Ityhefu encinci eyoyikisayo

Molo kwakhona, %igama lomsebenzisi%!

Ndibulela wonke umntu othe waxabisa my opus "Ezona tyhefu zimbi".

Kwakunomdla kakhulu ukufunda amagqabantshintshi, nokuba ayeyintoni na, kwakunomdla kakhulu ukuphendula.

Ndiyavuya ukuba uyithandile iparade. Ukuba ndandingayithandi, kulungile, ndenze konke okusemandleni am.

Yayingamagqabantshintshi kunye nomsebenzi owandikhuthaza ukuba ndibhale inxalenye yesibini.

Ke, ndinikezela kuwe elinye ishumi elibulalayo!

Indawo yeshumi

Mhlophe

Ewe, ndiyazi, %username%, ukuba ngoku uya kudanduluka ngoko nangoko: “Khawuleza, ekugqibeleni iklorine, enkulu neyoyikekayo!” Kodwa akunjalo.

Okokuqala, ibleach ayinayo iklorin, kodwa i-sodium hypochlorite. Ewe, ekugqibeleni iyaqhekeka ibe yiklorini, kodwa ayikabi yiklorini.

Okwesibini, nangona iklorine yayiyeyona arhente yokuqala yemfazwe yeekhemikhali kwimbali yobuntu (yaqala ukusetyenziswa ngo-1915 ngexesha leMfazwe yaseYpres - ewe, yileyo, hayi igesi yemostade, nangona kulapho igama livela khona) , ngokukhawuleza “hayi masihambe.”

Ingxaki kukuba umntu unuka iklorine kwakudala ngaphambi kokuba atyhefwe. Kwaye uyabaleka emva kwexeshana.

Zigwebe ngokwakho: iphunga leklorini liya kuvakala nawuphi na umntu ngaphandle kwe-sinusitis kwi-0,1-0,3 ppm (nangona bathi iphinda iphule nge-sinusitis). Ukugxininiswa kwe-1-3 ppm ngokuqhelekileyo kunyamezelwa ngaphezu kweyure - ukuvutha okunganyamezelekiyo emehlweni kukhokelela kwiingcamango ukuba unezinto ezininzi ezibalulekileyo ozenzayo, kodwa ngenxa yesizathu esithile, kude nalapha. Nge-30 ppm, iinyembezi ziya kuhamba ngokukhawuleza (kwaye kungekhona kwiyure), kwaye ukukhwehlela okubuhlungu kuya kuvela. Kwi-40-60 ppm, iingxaki zemiphunga ziya kuqala.

Ukuhlala kwi-atmosfera ene-chlorine yoxinzelelo lwe-400 ppm isiqingatha seyure kuyabulala. Ewe, okanye imizuzu embalwa - kugxininiso lwe-1000 ppm.

KwiMfazwe yeHlabathi yokuQala, bathatha ithuba lokuba iklorini ingaphezu kobunzima obuphindwe kabini njengomoya - kwaye ke ngoko bayivumela ukuba ibhabhe ethafeni, itshaya utshaba ngaphandle kwemisele. Kwaye apho babesele befota ngendlela endala kwaye bazama kwaye bavavanywa.

Ngokuqinisekileyo, ukuba usebenza kwindawo yokuvelisa iklorini kwaye bakubophe apho kufuphi netanki yeklorine, kukho isizathu sokukhathazeka. Kodwa akufanele ulindele ukuba uya kuba netyhefu yeklorini xa uhlamba indlu yangasese okanye ngenxa ye-electrolysis yamanzi anetyuwa.

Ewe, ewe, ukuba useneshwa, nceda uqaphele: akukho antidote kwi-chlorine; unyango ngumoya omtsha. Ewe, kunye nokubuyiselwa kwezicubu ezitshisiweyo, kunjalo.

indawo yesithoba

I-Vitamin A - okanye, kwintetho eqhelekileyo, i-retinol

Wonke umntu ukhumbula iivithamini. Ewe, inzuzo yabo. Abanye abantu babhidanisa utywala kunye nokutshaya iivithamini, kodwa kunjalo.

Njengabantwana, bonke oomakhulu babo babaxelela ukuba batye iiapile kunye neminqathe. Wandixelela. Ndandithanda nje i-puree ye-carrot yaseSoviet endala kwezo zinja ezincinci!

Kodwa musa ukudibanisa i-retinol eyoyikisayo kunye ne-carotene yendalo (le nto ifumaneka kwi-melon kunye ne-karoti): ngokusetyenziswa ngokugqithiseleyo kwe-carotenes, ukutyheli kweentende zezandla, iinyawo zeenyawo kunye ne-mucous membranes kunokwenzeka (ngendlela, oku kwenzeka mna njengomntwana!), kodwa nakwiimeko ezinzima kakhulu akukho zimpawu zokuxila zibonwa.

Ke, i-LD50 ye-retinol yi-2 g/kg kwiimpuku eziyityileyo. Ukuqwalasela ukuba i-vitamin i-soluble fat-soluble, ukuba udla i-lard, uya kufumana ngaphantsi. Ezimpuku zaphelelwa zingqondo, zaxhuzula zaza zafa.

Kubantu, iimeko zazinomdla ngakumbi: umthamo wevithamin A we-25 IU / kg ubangela ubuthi obunzima, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwansuku zonke kwedosi ye-000 IU / kg kwiinyanga ezi-4000-6 kubangela ityhefu engapheliyo (i-reference: oogqirha banzima kakhulu. abantu ukuba baqonde, kwaye oku kungekuphela ngenxa yokubhala ngesandla - babala ivithamin A kwi-IU - iiyunithi zonyango; iyunithi enye ye-IU yathathwa kunye ne-15 mcg ye-retinol).

I-poisoning ebantwini ibonakaliswe ngezi mpawu zilandelayo: ukuvuvukala kwe-cornea, ukulahlekelwa ngumdla, isicaphucaphu, isibindi esandisiweyo, intlungu edibeneyo. I-vitamin A engapheliyo i-poisoning iyenzeka ngokusetyenziswa rhoqo kweedosi eziphezulu ze-vitamin kunye nezixa ezininzi zeoli yeentlanzi.

Iimeko zetyhefu eyingozi enesiphumo esibulalayo zinokwenzeka xa usitya isibindi sikakrebe, ibhere emhlophe, izilwanyana zaselwandle, okanye i-huskies (musa ukuthuthumbisa izinja!). Abantu baseYurophu bebejamelene noku ukususela ngowe-1597, xa amalungu ohambo lwesithathu lukaBarents agula kakhulu emva kokutya isibindi sebhere emhlophe.

I-acute form of poisoning izibonakalisa ngendlela yokuxhuzula kunye nokukhubazeka. Kwimeko engapheliyo yokugqithisa, uxinzelelo lwe-intracranial luyanda, oluhamba kunye nentloko, isicaphucaphu, kunye nokuhlanza. Ngelo xesha, ukuvuvukala kwe-macula kunye nokukhubazeka okubonakalayo okuhambelanayo kwenzeka. I-Hemorrhages ibonakala, kunye neempawu ze-hepato- kunye ne-nephrotoxic yemiphumo yeedosi ezinkulu ze-vitamin A. Ukuqhekeka kwamathambo okuzenzekelayo kunokwenzeka. Ukugqithisa i-vitamin A kunokubangela ukukhubazeka kokuzalwa kwaye ngoko akufanele kudlule umthamo ophakanyisiweyo wemihla ngemihla, kwaye kungcono ukuba ungayithathi kwaphela kubasetyhini abakhulelweyo.

Ukuphelisa ubuthi, i-mannitol imiselwe, enciphisa uxinzelelo lwe-intracranial kwaye isuse iimpawu ze-meningism, i-glucocorticoids, ekhawulezisa i-metabolism ye-vitamin esibindini kwaye izinzile iimbumba ze-lysosomes esibindi kunye nezintso. I-Vitamin E iphinda izinze iimbumba zeeseli.

Ke, %igama lomsebenzisi%, khumbula: asiyiyo yonke into esempilweni esempilweni kubungakanani obukhulu.

Indawo yesibhozo

Intsimbi

Intonga yentsimbi engena ebuchotsheni ngokuqinisekileyo iyityhefu, kodwa oku akuchanekanga.

Kodwa ngokunzulu, imeko ye-iron isondele kakhulu kuleyo yevithamin A.

Abanye abantu bamiselwe isinyithi ukuphelisa i-anemia yokusilela kwesinyithi. Umakhulu wam ongalibalekiyo wayesoloko ecebisa ukuba atye ama-apile - aqulethe intsimbi eninzi (kwaye wonke umntu uyayazi le joke yentshebe).

Ngaphambili, badla isinyithi ngengqiqo yokoqobo - kumfanekiso ongentla kukho isinyithi se-carbonyl - ngoko badla: isisu sigcwele i-hydrochloric acid, ngoko ke isinyithi esichithwa ngokucokisekileyo sachithwa apho kwaye kwakwanele.

Emva koko baqala ukumisela i-iron sulfates kunye ne-iron lactates. Into ehlekisayo malunga nentsimbi kukuba kufuneka ibe yi-divalent: umzimba awukwazi ukunyamezela i-iron ye-ferric, ngaphandle koko, iyancipha ngovuyo kwi-pH engaphezulu kwe-4.

I-7-35 g yentsimbi iya kukuthumelela ngokuqinisekileyo, %igama lomsebenzisi%, kwihlabathi elizayo. Kwaye ngoku andithethi malunga nentsimbi ebekwe kwindawo efanelekileyo emzimbeni - ndithetha ngeetyuwa zentsimbi. Kubantwana kunzima ngakumbi (abantwana bahlala benzima): i-3 grams yentsimbi iyabulala abantwana abangaphantsi kweminyaka emi-3 ubudala. Ngendlela, ngokwezibalo, le yeyona ndlela ixhaphakileyo yokutyhelwa ngengozi ebuntwaneni.

Ukuziphatha kwentsimbi egqithisileyo kufana kakhulu netyhefu yensimbi enzima (kwaye, ngendlela, iphathwa phantse ngendlela efanayo. Isinyithi sinokuqokelelana emzimbeni, njengesinyithi esinzima - kodwa ngezifo ezithile zelifa kunye nezifo ezingapheliyo okanye ngokutya kakhulu Abantu abane-iron egqithisileyo baphathwa bubuthathaka emzimbeni, ukunciphisa umzimba, ukugula rhoqo.Kwangaxeshanye, ukususa i-iron egqithisileyo kudla ngokuba nzima kakhulu kunokuphelisa ukunqongophala kwayo.

Kwityhefu enzulu yensimbi, i-mucosa yamathumbu yonakaliswe, ukungaphumeleli kwesibindi kukhula, kwaye kukho isicaphucaphu kunye nokuhlanza. Urhudo kunye nezinto ezibizwa ngokuba "zitulo ezimnyama" ziqhelekileyo - ufumana ingcamango. Ukuba uyayiyeka - iifom ezinzima zokulimala kwesibindi, i-coma, intlanganiso kunye nezihlobo ezifa kudala.

Indawo yesixhenxe

Aspirin

Ngesizathu esithile, ngoku ndikhumbula zonke iifilimu zaseMelika apho abalinganiswa, xa benentloko ebuhlungu, badla nje iipakethi zeepilisi. Thixo!

I-Acetylsalicylic acid okanye i-aspirin - njengoko uFelix Hoffman wayibizayo, owadibanisa le mveliso enika ubomi kwiilebhu ze-Bayer AG ngo-Agasti 10, 1897, ine-LD50 kwiigundane ze-200 mg / kg. Ewe, oku kuninzi, awukwazi ukutya iipilisi ezininzi, kodwa njengawo nawaphi na amayeza, i-aspirin inemiphumo emibi. Kwaye zinjalo-zinjalo: iingxaki zendlela yesisu kunye nokudumba kwezicubu. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba ngokwenene ufumana ngokwaneleyo i-aspirin, ngoko ngokugqithise kakhulu (oku kuxa ilixesha elinye - kodwa imoto) izinga lokufa li-2%. Ukugqithisa okungapheliyo (oku kuxa iidosi eziphezulu zisetyenziswa ixesha elide) zihlala zibulala, izinga lokufa lingama-25%, kwaye kanye njengentsimbi, ukugqithisa okungapheliyo kunokuba nzima ngakumbi kubantwana.

Kwimeko yetyhefu ye-asprin, ukuphazamiseka kwesisu esibukhali, ukudideka, ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo, ukulala, ukukhala ezindlebeni kunye nokozela kuyabonwa.

Phatha njengayo nayiphi na i-overdose: i-charcoal esebenzayo, i-dextrose ye-intravenous kunye ne-saline eqhelekileyo, i-sodium bicarbonate, kunye ne-dialysis.

I-Reye's syndrome ifanelwe ingqalelo ekhethekileyo - isifo esinqabileyo kodwa esibi kakhulu esibonakaliswe yi-encephalopathy ebukhali kunye ne-fat deposits kwisibindi. Le nto inokwenzeka xa abantwana okanye abakwishumi elivisayo benikwa i-aspirin yomkhuhlane okanye esinye isigulo okanye usulelo. Ukususela ngowe-1981 ukuya kutsho ngowe-1997, iimeko ezili-1207 18 zeReye’s syndrome kubantu abangaphantsi kweminyaka eyi-93 zaxelwa kumaZiko oLawulo lweZifo noThintelo lwaseUnited States. Kwezi, i-XNUMX% ixele ukuba iyagula kwiiveki ezintathu ngaphambi kokuqala kwe-Reye's syndrome, kaninzi inosulelo lokuphefumla, irhashalala, okanye isifo sorhudo.

Ijongeka ngolu hlobo:

• Kwiintsuku ezi-5-6 emva kokuqala kwesifo sentsholongwane (kunye nenkukhu - iintsuku ezi-4-5 emva kokubonakala kwerhashalala), isicaphucaphu kunye nokugabha okungalawulekiyo kuvela ngokukhawuleza, kukhatshwa lutshintsho kwisimo sengqondo (kuyahluka ukusuka kwi-lethargy encinci ukuya kwi-coma enzulu kwaye iziqendu zokuphazamiseka kwengqondo, ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo).
• Kubantwana abangaphantsi kweminyaka emi-3 ubudala, iimpawu eziphambili zesifo zinokuthi zingaphumeleli ekuphefumleni, ukozela kunye nokuphazamiseka, kwaye kubantwana bonyaka wokuqala wobomi, ukuxhatshazwa kwi-fontanel enkulu kuphawulwe.
• Xa kungabikho unyango olwaneleyo, imeko yesigulane iyancipha ngokukhawuleza: ukuphuhliswa ngokukhawuleza kwe-coma, ukuxhatshazwa, kunye nokubanjwa kokuphefumula.
• Ukwandiswa kwesibindi kubonwa kwi-40% yamatyala, kodwa i-jaundice ayinqabile.
• Ukunyuka kwe-AST, ALT, kunye ne-ammonia kwi-serum yegazi yezigulane ziqhelekileyo.

Ukuphepha njani oku? Kulula: akufanele unike umntwana wakho i-aspirin ukuba unomkhuhlane, imasisi okanye inkukhu. Sebenzisa isilumkiso xa ubeka i-acetylsalicylic acid kumaqondo okushisa aphezulu kubantwana abangaphantsi kweminyaka eyi-12 ubudala. Kule meko, kucetyiswa ukuba endaweni ye-acetylsalicylic acid kunye ne-paracetamol okanye ibuprofen. Biza ugqirha wakho ngoko nangoko ukuba umntwana wakho ubonisa naziphi na iimpawu: ukuhlanza, intloko ebuhlungu, i-lethargy, ukucaphuka, i-delirium, inkathazo yokuphefumla, iingalo kunye nemilenze eqinile, i-coma.

Banakekele abantwana, emva koko, balilifa lethu.

Indawo yesithandathu

Ikharbon diokside

Ewe, ewe, sonke siyaphefumla size sikhuphe le carbon dioxide inye. Kodwa umzimba awuyi kulahla nantoni na eluncedo ngokulula! Ngendlela, kukho malunga ne-0,04% ye-carbon dioxide emoyeni - ukuthelekisa, kukho amaxesha angama-20 ngaphezulu kwe-argon emoyeni.

Ngaphandle kwakho kunye nezinye izilwanyana, ikharbon diokside iyakhutshwa ngexesha lokutsha ngokupheleleyo kwaye ifumaneka kuzo zonke iziselo ezihlwahlwazayo - zombini ezingezizo utywala kunye nezinika umdla ngakumbi (ngaphezulu ngazo ngezantsi).

Kugxininiso olusele luyi-0,1% (eli nqanaba le-carbon dioxide ngamanye amaxesha libonwa emoyeni we-megacities), abantu baqala ukuziva bebuthathaka, besozela - khumbula ukuba wawuziva njani umnqweno ongalawulekiyo wokuzamla? Xa kunyuswa ukuya kutsho kwi-7-10%, iimpawu zokufuthanisela zikhula, zibonakaliswa ngendlela yentloko ebuhlungu, isiyezi, ukungeva nokulahlekelwa zingqondo (iimpawu ezifana nezo zesigulo sokuphakama), ezi mpawu zikhula, kuxhomekeke ekugxininiseni, ekuhambeni kwexesha. yemizuzu emininzi ukuya kwiyure enye.

Xa kutsalwa umoya onerhasi eninzi kakhulu, ukufa kwenzeka ngokukhawuleza ngenxa yokuphefumla okubangelwa yi-hypoxia.

Ukuphefumla umoya onemilinganiselo ephezulu yale gesi akukhokelela kwiingxaki zempilo zexesha elide. Emva kokususa ixhoba kwi-atmosfera ene-concentration ephezulu ye-carbon dioxide, ukubuyisela ngokupheleleyo impilo kunye nokuphila kakuhle kwenzeka ngokukhawuleza.

Ikhabhon diokside iphinda ibenzima kangangezihlandlo ezili-1,5 kunomoya-kwaye oku kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo ngokuqokelelana kwiindawo eziphantsi komhlaba.

Vula igumbi lakho, %igama lomsebenzisi%!

Indawo yesihlanu

Ushukela

Wonke umntu uyazi ukuba iswekile ibonakala njani. Asizukuthetha malunga ne-holivar - into yokusela kunye neswekile kunye nantoni na ngaphandle: ikofu okanye iti, ibange ubomi obuninzi.

Ngapha koko, iswekile (ngokuchanekileyo, i-glucose) yenye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo zezondlo-kwaye yodwa efunxwa zizicubu zemithambo-luvo. Ngaphandle kweswekile, awuyi kukwazi ukucinga okanye ukufunda esi sicatshulwa, %username%!

Nangona kunjalo, iswekile inedosi eyityhefu - i-50% yeempuku ziyafa xa zisitya i-30 g/kg yeswekile (musa ukubuza ukuba zondliwa njani). Ndisakhumbula imoto engaphantsi komhlaba eNew York kwi-2014, apho zonke izifo zityholwa ngeswekile: ukusuka ekusweleni ukuya kwintliziyo. Ndaphinda ndacinga ke ngoko: abantu baphila njani ngaphandle kweekhemikhali ezimnandi?

Enye indlela okanye enye, iswekile inetyhefu enkulu (njengoko uqaphele - iidosi ezinkulu KAKHULU). Iimpawu zetyhefu zinqabile:

• imeko yokudakumba
• Iziphazamiso zesisu.

Kodwa eneneni, kukho abantu abambalwa phakathi kwethu apho iswekile iyityhefu ngokwenene kubo. Aba banesifo seswekile. Ndingusokhemisti andilogqirha kodwa ndiyazi. ukuba isifo seswekile siza kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo, ubunzima obuhlukeneyo, ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukeneyo kwaye ziphathwa ngendlela eyahlukileyo. Ngoko ke, %igama lomsebenzisi%, ukuba uqaphele:

• I-Polyuria yonyuka ukukhutshwa komchamo okubangelwa ukwanda koxinzelelo lwe-osmotic yomchamo ngenxa ye-glucose echithwe kuyo (ngokuqhelekileyo akukho glucose kumchamo). Ibonakaliswa rhoqo, ukuchama okukhulu, kubandakanywa nasebusuku.
• I-Polydipsia (unxano olungacimekiyo rhoqo) lubangelwa yilahleko enkulu yamanzi kumchamo kunye nokwanda koxinzelelo lwe-osmotic egazini.
• I-Polyphagia - indlala engapheliyo. Olu phawu lubangelwa kukuphazamiseka kwemetabolism kwisifo seswekile, ukungakwazi kweeseli ukufunxa kunye nokwenza i-glucose ngokungabikho kwe-insulin (indlala phakathi kobuninzi).
• Ukunciphisa umzimba (ngokukodwa okuqhelekileyo kuhlobo lwe-XNUMX yeswekile) luphawu oluqhelekileyo lwesifo sikashukela, esiphuhliswayo nangona ukwanda kokutya kwezigulane. Ukunciphisa umzimba (kunye nokudinwa) kubangelwa ukwanda kwe-catabolism yeeprotheyini kunye namafutha ngenxa yokukhutshwa kwe-glucose kwi-metabolism yamandla yeeseli.
• Iimpawu zeSekondari: ukurhawuzelelwa kwesikhumba kunye ne-mucous membranes, umlomo owomileyo, ubuthathaka jikelele bemisipha, intloko ebuhlungu, izilonda ezivuthayo zolusu ekunzima ukunyanga, umbono ongacacanga.

- yiya esibhedlele kwaye unikele ngegazi ngenxa yeswekile!

Isifo seswekile sikude nesigwebo sokufa, sinokunyangeka, kodwa ukuba awuyinyangi kwaye utye iilekese, oko kukulindileyo sisifo sentliziyo, ukungaboni, ukonakala kwezintso, ukonakala kwemithambo-luvo, into ebizwa ngokuba lunyawo lweswekile - Google it , uya kuyithanda.

Indawo yesine

Ityuwa

"Ityuwa kunye neswekile ziintshaba zethu ezimhlophe," akunjalo? Kulungile, yiyo loo nto ityuwa ilandela iswekile.

Kunzima ukucinga ukutya kwethu ngaphandle kwetyuwa, kwaye ngendlela, siyisebenzisa kuphela ngenxa yezinto ezikhethiweyo: iimveliso zigcwele i-sodium kunye ne-chlorine, umthombo ongezelelweyo awufuni nje.

Nangona into yokuba ityuwa yenza owona msebenzi ubalulekileyo wokugcina ukulinganisela kwamanzi-ityuwa emzimbeni, ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza ngokufanelekileyo phantse yonke into - ukusuka kwigazi ukuya kwizintso, i-3 g / kg yegundane okanye i-12,5 g / kg yomntu unokubulala. .

Isizathu sichanekile ukuphulwa kolu lungelelwaniso lwetyuwa lwamanzi, olukhokelela ekungaphumeleli kwezintso, ukunyuka okubukhali kwixinzelelo lwegazi kunye nokufa.

Andiqondi ukuba nabani na okwaziyo ukutya ityuwa eninzi (ngaphandle kokuba nesibindi - kulungile, ukhetho olufanelekileyo lweMbasa yaseDarwin), kodwa "i-overdoses" encinci yetyuwa inemiphumo emibi: kuyaziwa ukuba ukunciphisa ityuwa 1 ithisipuni ngosuku ngosuku okanye ngaphantsi kwehlisa uxinzelelo lwegazi ukuya kwi-8 mm Hg. Ngokuchasene nemvelaphi yento yokuba Uxinzelelo lwegazi luchaphazela abantu kakubi kunoGawulayo kunye nomhlaza, andicingi ukuba ukunciphisa ityuwa kumlinganiselo ongeyomfuneko wokuphila.

Ibhaso lesithathu! Indawo yesithathu

Caffeine

Ngoku siza kuthetha ngeziselo. Ikofu, iti, ikola, iziselo zamandla - zonke zinecaffeine. Zingaphi iikomityi zekofu ozisele namhlanje? Ngelixa ndibhala konke oku, andinayo, kodwa ndifuna ngokwenene...

Ngendlela, i-1,3,7-trimethylxanthine, i-guaranine, i-caffeine, i-mateine, i-methyltheobromine, i-theine - kukho into efanayo kwiprofayili, amagama ahlukeneyo, ahlala ayilwa ukukhwaza: "Yintoni, akukho gram ye-caffeine esi siselo - apho ... "Yahluke ngokupheleleyo kwaye iluncedo kakhulu!" Ngokwembali, kwakunje: ngo-1819, i-chemist yaseJamani uFerdinand Runge, owayelele kakhulu, wahlukanisa i-alkaloid, awayibiza ngokuba yi-caffeine (ngendlela, wayeyindoda enkulu: wahlukanisa i-quinine, weza nombono Ukusebenzisa iklorine njengesibulali ntsholongwane, kwaye yaqala imbali yeedayi ze-aniline). Emva koko ngo-1827, u-Udri wahlukanisa i-alkaloid entsha kumagqabi eti kwaye wayibiza ngokuba yi-theine. Kwaye ngo-1838, u-Jobst kunye no-G. Ya. Mulder bakhubekisa wonke umntu kwaye babonisa ubungqina be-theine kunye ne-caffeine. Ulwakhiwo lwecaffeine lwacaciswa ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-1902 nguHermann Emil Fischer, owayengumntu wokuqala ukwenza icaffeine. Waphumelela iBhaso leNobel kwiChemistry ngo-XNUMX, awalifumana ngokuyinxalenye yalo msebenzi - idabi lokulala laphumelela ekugqibeleni!

I-50% yezinja ziyafa ukuba zithatha i-140 mg / kg ye-caffeine kunye nokutya. Kwangaxeshanye, baba nengxaki yokungaphumeleli kwezintso, isicaphucaphu, ukugabha, ukopha ngaphakathi, ukuphazamiseka kwesigqi sentliziyo, nokuxhuzula. Ukufa okungathandekiyo, ewe.

Kubantu, kwiidosi ezincinci, i-caffeine inefuthe elikhuthazayo kwinkqubo ye-nervous - ke, wonke umntu wavavanya oku ngokwakhe. Ngokusetyenziswa ixesha elide, kunokubangela ukuxhomekeka kancinci - theism.

Ngaphantsi kwempembelelo ye-caffeine, umsebenzi wentliziyo uyakhawuleza, uxinzelelo lwegazi luyenyuka, kwaye malunga nemizuzu engama-40 isimo sengqondo siphucula ngenxa yokukhululwa kwe-dopamine, kodwa emva kweeyure ze-3-6 umphumo we-caffeine uyaphela: ukukhathala, ukukhathala, kunye nokunciphisa amandla. ukusebenza kuvela.

Indlela ekruqulayo yokuchaza iziphumo zecaffeine.Impembelelo ye-psychostimulating ye-caffeine isekelwe kwikhono layo lokucinezela umsebenzi we-central adenosine receptors (A1 kunye ne-A2) kwi-cortex ye-cerebral kunye ne-subcortical formations ye-nervous central. Ngoku kuye kwaboniswa ukuba i-adenosine idlala indima ye-neurotransmitter kwinkqubo ye-nervous central, i-agonistic ichaphazela i-adenosine receptors ebekwe kwi-cytoplasmic membranes ye-neurons. Ukutshatyalaliswa kohlobo lwe-adenosine receptors (A1) nge-adenosine kubangela ukunciphisa ukubunjwa kwe-cAMP kwiiseli zengqondo, ekugqibeleni zikhokelela ekuvinjweni komsebenzi wabo osebenzayo. I-blockade ye-A1-adenosine receptors inceda ukumisa i-inhibitory effect ye-adenosine, ebonakaliswa ngokweklinikhi ngokunyuka kokusebenza kwengqondo kunye nomzimba.

Nangona kunjalo, i-caffeine ayinaso isakhono esikhethiweyo sokuvala kuphela i-A1-adenosine receptors kwingqondo, kwaye iphinda ithintele i-A2-adenosine receptors. Kuye kwafakazelwa ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwe-A2-adenosine receptors kwinkqubo ye-nervous central ihamba kunye nokunyanzeliswa komsebenzi osebenzayo we-D2 dopamine receptors. Ukuvalwa kwe-A2-adenosine receptors nge-caffeine inceda ukubuyisela umsebenzi osebenzayo we-D2 dopamine receptors, ekwanegalelo kwimpembelelo ye-psychostimulating yeziyobisi.

Ngamafutshane, i-caffeine ivimba into apho. Kukwanjalo nee-opiates. Kanye njenge-LSD. Ke ngoko, kuya kubakho umlutha, kodwa ekubeni ukuthintela akunamandla kangako, kwaye i-receptors ayibalulekanga kangako, i-theism ayilona umlutha (nangona abaninzi abathandi bekofu baya kuxoxa).

Iimpawu ze-caffeine yokutya kakhulu - intlungu yesisu, ukuphazamiseka, ukuxhalaba, ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo kunye nemoto, ukudideka, i-delirium (i-dissociative), ukuphelelwa ngamanzi emzimbeni, i-tachycardia, i-arrhythmia, i-hyperthermia, ukuchama rhoqo, intloko, ukunyuka kwe-tactile okanye intlungu, ukungcangcazela okanye ukuxubha kwemisipha; isicaphucaphu kunye nokuhlanza, ngamanye amaxesha ngegazi; ukukhala ezindlebeni, ukubanjwa kwe-epileptic (kwimeko yokugqithisa kakhulu - i-tonic-clonic seizures).

I-caffeine kwiidosi ezingaphezu kwe-300 mg ngosuku (kubandakanywa nemvelaphi yokusetyenziswa kakubi kwekofu - ngaphezu kwe-4 iikomityi zekofu yendalo, i-150 ml nganye) inokubangela ukuxhalaba, intloko, ukungcangcazela, ukudideka, kunye nokungasebenzi kakuhle kwentliziyo.

Kwidosi ye-150-200 mg ngekhilogram yobunzima bomzimba womntu, i-caffeine ibangela ukufa. Kanye njengezinja.

Ke, iphi ikofu yam?

Indawo yesibini

Inikotini

Kaloku, wonke umntu uyazi ngeengozi zokutshaya. Kwaye malunga nenyaniso yokuba i-nicotine iyityhefu, nayo. Kodwa masiyiqonde.

Ubuthi be-nicotine bunxulunyaniswa netyala lokutyhefwa eBelgium ngo-1850, xa u-Count Bocarme wayetyholwa ngokutyhefa umntakwabo womfazi wakhe. Usokhemisti waseBelgium uJean Servais Stas wasebenza njengomcebisi kwaye, ngohlalutyo olunzima, akazange nje aqinisekise ukuba ityhefu yabangelwa yi-nicotine, kodwa yavelisa indlela yokufumanisa i-alkaloids, leyo, ngokuguqulwa okuncinci, isasetyenziswa namhlanje kwi-chemistry yohlalutyo. .

Emva koko, i-nicotine ayizange ifundwe kwaye inqunywe kuphela ngamavila. Okwangoku oku kulandelayo kuyaziwa.

Nje ukuba i-nicotine ingene emzimbeni, isasazeka ngokukhawuleza ngegazi kwaye inokuwela umqobo wegazi-ubuchopho. Oko kukuthi, iya ngqo ebuchotsheni. Ngokomyinge, imizuzwana eyi-7 emva kokuphefumla umsi wecuba yanele ukuba inikotini ifikelele ebuchotsheni. Ubomi besiqingatha se-nicotine emzimbeni bumalunga neeyure ezimbini. I-nicotine efakwe ngomsi wecuba xa ukutshaya iqhekeza elincinci le-nicotine equlethwe kumagqabi ecuba (uninzi lwento evuthayo, ngokudabukisayo). Ubungakanani benikotini obufunxwa ngumzimba xa utshaya buxhomekeke kwizinto ezininzi, kuquka uhlobo lwecuba, enoba wonke umsi uyasezelwa, nokuba isihluzo siyasetyenziswa kusini na. Ngecuba elihlafunwayo kunye negwayi, ezifakwa emlonyeni zize zihlafunwa okanye zifakwe empumlweni, umlinganiselo wenikotini ongena emzimbeni mkhulu kakhulu kunecuba lokutshaya. I-Nicotine i-metabolized kwisibindi nge-cytochrome P450 enzyme (ikakhulukazi i-CYP2A6, kodwa kunye ne-CYP2B6). Imetabolite ephambili yicotinine.

Impembelelo ye-nicotine kwinkqubo ye-nervous ifundwe kakuhle kwaye iphikisana. I-Nicotine isebenza kwi-nicotinic acetylcholine receptors: i-athomu ye-nitrogen ye-protonated ye-pyrrolidine iringi kwi-nicotine ilinganisa i-athomu ye-nitrogen ye-quaternary kwi-acetylcholine, kunye ne-athomu ye-nitrogen ye-pyridine inophawu lwesiseko se-Lewis, njenge-oksijini yeqela le-keto le-acetylcholine. Kwiindawo eziphantsi, kwandisa umsebenzi wala ma-receptors, okuthi, phakathi kwezinye izinto, kubangele ukwanda kwe-hormone evuselela i-adrenaline (epinephrine). Ukukhutshwa kwe-adrenaline kukhokelela ekunyuseni kwentliziyo, ukunyuka kwengcinezelo yegazi kunye nokunyuka kokuphefumla, kunye namazinga aphezulu e-glucose yegazi.

Inkqubo ye-nervous enovelwano, esebenza nge-splanchnic nerves kwi-adrenal medulla, ivuselela ukukhululwa kwe-adrenaline. I-acetylcholine eveliswa yi-preganglionic fibers sympathetic fibers ye-nerve isebenza kwi-nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, ebangela ukuchithwa kweeseli kunye nokungena kwe-calcium ngokusebenzisa i-voltage-gated calcium channels. I-calcium ibangela i-exocytosis ye-chromaffin granules, ngaloo ndlela ikhuthaza ukukhululwa kwe-adrenaline (kunye ne-norepinephrine) egazini.

Ngaba sele ndiyibethe ingqondo yakho ngakumbi kunenikotini? Ewe? Kulungile ke, masithethe ngezinto ezimnandi.

Phakathi kwezinye izinto, inikotini yonyusa amanqanaba e-dopamine kumaziko omvuzo wengqondo. Ukutshaya icuba kuye kwaboniswa ukuthintela i-monoamine oxidase, i-enzyme ejongene nokuphula i-monoamine neurotransmitters (efana ne-dopamine) engqondweni. Kukholelwa ukuba inikotini ngokwayo ayikuthinteli ukuveliswa kwe-monoamine oxidase; ezinye iinxalenye zomsi wecuba zinoxanduva loku. Isiqulatho esonyukayo se-dopamine siyawachulumancisa amaziko olonwabo engqondo; la maziko manye obuchopho anoxanduva “lomda weentlungu zomzimba”; ke ngoko, umbuzo wokuba umntu otshayayo uyalufumana uyolo uhlala uvulekile.

Nangona i-toxicity yayo enamandla, xa isetyenziswe kwiidosi ezincinci (umzekelo, ngokutshaya), i-nicotine isebenza njenge-psychostimulant. Iimpembelelo zeNicotine kwisimo sengqondo ziyahluka. Ngokubangela ukukhutshwa kweglucose kwisibindi kunye ne-adrenaline (epinephrine) kwi-adrenal medulla, kubangela uchulumanco. Ukusuka kwindawo yokujonga izinto, oku kubonakaliswa ngeemvakalelo zokuphumla, ukuzola kunye nokuphila, kunye nemeko yolonwabo ephakathi.

Ukusetyenziswa kweNicotine kukhokelela ekulahlekeni kobunzima, ukunciphisa umdla wokutya ngenxa yokukhuthaza kwayo i-POMC neurons kunye nokunyuka kwamanqanaba eglucose yegazi (i-glucose, esebenza kumaziko okuhlutha kunye nendlala kwi-hypothalamus yengqondo, iyancipha ukulamba). Enyanisweni, ukutya okufikelelekayo, okuqondakalayo kunye okunempilo "ungadli kakhulu" kusebenza ngokufanelekileyo ngakumbi.

Njengoko sinokubona, umphumo wenikotini emzimbeni unzima kakhulu. Yintoni ekufuneka isuswe kule nto:

• INicotine yinto edibana ne-nerve receptors
• Njengezinto ezininzi ezifanayo, inikotini iyakhobokisa kwaye iyakhobokisa.

Ngendlela, izigulana ezinokuphazamiseka kwengqondo zinokunyuka komlutha wokutshaya (ngaba uyatshaya? - cinga ngayo kwaye uye kwi-psychiatrist: akukho bantu abaphilileyo - kukho abahlolisisiweyo). Inani elikhulu lezifundo kwihlabathi jikelele libanga ukuba abantu abane-schizophrenia banokuthi batshaye (amazwe angama-20 ahlukeneyo afunde izigulane ezingama-7593 ezine-schizophrenia, apho i-62% yayitshaya). Ukususela ngo-2006, i-80% okanye ngaphezulu kwabantu abane-schizophrenia e-United States bayatshaya, xa kuthelekiswa ne-20% yabantu abaninzi abangatshayiyo (ngokwe-NCI). Kukho inani leengqikelelo malunga nezizathu zolu mlutha, oluyichazayo njengomnqweno wokuchasana neempawu zokuphazamiseka kunye nomnqweno wokuchasana neziphumo ezibi ze-antipsychotics. Ngokutsho kwenye ingcamango, inikotini ngokwayo iyayiphazamisa ingqondo.

Inikotini iyingozi kakhulu kwizilwanyana ezinegazi elibandayo. Isebenza njenge-neurotoxin, ebangela ukukhubazeka kwenkqubo ye-nervous (ukuphefumula ukuphefumula, ukuyeka umsebenzi wenhliziyo, ukufa). Umyinge wedosi ebulalayo kubantu ngu-0,5-1 mg / kg, kwiigundane - 140 mg / kg ngesikhumba, kwiigundane - 0,8 mg / kg nge-intravenously kunye ne-5,9 mg / kg xa ilawulwa nge-intraperitoneally. I-Nicotine inetyhefu kwezinye iinambuzane, ngenxa yoko yayisetyenziswe ngokubanzi njenge-insecticide, kwaye okwangoku i-nicotine derivatives, njengokuba, umzekelo, i-imidacloprid, iyaqhubeka isetyenziswa kwisikhundla esifanayo.

Ukusetyenziswa kwexesha elide kunokubangela izifo kunye ne-dysfunctions ezifana ne-hyperglycemia, i-arterial hypertension, i-atherosclerosis, i-tachycardia, i-arrhythmia, i-angina pectoris, isifo senhliziyo, kunye nokuhluleka kwentliziyo.

Ngapha koko, ubutyhefu benikotini abuyonto xa buthelekiswa nobuhle bayo, obu:

• Ukutshaya itela kunegalelo ekuphuhliseni umhlaza, kubandakanywa umhlaza wemiphunga, ulwimi, i-larynx, i-esophagus, isisu, njl.
• Ukutshaya okungacocekanga kunegalelo ekuphuhliseni i-gingivitis kunye ne-stomatitis.
• Iimveliso zokutsha okungaphelelanga (carbon monoxide) - kuhle, kucacile, funda i-opus yam yangaphambili
• Ukubekwa kwetha emiphungeni - ukhohlokhohlo lwasekuseni lomntu otshayayo, ibronchitis, emphysema kunye nomhlaza wemiphunga.

Okwangoku, akukho nanye yeendlela zokutshaya inokukugcina i-100% kwimiphumo - kwaye ngoko zonke izihlungi zakho, i-hookahs, njl., azisebenzi.

I-Vapers akufuneki iphumle-kwaye isizathu silula:

• Nangona izinto ezingenabungozi ezifana ne-glycerin zisetyenziswa - azinabungozi kwishishini lokutya! Akukho mntu waziyo malunga nemiphumo yokuvezwa kwaye, ngokubanzi, malunga nokubunjwa kweegesi ezikhutshwe ngexesha le-pyrolysis ngexesha lokuqhuma. Umsebenzi wophando uyaqhubeka (kanye umzekelo и imizekelo emibini), kwaye iziphumo sele zinomtsalane.
  Phuma
• Ndandisele ndisithi inikotini yayisetyenziswa njengesibulali-zinambuzane. Ukusukela ngo-2014, ayikhange isetyenziswe e-United States; kwi-European Union yavalwa ngokupheleleyo ukusukela ngo-2009. Nangona kunjalo, oku akuthinteli ukuba isetyenziswe eTshayina ...
  Okwangoku, i-nicotine yodidi lwamayeza (iBanga le-Pharma, i-USP / PhEur okanye i-USP/EP) iyafumaneka kwimarike. Kodwa kukwakho nesibulali-zinambuzane esiveliswa eTshayina. Qaphela: yeyiphi efikelelekayo? Kwakhona, andiyiyo i-vaper, kodwa nje ukuzonwabisa, bendiya kuGoogle kwaye ndithelekise ixabiso lento oyithengileyo kule ngqayi kunye nokuba kufuneka ibize malini. Kungenjalo, ngaxa lithile unokuziva ngathi liphela kwaye ukonwabele ngokupheleleyo ukungcola kwi-nicotine ekumgangatho ophantsi.

Ngamafutshane, uluntu okwangoku alusebenzisi iindlela ezikhuselekileyo zokusebenzisa inikotini. Ngaba kuyimfuneko?

Kwaye ophumeleleyo wethu! Hlangana! Indawo yokuqala

I-ethanolAbakwaChapaevites baphinda bazithimba izitishi kwabaMhlophe.
Xa behlola iindebe, uVasily Ivanovich noPetka bafumanisa itanki yotywala.
Ukuthintela ama-fighters ukuba anxile kakhulu, asayine i-C2N5-ON, enethemba
ukuba abalwi banolwazi oluncinci lwekhemistri. Ngentsasa elandelayo wonke umntu “wayekwi-insole.”
UChapaev wavusa omnye waza wabuza:
- Uyifumene njani?
- Ewe, elula. Sakhangela saza sagqogqa, saza ngequbuliso sabona into ebhalwe etankini - emva koko kukho isikhewu kunye “OH”. Sizamile - nguye kanye!

Ngokubanzi, kukho i-ethanol toxicology - icandelo leyeza elifunda i-ethanol yetyhefu (utywala) kunye nayo yonke into edibene nayo. Ke ungalindeli ukuba ndikwazi ukuxinanisa lonke icandelo leyeza kwiziqendu ezimbalwa.

Ngapha koko, uluntu luqhelene ne-ethanol ixesha elide kakhulu. Iinqanawa ze-Stone Age ezineentsalela zeziselo ezivundisiweyo zibonisa ukuba ukuveliswa kunye nokusetyenziswa kweziselo ezinxilisayo sele zikhona kwixesha le-Neolithic. Ibhiya newayini ziphakathi kwezona ziselo zindala. Iwayini yaba yenye yezona mpawu zibalulekileyo zenkcubeko kubantu abahlukeneyo beMeditera, kwaye yathatha indawo ebalulekileyo kwiintsomi zabo kunye nezithethe zabo, kwaye emva koko kunqulo lobuKristu (bona i-Ekaristi). Phakathi kwabantu abalima ukutya okuziinkozo (irhasi, ingqolowa, i-rye), ibhiya yayiyeyona nto isiselo siphambili seholide.

Ngendlela, ekubeni yimveliso ye-glucose metabolism, igazi lomntu ophilileyo linokuquka ukuya kwi-0,01% ye-ethanol engapheliyo.

Kwaye ngaphandle kwayo yonke le nto, isayensi ayikaqinisekanga ncam malunga:

• indlela yempembelelo ye-ethanol kwinkqubo ye-nervous central - ukuxiliswa
• indlela kunye nezizathu ze-hangover

Impembelelo ye-ethanol emzimbeni ininzi kangangokuba ifanelwe inqaku elahlukileyo. Kodwa oko ndaqala ...

Kukholelwa ukuba i-ethanol, ene-organotropy eyaziwayo, iqokelela ngakumbi kwingqondo kunegazi. Nokuba iidosi eziphantsi zotywala zibangela umsebenzi we-GABA inhibitory systems engqondweni, kwaye yile nkqubo ekhokelela kwisiphumo sokuthomalalisa, sikhatshwa kukuphumza kwemisipha, ukuzola kunye ne-euphoria (ukuziva unxilile). Ukwahluka kwemfuza kwi-GABA receptors kunokuphembelela ukuchaphazeleka kotywala.

Ngokukodwa ukubonakaliswa kwe-dopamine receptors kubonwa kwi-nucleus accumbens nakwiindawo ze-ventral tegmental zobuchopho. Kukusabela kwezi ndawo kwi-dopamine ekhutshwe phantsi kwempembelelo ye-ethanol ebangela ulonwabo, olunokuthi lunxulunyaniswe nokuba nokwenzeka kokuxhomekeka etywaleni. I-Ethanol ikwakhokelela ekukhululweni kweepeptide ze-opioid (umzekelo, i-beta-endorphin), eziye zayanyaniswa nokukhululwa kwe-dopamine. Iipeptides ze-Opioid nazo zidlala indima ekuveliseni ulonwabo.

Ekugqibeleni, utywala buvuselela inkqubo ye-serotonergic yengqondo. Kukho iiyantlukwano ezimiselwe ngokwemfuza kubuntununtunu etywaleni, ngokuxhomekeke kwii-alleles ze-serotonin transporter protein genes.

Okwangoku, iimpembelelo zotywala kwezinye ii-receptors kunye neenkqubo zomlamli wengqondo zifundwa ngenkuthalo, kubandakanywa ne-adrenaline, i-cannabinol, i-acetylcholine receptors, i-adenosine kunye ne-stress-regulating system (umz., i-corticotropin-releasing hormone) iinkqubo.

Ngamafutshane, yonke into ibhideka kakhulu kwaye imele intsimi egqwesileyo yomsebenzi wesayensi onxilileyo.

Ityhefu yotywala be-Ethyl ixesha elide ibambe indawo ephambili phakathi kwetyhefu yekhaya ngokwenani elipheleleyo lokufa. Ngaphezu kwe-60% yazo zonke iityhefu ezibulalayo eRashiya zibangelwa butywala. Nangona kunjalo, malunga noxinzelelo olubulalayo kunye nethamo, yonke into ayilula kangako. Kukholelwa ukuba i-alcohol ebulalayo yotywala egazini yi-5-8 g / l, idosi enye ebulalayo yi-4-12 g / kg (malunga ne-300 ml ye-96% ye-ethanol), nangona kunjalo, kubantu abanotywala obungapheliyo, ukunyamezela. etywaleni kunokuba phezulu kakhulu.

Konke oku kucaciswa yi-biochemistry eyahlukeneyo: isantya sokunxila kunye nokuqina kwayo kwahluka kwizizwe ezahlukeneyo nakumadoda nabasetyhini (oku kungenxa yokuba i-isoenzyme spectrum ye-enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH okanye i-ADH I) yenziwa ngokwemfuza. uzimisele - umsebenzi we-isoforms ezahlukeneyo ze-ADH uchaze ngokucacileyo umahluko kubantu abahlukeneyo). Ukongezelela, iimpawu zokuxilisa zixhomekeke kubunzima bomzimba, ukuphakama, ubungakanani botywala obusetyenzisiweyo kunye nohlobo lwesiselo (ubukho beswekile okanye i-tannins, umxholo we-carbon dioxide, amandla esiselo, i-snack).

Emzimbeni, i-ADH idibanisa i-ethanol kwi-acetaldehyde kwaye, ukuba konke kulungile, ukuya kwi-acetic acid ekhuselekileyo kunye nekhalori ephezulu kakhulu - ewe, ewe, andidlali: "into iqalile ukubanda - ayilixesha? ukuze sinikezele” inesizathu esicacileyo se-biochemical: i-ethanol yimveliso enekhalori ephezulu kakhulu. Enyanisweni, yonke into yenziwa mandundu nokuba kukunqongophala kweoksijini ukwenzela i-oxidation (igumbi eliqhumayo, umoya omdala - oko kuphuma apha), okanye ukugqithiswa kwe-ethanol, okanye ukungasebenzi kwe-ADH - isiphumo se-genetic predisposition okanye ukusela okusisiseko. . Ekugqibeleni, yonke into iyayeka kwi-acetaldehyde - into enetyhefu, i-mutagenic kunye ne-carcinogenic. Kukho ubungqina bokuba i-acetaldehyde i-carcinogenic kwiimvavanyo zezilwanyana, kwaye i-acetaldehyde iyonakalisa i-DNA.

Ingxaki yonke nge-ethanol iphantse yahambelana ngokupheleleyo ne-acetaldehyde, kodwa ngokubanzi, umphumo wetyhefu uyingqayizivele kwaye ubanzi. Zigwebe ngokwakho:

• Ukuphazamiseka kwendlela yesisu. Bazibonakalisa njengeentlungu ezibuhlungu kwisisu kunye nesifo sohudo. Zenzeka kakhulu kwizigulane ezinotywala. Intlungu kwindawo yesisu ibangelwa umonakalo kwi-membrane ye-mucous yesisu kunye namathumbu amancinci, ngakumbi kwi-duodenum kunye nejejunum. Urhudo sisiphumo sokunqongophala kwe-lactase okwenzeka ngokukhawuleza kunye nokuncipha okuhambelana nokunyamezela i-lactose, kunye nokungafumaneki kakuhle kwamanzi kunye ne-electrolytes ukusuka emathunjini amancinci. Nokuba ukusetyenziswa kanye kwedosi enkulu yotywala kunokukhokelela kuphuhliso lwe-necrotizing pancreatitis, ehlala ibulala. Ukusetyenziswa kotywala ngokugqithisileyo kwandisa amathuba okuba ne-gastritis kunye nezilonda zesisu, kunye nomhlaza wesisu.
• Nangona isibindi siyinxalenye yomzila wesisu, kunengqiqo ukuqwalasela umonakalo wotywala kweli lungu ngokwahlukileyo, kuba i-biotransformation ye-ethanol iyenzeka kakhulu esibindini - kulapho i-ADH ihlala khona. Nditsho ngandlela thile ndisizela isibindi ngale ndlela. Nangona idosi enye yotywala, i-phenomena ye-necrosis yesikhashana ye-hepatocytes inokubonwa. Ngokusetyenziswa kakubi ixesha elide, i-alcohol steatohepatitis inokukhula. Ukwanda "kokumelana" notywala (oku kwenzeka ngenxa yokwanda kwemveliso ye-enzyme ye-alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) njengendlela yokukhusela umzimba) kwenzeka kwinqanaba le-alcohol dystrophy yesibindi - ngoko musa ukonwaba, %username%, ukuba ngequbuliso ube yintshatsheli ekuseleni! Emva koko, ngokuqulunqwa kwe-alcohol hepatitis kunye ne-cirrhosis yesibindi, umsebenzi jikelele we-enzyme ye-ADH uyancipha, kodwa uyaqhubeka uhlala uphezulu ekuvuseleleni i-hepatocytes. Iifoci ezininzi ze-necrosis zikhokelela kwi-fibrosis kwaye, ekugqibeleni, i-cirrhosis yesibindi. I-Cirrhosis ikhula ubuncinane kwi-10% yabantu abane-steatohepatitis. Kodwa abantu abanakuphila ngaphandle kwesibindi...
• I-Ethanol yityhefu ye-hemolytic. Ngoko ke, i-ethanol ekugxininiseni okuphezulu, ukungena egazini, kunokutshabalalisa iiseli ezibomvu zegazi (kubangela i-hemolysis ye-pathological), enokubangela ukuba i-anemia enetyhefu ye-hemolytic. Izifundo ezininzi zibonise unxibelelwano olucacileyo phakathi kwedosi yotywala kunye nomngcipheko okhulayo wokuphuhlisa uxinzelelo lwegazi. Iziselo ezinxilisayo zinefuthe elinobuthi kwi-heart muscle, sebenzisa inkqubo ye-sympathoadrenal, ngaloo ndlela ibangela ukukhululwa kwe-catecholamines, ekhokelela kwi-spasm yemithambo ye-coronary kunye nokuphazamiseka kwentliziyo yesigqi. Ukusetyenziswa kotywala ngokugqithiseleyo kwandisa i-LDL ("i-cholesterol" embi) kwaye ikhokelela ekuphuhlisweni kwe-alcohol cardiomyopathy kunye neentlobo ezahlukeneyo ze-arrhythmias (olu tshintsho lubonwa ngokuqhelekileyo xa ludla ngaphezu kwe-30 g ye-ethanol ngosuku). Utywala bunokwandisa umngcipheko we<em>stroke, ngokuxhomekeke kubungakanani botywala obusetyenzisiweyo kunye nohlobo lwe<em>stroke, yaye ngokufuthi bungunobangela wokufa ngequbuliso kubantu abanesifo se<em>coronary artery.
• Ukusetyenziswa kwe-Ethanol kunokubangela umonakalo we-oxidative kwi-neurons yengqondo, kunye nokufa kwabo ngenxa yomonakalo kwisithintelo segazi-ingqondo. Utywala obungapheliyo bunokukhokelela ekunciphiseni umthamo wobuchopho - kodwa oku akusiyo kwaphela umthamo oluncedo. Ngokusetyenziswa kotywala ixesha elide, utshintsho lwendalo kwi-neurons lubonwa kumphezulu we-cerebral cortex. Olu tshintsho lwenzeka kwiindawo ze-hemorrhage kunye ne-necrosis yeendawo zengqondo. Xa usela utywala obuninzi, ii-capillaries engqondweni zinokugqabhuka - yiyo loo nto ingqondo "ikhula".
• Xa utywala bungena emzimbeni, ukugxila okuphezulu kwe-ethanol kukwajongwa kwi-prostate secretions, amasende kunye nesidoda, esinefuthe eliyingozi kwiiseli zentsholongwane. I-Ethanol nayo idlula ngokulula kwi-placenta, ingene ebisini, kwaye yonyusa umngcipheko wokuba nosana oluneengxaki zokuzala zenkqubo ye-nervous kunye nokukhubazeka okunokwenzeka kokukhula.

Phew. Yinto entle ukuba ndingagaleli icognac kwikofu yam, akunjalo? Ngamafutshane, ukusela kakhulu kuyingozi. Kuthekani ukuba awuseli?

Inkcazo "yokusela okuphakathi" ixhomekeke ekuhlaziyweni njengoko ubungqina obutsha benzululwazi buqokelelana. Inkcazo yangoku yase-US ayikho ngaphezu kwe-24 g ye-ethanol ngosuku kumadoda amaninzi amadala kwaye akukho ngaphezu kwe-12 g kuninzi lwabasetyhini.

Ingxaki kukuba phantse akunakwenzeka ukwenza umfuniselo “osulungekileyo”—akunakwenzeka ukuba ufumane isampulu yabantu ehlabathini abangazange basele. Kwaye nokuba kunokwenzeka, akunakwenzeka ukuphelisa impembelelo yezinye izinto - i-ecology efanayo. Kwaye nokuba kunokwenzeka, akunakwenzeka ukufumana abo bangenayo i-hepatitis, intliziyo ephilileyo, njalo njalo.

Kwaye abantu bayaxoka. Oku kwenza nzima yonke into.

Ngaba ucinga ukuba uyazazi iiholivas? Zama amanqaku e-Googling ngemiphumo yotywala evela ku-Fillmore, eHarris kunye neqela lezinye izazinzulu eziye zazinikela ekufundeni le ngxaki! Kukho ingxabano eninzi kunye neenzuzo zewayini ebomvu yodwa, umzekelo, kutshanje kwavela ukuba i-polyphenols - kwaye kunye nabo ukuba inzuzo yewayini ebomvu idibaniswa - malunga newayini emhlophe.

Kwaye ukuba usuka kude nesayensi, kwiincwadi ezidumileyo kukho ubuninzi obungenangqiqo malunga neenzuzo zotywala njengoko kukho malunga nomonakalo (i-hormone zesini zesini kwibhiya yodwa ixabisa into ethile).

Ide icaciswe le miba, elona cebiso lifanelekileyo liya kuba:

• Kulabo abangaselanga ngoku, ukusetyenziswa kotywala akufanele kunconywe kuphela ngeenjongo zempilo, njengoko utywala ngokwawo abuzange buboniswe njengento ebangela ukuphucula impilo.
• Abantu abasela utywala kwaye abekho emngciphekweni weengxaki zotywala (abakhulelweyo okanye abancancisayo, abaqhubi beemoto okanye abanye oomatshini abanokuba yingozi, ukuthatha amayeza apho utywala buchaswa, abantu abanembali yentsapho yokusela utywala okanye abo babuyela etywaleni) akufanelekanga. sebenzisa ngaphezu kwe-12-24 g ye-ethanol ngosuku njengoko kucetyiswa yi-US Dietary Guidelines.
• Abantu abasela utywala ngokugqithisileyo kwiidosi eziphakathi kufuneka bacetyiswe ukuba banciphise ukubusela kwabo.

Ngendlela, izazinzulu zivumelana ngento enye - into ebizwa ngokuba yi-J-shaped mortality curve. Ubudlelwane phakathi komlinganiselo wotywala obusetyenzisiweyo kunye nokufa phakathi kwamadoda aneminyaka ephakathi kunye nabadala kwafunyaniswa ukuba kufana nonobumba "J" kwimeko ye-supine: ngelixa izinga lokufa kwabantu abayekayo kunye nabasela kakhulu liye landa kakhulu, izinga lokufa (lilonke ukusuka bonke oonobangela) kwaba 15-18% ngaphantsi phakathi kwabasela ukukhanya (1-2 iiyunithi ngosuku) kunaphakathi abangaseli. Izizathu ezahlukahlukeneyo zanikwa - ukusuka kwi-biochemistry enzulu kunye neyeza, apho umtyholi ngokwakhe wayeza kuphula umlenze wakhe - ukuya kwimeko engcono yentlalo kunye nomgangatho wempilo yabantu abasela utywala, kodwa inyaniso ihlala iyinyani (kwakukho nezifundo ezibonisa ukuba abaselayo ngcathu iqulathe amanqatha ngaphantsi kunye cholesterol xa kuthelekiswa non-abasela, ukuba abaselayo ngcathu badlala ezemidlalo rhoqo kwaye esebenzayo ngokomzimba ngaphezu non-abasela ngokupheleleyo - ngamafutshane, wonke umntu uyaqonda ukuba nkqu izazinzulu abafuni ukuyeka ngokupheleleyo utywala, nto leyo. bazama ukuzithethelela ngandlela zonke).

Kuqiniseke ngokuqinisekileyo kwaye wonke umntu uyavuma ukuba ukusela utywala ngobuninzi kukhokelela ekunyukeni okukhulu kokufa. Umzekelo, uphononongo lwase-US lufumanise ukuba abantu abasele iiyunithi ezi-5 okanye ngaphezulu zotywala ngeentsuku zokusela banezinga lokufa elingaphezulu kwama-30% kunabo basebenzise iyunithi enye kuphela. Ngokutsho kolunye uphononongo, abasela utywala iiyunithi ezintandathu okanye ngaphezulu zotywala (ngexesha elinye) izinga lokufa eliphezulu 57% kunabaselayo utywala ngaphantsi.

Ngendlela, uphononongo lobudlelwane phakathi kokufa kunye nokusetyenziswa kwecuba lubonise ukuba ukuyeka ngokupheleleyo icuba kunye nokusela utywala obuphakathi kubangele ukwehla okukhulu kokufa.

Enye inkalo yempikiswano yayiyindima yohlobo lwesiselo esinxilisayo esikhethwayo. I-French Paradox (izinga eliphantsi lokufa kwabantu abavela kwi-coronary heart disease eFransi) licebise ukuba iwayini ebomvu yayiluncedo kakhulu empilweni. Le mpembelelo ikhethekileyo inokuchazwa bubukho be-antioxidants kwiwayini. Kodwa izifundo azikwazanga ukubonisa umahluko omkhulu phakathi komngcipheko wesifo senhliziyo kunye nohlobo lweziselo ezinxilisayo ezikhethiweyo. Kwaye kutheni ibomvu kwaye ingabi mhlophe? Kutheni ungenayo i-cognac? Ngamafutshane, yonke into inzima.

Into ekufuneka uyenzile kukusela ngelixa uthatha amayeza.

Njengoko kubonisiwe ngasentla, umphumo wotywala emzimbeni unzima kakhulu, kwaye kwezinye iindawo awuqondwa ngokupheleleyo. Xa elinye iyeza lamachiza lixutywa kule suphu, akukho nto icacileyo kwaphela.

• Okokuqala, ukusebenza kwechiza kunokutshintsha - kuyo nayiphi na indlela. Asisathethi ngedosi.
• Okwesibini, ukuphazamiseka kwe-biochemical okubangelwa yi-ethanol akwaziwa ukuba kuya kuchaphazela njani ichiza. Inokunyusa iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga. Inokwenza ukuba ibe yinto engenamsebenzi ngokupheleleyo (ingabali imiphumo emibi, ngokuqinisekileyo). Okanye mhlawumbi ukubulala. Akukho mntu waziyo.
• Okwesithathu, isibindi, esele sixakeke kukucwangcisa i-crap engaziwayo koosokhemesti, asiyi kuvuya kakhulu malunga nesidingo sokwenza utywala. Usenokude anikezele ngokupheleleyo.

Ngokuqhelekileyo kwimiyalelo (ngubani oyifundayo?) Kwiziyobisi babhala malunga nokusetyenziswa kotywala - oku ukuba kuhlolwe. Okanye ungazizama ngokwakho uze uxelele wonke umntu ngamava akho. Ewe, ukuba unomzimba omnye kwisitokhwe.

Ukusuka kwinto esele ndiyibhalile ngasentla:

• Ukusetyenziswa ngaxeshanye kwe-aspirin (i-acetylsalicylic acid) kunye notywala kunokukhokelela ekuphumeni kwezilonda zesisu kunye nokopha.
• Ukusetyenziswa kotywala kuchaphazela kakubi iziphumo zonyango lwevithamini. Ngokukodwa, umonakalo kumzila wesisu ukhokelela ekubeni iivithamini ezithathwe ngomlomo azixutywanga kakuhle kwaye zixutywe, kwaye zikhokelela ekuphuleni ukuguqulwa kwazo kwifom esebenzayo. Oku kuyinyani ngokukodwa kwiivithamini B1, B6, PP, B12, C, A, kunye ne-folic acid.
• Ukutshaya kwandisa impembelelo eyityhefu yotywala - zombini ukusuka kwindawo yokujonga ukucinezela iinkqubo ze-oxidative ngenxa yendlala ye-oksijini (khumbula malunga ne-acetaldehyde. Ewe), kwaye ukusuka kwindawo yokujonga impembelelo yokuthintela ngokubambisana kwi-receptors evela kwi-nicotine kunye notywala.

Ngamafutshane, utywala abululanga. Nokuba ilungile okanye imbi, akukho mntu waziyo ngokuqinisekileyo, kodwa abangxamanga ukuyishiya ngokupheleleyo.

Ixhomekeke kuwe.

Kweli nqaku lithembayo, ndiza kuthatha ikhefu lam. Ndiyathemba ukuba ndiyifumene inomdla kwakhona.

Isihlobo sethu iwayini, kodwa kukho inkohliso kuyo.
Sela kakhulu - ityhefu, usele kancinci - iyeza.
Musa ukuzenzakalisa ngokugqithisileyo
Sela ngokungcamla, ubukumkani bakho buya kuma.

- Abu Ali Hussein ibn Abdullah ibn al-Hasan ibn Ali ibn Sina (Avicenna)

Ngabasebenzisi ababhalisiweyo kuphela abanokuthatha inxaxheba kuphando. Ngena, ndiyacela.

Yeyiphi indawo oyithanda kakhulu?

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• Ityhefu encinci eyoyikisayo

Bayi-4 abasebenzisi abavotileyo. Abasebenzisi abangama-1 abakhange.

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