Iityhefu ezinomdla kakhulu

Molo %igama lomsebenzisi%!

Kuhlwa kwakhona, kwakhona andinanto yokwenza, kwaye ndagqiba ekubeni ndithathe ixesha elincinci ukubhala inxalenye yesithathu yochungechunge lwam kwiityhefu. Ndiyathemba ukuba uyafunda eyokuqala и Isibini inxalenye kwaye uyithandile.

Kwinxalenye yesithathu siya kuphumla kancinci. Akusayi kubakho ibali apha malunga neetyhefu odibana nazo kuwo onke amanyathelo - kunokwenzeka, nokuba ngokuchaseneyo. Akuyi kubakho holivar malunga nobungozi botywala kunye ne-nicotine.

Kwinxalenye yesithathu ndiya kuqokelela ezo zityheli ukuba ngenxa yesizathu esithile zibonakala zinomdla kum (ukuba igama elinjalo lingasetyenziselwa ubuthi kuzo zonke - kodwa, njengoko sele nditshilo: Ndingumzobi, ndiyibona ngaloo ndlela).

Ke, kwakhona ishumi lam elibulalayo! Hamba.

Indawo yeshumi

Homidium bromide

Uluntu belusoloko lunomdla. Kwaye ekuthandeni kwayo ngamanye amaxesha idala ama-monsters ngokungazi.

I-Homidium bromide yaphuhliswa njenge-arhente edibeneyo yebhayoloji ye-molekyuli ukuze ibone kwaye ifunde i-nucleic acids, ngakumbi kwimeko ye-agarose gel electrophoresis ye-DNA okanye i-RNA.

Igama elithi "intercalating" lingundoqo apha. Ngokwenkcazo, ukudibanisa kukuhlanganiswa okubuyiselweyo kwe-molecule okanye iqela phakathi kwamanye ama-molecule okanye amaqela. I-Homidium bromide isebenzisana ne-nucleic acids, kubandakanywa phakathi kweziseko.

Kwabo banomdla, kubonakala ngathi kunje

Ngokusebenza, i-homidium bromide, nakwiidosi ezincinci, inqanda i-DNA kunye ne-RNA synthesis kwaye iguqule i-supercoiling ye-DNA yesetyhula. Le nto iphantse ibe yeyona mutagen inamandla eyaziwayo.

Akukho lwazi kuncwadi malunga nokuba ingakanani i-homidium bromide ekufuneka ithathwe ukuze iqinisekiswe ukuba ifile. Akukho lwazi malunga nokuba oku kufa kuya kwenzeka njani. Iingcali zenzululwazi zisaphikisana nokuba le nto ineempawu ze-carcinogenic.

% igama lomsebenzisi%, i-homidium bromide yindlela enhle yokufunda into entsha ngomzimba wakho ngomoya we-STALKER Yiya kuyo!

indawo yesithoba

I-NNG

Ukuba awanelisekanga ngendawo yeshumi, dibana: N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine! Okanye ngokulula nangokuthozama: BFG NNG.

Khumbula into endiyithethileyo malunga "neyona mutagen inamandla"? Ke, i-NNG yeyona inamandla. Ngokungafaniyo ne-chomidium bromide ebuthathaka, i-NNG isoloko ibangela uguqulo olungaphezulu kwesinye kwiseli nganye. Iingcali zobunjineli bemfuza zasebenzisa i-NNG xa ziqhuba iimvavanyo zazo nge-E. coli.

Kwaye ngendlela, i-NNG yi-100% ye-carcinogenic. Kule meko, amathumba avela amaninzi kwaye ahlala ephindaphinda.

Phakathi kwezinye izinto, i-NNG:

• Ayizinzanga. Le nto ngokwayo ingumgubo, kodwa ihlala ibola, kwaye xa igcinwe kwisitya esivaliweyo, iqhuma.
• Iphendula ngobundlobongela emanzini.
• Inokudubula kwimpembelelo.
• Ukuva ubushushu, ukukhanya, ukufuma - kuqhuma ngaphandle kwesilumkiso.
• Ukutsha.
• Ukungahambelani nezisombululo ezinamanzi, i-acids, i-alkalis, i-oxidizing agents, ii-agent zokunciphisa - ukuphendula ngobundlobongela kunye nokuqhuma.
• I-alkaline hydrolysis, xa ivaliwe, ikhupha iigesi eziyityhefu kunye neziqhushumbisi.

Nangona ukusuka kwindawo yokujonga ubuthi, i-NNG intle kakhulu: iigundane zifa kwiidosi ezimalunga ne-90 mg / kg. Ukuqwalasela iimpawu ezisisiseko ze-NNG, sinokuthi babenethamsanqa.

Indawo yesibhozo

Heptyl

Ukususela kwixesha elidlulileyo, umntu wayephupha ngokubhabha. Kwinkulungwane yokugqibela, iphupha lazaliseka kwiinqwelomoya zasemkhathini. Nyaka ngamnye, uluntu lwaluzixabisa iingcinga malunga nokuphononongwa kweNyanga, iMars, kunye neenqwelomoya eziya ezinkwenkwezini.

Emva koko ugqatso loma. Ukhuphiswano lwanyamalala, intshiseko yalahleka, wonke umntu waqala ukubala imali kwaye ngequbuliso wafumanisa ukuba kwakunomdla kakhulu ukwenza imali kwii-smartphones kunye neeprosesa kunokubhabha kwenye indawo.

Kodwa ayisiyiyo le nto ndithetha ngayo. I-Heptyl - okanye i-dimethylhydrazine engabonakaliyo (i-UDMH, i-1,1-dimethylhydrazine) - icandelo lokubilisa okuphezulu (enendawo yokubilisa ngaphezu kwe-0 ° C) i-rocket fuel. I-Dianitrogen tetroxide (AT), esulungekileyo okanye exutywe ne-nitric acid, isoloko isetyenziswa njenge-oxidizing agent edityaniswe ne-heptyl, iimeko zokusebenzisa iasidi esulungekileyo kunye ne-oksijini engamanzi ziyaziwa. Ukuphucula iimpawu zayo, i-heptyl yayisetyenziselwa umxube kunye ne-hydrazine, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-aerozine.

Le mafutha (kwaye le yi-rocket fuel!) Yayisetyenziswa kwaye isetyenziswe, ngokukodwa, kwiimoto zokuqaliswa kweSoviet "Proton", "Cosmos", "Cyclone"; Usapho lwaseMelika-Titan; IsiFrentshi - intsapho "yeArian"; kwiinkqubo zokuqhubela phambili kweziphekepheke eziphathwayo, iisathelayithi, izikhululo ezijikelezayo kunye neziphakathi kweeplanethi.

I-Heptyl lulwelo olungenambala okanye olutyheli olucacileyo olunevumba elibukhali elingathandekiyo, uphawu lwe-amines (ivumba leentlanzi ezonakeleyo, ezifana nevumba le-ammonia, lifana kakhulu nevumba le-sprat). Ixuba kakuhle namanzi, i-ethanol, uninzi lweemveliso zepetroleum kunye nezinyibilikisi ezininzi zezinto eziphilayo. Ukuzitshisa xa udibana ne-oxidizers esekelwe kwi-nitric acid kunye ne-dinitrogen tetroxide, eyenza lula ukuyila kwaye iqinisekise ukuqala okulula kunye nokwenzeka kokusebenza ngokuphindaphindiweyo kweenjini ze-rocket. Le yenye yeenzuzo; kubo kongezwa ukusebenza okuthe kratya kobunzima beyunithi nganye yomxube wamafutha (udlula ioksijini + umphunga wekerosene kunye neoksijini + umphunga wehydrogen kuxinaniso - 1170 kg/m³ xa kuthelekiswa ne-1070 kg/m³ kunye ne-285 kg/m³, ngokulandelelanayo) kunye nokuba nokwenzeka kokugcina imijukujelwa ixesha elide ebaswa kumaqondo obushushu aqhelekileyo.

Ngoku - malunga nokungathandekiyo.

• I-Heptyl inetyhefu ephindwe kane kune-hydrocyanic acid. Impembelelo kumzimba womntu: ukucaphuka kwenwebu yamehlo, indlela yokuphefumla kunye nemiphunga, ukuvuselela kakhulu inkqubo ye-nervous central, ukuphazamiseka kwesisu (isicaphucaphu, ukuhlanza), ukulahlekelwa zingqondo, ukufa.
• Indawo yokudanyaza −15 °C; iqondo lobushushu lokuzifudumeza ngama-249 °C; imida yoxinaniso yokusasazwa komlilo 2-95% vol. Oku kuthetha ukuba i-heptyl ivutha ngokukhawuleza kwaye ivutha ngolonwabo kakhulu (ngubani onokuthandabuza).
• Umphunga we-Heptyl uqhushumba ngokugqithisileyo, ulahlekelwa kuphela kwizibini ze-hydrogen-oxygen.
• I-Mutagen. ICarcinogen. Yomelele kangangokuba isetyenziselwa ukukhuthaza ngokuthembekileyo i-colorectal carcinoma kwiimpuku kuphando lwethumba.

Uyithanda njani loo nto, Elon Musk? Ngamafutshane, %igama lomsebenzisi%, andinamona ngawe ukuba uhlala kufutshane nesiphekepheke.

Indawo yesixhenxe

Cantharidin

Ngaphandle kokuhamba ngenqwelo-moya, uluntu belusoloko lunezinto ezibangela umdla ngakumbi. Umzekelo, ngamaxesha onke, amadoda ayentsonkothe ​​kakhulu ngezakhono zawo - kwaye ewe, ewe!, Ndithetha kanye loo mathuba!

Ngoku, ekufuneni unyango lwe-angina, omnye umfana waba nethamsanqa-kwaye kwavela i-sildenafil-okanye, ngolwimi oluqhelekileyo, i-Viagra. Kodwa ngaphambi kokuba yonke into ibe nzima ngakumbi!

Enye yeenketho ezidumileyo yayikukuvuma ezi zilwanyana zilandelayo:


Hayi, %igama lomsebenzisi%, eli ayilophela eliluhlaza konke konke, kodwa yimpukane yaseSpain. Kwaye imbali yayo inde kwaye inemibala kakhulu:

• Ngexesha lamaRoma, uLivia, inkosikazi enenkohliso ka-Octavian Augustus, watyibilika ispandex ekutyeni kwakhe ngethemba lokuba oko kwakuya kubangela ukungathobeki kwiindwendwe zikaLivia, nto leyo eyayiza kumnceda ukuba azenze kakubi kwixesha elizayo.
• Ngo-1572, u-Ambroise Paré wabhala ingxelo yendoda eyayiphethwe "sesona satyriasis sibi kakhulu" (siyibiza ngegama elahlukileyo ngoku, kodwa kuGoogle ngokwakho) emva kokuthatha i-potion equkethe i-nettle kunye ne-fly Spanish.
• Ngeminyaka yee-1670, umvumisi nonyanga uLa Voisin wanikela “ngeyeza lothando” elenziwe ngempukane yaseSpain, igazi lemolekyuli elomileyo, kunye negazi lelulwane (ew).
• Kwi-"Marseille Affair" yaseMarquis de Sade, wayetyholwa, phakathi kwezinye izinto, esebenzisa "iimpukane zaseSpain".

Kwaye konke kungenxa ye-cantharidin, apho le cockroach iqulethe ukuya kwi-5%! Ngendlela, kungekhona kuphela: i-cantharidin ifumaneka kwi-hemolymph ye-blister beetles, i-T-shirts kunye nezinye iibhungane ezide. Kwaye ewe, kwiidosi ezincinci yiloo nto kanye i-chevalier esele ikhulile, ejikelezwe ngabancinci abancinci, idinga!

Ingxaki kukuba ngaphezu kwesi senzo, i-cantharidin nayo ineempawu ze-blister. Kodwa ekubeni yayingaxutywanga, kodwa inxilile, emva koko: emva kokungena kwindlela yokugaya ukutya malunga ne-0,5 mg / kg, ukuxiliswa ngokukhawuleza kwaqala - iintlungu zesisu, ukuhlanza, umchamo wegazi, ukuvutha okukrakra kwezintso, ukuphuhliswa kwezintso. ukusilela. I-overdose ye-40-80 mg / kg ngokuthembekileyo kwaye ngonaphakade isombulule umba wonxibelelwano kungekuphela nje nabasetyhini, kodwa nazo zonke izinto eziphilayo ngokubanzi: kwi-autopsy elandelayo, i-hyperemia ebukhali ye-mucous membranes, ukubunjwa kwezilonda kunye ne-foci ye-hemorrhage. kwaphawulwa, izilonda ezisasazekayo zafunyanwa esibindini nasezintso.

Ngaba kufanelekile ingozi? Imbali ithe ewe.

Ke ngoko, impumelelo yeViagra ayimangalisi kwaphela.

Indawo yesithandathu

IParaquat

Kuba sithetha ngobuntu kunye nabantu, uyazi, igama lomsebenzisi, xa bendilungiselela uluhlu lwamalungu ale parade, ngenxa yesizathu esithile ndaqala ukuqonda i-algae, kunye nama-mushroom, kunye nazo zonke ezo zityalo zinetyhefu nezilwanyana. esingqongileyo . Ngenxa yokuba ububi obungakumbi kwaye - obuqhelekileyo! - isilwanyana esinetyhefu ngokungakhethiyo, njengomntu - andizange ndifumane. Ngaphezu koko, igama elithi “ukungalungelelani” lelona gama liphambili, kuba umntu utyhefa izityalo nezilwanyana, kuquka naye.

I-Paraquat yi-organic compound, igama lokurhweba i-N, N'-dimethyl-4,4'-dipyridylium dichloride. Kwimo yetyuwa ye-quaternary ammonium, i-paraquat isetyenziswa ngokubanzi njenge-herbicide eyomeleleyo enesenzo esingachanekanga. Ngendlela, %igama lomsebenzisi%, ngaba unayo iwebhusayithi yakho? Kodwa iparaquat inakho!

IParaquat isetyenziselwa ukulawula ukhula kunye nengca yamagqabi abanzi, kodwa ayisebenzi kakuhle ekulawuleni ukhula oluzinzile. Lo mchiza wokutshabalalisa ukhula awuhlaseli amaxolo omthi, ngoko ke usetyenziswa kakhulu ukulawula ukhula kumabhoma. Ngeminyaka yoo-1960, i-paraquat yayisetyenziswa yi-United States ukulwa intsangu kunye namasimi e-coca eMzantsi Melika (ngesizathu esithile ndakhumbula ibali elithi "imvula ephuzi" kunye ne "Agent Orange" - ndikhumbuze kamva ukuba ufuna ukumamela oku. ibali kwakhona).

IParaquat inetyhefu kakhulu kwizilwanyana nakubantu. Ithamo elibulalayo linokuba malunga netispuni enye yezinto. Xa ingenisiwe, iparaquat ihamba ngegazi ukuya kuzo zonke izihlunu zomzimba, kwaye iqokelelana ngokukhetha ngakumbi emiphungeni. Oku kubangela ukudumba kunye nomnye umonakalo kwimiphunga, enokukhokelela kwi-fibrosis. Ukongeza kwimiphunga, isibindi kunye nezintso zinokonakala (ukungaphumeleli kwezintso).

Okwangoku, i-paraquat isetyenziswa njenge-herbicide kumazwe angama-120 (ayisetyenziswa eRashiya - ndothuka apha!).

Kulungile ndithini? Amathamsanqa.

Indawo yesihlanu

Endrin

Endrin yenziwa ngo-1949 nguKurt Alder. Imveliso yentengiso ye-endrin yaqala e-United States ngo-1951, apho yayisetyenziswa kunye ne-aldrin njengesibulali-zinambuzane. Kwafunyaniswa ukuba le nto ingaphezulu kwamaxesha ama-2 asebenzayo ngakumbi kune-aldrin kunye namaxesha angama-10-12 asebenzayo ngakumbi kune-DDT. Ibonakalise ukusebenza ngempumelelo ekulweni:

• imibungu kunye nentwala kwicuba, umbona, iisugar beet, umoba, umqhaphu kunye nezinye izityalo;
• I-blackcurrant bud mite, apho onke amanye amayeza angasebenziyo;
• iimpuku kunye nezinye iimpuku;
• abantu (yintoni???).

Ewe, ewe, mhlobo wam othandekayo, ubutyhefu be-endrin aerosol ebantwini bufaniswa ne-hydrocyanic acid. Ichaphazela ngokuyintloko inkqubo ye-nervous. Ifunxe ngolusu. Unobomi obude obusuka emzimbeni. Kuyathandeka, akunjalo?

Ityhefu ye-endrin ebukhali ibonakala kukuphazamiseka kwemoto, ukunyuka kokuphefumla, ukuxhuzula kwemisipha, ukungcangcazela, kunye nokuxhuzula kwetonic. Ukufa kwenzeka emva kohlaselo oluninzi lokuxhuzula ngenxa yokukhubazeka kwiziko lokuphefumla. Amatyala etyhefu ebukhali ngenxa yokusetyenziswa kwesonka esibhakwe kumgubo ongcolileyo kunye nomxholo we-endrin we-150-5500 mg / kg zichazwe. Iimpawu zokuqala zokuxiliswa zivame ukubonwa emva kweeyure ezingama-2-3 (i-malaise ngokubanzi, isicaphucaphu, ukuhlanza, ubuthathaka, ukubila kakhulu). Kwiimeko ezinzima kakhulu, ukuxhuzula, ukungeva okwethutyana, ukukhubazeka, ukulahleka kokulungelelaniswa kweentshukumo, kunye ne-paresthesia. Ukuchacha kwenzeka ngokukhawuleza, kodwa ngamanye amaxesha ukuphazamiseka kwexesha elifutshane, ubundlongondlongo, kunye nokuphazamiseka kwengqondo kuye kwaphawulwa njengesiphumo setyhefu.

Kwi-1969 (iminyaka eyi-18 kamva !!!) I-endrin yasuswa kuluhlu lwezinto zokukhusela izityalo ngenxa yokuthambekela kwayo kwi-bioaccumulate (ngendlela, ngaba ndikhankanye ukuba ayinyibiliki emanzini?). Nangona kunjalo, esi sitshabalalisi sasisetyenziswa kwamanye amazwe de kwasekuqaleni kweminyaka yee-90s. Ngokutsho kwesigqibo seNgqungquthela yaseStockholm yomhla wama-23 kuMeyi, 2001, ukuveliswa, ukuthengiswa nokusetyenziswa kwe-endrin, iye yapheliswa ehlabathini lonke, njengesitshabalalisi esiyityhefu ngokugqithisileyo nesimelana nemekobume.

Isixa esipheleleyo se-endrin esiveliswe ukususela ngo-1951 yi ~ 5000 tons, apho ngaphezu kweetoni ze-2500 zaveliswa e-United States. Akukho mntu waziyo ukuba kwenzeka ntoni kuyo ngoku nokuba ilahlwe ndaweni ithile ngokuzolileyo – kwaye oku kulusizi.

Indawo yesine

Ricin

Ngaba uyazi ukuba yintoni makukha, %username%? Le yikhekhe likajongilanga, yintoni eseleyo xa ioli ikhutshwa kwimbewu. Utat'omkhulu wazisa ekhaya iidiski ze-makukha ezinempilo - emva koko wabamba intlanzi ngayo.

Ngaba ukhe wayibona ioli yecastor, %igama lomsebenzisi%? Andikubuzi ukuba uyisele na, nangona yeyona ndlela ilungileyo kunye neyona ndlela ihambelana nokusingqongileyo yokusombulula iingxaki ezibuthathaka.

Ngaba uyibonile imbewu yecastor, %igama lomsebenzisi%? Hayi? Ndikholelwe: awuyi kuyibona.

Ioli ye-Castor yenziwe ngembewu yeembotyi ze-castor - kumazwe afudumeleyo, eli lihlathi ukuya kwi-10 m ukuphakama, kwilizwe lethu, ngenxa yeendleko eziphantsi zokuhlala kwindawo epholileyo, isityalo sonyaka ukuya kwi-2-5 m ukuphakama. .

Olu khula lukhangeleka ngolu hlobo
Kwaye ke - 'castor nuts'

Ke, %igama lomsebenzisi%, awusoze ubone ikeyiki yecastor, kuba yityhefu yeqhinga kwaye iphantsi kobalo olungqongqo kunye nokulahlwa. I-glycoprotein ricin, efumaneka kwimbewu yeembotyi ze-castor, yeyona tyhefu yezityalo inamandla ehlabathini, ngaphandle kokuba ubala i-algae njengezityalo. I-Ricin i-6 amawaka amaxesha anetyhefu ngaphezu kwe-potassium cyanide. Indlela yesiphumo esinobuthi se-ricin nayo intle: inhibition ye-protein synthesis yi-ribosomes. Oko kukuthi, ezi zinto zincinci ze-intracellular zidibanisa yonke into kwaye zenze iiseli zibe luncedo ngequbuliso ziyeke ukusebenza. Kuyo yonke indawo. Olu luqhankqalazo lwe-intracellular.

Enyanisweni, uqhankqalazo luzibonakalisa ngolu hlobo: isicaphucaphu, ukuhlanza, intlungu kunye nokutshisa kummizo kunye nesisu, urhudo, intloko ebuhlungu, ukozela, i-anuria, i-leukocytosis, i-agglutination yeeseli ezibomvu zegazi (oku kuxa zinamathela kunye kwaye zihla ngokukhawuleza imithambo yegazi kunye nentliziyo) - kwaye emva koko uyawa nokufa. Ilula.

Ekubeni ithamo elincinane le-ricin elilingana nentloko yephini lanele ukubulala umntu omdala, kuyaqondakala ukuba abantu baba nomdla kakhulu kulo kwaye ukusetyenziswa kwe-ricin njengesixhobo sokutshabalalisa kwaphononongwa ngamasebe omkhosi kumazwe ahlukeneyo ukususela ekuqaleni. iMfazwe yeHlabathi yokuQala. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yeentsilelo ezininzi, le nto ayizange yamkelwe inkonzo.

Nangona kunjalo, i-ricin ifumene ukusetyenziswa phakathi kwee-arhente zobuntlola. Esinye seziganeko ezidumileyo ezibandakanya ukusetyenziswa kwericin kukubulawa komvukeli waseBulgaria uGeorgiy Markov, owatyhefwa ngowe-1978 ngokutofwa ngeambrela eyenziwe ngokukhethekileyo. Ngokutsho kweminye imithombo, isixhobo sombulali sasingumpu womoya owadubula i-microcapsule equkethe i-ricin kwaye yaguqulwa njengesambrela. Umthamo olawulwa kuMarkov wawungekho ngaphezu kwe-450 mcg (okanye i-0,45 milligrams).

Ukufumaneka lula kokufumana le tyhefu kuye kwabangela ukuba ifumaneke kumaqela abanqolobi. Ngaloo ndlela, ngo-2001, umshicileli wabika ngokufunyanwa kwemiyalelo yokuveliswa kwe-ricin kwindawo echithiweyo ye-al-Qaeda eKabul. Ngo-2003, kwafunyanwa isixa se-ricin kubanqolobi e-London, kwafunyanwa umkhondo we-ricin kwindawo yokugcina impahla e-Gare de Lyon e-Paris].

Ngo-2013, abantu abaninzi baseMississippi babanjwa ngenxa yokuzama ukuthumela iileta ezine-ricin kuMongameli wase-US uBarack Obama kunye nabanye abahloniphekileyo base-US. Ngaloo ndlela, ngoMeyi waloo nyaka mnye, usodolophu wesiXeko saseNew York wathunyelwa ileta esongelayo eyayine<em>ricin, ekusenokwenzeka ukuba yayiyimpendulo yemisebenzi yentlangano kawonke-wonke ethi “OoSodolophu Abachasene Nezixhobo Ezingekho mthethweni.”

Umdlali weqonga uShannon Richardson kamva wahlawuliswa eTexas ngezityholo zokuthumela iileta ezinetyhefu ebulalayo koosopolitiki baseMelika. Ngokungaqhelekanga, umkhondo waseRashiya awuzange uqatshelwe apha, kwaye ngoko ke wonke umntu waba nesithukuthezi kwaye ibali lilibalekile.

Indawo yesithathu

Ekubeni sithetha ngokhula, khumbula nge-algae. Kwaye andithethi ngabo babambelela emilenzeni yakho xa uqubha - nangona kunyanyeka kangangokuba kubi kakhulu kunanoma yimuphi utyhefu (ngokombono wam). Hayi, ndithetha ngale nkunkuma encinci ye-microscopic, abathi ngayo: "ulwandle luqhakazile!" Ezo zisakhanya ebusuku, umzekelo, ngolu hlobo:


Kulungile, kulungile, ndiyavuma, ndaqhula, nangona kamva kuya kucaca ukuba i-Cherenkov radiation ayibi nakakhulu.
I-algae ikhanya ngolu hlobo

Le crap incinci, kodwa ininzi. Ngokwenyani ungoyena usezantsi kwitsheyini lokutya lehlabathi lasemanzini. Ngubani ode amqaphele?

Kwaye ngelize.

I-algae yenqaku elithile ibizwa ngokuba yi-dinoflagellates kunye ne-algae eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Kwaye ngakumbi ngakumbi:

1. Dinoflagellates Gambierdiscus toxicus
2. I-algae eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka iGonyaulax catenella, Alexandrium sp., Gymnodinium sp., Pyrodinium sp.
3. Dinoflagellates Anabaena sp., Aphanizomenon spp., Cylindrospermopsis sp., Lyngbya sp., Planktothrix sp.

Bonke aba bahlobo bavelisa uluhlu olupheleleyo lweetyhefu ezibonwa njengenye yezona zinto zinetyhefu kwesi sijikelezi-langa sincinci. Ndiza kukhankanya kwaye ndichaze ezona zintle.

I-Maitotoxin

Iveliswe ngummi ongunombolo 1 kolu luhlu lungentla. Yeyona tyhefu kwiqela le-brevetoxins: malunga ne-0,2 mcg/kg yanele ukuba usapho lwakho lufumane i-inshurensi ngokuqinisekileyo. Indlela yokusebenza ibangelwa ukuguqulwa kweendlela ze-Ca i-voltage-gated, ukunyuka kwe-concentration ye-Ca2 + ngaphakathi kweeseli ze-nerve, ukukhululwa ngokuzenzekelayo kwe-acetylcholine egazini kunye ne-postsynaptic depolarization eqhubekayo. Ngamafutshane - ukukhubazeka okunamandla kunye nokungenakuguqulwa.

Imolekyuli ye-maytotoxin ngokwayo yinkqubo yamakhonkco ekhabhoni adityanisiweyo angama-32. Yenye yeemolekyuli ezinkulu nezintsonkothileyo ezingenaprotheyini eziveliswa yinto ephilayo. Ndiyathemba ukuba oku kukuzisela intuthuzelo ukuba ingena ngaphakathi kuwe.

Ewe ewe, ndiphantse ndalibala, inkcukacha ye-piquant: ukuba ngummeli we-brevetoxins, i-maytotoxin, ngaphambi kokubangela ukukhubazeka kwemisipha kunye nokubanjwa kokuphefumla, ngokuqinisekileyo kuya kukunika ukuvuza, impumlo enzima kunye nokuphuma ngokuzenzekelayo. Ngamafutshane, akunakwenzeka ukukwamkela ukufa ngesidima.

I-Saxitoxin

Iveliswe liqela labemi amanani 2 kunye no-3 kuluhlu olungentla. Ayisiyonto ipholileyo kwaye intle njenge-maytotoxin, kodwa ingabikho i-misanthropic encinci: ukutya i-2 mcg / kg kuya kwenza bonke abantu bakuphose. Indlela yokusebenza ye-saxitoxin kukuvaleka kweziteshi zesodium ezinevoltage kwi-nerve fibers. Oku kuthintela ukuqhutyelwa kwemithambo-luvo kwaye kubangela ukukhubazeka kwemisipha.

ISaxitoxin inika umdla kuba igama layo linxulunyaniswa negama leemoluska ezityiwayo zohlobo lweSaxidomus, ezikwabizwa ngokuba zii "Washington clams" kunye "nebhotolo yeembaza" ("iWashington clams" kunye ne "butter clam" ukuba akunjalo ngokoluvo lwethu). Ewe, ukusuka kwigama kuyacaca apho abantu bathanda ukuzitya. Ke, ezi zidalwa zintle zifuna ukutya i-algae, kwaye xa ininzi ngexesha lokuzala ngokukhawuleza ("amaza abomvu"), zifuna ukuqokelela zonke ityhefu kuzo. Andazi ukuba kutheni: unokucinga malunga nendaleko, malunga nokunyuka kokuchasana - kodwa ityhefu ye-algae isebenza kakuhle kakhulu kwizilwanyana ezinegazi elifudumeleyo - kwaye hayi kakhulu kwigazi elibandayo. Ingakumbi kwishellfish.

Ngamafutshane: utyile ukutya kwaselwandle ngexesha lamaza abomvu, ungasenza isidlo sakho sokugqibela.

Kucacile ukuba elona lizwe lininzi leDemokhrasi kwiHlabathi alikwazanga ukungayinaki into enjalo, kwaye ke i-saxitoxin ithathwa njengento yokusetyenziswa njengesixhobo sekhemikhali kwaye ibhalwe njenge-TZ kwimikhosi exhobileyo yase-US.

I-Microcystin-LR

Ngokwemichiza, i-microcystin-LR yi-cyclic heptapeptide. Oko kukuthi, ezi zisixhenxe zee-amino acids ezibambe isandla zaze zaluka umdaniso ongqukuva omnandi kangaka. Kakade ke, enye yazo yi-β-amino acid ekhethekileyo, ngokwesiqhelo kwiipeptides zonke ii-amino acids ziyi-alpha. Ngaba intle ngokwenene? Hayi? Ewe, kulungile!

I-Microcystin-LR eneneni yeyona nto imbi kuzo zonke ii-microcystins eziveliswa yi-algae eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Kwaye banele ngabo, ndikholelwe! I-Microcystin inqanda umsebenzi we-protein phosphatase uhlobo lwe-1 kunye nohlobo lwe-2A (PP1 kunye ne-PP2A) kwi-cytoplasm yeeseli zesibindi. Oku kukhokelela ekwandeni kweprotein phosphorylation kwiiseli zesibindi, ezigoba ngokuthembekileyo eli lungu libalulekileyo. Kodwa - yintoni ebalulekileyo! - igoba kwimbono.

Akukho mntu wakha wabika ubuthi bexesha elifutshane kwi-microcystins. Nangona kunjalo, uninzi lweengxaki zesibindi-kubandakanywa nomhlaza wesibindi-kucingelwa ukuba zihlobene ngandlela-thile kwityhefu engapheliyo ye-blue-green algae. I-WHO, ngokukodwa, ixhalabile kakhulu.

Kungenxa yesi sizathu ukuba abaphumeleleyo abathathu kwi-parade yethu yokubethelwa bafunyenwe yityhefu ye-algae encinci kodwa enebhongo, ekudala idinwe ngabo bonke obu buntu.

Indawo yesibini

VX

Uluntu lwakha lwahlala phantsi kwingqushu yaza yacinga: kukho izinto ezininzi ezahlukeneyo, ezinomdla ezisingqongileyo ezinokusityhefa ngeendlela ezininzi ezahlukeneyo. Kutheni si worse?

Kwaye kwavela.

Ukususela ekuqaleni koo-1950, inani le-O, S-esters ye-phosphoric acid equlethe iqela le-dialkylaminoethylthio liye lafundwa e-UK. Injongo yayintle kakhulu: kwakusenziwa amayeza okubulala izinambuzane amatsha. Kodwa ngequbuliso kwavela ukuba iikhompawundi ezibangelwayo, ezibizwa ngokuba yi-phosphorylthiocholines, zinetyhefu kakhulu kwizilwanyana ezinegazi elishushu. Kucacile ukuba isihloko se-insecticide ngokukhawuleza saba yinto engathandekiyo kumntu wonke - kwaye iingcali zokwenyani zehla kwishishini.

Iingcali zenza uqeqesho oluncinci kwiikati kwaye zafumanisa ukuba yayingeyiyo i-phosphates, kodwa i-alkylphosphone analogues ze-phosphorothiocholines ezenza isihogo esibi kakhulu. I-USA, i-Great Britain, i-Netherlands kunye neKhanada beza kuhlangula kwaye baphuhlisa iklasi entsha yeekhompawundi ezibizwa ngokuba yi-V-gases. I-VX ngoyena mmeli wabo unetyhefu.

I-VX yeyona nto inetyhefu eyakha yenziwa ukuze isetyenziswe kwizixhobo zemichiza. Njengazo zonke izinto ezinobuthi ze-organophosphate ezifanayo, i-VX yi-acetylcholinesterase inhibitor: inqanda ngokukhethiweyo le enzyme, eyenza i-hydrolysis ye-acetylcholine, umlamli we-nervous excitation. I-Hydrolysis ye-acetylcholine emzimbeni ophilileyo iyenzeka rhoqo kwaye iyimfuneko ukumisa ukuhanjiswa kwe-nerve impulses, evumela ukuba i-muscle ibuyele kwindawo yokuphumla. I-cholinesterase ye-phosphorylated, eyenziwa ngexesha le-VX yetyhefu, ngokungafani ne-acetylated, i-compound ezinzile kwaye ayifuni i-hydrolysis ezenzekelayo. Ngaloo ndlela, ukutshatyalaliswa kwama-acetylcholine ama-acetylcholine kunqatshelwe kwaye iyaqhubeka ibe nefuthe eliqhubekayo kwi-cholinergic receptors. Oku kukhokelela ekugqithiseni ngokubanzi kwee-receptors ze-cholinergic, ekuqaleni kubangela ukuvuselela okunamandla kunye nokukhubazeka komsebenzi wamalungu kunye nezicubu. Kule nkalo, iimpawu eziphambili ze-VX ubuthi zinokutolikwa njengokubonakaliswa kokugqithisa ngokweqile, okungafanelekanga kumzimba, umsebenzi wenani lezakhiwo kunye nezitho, ezibonelelwa yi-acetylcholine mediation. Okokuqala, ezi ziiseli zemithambo-luvo, izihlunu ezibethayo nezigudileyo, kwakunye namadlala ahlukeneyo.

Iimpawu zomonakalo: imizuzu eyi-1-2 - ukuxinwa kwabafundi; Imizuzu emi-2-4 - ukubila, ukuthamba; Imizuzu emi-5-10 - ukuxhatshazwa, ukukhubazeka, i-spasms; Imizuzu eyi-10-15 - ukufa.

Kubantu, i-LD50 dermal = 100 mcg / kg, ngomlomo = 70 mcg / kg. I-LCt100 = 0,01 mg min./l, ngelixa ixesha lesenzo esifihlakeleyo yimizuzu emi-5-10. I-Miosis yenzeka kwi-concentration ye-0,0001 mg / l emva komzuzu we-1.

Ewe, kunjalo-umfundi omameleyo uye waqaphela ngokuchanekileyo igama elithi "dermal": I-VX inetyhefu ephezulu kakhulu yokukhupha ulusu xa kuthelekiswa nezinye izinto ezinetyhefu ezine-phosphorus. Ulusu lobuso kunye nentamo luvakalelwa kakhulu kwimiphumo ye-VX. Iimpawu ezivela kwi-dermal application zikhula ngaphakathi kwe-1 ukuya kwiiyure ze-24, kodwa ukuba i-VX idibana nomlomo okanye ulusu olwaphukileyo, ukuqala kwesenzo kukhawuleza kakhulu. Uphawu lokuqala lokubuyisela ngesikhumba alunakuba yi-miosis, kodwa ukubethelwa kwemisipha encinci kwindawo yokudibanisa ne-VX, ilandelwa yi-cramps, ubuthathaka bemisipha kunye nokukhubazeka.

Iziphumo ezinobuthi ze-VX ngesikhumba zinokwandiswa ngezinto ezingezona ityhefu kodwa ezikwazi ukuhambisa ityhefu emzimbeni. Eyona nto isebenzayo phakathi kwazo yi-dimethyl sulfoxide kunye ne-N,N-dimethylamide ye-palmitic acid. Ucinga ntoni, %igama lomsebenzisi%, ingaba kukho nawuphi na umsebenzi owenziweyo okanye imixube enokusebenzisa lo mhlaba umangalisayo? Enkosi!

I-VX yosulela imizimba yamanzi evulekileyo ixesha elide - ukuya kwiinyanga ezi-6. Ewe, izakhiwo kunye, ngokubanzi, yonke into emi ngeenxa zonke, engcolileyo ngamaconsi e-VX, ibeka ingozi ehlotyeni iintsuku ezi-1-3, ebusika - iintsuku ezingama-30-60. Ngokubanzi, ukuqina kwe-VX emhlabeni (i-skin-resorptive effect): ehlotyeni - ukusuka kwiintsuku ezi-7 ukuya kwe-15, ebusika - kulo lonke ixesha ngaphambi kokuqala kobushushu.

Kwaye uthetha ngobusika benyukliya...

Ihlabathi liyazazi iimeko ezininzi zokusebenzisa iVX.

• NgoDisemba 1994 nangoJanuwari 1995, uMasami Tsuchiya, ilungu lehlelo lonqulo lwaseJapan uAum Shinrikyo, ngokomyalelo wenkokeli yehlelo uShoko Asahara, wenza iigram ezili-100 ukusa kwezingama-200 zeVX, ezasetyenziselwa ukubulala abantu abathathu. Ababini batyhefwa kodwa abazange bafe. Omnye wabo batyhefwe, indoda eneminyaka engama-28 ubudala, yasweleka, yaba lixhoba lokuqala leVX elirekhodiweyo kwihlabathi. Indoda uAsahara eyayirhanelwa ukuba ngumngcatshi yahlaselwa ngo-7:00 kusasa ngoDisemba 12, 1994, kwisitrato saseOsaka. Abahlaseli batshize ulwelo lweVX entanyeni yexhoba. Indoda enetyhefu yawaleqa malunga neemitha ezili-100 phambi kokuwa; wafa kwiintsuku ezili-10 kamva, ngaphandle kokuphuma kwi-coma enzulu. Oogqirha baqale bakrokrela ukuba utyhefelwe luhlobo oluthile lwe-organophosphorus pesticide, kodwa oyena nobangela wokufa wafunyanwa kuphela emva kokuba amalungu enkolo ebanjiwe ngenxa yokuqhunyiswa kwebhombu yaseTokyo kwaye avuma ukubulala. Kwiinyanga ezisixhenxe emva kokubulawa, ii-metabolites ze-VX ezifana ne-ethyl methylphosphonate, i-methylphosphonic acid kunye ne-disopropyl-2-(methylthio) ethylamine zifunyenwe kwiisampuli zegazi lexhoba. Ngokungafani ne-sarin, i-VX ayizange isetyenziswe yihlelo lokubulala abantu abaninzi (njengesiganeko saseMatsumoto kunye nokuhlaselwa kwe-subway yaseTokyo).
• NgoFebruwari 13, 2017, uKim Jong Nam, umntakwabo kaKim Jong-un, umbusi we-DPRK, wabulawa ngoncedo lweVX. Ukubulala kwenzeka kwindawo yokusuka kwisikhululo seenqwelomoya eKuala Lumpur (Malaysia). Amabhinqa amabini ayebandakanyeka ekubulaweni. Omnye waphazamisa ingqalelo kaKim Jong Nam, ngelixa omnye waphosa itshefu efakwe kwityhefu ebusweni bakhe ngasemva. Saziva sibuhlungu, bamsa esibhedlele, kodwa wafela endleleni.

Ewe, njengesiqhelo, xa uluntu luthe lwabuyela ezingqondweni kancinci kwaye lwaqonda ukuba luyidalile ntoni, kwabakho umva. Iigesi ze-V zivaliwe yiNgqungquthela yeZikhali zeMichiza ye-1993, oku kuthetha ukuba ayinakuveliswa kwaye i-stockpiles ekhoyo kufuneka itshatyalaliswe. Kodwa kukho ama-nuances.

• Kuphela yiRashiya kunye neUnited States ezivumayo ukuba zineegesi ze-V okanye zineegesi ze-V, kodwa amanye amazwe akholelwa ukuba nawo anayo enye yale tyhefu.
• NgoSeptemba 27, 2017, amajelo aseRashiya achaza ukutshatyalaliswa okupheleleyo kwezixhobo zemichiza zaseRashiya, kuquka iVX. Akukho mntu wayikholelwayo.
• UCindy Westergaard, ingcali yezixhobo zeekhemikhali kunye nomhlobo ophezulu kwi-Stimson Centre, uthi i-Iraq "ivelise i-VX ngokuqinisekileyo" kwi-1980s, kodwa akukho bungqina bokusetyenziswa kwayo. Wonke umntu wayikholelwa. Ngendlela, i-VX okwangoku isafumaneka kwii-arsenals zase-US (izimpawu zomkhosi zimisesane ezintathu eziluhlaza ezinombhalo othi VX-GAS). Kodwa akukho mntu ukukhathaleleyo.
• I-North Korea, kunye ne-Egypt kunye ne-Sudan yaseMzantsi, ayizange isayine okanye ivume iNgqungquthela yeSikhali se-Chemical Weapons.

Kwaye ngoko nangoko - amagama ambalwa malunga noNovichok.

Iqela loqhagamshelwano 'Novichok'

Kuyinto yesiko ukudibanisa ne "Novichok":

• A-230: I-N-(methylfluorophosphonyl) -N',N'-diethyl-acetamidine (kumfanekiso osekhohlo), iqhwala kwimozulu ebandayo;
• A-232: I-N-(O-Methylfluorophosphonyl)-N',N'-diethyl-acetamidine (eboniswe ngakwesokudla), iphuhliswe kwaye ivavanywe ukuba isetyenziswe njenge-agent yemfazwe yekhemikhali;
• A-234: N-(O-Ethylfluorophosphonyl)-N',N'-diethyl-acetamidine, efana ne-viscous ointment kwaye ayisasazeki emoyeni, ichaphazela umzimba xa udibana nolusu, uzinzile kwaye uxhathisa kwiimeko zemozulu. .

Yayizi khompawundi ezathi zaboniswa nguViktor Kholstov, ilungu legqiza laseRashiya kwiSeshini yama-57 neye-59 yeKomiti eLawulayo yoMbutho woThintelo lwezixhobo zeMichiza; nangona kunjalo, usapho ngokwalo luqulathe ngaphezulu kwamashumi amathandathu eekhompawundi ezifanayo.

Kukho uluvo lokuba i-Novichok inetyhefu ngakumbi kune-VX, kodwa akukho manani anikwe iidosi ezinobuthi. Ngamazwi, i-Novichok inamaxesha angama-5-10 anetyhefu ngakumbi.

Ngapha koko, kukho umxholo omdaka kakhulu kweli bali kangangokuba lifanele inqaku lalo. Ndazise kwizimvo, %igama lomsebenzisi%.

Ngeli xesha...

Sinokuphumelela! Indawo yokuqala

Ingqondo ethandabuzayo yeHomo sapiens ayizange ihlise umoya emva kokufunyanwa kweVX. Ngapha koko, enyanisweni, kwafunyanwa into enokuthi ingcolise yonke into ejikeleze imbi ngakumbi kunogqabhuko-dubulo lweathomu - kodwa kuthekani ukuba konke oku bekudityanisiwe kunye?

Kulungile ke, amagama ambalwa malunga nemitha.

Uluntu luzazi iintlobo ezininzi zemitha. Ngolwimi olulula nolufikelelekayo, oku kuyenzeka:

1. Imitha ebangelwa ziifotoni - UV, X-ray, gamma
2. Imitha ebangelwa yi-electron - i-beta
3. Imitha ebangelwa ngamasuntswana asisiseko - i-neutron, iiproton
4. Imitha ebangelwa ngamasuntswana amakhulu - alpha

Ukuba wena, %username% othandekayo, ufuna ukusungula i-ertyisi, ibhola yentenetya, ibhola yomnyazi kunye neepanti zobunzima, yintoni enokukwenza ukhathazeke ngakumbi? Kuyafana nangemitha yemitha - okukhona inzima, kokukhona ibuhlungu. Ewe, kucacile ukuba yonke into ixhomekeke kwisantya.

Ngapha koko, umonakalo ovela kumasuntswana e-alpha uphezulu- kwaye yiyo loo nto kumasuntswana e-alpha umgangatho womgangatho ngama-20 kwaye oku kuthetha ukuba ngomlinganiselo olinganayo wamandla emitha afunxwa kwiyunithi yobunzima belungu okanye izicubu, isiphumo sebhayoloji samasuntswana e-alpha. iya kuba namandla ngokuphindwe kamashumi amabini kunempembelelo yemitha ye-gamma.

Ngethamsanqa, amasuntswana e-alpha anzima kwaye ayangqubana kwaye anxibelelana ngamandla nayo yonke into kangangokuba awayi kungena ngamasuntswana elulusu keratinized. Kodwa…
IPolonium-210

Akukho polonium-210 ecocekileyo emhlabeni, nangona ifumaneka kwiimali zokulandelela kuzo zonke i-uranium kunye ne-thorium ores. Kwifom yayo ecocekileyo ifunyenwe ngokwenziwa. Ngokuchaneke ngakumbi, bayifumene. Njengoko amava ebonisile, iipropathi zepolonium-210 azinamdla ebantwini, ngaphandle kwento enye:

• I-Polonium-210 kwi-alloys kunye ne-beryllium kunye ne-boron yayisetyenziselwa ukuvelisa imithombo ye-neutron edibeneyo kwaye enamandla kakhulu evelisa phantse akukho γ-radiation. Nangona kunjalo, ngoku le niche igcinwe ngokuqinileyo yi-californium.
• Indawo ebalulekileyo yesicelo sepolonium-210 kukusetyenziswa kwayo ngendlela yealloys enelothe, yttrium, okanye ngokuzimeleyo kwimveliso yemithombo yobushushu enamandla kunye necwecwe kakhulu yofakelo oluzimeleyo, umzekelo, kwindawo. Icubic centimeter enye yepolonium-210 ikhupha malunga ne-1320 W yobushushu. La mandla aphezulu kakhulu, azisa ngokulula ipolonium kwindawo etyhidiweyo, yiyo loo nto idityaniswe, umzekelo, ngelothe. Nangona ezi ngxubevange zinoxinano lwamandla olusezantsi ngokuphawulekayo (150 W/cm³), kodwa zikulungele ukusetyenziswa kwaye zikhuselekile, kuba ipolonium-210 ikhupha amasuntswana e-alpha kuphela, kwaye isakhono sazo sokungena kunye nomgama wokuhamba kwizinto ezishinyeneyo zincinci. Ngokomzekelo, i-Soviet self-propelled izithuthi zeprogram yeLunokhod yendawo yasebenzisa i-polonium heater ukufudumeza isixhobo. Kodwa i-USSR ayisekho, inkqubo yenyanga nayo, kwaye ukufudumeza indlu kunexabiso eliphantsi kunepolonium.
• IPolonium-210 yayisoloko isetyenziselwa ukwenza i-ionize iigesi (ingakumbi umoya). Ngokomzekelo, yongezwa kwii-alloys ze-electrode ze-automotive spark plugs ukunciphisa i-spark voltage. Oku ayenziwa ngoku, nangona, umzekelo, kwi-optics echanekileyo, iibrashi zokususa uthuli zenziwe apho umzuzu we-polonium ungeniswa. Enyanisweni, kungekhona eRashiya - i-polonium ayivumelekanga ngokupheleleyo apha, kodwa e-USA iibrashi ezinjalo zingathengwa kwaye ziphinde ziphonswe kwinkunkuma eqhelekileyo.
• IPolonium-210 inokusebenza kwialloyi ene-isotopu ekhanyayo ye-lithium (6Li) njengento enokunciphisa ngokubonakalayo ubunzima obubalulekileyo bentlawulo yenyukliya kwaye isebenze njengohlobo lwesiqhushumbisi senyukliya. Ukongeza, ipolonium ilungele ukwenza "iibhombu ezimdaka" ezixineneyo kwaye ilungele ukuthuthwa ngokufihlakeleyo, kuba ayikhuphi imitha ye-gamma. I-isotope ikhupha imitha ye-gamma ngamandla e-803 keV kunye nesivuno sokubola kwe-0,001% kuphela - ngokwe-dosimeter, i-isotope ikhuselekile. Kodwa ukulinganisa i-alpha radiation, udinga isixhobo esibaluleke ngakumbi. IBHAYINGO!

IPolonium-210 inetyhefu kakhulu, i-radiotoxic kunye ne-carcinogenic, kunye nesiqingatha sobomi beentsuku ezili-138 kunye neeyure ezili-9. Yonke le mihla kunye neeyure, amasuntswana e-alpha aqinileyo abhabha ukusuka kuyo: umsebenzi wayo othile (166 TBq / g) uphezulu kangangokuba awukwazi ukuwuthatha ngezandla zakho, kuba umphumo uya kuba ngumonakalo wemitha eluswini kwaye, mhlawumbi, umzimba wonke: ipolonium ingena lula eluswini. Ngokuqhelekileyo, amasuntswana e-alpha anamandla anjalo abhabha ngaphezu kwe-1 cm emoyeni, kodwa oku akusiyo inketho yepolonium enzima: iikhompawundi zayo zokuzitshisa kwaye ziguquke zibe yimeko ye-aerosol.

Kwaye kwenzeka ntoni kumzimba wakho xa i-polonium-210 enika ubomi ingena kuyo - ngaba kufanelekile ukuxelela? Ngapha koko, yonke iatom ebetha izicubu zakho ezithambileyo ezipinki zahlula kwaye ibhombu yonke into ekufutshane ngamasuntswana e-alpha. Iiseli. Amanzi. Iimolekyuli ze-DNA kunye ne-RNA. Konke oku kuyahlukana uThixo uyayazi into-kwaye ucholachola lonke ulonwabo lokugula ngeradiation kolona lwazi lubi kakhulu.

I-Polonium-210 i-4 yetriliyoni yamaxesha anetyhefu ngaphezu kwe-hydrocyanic acid. Ngokutsho kweengcali, umthamo obulalayo we-polonium-210 kumntu omdala uqikelelwa ukusuka kwi-0,6-2 mcg xa i-isotope ingena emzimbeni ngemiphunga, ukuya kwi-6-18 mcg xa ingena emzimbeni ngokusebenzisa i-digestive tract.

Imbali iyazi iimeko ezimbini ze-polonium-210 yetyhefu. Zonke zikholeleka kakhulu.

• Ukufa kuka-Alexander Litvinenko ngo-2006, owafa ngenxa yetyhefu ye-polonium-210. Ngendlela, ekuqaleni kwakukholelwa ukuba unetyhefu ngethallium. Ngomhla wama-24 kaNovemba, izazinzulu ezivela kwi-Arhente yezeMpilo yaseBrithani (BHA) zabhengeza ukuba uLitvinenko usweleke ngenxa yokungcoliswa kwe-radioactive. Ngokutsho kukaRoger Cox, intloko ye-BAZ Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Risks, uvavanyo lomchamo lubonise iimpawu zemitha ebangelwa njengoko kulindelekile, ipolonium-210. Kwakhona wathi kwiidosi ezincinci ze-Po-210 kwandisa umngcipheko we-neoplasms enobungozi, kwaye ngobuninzi buphazamisa umsebenzi wethambo, inkqubo yokugaya kunye nezinye izitho ezibalulekileyo.
• I-Polonium yafunyanwa kwizinto zobuqu zikaYasser Arafat, owasweleka ngo-2004. Umzimba wakhutshwa. Ekuqaleni, icala laseSwitzerland lekomishoni yamazwe ngamazwe liqinisekisile inyaniso yetyhefu yepolonium. Nangona kunjalo, kamva wavumelana nezigqibo zamacala aseRashiya naseFransi ukuba akukho bungqina betyhefu.

Ngendlela, kukho i-lite version ye-polonium-210 - le yiprotactinium-231. Ngendlela efanayo (ukubola kwe-alpha), isiqingatha sobomi beprotactinium silingana neminyaka engama-32480, kwaye ke ayiyongozi kangako: ayitshisi, ayinayo i-radioactive, kwaye ngenxa yoko iyityhefu eyi-250 yezigidi kuphela. ngaphezu kwe-hydrocyanic acid. Ayinakuguquka, ayixutywanga ngesikhumba - xa kuthelekiswa nepolonium ibonakala ihlwempuzekile, kwaye ngoko ke ukhuseleko oluphezulu (apha ndancuma nge-grin embi kakhulu) isixa seprotactinium xa singena emzimbeni womntu ngu-0,5 mcg. Enyanisweni, kumzimba womntu iprotactinium-231 idla ukuqokelela kwizintso kunye namathambo - kwaye uhlale apho ixesha elide, i-irradiation emzimbeni ngaphakathi. Ngoko kusafuneka ufe.

BONKE!

Ke sigqibe isahlulo sesithathu solwazi lwethu, %igama lomsebenzisi%.

Ndiyathemba ukuba ufunde yonke into kude kube sekupheleni kwaye usenawo amandla okucofa iqhosha lokuvota ukubona ukuba ukwazana kwethu kuya kuqhubeka na.

Kwaye kusondele intsimbi yesithandathu kusasa, ixesha lokulala.

Ndisakunqwenelela impilo ngakumbi kunye neetyhefu ezincinci ebomini!

NdinguKufa, umtshabalalisi omkhulu wehlabathi.

Imigca evela kwiBhagavad Gita ecengcelezwe nguRobert Oppenheimer ngexesha logqabhuko-dubulo lokuqala lwenyukliya kufutshane ne-Alamogordo ngoJulayi 16, 1945.

Ngabasebenzisi ababhalisiweyo kuphela abanokuthatha inxaxheba kuphando. Ngena, ndiyacela.

Ngaba kufanelekile ukuqhubeka?

• Yeka ukundigezela ingqondo kakade!

• Ngubani ode afunde obu bubhanxa kwiwebhusayithi yeIT?

• Sela ityhefu!

• Bhala ngemvula etyheli kunye ne-Agent Orange.

• Bhala malunga noNovichok.

Bangama-6 abasebenzisi abavotileyo. Abasebenzisi abangama-3 abakhange.

umthombo: www.habr.com