsho oluchaphazelekayo lweefayile ze-13847, i-1149456 imigca yekhowudi yongezwa, i-349177 imigca yacinywa). Ngokumalunga ne-39% yazo zonke iinguqu ezifakwe kwi-5.19 zihambelana nabaqhubi besixhobo, malunga ne-21% yeenguqu zihambelana nokuhlaziya ikhowudi ethile kwi-architectures ye-hardware, i-11% inxulumene ne-stack networking stack, i-4% inxulumene neenkqubo zefayile, kunye ne-3% zinxulumene ne-kernel yangaphakathi yendlela esezantsi.

Izinto ezintsha eziphambili kwi-kernel 5.19:

• Inkqubo engaphantsi kweDisk, I/O kunye neeNkqubo zeFayile
  • Inkqubo yefayili ye-EROFS (Enhanced Read-Only File System), ejoliswe ukuba isetyenziswe kwizahlulo zokufunda kuphela, iye yaguqulwa ukuze isebenzise i-fscache subsystem, ebonelela nge-caching data. Utshintsho luphucule kakhulu ukusebenza kweenkqubo apho inani elikhulu leebhokisi liqaliswa ukusuka kumfanekiso osekelwe kwi-EROFS.
  • Indlela yokufunda ekwimfuno yongeziweyo yongezwe kwindlela esezantsi yefscache, esetyenziselwa ukwenza ngcono i-EROFS. Imowudi entsha ikuvumela ukuba uququzelele i-caching yokufunda kwimifanekiso yeFS ebekwe kwisixokelelwano sasekhaya. Ngokwahlukileyo kwindlela yokusebenza efumanekayo ekuqaleni, egxile kwi-caching kwinkqubo yefayile yendawo yedatha edluliselwe kwiinkqubo zefayile yenethiwekhi, imowudi "yokufunayo" inikezela imisebenzi yokubuyisela idatha kwaye uyibhale kwi-cache kwindawo eyahlukileyo. inkqubo yangasemva esebenza kwindawo yomsebenzisi.
  • I-XFS ibonelela ngokukwazi ukugcina iibhiliyoni zeempawu ezongeziweyo kwi-i-node. Elona nani liphezulu lobungakanani befayile enye linyusiwe ukusuka kwi 4 billion ukuya kuma 247. Imowudi iphunyeziwe ukuze kuhlaziywe ngeathom yeempawu zefayile ezongeziweyo ngaxeshanye.
  • Inkqubo yefayile ye-Btrfs iwuphucule umsebenzi ngezitshixo, nto leyo evumele ukonyuka komsebenzi omalunga ne-7% xa ubhala ngokuthe ngqo kwimowudi yokulinda. Ukusebenza kwemisebenzi kwimo ye-NOCOW (ngaphandle kokukhuphela-ngokubhala) kwandiswe malunga ne-3%. Umthwalo kwi-cache yephepha xa usebenzisa umyalelo othi "thumela" uncitshisiwe. Ubungakanani obuncinci bamaphepha amancinci buncitshisiwe ukusuka kwi-64K ukuya kwi-4K (amaphepha amancinci kunamaphepha e-kernel angasetyenziswa). Utshintsho lwenziwe ukusuka ekusebenziseni umthi weradix ukuya kwi-algorithm ye-XArrays.
  • Indlela yongeziwe kumncedisi we NFS ukwandisa ugcino lwemeko yokutshixa esetwe ngumxhasi oyekile ukuphendula izicelo. Imowudi entsha ikuvumela ukuba ulibazise ukucoca ukutshixa ukuya kuthi ga kusuku ngaphandle kokuba omnye umxhasi ucela isitshixo esikhuphisanayo. Kwimodi eqhelekileyo, ukuvinjelwa kucinywa imizuzwana engama-90 emva kokuba umxhasi eyeka ukuphendula.
  • Inkqubo esezantsi yomkhondo kwi fanotify FS iphumeza i FAN_MARK_EVICTABLE iflegi, apho ungakhubaza ukucofa i-i-nodes kwindawo efihlakeleyo, umzekelo, ukungahoyi amasetyana-amasebe ngaphandle kokuqhobosha iindawo zawo kwindawo yokugcina indawo.
  • Umqhubi wenkqubo yefayile ye-FAT32 ungeze inkxaso yokufumana ulwazi malunga nexesha lokudala ifayile ngokusebenzisa umnxeba we-statx kunye nokuphunyezwa kwenguqu esebenzayo kunye nesebenzayo ye-stat (), ebuyisela ulwazi olongeziweyo malunga nefayile.
  • Ukulungiswa okubalulekileyo kuye kwenziwa kumqhubi we-exFAT ukuvumela ukucocwa ngaxeshanye kweqela lamacandelo xa imo ye-'dirsync' isebenza, endaweni yokucocwa ngokulandelelana kwecandelo ngokwecandelo. Ngokunciphisa inani lezicelo zebhloko emva kokulungiswa, ukusebenza kokudala inani elikhulu lezalathisi kwikhadi le-SD linyuke ngaphezu kwe-73-85%, kuxhomekeke kubukhulu beqela.
  • I-kernel ibandakanya uhlaziyo lokuqala lolungiso kumqhubi we-ntfs3. Ekubeni i-ntfs3 ifakwe kwi-5.15 kernel ngo-Okthobha odlulileyo, umqhubi akahlaziywanga kwaye unxibelelwano nabaphuhlisi lulahlekile, kodwa abaphuhlisi ngoku baqalise utshintsho lokushicilela. Iziqendu ezicetywayo ziphelise iimpazamo ezikhokelela ekuvuzeni kwememori kunye nokuphazamiseka, ukusonjululwa kweengxaki ngokuphunyezwa kwe-xfstests, ukucoca ikhowudi engasetyenziswanga, kunye neetypos ezisisigxina.
  • Kwi-OverlayFS, ukukwazi ukwenza imephu ye-ID yomsebenzisi kwiinkqubo zefayile ezinyusiweyo ziphunyeziwe, ezisetyenziselwa ukutshatisa iifayile zomsebenzisi othile kwisahlulelo sangaphandle esinyusiweyo kunye nomnye umsebenzisi kwinkqubo yangoku.
• Iinkonzo zememori kunye nenkqubo
  • Inkxaso yokuqala eyongeziweyo kwi-LoongArch imiyalelo esetyenzisiweyo kwiprosesa ye-Loongson 3 5000, esebenzisa i-RISC ISA entsha, efana ne-MIPS kunye ne-RISC-V. I-architecture ye-LoongArch ifumaneka kwii-flavour ezintathu: i-striped-down 32-bit (LA32R), i-32-bit rhoqo (LA32S), kunye ne-64-bit (LA64).
  • Удалён код для поддержки формата исполняемых файлов a.out, который был переведён в разряд устаревших в выпуске 5.1. Формат a.out давно не применяется на системах с Linux, kwaye ukuveliswa kweefayile ze-a.out akuxhaswa zizixhobo zanamhlanje kwiindlela zokumisela Linux ngokuzenzekelayo. Isilayishi seefayile ze-a.out singasetyenziswa ngokupheleleyo kwindawo yomsebenzisi.
  • Inkxaso yeenketho ze-x86-specific boot options iye yayekwa: nosp, nosmap, nosmep, noexec kunye noclflush).
  • Inkxaso ye-architecture ye-CPU ye-h8300 yexesha elidlulileyo (i-Renesas H8 / 300), esele ishiywe ngaphandle kwenkxaso, iyekile.
  • Izakhono ezongeziweyo ezihambelana nokuphendula ekubhaqweni kwe-lock locks ("i-split locks") eyenzeka xa ufikelela kwidatha engahambelaniyo kwimemori ngenxa yokuba xa uqhuba umyalelo we-athomu, idatha iwela imigca emibini ye-cache ye-CPU. Izithintelo ezinjalo zikhokelela ekunciphiseni okukhulu ekusebenzeni. Ukuba ngaphambili, ngokungagqibekanga, i-kernel yayiza kukhupha isilumkiso ngolwazi malunga nenkqubo ebangele ukuvala, ngoku inkqubo eyingxaki iya kuthotywa ngakumbi ukugcina ukusebenza kwenkqubo yonke.
  • Inkxaso eyongeziweyo ye-IFS (In-Field Scan) indlela ephunyezwe kwii-Intel processors, ekuvumela ukuba usebenzise iimvavanyo zokuxilonga ze-CPU ezikumgangatho ophantsi ezinokuchonga iingxaki ezingabhaqwanga ngezixhobo eziqhelekileyo ezisekelwe kwiikhowudi zolungiso lwempazamo (ECC) okanye i-parity bits. . Uvavanyo olwenziweyo lukwimo ye-firmware ekhutshelwayo, eyilwe ngokufana nohlaziyo lwe-microcode. Iziphumo zovavanyo ziyafumaneka nge-sysfs.
  • Yongeza amandla okulungisela ifayile ye-bootconfig kwi kernel, evumela, ukongeza kwiinketho zelayini yomyalelo, ukumisela iiparameters zekernel ngokusebenzisa ifayile yemimiselo. Ufakelo lwenziwa kusetyenziswa ukhetho lwendibano 'CONFIG_BOOT_CONFIG_EMBED_FILE=»/PATH/TO/BOOTCONFIG/FILE»'. Ngaphambili, i-bootconfig yamiselwa ngokuncamathela kumfanekiso we-initrd. Udibaniso kwi kernel luvumela i-bootconfig ukuba isetyenziswe kuqwalaselo ngaphandle kwe-initrd.
  • Ukukwazi ukukhuphela i-firmware ecinezelwe usebenzisa i-algorithm ye-Zstandard iphunyeziwe. Iseti yeefayile zolawulo /sys/class/firmware/* yongezwe kwi-sysfs, ikuvumela ukuba uqalise ukulayisha i-firmware kwindawo yomsebenzisi.
  • I-interface ye-io_uring ye-asynchronous ye-I/O inikezela ngeflegi entsha, IORING_RECVSEND_POLL_FIRST, eya kuthi, xa imisiwe, ithumele kuqala umsebenzi womnatha oza kuqhutyelwa phambili kusetyenziswa ukuvota, okunokugcina izibonelelo kwiimeko apho ukuqhutyelwa komsebenzi kunye nokulibaziseka okuthile kwamkelekile. io_uring yongeze inkxaso yesokhethi () inkqubo yokufowuna, iiflegi ezicetywayo ezintsha ukwenza lula ulawulo lweenkcazo zefayile, yongeza imowudi "yokudubula okuninzi" yokwamkela imidibaniso emininzi ngexesha elinye kwi-call () yokwamkela, kunye nemisebenzi eyongeziweyo yokudlulisa iNVMe. iyalela ngqo kwisixhobo.
  • Uyilo lwe-Xtensa lubonelela ngenkxaso ye-KCSAN (i-Kernel Concurrency Sanitizer) isixhobo sokulungisa ingxaki, eyilelwe ukuqaphela iimeko zogqatso ngaphakathi kwe-kernel. Kwakhona kongezwa inkxaso yemowudi yokulala kunye nee-coprocessors.
  • Kwisakhiwo se-m68k (Motorola 68000) siyasebenza umatshini wenyani (симулятор платформы), основанная на эмуляторе Android Igolide.
  • Kuyilo lwe-AArch64, inkxaso ye-Armv9-A SME (iScalable Matrix Extension) iye yaphunyezwa.
  • Inkqubo engaphantsi ye-eBPF ivumela izikhombisi ezichwetheziweyo kulwakhiwo lwemephu, kwaye yongeza nenkxaso yezalathisi eziguqukayo.
  • Indlela entsha yokubuyisela inkumbulo esebenzayo iyandululwa exhasa ulawulo lwendawo yomsebenzisi usebenzisa i-memory.reclaim file. Ukubhala inombolo kwifayile ekhankanyiweyo kuya kuzama ukukhupha inani elihambelanayo leebhayithi ukusuka kwiseti ehambelana neqela.
  • Ukuchaneka okuphuculweyo kokusetyenziswa kwememori xa ucinezela idatha kwisahlulelo sokutshintsha usebenzisa i-zswap mechanism.
  • Kuyilo lwe-RISC-V, inkxaso yokusebenzisa i-32-bit ephunyeziweyo kwiisistim ze-64-bit inikeziwe, indlela yongezwa ukuze ibophe iimpawu zothintelo kumaphepha enkumbulo (umzekelo, ukuvala i-caching), kwaye kexec_file_load () umsebenzi uphunyeziwe. .
  • Ukuphunyezwa kwenkxaso ye-32-bit Armv4T kunye ne-Armv5 iinkqubo zilungelelaniswe ukusetyenziswa kwi-universal multi-platform kernel builds efanelekileyo kwiinkqubo ezahlukeneyo ze-ARM.
• Ukwenziwa kweVirtual kunye noKhuseleko
  • Inkqubo engaphantsi ye-EFI iphumeza ukukwazi ukudlulisa ulwazi oluyimfihlo kwiinkqubo zeendwendwe ngaphandle kokulubhengeza kwinkqubo yokusingatha. Idatha ibonelelwa ngokhuseleko/ulawulo lwecoco kwii-securityfs.
  • Indlela yokukhusela i-Lockdown, ethintela ukufikelela komsebenzisi kwi-kernel kwaye ivale iindlela ze-UEFI Secure Boot bypass, ikhuphe ikroba elivumela ukhuseleko ukuba lugqithwe ngokuguqula i-kernel debugger.
  • Kuqukwe iipetshi ezijolise ekuphuculeni ukuthembeka kunye nokusebenza kwe-pseudo-random number generator.
  • Xa ukwakhiwa usebenzisa i-Clang 15, inkxaso yendlela yokwenza i-randomizing izakhiwo ze-kernel iphunyeziwe.
  • I-Landlock mechanism, ekuvumela ukuba unciphise ukusebenzisana kweqela leenkqubo kunye nokusingqongileyo kwangaphandle, inikezela ngenkxaso yemigaqo evumela ukuba ulawule ukuphunyezwa kwemisebenzi yokuguqulwa kwefayile.
  • Inkqubo engaphantsi kwe-IMA (Integrity Measurement Architecture), eyenzelwe ukuqinisekisa ingqibelelo yamacandelo enkqubo yokusebenza isebenzisa iisignesha zedijithali kunye ne-hashes, itshintshelwe ekusebenziseni imodyuli ye-fs yokuqinisekisa ifayile.
  • Ingqiqo yezenzo xa ukhubaza ufikelelo olungenalungelo kwi-eBPF engaphantsi kwenkqubo iye yatshintshwa - ngaphambili yonke imiyalelo eyayanyaniswa ne-bpf() inkqubo yokufowuna yacinywa, kwaye ukuqala kuguqulelo 5.19, ukufikelela kwimiyalelo engakhokheli ekudalweni kwezinto kushiywe. . Oku kuziphatha kufuna inkqubo enelungelo lokulayisha inkqubo ye-BPF, kodwa ke iinkqubo ezingafanelekanga zinokusebenzisana neprogram.
  • Inkxaso eyongeziweyo yolwandiso lwe-AMD SEV-SNP (Security Nested Paging), ebonelela ngomsebenzi okhuselekileyo kunye neetafile zememori yendlwane kwaye ikhusela ngokuchasene "ne-undeSerVed" kunye nohlaselo lwe-"SEVerity" kwiiprosesa ze-AMD EPYC, ezivumela ukudlula i-AMD SEV (Secure Encrypted Virtualization ) indlela yokukhusela.
  • Inkxaso eyongezelelweyo yendlela ye-Intel TDX (Trusted Domain Extensions), evumela ukuvimba imizamo yomntu wesithathu yokufikelela kwimemori efihliweyo. oomatshini bokwenene.
  • Umqhubi we-virtio-blk, osetyenziselwa ukulinganisa izixhobo zebhloko, ungeze inkxaso ye-I / O usebenzisa i-polling, leyo, ngokweemvavanyo, iyancipha i-latency malunga ne-10%.
• Inkqubo engaphantsi yothungelwano
  • Iphakheji ibandakanya uchungechunge lweepakethi ze-BIG TCP ezivumela ukuba ukwandise ubungakanani bepakethe enkulu yepakethe ye-TCP kwi-4GB ukuze kulungiswe ukusebenza kweenethiwekhi zedatha yangaphakathi yedatha yangaphakathi. Ukwandiswa okufanayo kwipakethi yepakethe kunye ne-16-bit ye-header field size ifezekiswe ngokuphunyezwa kweepakethi "jumbo", ubungakanani kwintloko ye-IP ebekwe kwi-0, kwaye ubungakanani bokwenene buhanjiswa kwi-32-bit eyahlukileyo. umhlaba kwiheader encanyathiselweyo eyahlukileyo. Ekuvavanyeni ukusebenza, ukuseta ubungakanani bepakethe kwi-185 KB yonyuse i-throughput nge-50% kwaye yanciphisa kakhulu i-latency yokudlulisa idatha.
  • Umsebenzi uqhubekile ekudibaniseni izixhobo kwi-stack yenethiwekhi ukulandelela izizathu zokulahla iipakethi (iikhowudi zesizathu). Ikhowudi yesizathu ithunyelwa xa imemori ehambelana nepakethi ikhululiwe kwaye ivumela iimeko ezifana nokulahla ipakethe ngenxa yeempazamo zentloko, ukufumanisa i-rp_filter spoofing, i-checksum engasebenziyo, ngaphandle kwememori, i-IPSec XFRM imithetho yabangela, inombolo engavumelekanga yokulandelelana kwe-TCP, njl.
  • Inkxaso eyongeziweyo yokuwa kwi-MPTCP (MultiPath TCP) uxhulumaniso lokusebenzisa i-TCP eqhelekileyo, kwiimeko apho iimpawu ezithile ze-MPTCP zingenakusetyenziswa. I-MPTCP lulwandiso lweprotocol ye-TCP yokuququzelela ukusebenza koqhagamshelwano lwe-TCP nokuhanjiswa kweepakethi ngaxeshanye kwiindlela ezininzi ngokusebenzisa ujongano lwenethiwekhi eyahlukeneyo edityaniswe needilesi ezahlukeneyo ze-IP. I-API eyongeziweyo ukulawula imisinga ye-MPTCP ukusuka kwindawo yomsebenzisi.
• Izixhobo
  • Ukongezwa phezu kwemigca ye-420k yekhowudi ehambelana nomqhubi we-amdgpu, apho malunga nemigca ye-400k iifayili zentloko eziveliswa ngokuzenzekelayo zedatha yerejista ye-ASIC kumqhubi we-AMD GPU, kunye neminye imigca ye-22.5k inikezela ukuphunyezwa kokuqala kwenkxaso ye-AMD SoC21. Ubungakanani bubonke bomqhubi we-AMD GPUs bugqithile kwimigca yekhowudi ye-4 yezigidi. Ukongeza kwi-SoC21, umqhubi we-AMD uquka inkxaso ye-SMU 13.x (iCandelo loLawulo lweSistim), inkxaso ehlaziyiweyo ye-USB-C kunye ne-GPUVM, kunye namalungiselelo okuxhasa izizukulwana ezizayo ze-RDNA3 (RX 7000) kunye ne-CDNA (AMD Instinct) .
  • Umqhubi we-i915 (Intel) uye wandisa amandla anxulumene nolawulo lwamandla. Iziphawuli ezongeziweyo ze-Intel DG2 (Arc Alchemist) GPUs ezisetyenziswa kwiilaptops, zibonelele ngenkxaso yokuqala yeqonga le-Intel Raptor Lake-P (RPL-P), elongezelelweyo ulwazi malunga namakhadi emizobo ye-Arctic Sound-M), ukuphunyezwa kwe-ABI yeenjini zekhompyutha, zongezwa Ukuxhaswa kwamakhadi e-DG2 kwifomathi ye-Tile4; kwiinkqubo ezisekelwe kwi-Haswell microarchitecture, inkxaso ye-DisplayPort HDR iphunyeziwe.
  • Umqhubi we-Nouveau utshintshele ekusebenziseni i-drm_gem_plane_helper_prepare_fb ulwabiwo lwememori emileyo isetyenziswe kwezinye izakhiwo kunye nezinto eziguquguqukayo. Ngokuphathelele ukusetyenziswa kweemodyuli ze-kernel umthombo ovulekileyo we-NVIDIA e-Nouveau, umsebenzi ukuza kuthi ga ngoku uyehla ekuchongeni nasekususeni iimpazamo. Kwixesha elizayo, i-firmware epapashwe icwangciswe ukuba isetyenziswe ukuphucula ukusebenza komqhubi.
  • Kongezwe umqhubi womlawuli we-NVMe osetyenziswa kwiikhompyuter ze-Apple ezisekwe kwi-chip ye-M1.

Kwangaxeshanye, iLatin American Free Software Foundation yenze inguqulelo ye-kernel 5.19 yasimahla ngokupheleleyo - Linux-libre 5.19-gnu, очищенного от элементов прошивок и драйверов, содержащих несвободные компоненты или участки кода, область применения которых ограничена производителем. В новом выпуске проведена чистка драйверов для pureLiFi X/XL/XC и TI AMx3 Wkup-M3 IPC. Обновлён код чистки блобов в драйверах и подсистемах Silicon Labs WFX, AMD amdgpu, Qualcomm WCNSS Peripheral Image Loader, Realtek Bluetooth, Mellanox Spectrum, Marvell WiFi-Ex, Intel AVS, IFS, pu3-imgu drivers. Реализована обработка devicetree-файлов Qualcomm AArch64. Добавлена поддержка новой схемы наименования компонентов Sound Open Firmware. Прекращена чистка драйвера ATM Ambassador, удалённого из ядра. Управление чисткой блобов в HDCP и Mellanox Core перенесено в отдельные теги kconfig.

umthombo: opennet.ru