Nabani na ongamameliyo isinyithi akanangqiqo kuThixo!
- Folk art
Molo %igama lomsebenzisi.
ukunxibelelana kwakhona. Namhlanje ndiza kuba mfutshane kakhulu, kuba kwiiyure ezintandathu kufuneka ndivuke ndihambe.
Kwaye namhlanje ndifuna ukuthetha ngentsimbi. Kodwa hayi ngomculo - sinokuthetha ngaloo nto ngaxa lithile phezu kweglasi yebhiya, hayi kuHabré. Kwaye kungekhona nangesinyithi - kodwa malunga neentsimbi! Kwaye ndifuna ukuthetha ngezo zinyithi ukuba ebomini bam ngenye indlela okanye enye yandimangalisa ngeempawu zabo.
Kuba bonke abathathi-nxaxheba kwi-parade ebethayo bahlulwa luhlobo oluthile lwamandla amakhulu, akuyi kubakho ndawo okanye baphumeleleyo. Kuya kubakho ishumi lentsimbi! Ngoko ke inombolo yothotho ayithethi nto.
Yiya.
1. IMercury
Imercury yeyona ntsimbi engamanzi: indawo yayo yokunyibilika yi -39 °C. Ukuba inetyhefu - kwaye iyingozi kakhulu - , kwaye ke ngoko andiyi kuphinda.
Ukususela kumaxesha amandulo, abantu abazange bathandazele i-mercury - ewe, "isilivere yolwelo"! Izazi zeAlchemists zazikholelwa ukuba kwakukwimercury apho ilitye lefilosofi eyaziwayo lalifihlwe kwenye indawo, umzekelo, uJabir ibn Hayyan wayekholelwa ukuba ekubeni i-mercury iyintsimbi engamanzi, "yiyo ngokupheleleyo": ikhululekile kuyo nayiphi na into engcolileyo ekhoyo kwiintsimbi eziqinileyo. Isulfure yenye into yokuncoma kukaHaiyan - into yomlilo, iyakwazi ukuvelisa idangatye "elipheleleyo", ngoko ke zonke ezinye izinyithi (kwaye kuba yayiyinkulungwane yesi-8, kwakukho ezimbalwa zazo: ezisixhenxe) yenziwe ngemekyuri nesalfure.
Ingaba ngenkulungwane yesi-8 okanye ngoku, ukuba uxuba i-mercury kunye nesulfure, uya kufumana i-black mercury sulfide (kwaye oku, ngendlela, enye yeendlela zokucoca i-mercury echithekileyo) - kodwa ngokuqinisekileyo kungekhona isinyithi. U-Haiyan wachaza le ntsilelo engathandekiyo kukuba bonke abantu abaziziyatha abanayo "i-agent yokuvuthwa" ethile eya kukhokelela ekuveliseni isinyithi kwi-nonsense emnyama. Kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo wonke umntu wakhawuleza ukukhangela "i-ripener" ukuze afumane igolide. Imbali yokukhangela ilitye lefilosofi iye yavakaliswa ngokusemthethweni.
%username%, ngoku uhleka ii-alchemists - kodwa ekugqibeleni bayifezekisile injongo yabo! Kwi-1947, iingcali zefiziksi zaseMelika zafumana i-isotope yegolide kuphela ezinzileyo, i-Au-197, ukusuka ekuboleni kwe-beta ye-isotope Hg-197. Ukusuka kwi-100 mg ye-mercury, ukuya kuthi ga kwi-35 micrograms zegolide zakhutshwa - kwaye ngoku ziboniswa kwiMyuziyam yaseChicago yeSayensi kunye neShishini. Ke ii-alchemists zazinyanisile-inokwenzeka! Iyadura nje kakhulu...
Ngendlela, i-alchemist kuphela eyayingakholelwa ekufumaneni igolide kwezinye izinyithi yayingu-Abu Aliyi Hussein ibn Abdullaah ibn al-Haasan ibn Aliyi ibn Sina - kunye nabangakholwayo amnyama - u-Avicenna nje.
Ngendlela, enye isinyithi, i-gallium, ikhuphisana kakhulu ne-mercury ngokubonakala kwayo. Indawo yokunyibilika kwayo yi-29 °C, esikolweni bandibonise iqhinga elimangalisayo: iqhekeza lentsimbi libekwe esandleni sakho...
..kwaye kwenzeka ntoni
Ngendlela, i-gallium ngoku inokuthengwa e-Alika ukwenza iqhinga elinjalo. Andazi, nangona kunjalo, nokuba uya kuphumelela na amasiko.
2. Titan
I-titan ebukhali ayiyonto yakho yemercury! Le yeyona ntsimbi inzima! Ewe, ebuntwaneni bam kunye nokufikisa babhala nge-titanium kuzo zonke ezi festile kwizithuthi zikawonkewonke. Kuba wayikrwempa waza wayipeyinta ngothuli olucolekileyo lwentsimbi.
Wonke umntu uyazi ukuba i-titanium, ngenxa yobunzima kunye nokukhanya kwayo, isetyenziselwa ukuhamba ngeenqwelomoya. Ndiza kukuxelela malunga nezicelo ezinomdla.
Xa ishushu, i-titanium iqala ukufunxa iigesi ezahlukeneyo - ioksijini, iklorine kunye nenitrogen. Oku kusetyenziselwa ukufakela ukuhlanjululwa kweegesi ze-inert (i-argon, umzekelo) - ivuthelwa ngeetyhubhu ezizaliswe ngesiponji se-titanium kwaye ishushu kwi-500-600 ° C. Ngendlela, kule bushushu isiponji se-titanium sidibana namanzi - i-oksijini ifakwe, i-hydrogen ikhululiwe, kodwa ngokuqhelekileyo i-hydrogen kwiigesi ezingenayo ayikhathazi nabani na, ngokungafani namanzi.
I-titanium dioxide emhlophe i-TiO2 isetyenziswa kwiipeyinti (ezifana ne-titanium emhlophe) kunye nokuveliswa kwephepha kunye neeplastiki. Izongezo zokutya E171. Ngendlela, xa uvelisa i-titanium dioxide, ukwakheka kwayo kwe-elementi kufuneka kulawulwe - kodwa kungekhona ukuze kuncitshiswe ukungcola, kodwa ukongeza "ubumhlophe": kuyimfuneko ukuba izinto ezinemibala - isinyithi, i-chromium, ubhedu, njl. - yayincinci.
I-Titanium carbide, i-titanium diboride, i-titanium carbonitride ikhuphisana ne-tungsten carbide ngokobunzima. Ukungalungi kukuba bakhaphukhaphu.
I-Titanium nitride isetyenziselwa ukugquma izixhobo, iidome zecawa kunye nokuveliswa kwezacholo zesinxibo, njengoko inombala ofana negolide. Zonke ezi "alloys zonyango" zikhangeleka njengegolide ziqatywe nge-titanium nitride.
Ngendlela, izazinzulu ezizingisayo kutshanje zenze i-alloy enzima kune-titanium! Ukufezekisa oku, kwafuneka ndidibanise i-palladium, i-silicon, i-phosphorus, i-germanium kunye nesilivere. Into yajika yabiza, kwaye ke i-titanium yaphinda yaphumelela.
3. ITungsten
I-Tungsten ikwasisichasi semekyuri: eyona ntsimbi inqabileyo enendawo yokunyibilika eyi-3422 °C. Iyaziwa ukususela ngekhulu le-200, nangona kunjalo, akusiyo intsimbi ngokwayo eyaziwayo, kodwa i-mineral wolframite, equkethe i-tungsten. Ngendlela, igama elithi Wolf Rahm ngolwimi lwamaJamani alukhuni lithetha "ukhilimu wengcuka": amaJamani anyibilikisa i-tin awazange athande umxube we-wolframite, ephazamisa ukunyibilikisa, ukuguqula i-tin ibe yi-foam ye-slag ( “yayidla inkonkxa njengengcuka eqwenga imvu”). Intsimbi ngokwayo yahlukaniswa kamva, malunga neminyaka engama-XNUMX kamva.
Yintoni esemfanekisweni ayisiyiyo i-tungsten, kodwa i-tungsten carbide, ke ukuba unomsesane onjalo esandleni sakho,% igama lomsebenzisi%, ke ungakhathazeki kakhulu. I-Tungsten carbide yikhompawundi enzima kwaye enzima kakhulu-kwaye ke isetyenziswa kuzo zonke iintlobo zamalungu asetyenziselwa ukubetha; ngendlela, "ophumeleleyo" yi-90% ye-tungsten carbide. Abantu abalungileyo nabo bongeza i-tungsten carbide njengengcebiso yeegobolondo zokugqobhoza izixhobo kunye neembumbulu. Kodwa kungekhona kuphela, ndiya kukuxelela ngenye isinyithi kamva.
Ngendlela, nangona i-tungsten inzima, nangona ingxinano enkulu xa ithelekiswa nelothe yendabuko kunye nexabiso eliphantsi, ukhuseleko lwe-tungsten luba nzima kakhulu kunye neempawu zokukhusela ezilinganayo okanye zisebenza ngakumbi ngobunzima obulinganayo. Ngenxa ye-refractoriness kunye nokuqina kwe-tungsten, okwenza kube nzima ukucutshungulwa, kwiimeko ezinjalo ezininzi ii-alloys ze-tungsten ze-ductile kunye nokongezwa kwezinye izinyithi okanye ukumiswa kwe-tungsten engumgubo (okanye iikhompawundi zayo) kwisiseko sepolymer zisetyenziswa. Kubonakala kulula, kusebenza ngakumbi - kodwa kuyabiza kuphela. Ke kwimeko yokuwa, %username%, zifumanele isikrweqe setungsten!
Ngendlela, ndikwazile ukubeka ibala "kwiringi yanaphakade" ngohlobo oluthile lwekhemikhali - kwaye andazi nokuba yintoni. Ke "ngonaphakade" kuphela kubantu abaqhelekileyo)))
4. Uranus
Ekuphela kwentsimbi yendalo esetyenziswa njengamafutha. Kakuhle - amafutha enyukliya.
Xa ndisengumntwana wesikolo, kodwa ndangeniswa eyunivesithi (andiyi kuthetha ukuba kutheni!), Ndandisoloko ndihlekiswa yindlela abasabela ngayo abafundi bamazwe angaphandle xa i-crystals ye-sodium uranyl acetate iboniswe kubo phantsi kwe-microscope. Ewe, kukho ukusabela okusemgangathweni okunjalo. Xa bathi igama elithi “uranil” kubantu basemzini, babethwa ngumoya. Wonke umntu wahleka.
Kuyahlekisa kwaye kubuhlungu kum ukuba ngoku uninzi lwabantu bethu bakholelwa ukuba i-uranium yoyikeka, iyingozi kwaye yoyikeka. Ukuhla kwemfundo kuyabonakala.
Enyanisweni, nakumaxesha amandulo, iuranium oxide yendalo yayisetyenziselwa ukwenza izitya ezityheli. Ngaloo ndlela, kufuphi neNaples, iqhekeza leglasi ephuzi lifunyenwe liqulethe i-1% ye-uranium oxide kunye ne-79 AD. e. Ayikhanyi ebumnyameni kwaye ayikhuphi kukhanya. NdandiseZhovti Vody eUkraine, apho kugxunyekwa iuranium kusembiwa khona. Akukho mntu ukhanyayo okanye wenza ingxolo apho. Kwaye impendulo ilula: i-uranium yendalo iyancipha i-radioactive - akukho ngaphezu kweegranite kunye ne-basalts, kunye neemfumba zenkunkuma kunye neendlela ezingaphantsi. I-uranium eyi-URANIUM yi-isotope U-235, apho kukho kuphela i-0,7204% kwindalo. Incinci kakhulu into yokuba izazinzulu zenyukliya zifuna ukwahlula kwaye zigxininise le isotopu ("eyityebisayo") - i-reactor ayiyi kusebenza lula.
Ngendlela, bekukho ngaphezulu kwe-U-235 kwindalo - isuke yabola ngokuhamba kwexesha. Kwaye ekubeni yayininzi, i-reactor yenyukliya yayinokwenziwa kanye edolweni. Ngokoqobo. Oku kwenzeka eGabon kwidiphozithi ye-Oklo malunga ne-2 yezigidigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo: amanzi ahamba ngentsimbi ekrwada, amanzi yimodareyitha yendalo ye-neutron ekhutshwa ngexesha lokubola kwe-uranium-235 - iyonke, kwakukho amandla aneutron ngokwaneleyo ukubanjwa yi-uranium-235 nucleus - kwaye i-chain reaction yaqala. Kwaye iuranium yatshisa amakhulu aliqela eminyaka de yatsha yaphela...
Oku kwafunyanwa kamva, ngo-1972, xa kwisityalo sokutyebisa i-uranium e-Pierrelat (eFransi), ngexesha lokuhlalutya i-uranium esuka e-Oklo, ukuphambuka kwisiqhelo kwi-isotopic yokwakheka kwe-uranium kwafunyanwa. Umxholo we-U-235 isotope wawuyi-0,717% endaweni yesiqhelo se-0,720%. I-Uranium ayisiyi-sausage, apha ngaphantsi kobunzima bohlwaywa ngokungqongqo: zonke izibonelelo zenyukliya ziphantsi kolawulo olungqongqo ukuze kuthintelwe ukusetyenziswa okungekho mthethweni kwezixhobo ze-fissile ngeenjongo zomkhosi. Kwaye ke izazinzulu zaqala ukuphanda, zafumana ezinye izinto ezimbalwa, njenge-neodymium kunye ne-ruthenium, kwaye zaqonda ukuba i-U-235 yabiwa phambi kwethu, yatsha nje, njenge-reactor. Oko kukuthi, indalo yavelisa isixhobo senyukliya kwakudala phambi kwethu. Nangona kunjalo, njengayo yonke into.
I-uranium ephelelweyo (oku kuxa i-235 yathatyathwa kwaye yanikwa izazinzulu zenyukliya, kwaye i-U-238 yahlala) inzima kwaye inzima, ikhumbuza i-tungsten kwiipropati, kwaye ngoko isetyenziswe ngendlela efanayo apho idinga ukubetha. Kukho ibali malunga noku elivela kwindawo eyayisakuba yiYugoslavia: basebenzisa amaqokobhe ezixhobo zokugqobhoza ngepini yokudubula eneuranium. Abemi babeneengxaki, kodwa kungekhona ngenxa yemitha: uthuli olucolekileyo lweuranium lwangena emiphungeni, lwafunxa - lwaza lwavelisa iziqhamo: iuranium inetyhefu kwizintso. Yiyo loo nto-kwaye akukho nto yoyika i-acetate ye-uranyl! Enyanisweni, oku akusiyo ummiselo ngokwemithetho yeRussian Federation - kwaye ngoko kukho iingxaki ezingunaphakade ngokufika kweekhemikhali ze-reagents eziqukethe i-uranium - kuba kwigosa kukho i-uranium enye kuphela.
Kwaye ke kukho iglasi ye-uranium: ukongeza okuncinci kwe-uranium kunika i-fluorescence entle etyheli-luhlaza.
Kwaye intle kakhulu!
Ngendlela, luncedo kakhulu ukunika iindwendwe ii-apula okanye isaladi, kwaye emva koko uvule ukukhanya okuncinci kwe-ultraviolet kwaye ubonise ukuba kuhle kangakanani. Xa wonke umntu egqibile ukuyincoma, yiphose ngaphandle: "Ewe, ewe, ewe, le yiglasi yeuranium..." Kwaye ulume iqhekeza leapile kwivazi ...
5. IOsmium
Ewe, ekubeni sele sithetha nge-uranium-tungsten enzima, lixesha lokubiza isinyithi esinzima ngokubanzi - i-osmium. Ubuninzi bayo yi-22,62 g/cm3!
Nangona kunjalo, i-osmium, eyona nto inzima kakhulu, ayithinteli nantoni na ukuba ibe yinto eguqukayo: emoyeni ngokuthe ngcembe i-oxidizes kwi-OsO4, eguquguqukayo kwaye, ngendlela, enetyhefu kakhulu. Ewe, yinxalenye yeplatinam, kodwa ixutywe ne-oxidized. Igama elithi "osmium" livela kwigama lesiGrike lamandulo elithi ὀσμή - "ivumba" - ngokuchanekileyo ngenxa yoku: ukusabela kweekhemikhali zokunyibilikisa ialkaline alloy osmiridium (intsalela enganyibilikiyo yeplatinam kwi-aqua regia) emanzini okanye iasidi ihamba nokukhululwa ivumba elingathandekiyo, eliqhubekayo i-OsO4, elicaphukisa umqala, elifana nephunga leklorini okanye i-radish ebolileyo. Eli vumba lavakala nguSmithson Tennant (ngaphezulu kuye kamva), owayesebenza kunye ne-osmiridium - kwaye wathiya isinyithi ngaloo ndlela. Kwaye ndiyazi ukuba i-osmium kufuneka ibe ngumgubo kwaye kufuneka itshiswe ukuze inkqubo iqhubeke kakhulu - kodwa kuyo nayiphi na imeko, andizami ukuba kufutshane nale ntsimbi ixesha elide.
Ngendlela, kukho i-isotope enjalo ye-Os-187. Incinci kakhulu kwindalo, kwaye ke ngoko yahlulwe kwi-osmium kwi-centrifuges ngokwahlukana ngobuninzi-njenge-uranium. Balinda iinyanga ezili-9 ukwahlukana - ewe, ewe, kunokwenzeka ukuba uzale. Ke ngoko, i-Os-187 yenye yezona zimbiwa ezibiza kakhulu; ngumxholo wayo omisela ixabiso lentengiso ye-osmium yendalo. Kodwa ayisiyiyo eyona ibiza kakhulu, ndiza kukuxelela ngayo ngezantsi.
6. Iridium
Ekubeni sithetha ngeqela leplatinam, kuyafaneleka ukukhumbula i-iridium. I-Osmium yasusa isihloko seyona ntsimbi inzima kwi-iridium - kodwa umahluko wawukwipeni: Ubuninzi be-iridium yi-22,53 g/cm3. I-Osmium kunye ne-iridium zaye zafunyanwa kunye ngo-1803 yi-chemist yeNgesi u-S. Tennant - zombini zazikho njengokungcola kwi-platinam yendalo evela eMzantsi Melika. UTennant waba ngowokuqala phakathi koosonzululwazi abaphumeleleyo ekufumaneni umyinge owaneleyo wentsalela enganyibilikiyo emva kokuvezwa kweplatinam kwi-aqua regia kunye nokuchonga iintsimbi ezazingaziwa ngaphambili kuyo.
Kodwa ngokungafaniyo ne-osmium, i-iridium iyona ntsimbi eqinile kakhulu: ngendlela ye-ingot ayinyibiliki kuyo nayiphi na i-acids okanye imixube yabo! Kukonke! Nditsho nefluorine eyoyikekayo iyithatha kuphela kuma-400-450 °C. Ukuze usakwazi ukunyibilikisa i-iridium, kufuneka uyixube kunye ne-alkalis- kwaye ngokukhethekileyo kumlambo we-oxygen.
Amandla omatshini kunye neekhemikhali ze-iridium zisetyenziswa kwi-Chamber of Weights and Measures - umgangatho wekhilogram wenziwa kwi-alloy platinum-iridium.
Okwangoku, i-iridium ayikho isinyithi sebhanki, kodwa sele kukho utshintsho kule nto: kwi-2013, i-iridium isetyenziswe okokuqala kwihlabathi kwimveliso yeemali ezisemthethweni yiBhanki yeSizwe yaseRwanda, eyakhupha ingqekembe eyenziwe. yentsimbi ecocekileyo ye-999 yobunyulu. Kwakhutshwa ingqekembe ye-iridium ngokwehlelo leefranc zaseRwanda ezili-10. Kwaye damn - ndingathanda ingqekembe enjalo!
Ngendlela, ebusheni bam obunzulu ndakhe ndafunda ibali elimnandi kwi "Technician Young", xa umfana wayesendleleni eya empumelelweni kwaye wakwazi ukutshintshisa isanti nge-iridium ngexabiso le-1: 1 kunye nabafokazi kwindawo engaphantsi. . Ewe, uyabona, babedinga isilicon! Andikhumbuli nesihloko nombhali webali. Enkosi - V. Shibaev. Intambo isuka apho.
7. IgolideYiza, wonke umntu wambona
Ebomini ngokuqhelekileyo kwenzeka ukuba kukho i-real kunye nentshatsheli esemthethweni. Ukuba i-iridium yeyona ntshatsheli yokumelana neekhemikhali, ngoko ke igolide yeyona isemthethweni: yeyona intsimbi ye-electronegative, 2,54 kwisikali sikaPauling. Kodwa oku akuthinteli igolide ekunyibilikeni kwimixube yee-asidi, ngoko ke, njengesiqhelo, i-laurels yaya kwabo batyebileyo.
Kwaye ngokwenene, okwangoku, ngenxa yokuba i-China kunye neRussian Federation iyahamba kude nomgaqo-nkqubo wokuqokelela igolide kunye noovimba botshintshiselwano lwangaphandle kwiidola zaseMelika ukuya kumgaqo-nkqubo wokuqokelela igolide ngokwayo, igolide yeyona ntsimbi yebhanki ebiza kakhulu: ixabiso kudala lidlula iplatinam - kwaye ngokwenene lonke iqela leplatinam. Ke gcina imali yakho kwibhanki yogcino lwegolide, %username%!
Ekubeni indlela ye-alchemical yokukhupha igolide ibonise ukuba iyabiza, le ntsimbi ifumaneka kwiindawo zokuhluza. Kwaye iingqekembe sele zenziwe kwiminti. Ke, njengomntu obekho apho naphaya, ndinokuthi: xa abasebenzi bamashishini anjalo bendwendwela indawo apho kukho isinyithi esixabisekileyo, banokutshintsha iimpahla-kwaye akukho nanye ipini okanye ikliphu yephepha kwiimpahla zabo zokusebenza. - iifreyimu kwindawo yokukhangela azifani kwaphela nakwizikhululo zeenqwelomoya, yonke into iya iqina apho. Okanye kukho into ebizwa ngokuba "yimowudi yeze" - ewe, uqonde ngokuchanekileyo: indawo yokukhangela amakhwenkwe kunye nendawo yokukhangela amantombazana - uya kunxiba ngaphakathi. Ukuba unokufakelwa kwesinyithi, kukho izatifikethi ezininzi, iimvume ezininzi, ixesha ngalinye zijonga ngabanye ukuba ukufakelwa kwindawo apho kufuneka kube khona.
Ngendlela, ucinga ukuba iindawo zokukhangela kwi-banknote yadi zihlelwe njani? Amaphepha akakhali!
Impendulo ilapha, kodwa zicingele kancinciEmva komsebenzi, akukho mntu uvunyelwe ukuba aphume, kubandakanywa nolawulo, de zonke iimveliso zibalwe. Ewe - yonke into ingqongqo. Kodwa akukho mntu ukhumbulayo xa, ngamaxesha anzima, umvuzo wawuhlawulwa kwiimveliso.
8. Lithiyam
Ngokungafaniyo ne-osmium-iridium enzima, i-lithium yintsimbi ekhaphukhaphu, ubuninzi bayo buyi-0,534 g / cm3 kuphela. Yintsimbi yealkali, kodwa eyona ingasebenziyo kwiqela lonke: ayiqhushumbisi emanzini, kodwa isabela ngokuzolileyo, emoyeni nayo ayifaki oxidize kakhulu, kwaye akulula ukuyitshisa: emva kwe-100 ° C. igqunywe kakuhle yioksidi kangangokuba ayidibanisi ngakumbi. Ngoko ke, i-lithium kuphela kwesinyithi se-alkali esingagcinwanga kwi-kerosene - kutheni, ukuba i-inert ngokwenene? Kwaye oku kunethamsanqa - ngenxa yobuninzi bayo obuphantsi, i-lithium iya kudada kwi-kerosene.
I-lithium yendalo iqukethe ii-isotopes ezimbini: i-Li-6 kunye ne-Li-7. Ekubeni i-athomu ngokwayo incinci kakhulu, i-neutron eyongezelelweyo ichaphazela kakhulu i-orbital radius kunye namandla okuvuselela i-electron, ngoko ke i-spectrum ye-athomu eqhelekileyo yezi isotopes ezimbini yahlukile - ngoko ke, kuyenzeka ukuba bazimisele ngaphandle kwe-spectrometers. - kwaye oku kuphela ngaphandle kwendalo! Zombini i-isotopes zibaluleke kakhulu kumandla enyukliya; ngendlela, i-Li-6 deuteride isetyenziswa njenge-gunpowder ye-thermonuclear kwizixhobo ze-thermonuclear-kwaye andiyi kuthetha igama ngakumbi kwesi sihloko!
I-lithium ikwasetyenziswa ngoogqirha bengqondo njengesiqhelo kunyango kunye nothintelo lwe-mania. Xa ndandisebenza okwexeshana kwisebe njengomfundi, umakazi weza kuthi ephethe iplasma yegazi ekwakufuneka kujongwe kuyo i-lithium. Ngexesha elithile, ndaya ndaza ndajonga kwiincwadi (kwakungekho intanethi okwangoku) ukuqonda ukuba kutheni i-lithium kufuneka izimisele apho konke? Ndaye ndafumanisa ukuba... Kutyelelo olulandelayo, ndambuza ngokungakhathali umakazi, ukuba yayiligazi likabani phofu? Wathi akuphendula ukuba yeyakhe, ndazama ngamandla ukuba ndingadibani naye ngokobuqu.
Ewe, ngoko-i-lithium kunye ne-lithium, ngamanye amaxesha ibonakala emanzini. Ngendlela, zininzi kakhulu emanzini eLviv.
9. IFransi
IFransi ineseti epheleleyo yezihloko. Ewe, okokuqala, i-francium yintsimbi enqabileyo. Umxholo wayo wonke u-radiogenic ngokupheleleyo: ikhona njengemveliso ephakathi yokubola kwe-uranium-235 kunye ne-thorium-232. Umxholo opheleleyo we-francium kwi-crust yomhlaba uqikelelwa kwi-340 grams. Ke indawo ekulo mfanekiso ungasentla ayingomfanekiso ongaphambili womngxuma omnyama, kodwa malunga ne-200 yeeathom zefrancium kumgibe wemagnethi. Zonke i-isotopi ze-francium zine-radioactive; eyona isotopu ehlala ixesha elide, i-Fr-000, inesiqingatha sobomi bemizuzu engama-223. Yiyo loo nto iFransi incinci.
Nangona kunjalo, i-francium ine-electronegativity esezantsi yayo nayiphi na into eyaziwayo ngoku, kwi-0,7 kwisikali sikaPauling. Ngokufanelekileyo, i-francium ikwayeyona khemikhali yealkali yesinyithi kwaye yenza eyona alkali eyomeleleyo - i-francium hydroxide FrOH. Kwaye ungabuzi, % igama lomsebenzisi%, ukuba bazimisele njani konke oku ngento ekungekho nto ingako, kwaye yonke imizuzu engama-22,3 iba yincinci kabini, kwaye umphandi ngokwakhe ukhanya ngakumbi nangakumbi. Ngoko ke, konke oku kunomdla kwaye kuyonwabisa, kodwa i-francium ayisetyenziswanga naphi na.
10. California/>
I-California ayikho kweli hlabathi, kodwa iveliswa kwiindawo ezimbini: i-Dimitrovgrad kwi-Russian Federation kunye ne-Oak Ridge National Laboratory e-USA. Ukuvelisa igram enye ye-californium, i-plutonium okanye i-curium iphantsi kwe-neutron irradiation yexesha elide kwi-reactor yenyukliya - ukusuka kwiinyanga ezisi-8 ukuya kwi-1,5 iminyaka. Umgca wonke wokubola ukhangeleka ngolu hlobo: I-Plutonium-Americium-Curium-Berkley-Califorium. I-California-252 sisiphumo sokugqibela setsheyini - le nto ayinakuguqulwa ibe yi-isotope enzima, kuba i-nucleus yayo, njengokuba injalo, ithi "enkosi, ndigcwele" kwaye iphendule ngokubuthathaka ekuvezweni kwe-neutron.
Kwindlela yokuguqula i-plutonium ibe yi-californium, i-100% ye-99,7% ye-nuclei yokubola. Kuphela i-0,3% ye-nuclei igcinwe ekuboleni kwaye iyenze kulo lonke inqanaba. Kwaye imveliso kufuneka igxininiswe! I-isotope yodwa ngokutsalwa, ukutsalwa kwechromatography, okanye ngenxa yokutshintshiselana kwe-ion. Ukunika ukubonakala kwesinyithi, ukusabela kokunciphisa kwenziwa.
Kuthatha iikhilogram ezili-252 zeplutonium-10 ukuvelisa igram enye yaseCalifornia-239.
Isixa sonyaka saseCalifornia-252 semigodi yi-40-80 micrograms, kwaye ngokutsho kweengcali, indawo yokugcina umhlaba yaseCalifornia ayikho ngaphezu kwe-8 grams. Ke ngoko, iCalifornia, okanye ngokuchanekileyo iCalifornia-252, yeyona ntsimbi ibiza kakhulu emhlabeni, iindleko zegram enye kwiminyaka eyahlukeneyo zahluka ukusuka kwi-6,5 ukuya kwi-27 yezigidi zeedola.
Umbuzo osengqiqweni ngulo: ngubani na oyidingayo? Awukwazi ukwenza ikhonkco kuyo entanyeni yakho, awukwazi ukunika othandekayo wakho ngendlela yendandatho. Inyaniso kukuba i-Cf-252 inomlinganiselo ophezulu we-neutron wokuphindaphinda (ngaphezu kwe-3). Igram ye-CF-252 ikhupha malunga ne-3⋅1012 ye-neutron ngomzuzwana. Ewe, kunokwenzeka ukwenza ibhombu yeathom, kodwa i-uranium kunye ne-plutonium efanayo zinexabiso eliphantsi, ke i-californium ngokwayo isetyenziswa njengomthombo we-neutron kwizifundo ezahlukeneyo, kubandakanywa nabahlalutyi be-in-line ye-neutron esebenzayo kwibhanti yokuhambisa. Ngendlela, %igama lomsebenzisi%, mna ngokobuqu ndabona le Californian ikwimo ye-ampoule encinci, eyakhutshwa kumbhobho omkhulu wokhuselo lwemitha kwaye yatyhalelwa ngokukhawuleza kwindawo elungileyo kwi-analyzer.
Kucacile ukuba olo hlobo lwemali, i-californium kufuneka ibe yityhefu, nangona ingapholanga kangako, , kodwa iineutron nazo aziyonto. Kodwa kuvele kubize kancinci, kunjalo.
Ewe, yonke into ibonakala yenziwe - malunga neeyure ezine zokulala eziseleyo phambi kohambo. Ndiyathemba ukuba iye yanika umdla, kwaye andizange ndiyibhale ilize yonke le nto.
Ndinqwenela ukuba wena,% igama lomsebenzisi, ube nzima njenge-titanium, kulula ukunyuka njenge-lithium, ungenakuyekelela njenge-iridium kwaye uxabiseke njengeCalifornian! Ewe, igolide eninzi epokothweni yakho, kunjalo.
(ungabonisa le toast kwiholide elandelayo-ungandibuleli)
umthombo: www.habr.com