URichard Hamming. "Isahluko esingekhoyo": Siyayazi njani into esiyaziyo (imizuzu eyi-11-20 kuma-40)


Начало тут.

10-43: Omnye umntu uthi: “Isazinzulu siyazi inzululwazi kanye njengokuba intlanzi isazi nge-hydrodynamics.” Akukho ngcaciso yeNzululwazi apha. Ndifumanise (ndicinga ukuba bendikhe ndakuxelela oku ngaphambili) kwenye indawo kwisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo ootitshala abohlukeneyo bebendixelela ngezifundo ezahlukeneyo kwaye bendibona ukuba ootitshala abohlukeneyo bathetha ngezifundo ezifanayo ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Ngaphezu koko, kwangaxeshanye ndajonga into esasiyenza kwaye yayiyinto eyahlukileyo kwakhona.

Ngoku, mhlawumbi uthe, "senza imifuniselo, ujonge idatha kunye neethiyori zefom." Oku kunokwenzeka ukuba bubudenge. Ngaphambi kokuba uqokelele idatha oyifunayo, kufuneka ube nethiyori. Awukwazi ukuqokelela nje isethi yedatha engahleliwe: imibala kweli gumbi, uhlobo lweentaka ozibonayo ngokulandelayo, njl., kwaye ulindele ukuba zithwale intsingiselo ethile. Kufuneka ube nethiyori ngaphambi kokuqokelela idatha. Ngaphezu koko, awukwazi kutolika iziphumo zemifuniselo onokuthi uyenze ukuba awunayo ithiyori. Iimvavanyo ziithiyori eziye zahamba ukusuka ekuqaleni ukuya ekupheleni. Unezimvo osele unazo kwaye kufuneka utolike iziganeko ngaloo nto engqondweni.

Ufumana inani elikhulu leengcinga eziqikelelweyo kwi-cosmogony. Izizwe zamandulo zibalisa amabali ahlukeneyo ajikeleze umlilo, kwaye abantwana bayaweva kwaye bafunde ukuziphatha kunye nezithethe (Ethos). Ukuba ukwintlangano enkulu, ufunda imithetho yokuziphatha ikakhulu ngokubukela abanye abantu beziphatha. Njengoko ukhula, awukwazi ukuyeka rhoqo. Ndithi xa ndijonga amanenekazi akwintanga yam, ndiye ndibone ukuba iilokhwe zazisefashonini ngeentsuku la manenekazi esekholejini. Ndisenokuba ndiyaziqhatha, kodwa yile nto ndithanda ukucinga ngayo. Ukhe wawabona amaHippies amadala asanxiba kwaye enza ngendlela awenza ngayo ngelo xesha ubuntu bawo babunjwa. Iyamangalisa indlela ozuza ngayo ngolu hlobo kwaye ungazi, kwaye kunzima kangakanani ukuba amaxhegwazana akhululeke kwaye alahle imikhwa yawo, eqonda ukuba awasamkelekanga ukuziphatha.

Ulwazi luyingozi kakhulu. Iza nalo lonke ucalucalulo okhe waluva ngaphambili. Umzekelo, unomkhethe othi uA wandulela uB no A ngunobangela ka B. Kulungile. Usuku lulandela ubusuku ngokuqhubekayo. Ngaba ubusuku bungunobangela wemini? Okanye ngaba imini ingunobangela wobusuku? Hayi. Kwaye omnye umzekelo endiwuthanda ngokwenene. Amanqanaba oMlambo wasePoto'mac anxibelelana kakuhle kakhulu nenani leefowuni zefowuni. Iminxeba ibangela ukunyuka komlambo, ngoko siyakhathazeka. Iminxeba ayibangeli ukuphakama kwemilambo. Imvula iyana kwaye ngenxa yesi sizathu abantu babiza inkonzo yeteksi rhoqo nangenxa yezinye izizathu ezihambelanayo, umzekelo, ukwazisa abantu ababathandayo ukuba ngenxa yemvula kuya kufuneka babambezeleke okanye into enjalo, kwaye imvula ibangela ukuba umlambo uphakame. ukuphakama.

Ingcamango yokuba unokuchaza unobangela nesiphumo kuba enye iza ngaphambi komnye isenokuba ayilunganga. Oku kufuna isilumkiso kuhlalutyo lwakho kunye nokucinga kwakho kwaye kunokukhokelela kwindlela engalunganga.

Kwixesha langaphambili, abantu babonakala bephila ngemithi, imilambo kunye namatye, konke ngenxa yokuba babengakwazi ukuchaza iziganeko ezenzekayo. Kodwa ooMoya, uyabona, banenkululeko yokuzikhethela, kwaye ngale ndlela kwakucaciswa okwenzekayo. Kodwa ekuhambeni kwexesha sazama ukunciphisa imimoya. Ukuba wenze iipasiti zomoya ezifunekayo ngezandla zakho, ke imimoya yenza le na leya. Ukuba uphosa amakhubalo afanelekileyo, umoya womthi uya kwenza le nto kwaye yonke into iya kuziphinda. Okanye ukuba utyale ngexesha lenyanga epheleleyo, isivuno siya kuba ngcono okanye into enjalo.

Mhlawumbi ezi ngcamango zisanzima kakhulu kwiinkonzo zethu. Sibaninzi kakhulu. Senza okulungileyo ngoothixo okanye oothixo basinika izibonelelo esizicelayo, ngaphandle kokuba, ngokuqinisekileyo, sisenza okulungileyo ngabo sibathandayo. Ngaloo ndlela, oothixo abaninzi bamandulo baba nguThixo Omnye, phezu kwayo nje isibakala sokuba kukho uThixo wamaKristu, uAllah, uBhuda omnye, nangona ngoku benolandelelwano looBhuda. Ngakumbi okanye ngaphantsi kwayo idityanisiwe yaba nguThixo omnye, kodwa sisenobuninzi bomlingo omnyama osijikelezileyo. Sinobuninzi bomlingo omnyama ngendlela yamagama. Ngokomzekelo, unonyana ogama linguCharles. Uyazi, ukuba uyama kwaye ucinge, uCharles ayingomntwana ngokwakhe. UCharles ligama lomntwana, kodwa alifani. Nangona kunjalo, amaxesha amaninzi umlingo omnyama unxulunyaniswa nokusetyenziswa kwegama. Ndibhala phantsi igama lomntu ndilitshise okanye ndenze enye into, kwaye kufuneka libe nefuthe emntwini ngandlela ithile.

Okanye sinomlingo onovelwano, apho into enye ibonakala ifana nenye, kwaye ukuba ndiyithatha kwaye ndiyidle, izinto ezithile ziya kwenzeka. Uninzi lwamayeza kwiintsuku zokuqala yayiyi-homeopathy. Ukuba into ibonakala ifana nenye, iya kuziphatha ngendlela eyahlukileyo. Ewe, uyazi ukuba loo nto ayisebenzi kakuhle.

Ndakhankanya uKant, owabhala incwadi epheleleyo ethi, The Critique of Pure Reason, awayibhala ngomqulu omkhulu, ongqindilili ngolwimi ekunzima ukuluqonda, ngendlela esikwazi ngayo oko sikwaziyo nendlela esingawunanzi ngayo lo mbandela. Andiqondi ukuba yithiyori ethandwa kakhulu malunga nokuba unokuqiniseka ngayo nantoni na. Ndiza kunika umzekelo wencoko yababini endiyisebenzisileyo amaxesha amaninzi xa umntu esithi uqinisekile ngento ethile:

- Ndiyabona ukuba uqinisekile ngokupheleleyo?
- Ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo.
- Ngokungathandabuzekiyo, kulungile. Singabhala phantsi ephepheni ukuba ukuba awulungile, okokuqala, uya kunika yonke imali yakho kwaye, okwesibini, uya kuzibulala.

Ngequbuliso, abafuni kuyenza loo nto. Ndithi: kodwa ubuqinisekile! Baqala bathetha izinto ezingabhadlanga kwaye ndiyacinga ukuba uyasibona isizathu. Ukuba ndibuza into obuqiniseke ngayo, uze uthi, "Kulungile, kulungile, mhlawumbi andiqinisekanga nge-100%.
Uqhelene neqela lamahlelo onqulo acinga ukuba isiphelo sikufuphi. Bathengisa zonke izinto zabo kwaye baya ezintabeni, kwaye ihlabathi liyaqhubeka likhona, babuya kwaye baqale kwakhona. Oku kwenzeke izihlandlo ezininzi ebomini bam. Amaqela awahlukahlukeneyo awayekwenza oku ayeqinisekile ukuba ihlabathi laliza kuphela yaye oku akuzange kwenzeke. Ndizama ukukuqinisekisa ukuba ulwazi olupheleleyo alukho.

Makhe sijonge ngakumbi kwinto eyenziwa yinzululwazi. Ndikuxelele ukuba, eneneni, ngaphambi kokuba uqalise ukulinganisa kufuneka uyile ithiyori. Makhe sibone ukuba isebenza njani. Eminye imifuniselo iyenziwa kwaye ezinye iziphumo zifunyenwe. Inzululwazi izama ukuqulunqa ithiyori, ngokuqhelekileyo ikwimo yefomula, equka ezi meko. Kodwa akukho ziphumo zamva nje ezinokuthi ziqinisekise okulandelayo.

Kwimathematika kukho into ebizwa ngokuba yi-mathematical induction, ethi, ukuba wenza izinto ezininzi zokuqikelela, ikuvumela ukuba ubonise ukuba isiganeko esithile siya kuhlala sisenzeka. Kodwa okokuqala kufuneka wamkele ezininzi ezahlukeneyo ezisengqiqweni kunye nezinye iingcamango. Ewe, iingcali zezibalo zinokuthi, kule meko yenziweyo kakhulu, zingqine ukuchaneka kwawo onke amanani endalo, kodwa awunakulindela ukuba ingcali yefiziksi nayo ikwazi ukungqina ukuba oku kuya kuhlala kusenzeka. Nokuba uwisa kangaphi ibhola, akukho siqinisekiso sokuba uya kuyazi into elandelayo yomzimba oyiwisayo ngcono kuneyokugqibela. Ukuba ndibambe ibhaluni ndiyikhulule, iya kubhabhela phezulu. Kodwa ngokukhawuleza uya kuba ne-alibi: "Owu, kodwa yonke into iyawa ngaphandle kwale. Kwaye kufuneka wenze ngaphandle kule nto.

Inzululwazi izele yimizekelo efanayo. Kwaye le yingxaki ekungelula ukuyichaza imida yayo.

Ngoku sizamile kwaye savavanya into oyaziyo, sijongene nesidingo sokusebenzisa amagama ukuchaza. Kwaye la magama anokuba neentsingiselo ezahlukeneyo kulawo uwanike ngawo. Abantu abohlukeneyo banokusebenzisa amagama afanayo aneentsingiselo ezahlukeneyo. Enye indlela yokuphelisa ukungaqondani okunjalo kuxa unabantu ababini elabhoratri abaxambulisana ngombandela othile. Ukungaqondi kakuhle kuyabamisa kwaye kubanyanzele ukuba bayicacise ngakumbi okanye kancinane into abayithethayo xa bethetha ngezinto ezahlukahlukeneyo. Ngokufuthi usenokufumanisa ukuba azithethi nto inye.

Baxoxa ngeetoliko ezahlukeneyo. Ingxoxo ke itshintshela ekubeni oku kuthetha ukuthini. Emva kokucacisa iintsingiselo zamagama, niqondana ngcono ngakumbi, kwaye ninokuphikisana malunga nentsingiselo - ewe, umfuniselo uthetha into enye ukuba uyayiqonda ngale ndlela, okanye umfuniselo uthi enye ukuba uyayiqonda ngenye indlela.

Kodwa waqonda amagama amabini kuphela ngoko. Amazwi asisebenzi kakuhle kakhulu.

Iza kuqhubeka…

За перевод спасибо Artem Nikitin.

Ngubani ofuna ukunceda uguqulelo, uyilo kunye nokupapashwa kwencwadi - bhala kwi-PM okanye nge-imeyile [imeyile ikhuselwe]

Ngendlela, siye saqalisa ukuguqulelwa kwenye incwadi epholileyo - "Umatshini wePhupha: Ibali leNguqulelo yeKhompyutha")

Sikhangele ngokukodwa abo baya kunceda ukuguqulela isahluko sebhonasi, ekwividiyo kuphela. (ukudluliselwa kwemizuzu ye-10, i-20 yokuqala sele ithathwe)

Iziqulatho zencwadi kunye nezahluko eziguqulelweyoI ngcaciso

  1. Intshayelelo kuBugcisa bokwenza iNzululwazi nobuNjineli: Ukufunda ukuFunda (ngoMatshi 28, 1995) Inguqulelo: Isahluko 1
  2. "Iziseko zeDigital (Discrete) Revolution" (ngoMatshi 30, 1995) Isahluko 2. Iziseko ze-digital (discrete) revolution
  3. "Imbali yeeKhompyutha - i-Hardware" (ngoMatshi 31, 1995) Isahluko 3. Imbali yeeKhompyutha - i-Hardware
  4. "Imbali yeeKhompyutha-Isoftware" (NgoAprili 4, 1995) Isahluko 4. Imbali yeeKhompyutha - iSoftware
  5. "Imbali yeeKhompyutha-Izicelo" (NgoAprili 6, 1995) Isahluko 5: Imbali yeeKhompyutha - ii-Practical Applications
  6. "I-Artificial Intelligence-Icandelo I" (Aprili 7, 1995) Isahluko 6. Ubukrelekrele beArtificial - 1
  7. "I-Artificial Intelligence-Icandelo II" (Aprili 11, 1995) Isahluko 7. Artificial Intelligence - II
  8. "I-Artificial Intelligence III" (ngoAprili 13, 1995) Isahluko 8. Artificial Intelligence-III
  9. "n-Dimensional Space" (ngoAprili 14, 1995) Isahluko 9. N-dimensional space
  10. "Ithiyori yeKhowudi - Ukumelwa koLwazi, iCandelo I" (Aprili 18, 1995) Isahluko 10. Ithiyori yokuKhowuda - I
  11. "Ithiyori yeKhowudi - Ukumelwa koLwazi, iCandelo II" (ngoAprili 20, 1995) Isahluko 11. Ithiyori yokuKhowuda - II
  12. "Iikhowudi zokulungisa impazamo" (ngomhla wama-21 kuEpreli 1995) Isahluko 12. IiKhowudi zokuLungisa iimposiso
  13. "Ithiyori yoLwazi" (ngoAprili 25, 1995) Ugqibile, ekufuneka uyenzile kukuyipapasha
  14. "Izihluzi zeDigital, iCandelo I" (Aprili 27, 1995) Isahluko 14. Izihluzi zeDijithali - 1
  15. "Izihluzi zeDijithali, iCandelo II" (ngoAprili 28, 1995) Isahluko 15. Izihluzi zeDijithali - 2
  16. "Izihluzi zeDigital, iCandelo III" (Meyi 2, 1995) Isahluko 16. Izihluzi zeDijithali - 3
  17. "Izihluzi zeDigital, iCandelo IV" (ngoMeyi 4, 1995) Isahluko 17. Izihluzi zeDijithali - IV
  18. "Ukulinganisa, Icandelo I" (ngoMeyi 5, 1995) Isahluko 18. Ukwenza iModeli - I
  19. "Ukulinganisa, Icandelo II" (ngoMeyi 9, 1995) Isahluko 19. Ukwenza iModeli - II
  20. "Ukulinganisa, Icandelo III" (ngoMeyi 11, 1995) Isahluko 20. Imodeli - III
  21. "I-Fiber Optics" (ngoMeyi 12, 1995) Isahluko 21. I-Fiber optics
  22. "Umyalelo woNcedo lweKhompyutha" (ngoMeyi 16, 1995) Isahluko 22: Umyalelo woNcedo lweKhompyutha (CAI)
  23. "IMathematika" (ngoMeyi 18, 1995) Isahluko 23. IMathematika
  24. "I-Quantum Mechanics" (ngoMeyi 19, 1995) Isahluko 24. I-Quantum mechanics
  25. "Ukudala" (ngoMeyi 23, 1995). Inguqulelo: Isahluko 25. Ukudala
  26. "Iingcali" (ngoMeyi 25, 1995) Isahluko 26. Iingcali
  27. "Idatha engathembekanga" (ngoMeyi 26, 1995) Isahluko 27. Idatha engathembekanga
  28. "Ubunjineli beeNkqubo" (ngoMeyi 30, 1995) Isahluko 28. IiNkqubo zobuNjineli
  29. "Ufumana Oko Ukulinganisayo" (Juni 1, 1995) Isahluko 29: Ufumana into oyilinganisayo
  30. "Siyazi njani into esiyaziyo" (Juni 2, 1995) guqulela kwimizuzu eli-10
  31. Hamming, “Wena Nophando Lwakho” (Juni 6, 1995). Inguqulelo: Wena kunye nomsebenzi wakho

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