Ezona tyhefu zimbi

Molo %igama lomsebenzisi

Ewe, ndiyazi, isihloko sigqekeziwe kwaye kukho ngaphezulu kwama-9000 amakhonkco kuGoogle achaza ityhefu eyoyikekayo kwaye ebalisa amabali othusayo.

Kodwa andifuni kudwelisa okufanayo. Andifuni ukulinganisa iidosi ze-LD50 kwaye ndibange ubunyani.

Ndifuna ukubhala malunga neetyhefu wena, %username%, usemngciphekweni omkhulu wokudibana nazo yonke imihla. Kwaye ezingelula njengabalingane babo abasondeleyo.

Kufuneka ulazi utshaba ngokubona. Kwaye ndiyathemba ukuba iya kuba nomdla.

Ke-ishumi lam elibulalayo! Hayi, ndisaya kuba yintsusa kancinane - TINE!

indawo yesithoba

Thallium

IThallium yintsimbi ethambileyo, eyisilivere-mhlophe kunye netinti eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Kwisithombeni ukwi-ampoule - kwaye oku akukho ngozi. I-600 mg yethallium iya kuwisa ngokuthembekileyo nawuphi na umntu osempilweni - kulo mba, i-thallium ngequbuliso ngaphezulu kwazo zonke ezinye iintsimbi ezinzima zakho. Kwangaxeshanye, njengazo zonke isinyithi esinzima, i-thallium ihlelwa njengetyhefu eqokelelweyo - iqokelela iimpawu ze-pathological kwityhefu engapheliyo.

Ngokungafaniyo nesinyithi esinzima sakudala, esibambelela ngokusisiseko kwiqela le-cysteine ​​​​thiol kwiiprotheni kwaye zibathintele ukuba baphile, i-thallium iphucuke ngakumbi: i-ion ze-thallium ezinobukhulu obufanayo kunye neepropathi zekhemikhali njenge-potassium, kwaye ke zithatha indawo ye-potassium ion kwiinkqubo ze-biochemical. I-Thallium igxile kwizinwele, amathambo, izintso kunye nezihlunu, ichaphazela inkqubo ye-nervous peripheral, i-gastrointestinal tract kunye nezintso.

Uphawu oluphawulekayo lwetyhefu kunye ne-thallium compounds kukulahlekelwa kweenwele eziyingxenye, kunye nedosi ebalulekileyo - i-alopecia iyonke. Kwidosi ephezulu, i-alopecia ayinasimilo, kuba umntu uyafa ngenxa yetyhefu ngaphambi kokuba kuphume iinwele. Oko kukuthi, ngokomgaqo, ukuba uthanda ukucheba i-baldly, unokuzama ukudlala kunye nedosi, kodwa kukho umngcipheko wokungaqapheli.

Kwimeko yetyhefu nge-thallium okanye iikhompawundi zayo, i-Prussian blue isetyenziswa njenge-antidote, uncedo lokuqala xa ilawulwa nge-thallium yi-gastric lavage kunye nesisombululo se-0,3% ye-sodium thiosulfate kunye ne-agitated activated charcoal powder. Bathi kuyanceda, kodwa oku akuchanekanga.

Ngokubanzi, i-thallium ihlelwa njengetyhefu yeqhinga, kutheni ke ikuluhlu lwam? Inyani yeyokuba uninzi lweelabhoratri ezenza uhlalutyo lwamanzi kunye nokutya zisebenzisa isisombululo esimangalisayo sokulinganisa IV. Ndiyibonile indlela esi sisombululo sithathwe ngayo ngepipette, kwaye kuba kwakungekho pear yerabha - watsala isisombululo ngomlomo. Ke ndingathini… Ayiyondlela ingcono yokufumana ibhaso likaDarwin.

Indawo yesibhozo

Phosgene

I-Phosgene, ilula ukuya kwinqanaba lokuhlazisa, ngokwenene iyamangalisa: uluntu luqhelene nalo ukususela ngo-1812, kodwa oku "kwenziwa ukukhanya" (kwaye yile ndlela igama eliguqulelwe ngayo ukusuka kwi-bourgeois) igesi ayilunganga kwaphela: ibangela. i-edema ye-pulmonary enetyhefu, esetyenziswa ngabantu abathile abalungileyo ngaphandle kokuzibamba xa betyhefa abanye abantu abalungileyo kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi yokuqala. Ukuqhagamshelana ne-phosgene kunye nezicubu zemiphunga kubangela ukuphazamiseka kwe-alveolar permeability kunye ne-edema ye-pulmonary edema ngokukhawuleza. Abantu abalungileyo basebenzise oku, kodwa kwakhona ukuza kuthi ga kulo mhla, akukabikho iye yaveliswa iyeza lephosgene.

Ubuhle kunye nokulula kulele kwinto yokuba iimpawu zokuqala ezicacileyo zetyhefu zivela emva kwexesha elifihliweyo le-4 ukuya kwiiyure ze-8, kunye namaxesha eeyure ze-15 ziye zabonwa. Oku kulandelwa kukukhwehlela okuqinileyo, ukuphefumula okufutshane, i-cyanosis yobuso kunye nemilebe. I-edema ye-pulmonary edema eqhubekayo ikhokelela ekudakaleni okukhulu, uxinzelelo olunzima kwisifuba, izinga lokuphefumula liyanda, ngamanye amaxesha ukuya kuma-60-70 ngomzuzu. Ukuphefumla ngokuxhuzula. Iinkcukacha ezimbalwa: i-protein equkethe i-edematous foamy kunye ne-viscous liquid ifafazwe kwi-alveoli kunye ne-bronchioles yemiphunga kwi-airways ebanzi, ekhokelela kubunzima kunye nokungenakwenzeka kokuphefumula. Umntu onelishwa wenza ntoni ngalo mzuzu kwaye ukhangeleka njani - uyakhumbula imifanekiso eyoyikisayo? Ngokuchanekileyo. Nge-edema ye-pulmonary enetyhefu, ukuya kuthi ga kwisiqingatha sexabiso elipheleleyo legazi emzimbeni lidlulela kwimiphunga, ngenxa yoko, ikhukhumale kwaye inyuke ngobunzima. Ngelixa umphunga oqhelekileyo unobunzima obumalunga ne-500-600 grams, kuye kwabonwa imiphunga ethi "phosgene" enobunzima obuziikhilogram ezi-2,5.

Ekugqibeleni, uxinzelelo lwegazi lwehla ngokukhawuleza, umntu onetyhefu ungowona mdla unamandla, uphefumla ngengxolo, uphefumle umoya, emva koko ukufa kwenzeka.

Kukwakho iimeko apho umntu onetyhefu ephepha nayiphi na intshukumo engeyomfuneko kwaye ekhetha eyona ndawo itofotofo ukuze kube lula ukuphefumla. Imilebe yabantu abanetyhefu enjalo iba ngwevu, ukubila kuyabanda kwaye kuyabanda. Nangona kukho ukufuthaniselwa, isikhohlela asohlulwa kubo. Kwiintsuku ezimbalwa kamva, umntu onetyhefu uyafa. Ngokuqhelekileyo, emva kweentsuku ezi-2-3, ukuphuculwa kwemeko kunokwenzeka, okunokuthi emva kweeveki ezi-2-3 kubangele ukubuyiswa, kodwa iingxaki ngenxa yezifo ezithathelwanayo zesibini zihlala zihlala, ezikhokelela ekufeni.

Ke, unokuvumba njani i-phosgene kwaye ubaleke ngaphandle kokufumana ityhefu, unikwe ixesha elide lokufiphala kunye nenyani yokuba le gesi ayinancasa kwaye ivumba njengeziqhamo ezibolileyo okanye i-hay - hayi eyona ihlabayo, ngokungafaniyo nevumba layo kwiminibus, uyaphi? Akumangalisi ukutshaya: ukutshaya emoyeni oqukethe i-phosgene akuyolisi okanye akunakwenzeka ngokupheleleyo.

I-Phosgene isetyenziswe ngokusebenzayo kwi-organic synthesis: kwimveliso yeedayi, kunye nokuveliswa kwe-polycarbonate thermoplastics. Kodwa wena, %igama lomsebenzisi%, khumbula: iphosgene yenziwa ngexesha lokutshiswa kweefreons ezineklorini. Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, ngenxa yoko, ukutshaya akuvumelekanga xa kulungiswa oomatshini befriji kunye nofakelo. Ngenxa yesibakala sokuba umntu otshayayo usenokuvakalelwa kukuba kukho into engalunganga, kunzima ukuchaza eyona nto ibalulekileyo.

Indawo yesixhenxe

Khokela и Tetraethyl ilothe

Ewe, wonke umntu uyazi malunga netyhefu yelothe kunye nendlela ekhangeleka ngayo. Sekunjalo, akukho mntu uzikhathazayo ngokuyibamba ngezandla, yaye maxa wambi iisandwich zitya kwangezi zandla. Akukho mntu uzikhathazayo ngokunyibilikisa iingots zelothe nokuphefumla umsi. Ngeli xesha, ilothe inetyhefu kakhulu kwaye, njengazo zonke iintsimbi ezinzima, inamandla abalaseleyo okuqokelela. Ilothe inokuqokelelana emathanjeni, ibangele ukutshatyalaliswa kwawo ngokuthe ngcembe, igxile esibindini nasezintso. Ngoko ke, emva kokuqokelela idosi enqwenelekayo, wena, % igama lomsebenzisi ngokwemvelo uya kuziva ungathandeki: kuya kubakho intlungu kwisisu, kumalungu, iintlungu, ukuphelelwa amandla. Ukuba uyaqhubeka, kunokwenzeka ukubona ukukhanya ekupheleni kwetonela kunye nayo yonke imiphumo.

Ukuba sesichengeni selothe kuyingozi kakhulu ebantwaneni: ukuba sesichengeni ixesha elide kubangela ukudodobala kwengqondo kunye nesifo sobuchopho esingapheliyo.

Ngendlela, i-acetate yokukhokela incasa kamnandi! Ubusazi %igama lomsebenzisi%? Ewe, yiloo nto ibizwa ngokuba yiswekile elothe. USaltykov-Shchedrin wade wayikhankanya xa esenza iwayini zomgunyathi:

I-emele yotywala igalelwe kwi-barrel, kwaye emva koko, ngokuxhomekeke kwipropati yewayini eyenziwayo: i-molasses eninzi kwi-Madeira, i-tar e-Malaga, i-sugar lead kwi-wine ye-Rhine, njl. kwaye emva koko...

Ngendlela, kukho uluvo lokuba igama lesiRashiya elithi "lead" lidibene negama elithi "iwayini", phakathi kwamaRoma amandulo (kunye naseCaucasus) iwayini yayigcinwe kwiinqanawa ezikhokelayo, ezinike incasa ekhethekileyo. Le ncasa yayixatyiswe kakhulu kangangokuba abazange banikele ngqalelo ekubeni nokwenzeka kokutyhefa ngezinto eziyityhefu. Ewe, ewe, phila ngokukhawuleza-fa umncinci ...

Kodwa i-tetraethyl ilothe ifuna ukuhoywa ngokukodwa - ulwelo olungenambala, olunamafutha aguquguqukayo nekudala lusetyenziswa njengesixhobo sokudibanisa i-anti-nknock kwipetroli (kwale Petroli iLeaded efanayo). Kwi-USSR, idayi yongezwa kwipetroli yemoto equlethe i-tetraethyl lead ngenjongo yokumakisha: de kwangowe-1979, i-petroli i-AI93, i-A-76 kunye ne-A-66 equlethe i-tetraethyl lead yayidayiwe okwesibhakabhaka, eluhlaza, kunye ne-orenji, ngokulandelanayo; ukususela ngo-1979. Ipetroli ekhokelayo yaqala ukudaywa nge-orenji-bomvu ( AI-93), emthubi (A-76), eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka (AI-98), eluhlaza (A-66) okanye epinki (A-72) imibala.

Oku akwenziwanga konke konke ngenxa yobuhle nokutsala abathengi - ngaphandle kwento yokuba umbhobho ungcolise yonke into ejikelezileyo ngelothe, ilothe yetetraethyl ngokwayo inenani leempawu ezithandekayo, ukusuka kwi-carcinogenicity ukuya kwityhefu ephezulu kakhulu. Kule meko, ukungena kunokwenzeka zombini kunye nomphunga (ezi zinto ziguquguqukayo, ungalibali) kunye nolusu. Le nkunkuma ichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo inkqubo ye-nervous, ibangela i-acute, subacute kunye netyhefu engapheliyo (ewe, njengelothe, le nto ithanda ukuqokelela).

Uninzi lwetyhefu lubukhali kunye ne-subacute. Okokuqala, i-cortex ye-cerebral ichaphazelekayo. Kwindawo yamaziko ezityalo e-diencephalon, kugxilwe kwi-congestive excitation, ekhokelela ekwaphulweni okugqithisileyo kobudlelwane be-cortical-subcortical.

Kwinqanaba lokuqala letyhefu ebukhali, ukuphazamiseka kwemifuno kuphawulwe: ubushushu bomzimba kunye noxinzelelo lwegazi luwa, ubuthongo buphazamisekile, uloyiko oluqhubekayo lokufa lubonakala ebusuku, ukuxhalaba, ukudandatheka. Kukho imvakalelo yebhola yeenwele okanye imicu elulwimini.

Kwinqanaba langaphambili, ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo kubonakala: uloyiko lokufa luqala ukuphazamisa kungekuphela nje ebusuku, kodwa nasemini, ukuva, ukubonwa, ukubonwa okubonakalayo kwindalo eyoyikisayo, ukukhohlisa kwentshutshiso kunye nobudlelwane kubonakala. Ngaphantsi kwempembelelo ye-delirium, ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo kukhula, isigulane siba ndlongondlongo, kukho iimeko xa, bezama ukusindisa ubomi babo kubantu ekutyholwa ukuba bayabasukela, abantu baziphosa ngaphandle kweefestile.

Kwinqanaba eliphezulu, ukuvuswa kwengqondo kufikelela kuxinzelelo olukhulu. Ingqondo iyabhideka. Ngelishwa kubonakala ngathi unqunyulwa abe ziingceba, iinyoka zijinga emzimbeni wakhe, njalo njalo. Ekuphakameni kwe-psychomotor arousal, iqondo lokushisa liyenyuka (ukuya kuma-40 ° C), uxinzelelo kunye nesantya senhliziyo sanda. Isiphelo sicacile: ukuwa, ukufa.

Ukuba usenethamsanqa, i-prognosis ilungile: i-psychomotor arousal ithathelwa indawo yi-vegetative-asthenic state. Kwangaxeshanye, iziphene zengqondo, buthuntu ngokweemvakalelo, ukuhla ubukrelekrele, ukulahlekelwa umdla kokusingqongileyo, njl kuhlala - kodwa uya kuphila. Andiqinisekanga ukuba yonwabile.

Phofu, uyawakhumbula amabali oomakhulu malunga namakhoboka eziyobisi amabi afunxa ipetroli? Wowu! Ngokwengqikelelo enempembelelo ecetywayo ukuchaza ukuguquguquka kumazinga olwaphulo-mthetho kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane yama-1960 nasekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-1990, ityhefu ye-tetraethyl yelothe ebuntwaneni yayibandakanya ukuphulwa kophuhliso lwenkqubo yemithambo-luvo, okukhokelela ekwandeni. kwihambo yobunjubaqa ebudaleni, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekwandeni kolwaphulo-mthetho ukususela ngeminyaka yee-1990 ukuya ekuqaleni kweminyaka yee-1970. Ukuwa kwamazinga olwaphulo-mthetho ukususela ngo-XNUMX, ngokutsho kolu qikelelo, kuchazwa ngokuncipha kokusetyenziswa kwepetroli eyenziwe nge-tetraethyl lead ukususela ngo-XNUMX.

Ukuba, nangona kunjalo, unelishwa, kwaye utyhefwe nge-tetraethyl lead, ngoko uya kuphathwa njengeyona ngqondo iqhelekileyo: iipilisi zokulala (i-barbiturates), i-hexenal, i-chlorpromazine, iziyobisi (ngaphandle kwe-morphine, enika umphumo ophazamisayo, ukwandisa ukuvuswa. ). I-glucose ye-intravenous kunye ne-vitamin B kunye ne-ascorbic acid, i-dehydrating agents (i-glucose, i-magnesium sulfate), kunye ne-cardiac kunye ne-vascular agents (ngokuwa) nazo zimiselwe. Mhlawumbi baya kukwenza indoda emva kwakho. Ukuba unethamsanqa, ngoko kusengqiqweni.

Ngendlela, i-tetraethyl lead ivaliwe kuyo yonke indawo, ewe. ERashiya - ukususela ngoNovemba 15, 2002, kodwa ngamanye amaxesha, ndijonge kwabanye, ndiyathandabuza ...

Indawo yesithandathu.

Ityhefu ye-botulinum

Iprotheyini entsonkothileyo ye-neurotoxin eveliswa yibhaktheriya iClostridium botulinum. I-neurotoxin enamandla kakhulu eyaziwayo yidosi ebulalayo emalunga ne-0,000001 mg/kg yomzimba wakho obuthathaka.

Ngendlela, i-toxin ye-botulinum yenye yeeprotheyini ezinzima kakhulu ezenziwe kwindalo.

Uya kuziva ntoni xa le ngqungquthela yendalo yendalo ingena esiswini sakho? Ityhefu ibangela ukuphazamiseka ekusebenzeni kwemithambo-luvo ye-cranial, izihlunu zamathambo kunye namaziko entliziyo. Inkungu iya kubonakala phambi kwamehlo akho, amabala aya kuvela, kwaye abaninzi baya kuqalisa ukucima (kwaye kungekhona ngenxa yokuba uphuze kakhulu epatini). Kamva, ukuphazamiseka kwentetho kunye nokuginya kunye nobuso obufana ne-mask buvela. Ukufa kwenzeka ngenxa ye-hypoxia ebangelwa ukuphazamiseka kwe-oksijini yemetabolism, i-asphyxia yendlela yokuphefumula, ukukhubazeka kwemisipha yokuphefumula kunye nemisipha yenhliziyo. Ngamafutshane, uya kufa, kwaye kubuhlungu kakhulu oko.

Kutheni indawo yesithandathu kuphela? Inyani kukuba i-clostridia botulinum - iinkosi kuphela zemveliso yale tyhefu engayiveziyo imfihlo - ayithandi ukusebenza emoyeni, kwaye ngenxa yoko unokuzifumana ngokutya okunkonkxiweyo kunye nesoseji - ngakumbi kumakhowa aqhotsiweyo. kunye nenyama kunye nentlanzi evunwe ibe ngamaqhekeza amakhulu kunye nomonakalo ongaphezulu. Indawo yesibini iyeza: ezi ziBotox, Relatox, Xeomin, BTXA, Dysport, Neuronox. Ke ukuba ubethwe ngento enjalo, kukho lonke ithuba lokuziva ubunzima obungenakuchazwa kuzo zonke izibonelelo ezichazwe ngasentla. Kubi kakhulu ukuba akukho mntu ukuxelelayo.

Indlela yokusindiswa? Ungatyi nantoni na. Kwaye ukuba uyayidla, emva kokunyanga ukushisa: i-toxin ye-botulinum ayiyithandi kakhulu xa ithosiwe okanye ibilisiwe. Nangona le nto ayiloyiki ijusi yesisu, itshatyalaliswa ngokupheleleyo xa ibilisiwe imizuzu engama-25-30.

Indawo yesihlanu

Amatoxins
Enyanisweni, eli liqela leetyhefu, konke kuxhomekeke kwinto onokuyincamathela endaweni ye-R1..R5. Ngokwendalo, ezi cyclic octapeptides equlathe iintsalela amino acid ezisibhozo. Zifumaneka kwimizimba yeziqhamo zamakhowa ohlobo lwe Amanita, Galerin kunye ne Lepiota - ewe, igrebe ephaphathekileyo ivela apha.

Amatoxins zezinye zezona hepatotoxins zinamandla ehlabathini. Ke kungakhathaliseki ukuba usela kangakanani, igama lomsebenzisi%, alinakuthelekiswa nobu buhle: i-atoxins ivimba ngokuthembekileyo i-RNA polymerase II, evimba ukuhlanganiswa komthunywa we-RNA kwaye ibangele i-necrosis ye-hepatocytes. Kwaye ekubeni kwihlabathi lethu awukwazi ukuphila ngaphandle kwesibindi - kakuhle, uyaqonda.

I-nuance eyolisayo ngokukodwa yale nkunkuma lixesha elide elifihliweyo: iiyure ezingama-6-30. Oko kukuthi, awuyi kuba nexesha elithembekileyo lokubuyela ezingqondweni kwaye uhlambe isisu sakho. Iimpawu ziza ngokukhawuleza: ukuhlanza okukhulu (okuqhubekayo), intlungu yesisu, urhudo. Kwiimveliso zohudo (kakuhle, uyaqonda), igazi libonwa, ekubeni ukutshatyalaliswa kwe-enterocytes yamathumbu kwenzeka. Kwenzeka ntoni ngalo mzuzu ngesibindi ... ngokwenene andifuni nokucinga. Ukukhula ubuthathaka, ukuphulwa kwamanzi kunye ne-electrolyte balance. Ngomhla we-2 ukuya kweyesi-3, iimpawu ze-hepatopathy enobuthi zikhula: isibindi siyakhula, isimo sengqondo siba sibi, i-jaundice ibonakala kwaye i-diathesis ye-hemorrhagic iyenzeka - oku kuxa ugutyungelwe nge-rash enegazi. I-Nephropathy, ukungaphumeleli kwe-hepatic-renal, i-hepatargia, i-anuria, i-coma ikhula. Yonke into ibuhlungu. Ityhefu enzima kakhulu iyenzeka kubantwana, kuyingozi kakhulu ukuba inani elikhulu leetyhefu (ngaphezu kwe-200 mg) lingene emzimbeni: kule meko, ukuphuhliswa kokuxiliswa kwenzeka ngesantya sombane, kunye nokuphuhliswa kwe-atrophy yesibindi kunye ne-atrophy. ukufa ngokukhawuleza.

Oyena nobangela wokusweleka kukungaphumeleli kwesibindi ngokuqatha, ukungaphumeleli kwesibindi esiqatha nezintso. Nokuba uyasinda, uya kufumana utshintsho olungaguqukiyo kulwakhiwo lwezicubu zesibindi, ezibonakaliswa yi-necrosis epheleleyo.

Indlela yokusindiswa kule nto? Ngelishwa, iiatoxins ziyakwazi ukumelana nobushushu kuneetyhefu ze-botulinum. Kwimeko nayiphi na into, musa ukuzenza ngathi ungumkhethi wamakhowa, kwaye ukuba sele uye ehlathini, zifumanele into engcono ongayenza! Musa ukuthenga amakhowa koogogo, nokuba bakhangeleka bebahle kakhulu! Khumbula malunga ne-Snow White - kwaye awunama-gnomes okanye iinkosana eziqhelekileyo!

Ngokungaqhelekanga, idosi ephezulu yepenicillin inceda ukunxila. I-rumor ithi i-silibinin, eyona nto igxininisekile yembewu ye-milk thistle, i-antidote kwi-amatoxins, kodwa oku akuchanekanga. Abantu abaninzi bathembisa ukuthatha inxaxheba kwiimvavanyo, kodwa ngesizathu esithile akukho mntu uvumayo.

Indawo yesine

IiAflatoxins

I-Aflatoxins liqela le-polyketides eliveliswe yi-microscopic fungi (micromycetes) yeentlobo ezininzi ze-genus Aspergillus (ikakhulu i-A. flavus kunye ne-A. parasiticus). Aba bantwana bakhula kwiinkozo, kwimbewu, nakwiziqhamo zezityalo ezineoli eninzi, njengembewu yamandongomane. Ii-aflatoxins zenziwe ngokuhamba kwexesha kunye nokugcinwa okungafanelekanga kwingqokelela yakudala yeti kunye nezinye imifuno. Le tyhefu ikwafumaneka kubisi lwezilwanyana ezitye ukutya okunentsholongwane.

Kuzo zonke iityhefu eziveliswa ngokwebhayoloji, i-aflatoxins yeyona hepatocarcinogens inamandla efunyenwe ukuza kuthi ga ngoku. Xa idosi ephezulu yetyhefu ingena emzimbeni, ukufa kwenzeka ngaphakathi kweentsuku ezimbalwa ngenxa yomonakalo ongenakulungiseka wesibindi; xa ithamo eliphantsi lifakwe, i-aflatoxicosis engapheliyo ikhula, ebonakaliswa ngokucinezelwa kwamajoni omzimba, ukonakala kweDNA, ukusebenza kwe-oncogenes - umhlaza wesibindi. nje ngeziphumo. Ewe, %username%, ukuba awutyi amandongomane okanye imbewu, uya kufa. Mhlawumbi kungekhona ngokukhawuleza, kodwa kuqinisekisiwe kwaye kubuhlungu.

I-Aflatoxins iyaxhathisa kunyango lobushushu lwemveliso - ke oku kusebenza nakwi-peanuts ezigcadiweyo.

Kumazwe athuthukileyo, ukubeka iliso ngokungqongqo kweemveliso apho i-aflatoxins ifumaneka rhoqo (amantongomane, umbona, imbewu yamathanga, njl. Kumazwe asakhasayo apho lungekho ulawulo olunjalo, ukungcoliswa kokutya ngundonda kusengunobangela oyingozi wokufa kwabantu. Ngokomzekelo, eMozambiki, umlinganiselo wokufa ngenxa yomhlaza wesibindi ungaphezulu ngokuphindwe ngama-50 kunaseFransi.

Leliphi ilizwe othi elakho libhekisele kulo, %igama lomsebenzisi%?

Masiphakamise iintambo! Indawo yesithathu

I-Mercury kwaye ngakumbi- Methylmercury

Wonke umntu uyazi malunga nobungozi be-mercury. Malunga nokwaphula iithemometha kunye nokudlala ngeebhola zomlingo ezintle - ndiyathemba nam.

I-Mercury kunye nazo zonke iikhompawundi zayo zinetyhefu. Ukubonakaliswa kwe-mercury, nakwizixa ezincinci, kunokubangela iingxaki zempilo ezinzulu kwaye kube yingozi ekukhuleni komntwana kunye nophuhliso lobuntwana. I-Mercury inokuba yityhefu kwi-nervous, i-digestive, kunye ne-immune system, kunye nemiphunga, izintso, ulusu kunye namehlo. I-WHO idwelisa imekyuri njengenye yeekhemikhali ezilishumi eziphambili okanye amaqela eekhemikhali ezixhalabisa kakhulu impilo yoluntu.

Kodwa ngokwenene kunjalo ngoku. Oogqirha abafanayo kude kube ngoo-1970 babesebenza kakhulu ekusebenziseni iikhompawundi zemercury:

• i-mercury chloride (I) (calomel) - i-laxative;
• I-Mercusal kunye nePromeran zi-diuretics ezinamandla;
• i-mercury (II) i-chloride, i-mercury (II) i-cyanide, i-mercury amidochloride kunye ne-yellow mercury (II) i-oxide - i-antiseptics (kubandakanywa njengenxalenye yamafutha).

Kukho iimeko xa, ngexesha le-volvulus yamathumbu, iglasi ye-mercury yathululelwa kwisisu sesigulane. Ngokutsho kwabaphili bamandulo ababenikela ngale ndlela yonyango, i-mercury, ngenxa yobunzima kunye nokuhamba kwayo, kwakufuneka idlule emathunjini kwaye, phantsi kobunzima bayo, iqondise iindawo zayo ezijijekileyo.

Amalungiselelo e-Mercury asetyenziswe ukususela ngekhulu le-1963. (kwi-USSR kude kube yi-XNUMX) kunyango lwe-syphilis. Oku kwakubangelwa kukuba i-treponema ephalukileyo, ebangela igcushuwa, inovelwano kakhulu kwizinto eziphilayo kunye ne-inorganic compounds ezithintela amaqela e-sulfhydryl ye-enzymes ye-thiol ye-microbe - iikhompawundi ze-mercury, i-arsenic, i-bismuth kunye ne-iodine. Nangona kunjalo, unyango olunjalo aluzange lusebenze ngokwaneleyo kwaye luyityhefu kakhulu kumzimba wesigulane, onawo amaqela e-sulfhydryl, nangona ngaphezu kwe-treponema engathandekiyo. Unyango olunjalo lwakhokelela ekulahlekeni kweenwele ezipheleleyo kunye nomngcipheko omkhulu wokuphuhlisa iingxaki ezinzulu. Nangona kunjalo, oogqirha abanobubele, abanobubele bahamba phambili ngakumbi: basebenzisa iindlela ze-mercurization jikelele yomzimba, apho isigulane sasibekwe kwisitya esishushu, apho i-mercury vapor yayinikezelwa khona. Obu buchule, nangona busebenza ngokwentelekiso, iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga kunye nomngcipheko wetyhefu ebulalayo yemekyuri ikhokelele ekuphelisweni kwayo kancinci kuqeqesho lwezonyango.

Ngendlela, isilivere ye-amalgam yayisetyenziswa kugqirha wamazinyo njengesixhobo sokuzaliswa kwamazinyo ngaphambi kokufika kwezinto ezinyangwa ngokukhanya. Khumbula oku ngalo lonke ixesha umakazi omhle oneeglasi egoba phezu kwakho!

Eyona miphunga inetyhefu kunye neekhompawundi zemercury ezinyibilikayo. I-metallic mercury ngokwayo ayinabungozi kangako, kodwa iyancipha ngokuthe ngcembe nakwiqondo lokushisa, kwaye umphunga unokubangela ubuthi obukhulu - kwaye ngendlela, umphunga awuvumba. I-Mercury kunye neengqungquthela zayo (i-sublimate, i-calomel, i-cinnabar, i-mercury cyanide) ichaphazela inkqubo ye-nervous, isibindi, izintso, i-gastrointestinal tract, kwaye xa ifakwe, i-respiratory tract. I-Mercury ngummeli oqhelekileyo weetyhefu ezongezelekayo.

I-Organic mercury compounds, ngokukodwa, i-methylmercury, ime kancinci. Yenziwe, njengomthetho, ngenxa ye-metabolism ye-microorganisms ephantsi xa i-mercury ikhutshwa emanzini. Le nto inetyhefu kakhulu. Ubuthi bukhulu kunobo bemercury, ngenxa yentsebenziswano esebenzayo kunye namaqela e-sulfhydryl yee-enzymes kwaye, ngenxa yoko, ukungasebenzi kwezi enzymes. Ekubeni i-substance i-covalent compound kwaye ingaphantsi kwe-polar kune-mercury cation ngokwayo, umphumo kumzimba ufana ne-poisoning yensimbi enzima (ngokukodwa, i-mercury), kodwa iyingqayizivele: umonakalo kwinkqubo ye-nervous ibonakala ngakumbi. Esi silonda saziwa ngokuba sisifo saseMinamata.

Ngethuba lokuqala, le syndrome yabhaliswa kwaye yafundwa eJapan, eKumamoto Prefecture kwisixeko saseMinamata ngowe-1956. Unobangela wesi sifo kukukhutshwa ixesha elide kwe-mercury e-inorganic kwiMinamata Bay nguChisso, eyathi yaguqulwa yaba yi-methylmercury yi-benthic microorganisms kwimetabolism yazo, kwaye ekubeni le khompawundi ithande ukuqokelela kwizinto eziphilayo, ngenxa yoko, ukuxinana kwizicubu. Ukwanda kwezinto eziphilayo kunye nokwanda kwendawo yazo kwikhonkco lokutya. Ngoko, kwiintlanzi zaseMinamata Bay, umxholo we-methylmercury wawususela kwi-8 ukuya kwi-36 mg/kg, kwi-oyster - ukuya kutsho kuma-85 mg/kg, ngoxa emanzini wawungekho ngaphezu kwe-0,68 mg/l.

Iimpawu ziquka i-dysmotility, ukutshisa, ukubetha, kunye ne-goosebumps emaphethelweni, ukungakwazi ukuqonda, ukudinwa, ukukhala ezindlebeni, ukuncipha kwendawo yokubona, ukungeva kunye nokunyakaza okungahambi kakuhle. Wambi amaxhoba aqatha esifo saseMinamata aphambana, afe isiqaqa, aza afa kwisithuba esingangenyanga emva kokuqalisa kwesi sifo.

Kukwakho namaxhoba aneempawu ezingapheliyo zesifo saseMinamata, njengentloko ebuhlungu, ukudinwa rhoqo, ukungakwazi ukunuka nokungcamla, nokulibala, zinto ezo ezichuliweyo kodwa ezenza ubomi bemihla ngemihla bube nzima kakhulu. Ukongezelela, kukho abaguli abanesifo sokuzalwa saseMinamata abazalwa benemeko engaqhelekanga ngenxa yokuchanabeka kwi<em>methylmercury ngoxa besesesibelekweni soonina ababesitya intlanzi engcolileyo.

Isifo saseMinamata asikanyangwa, ngoko unyango luquka ukuzama ukunciphisa iimpawu nokusebenzisa unyango lokubuyisela kwimeko yesiqhelo. Ngaphandle kokwenzakala emzimbeni okubangelwa yimpilo, kukwakho nokwenzakala entlalweni, okukucalucalulwa kwamaxhoba esifo saseMinamata. Kulungile, %igama lomsebenzisi%, ngaba usafuna ukufudukela kuMhlaba waseFukushima, eMinamata kunye neLanga eliphumayo?

Ngendlela, ngowe-1996, kwisixeko saseMeseisei, esikufuphi nechweba, iMyuziyam yeZifo zaseMinamata yakhiwa. Ngo-2006, iSikhumbuzo sakhiwa kumhlaba wemyuziyam ukuze kukhunjulwe amaxhoba etyhefu yemekyuri evela kungcoliseko lwaseMinamata Bay. Kuthiwa amaxhoba awazange akhululeke koku.

Indawo yesibini

Imethanol

Wonke umntu uyazi malunga ne-methanol. Kodwa ngokokubona kwam ijongelwa phantsi.

Ingxaki yemethanol ayiyona ingxaki yakhe, kodwa yingxaki yomzimba wethu. Emva kwayo yonke loo nto, iqulethe i-enzayim ye-alcohol dehydrogenase (okanye i-ADH I), eyanikezelwa kuthi ngokwemvelo ngomama ngenxa yokuqhekeka kotywala. Kwaye ukuba, kwimeko ye-ethanol eqhelekileyo, iyayiqhekeza kwi-acetaldehyde (hello, i-hangover!), Kwaye ukuba unethamsanqa, iyayiphula ibe yi-acetic acid engenabungozi ngokubanzi kwaye enomsoco ngendlela ye-acetyl-coenzyme A, emva koko i-methanol yonakele: ijika ibe yityhefu ye-formaldehyde kunye ne-formate. Kuyabonakala ukuba, uMama weNdalo unoburharha obukhethekileyo.

Ingxaki yandiswa kukuba, ngokutsho kwe-daredevils (akukho baninzi kubo), i-methanol incasa kunye nevumba ayifani notywala obuqhelekileyo, kwaye ngakumbi xa ixutywe nayo. Ngendlela, ukusabela kwe-iodoform, xa iodoform ephuzi idlula nge-ethyl alcohol, kodwa akukho nto iyancipha nge-methanol, ayisebenzi ukumisela umxholo we-methanol kwisisombululo se-ethanol.

I-1-2 milliliters ye-methanol ngekhilogram ye-carcass idla ngokuqinisekiswa ukuthumela i-daredevils kwabanye abantu abanomdla abanamaphiko emhlane wabo, kwaye ngenxa ye-predisposition ekhethekileyo yale nto kwi-nerve optic, i-10-20 ml yenza umntu oyimfama. Ngonaphakade.

Ngethamsanqa, iziphumo eziyityhefu ze-methanol zikhula ngaphezulu kweeyure ezininzi, kwaye ii-antidotes ezisebenzayo zinokuwunciphisa umonakalo. Ngoko ke, ukuba wena, %username%, emva kokugqithisa ngenxa yesizathu esithile, uziva intloko, ubuthathaka jikelele, ukugula, ukuqhaqhaqha, isicaphucaphu kunye nokugabha - sela ngakumbi. Andidlali: njengoko kuchaziwe kwincwadana yogqirha ongxamisekileyo, ngenxa yetyhefu ye-methanol, i-antidote yi-ethanol, elawulwa nge-intravenously ngendlela yesisombululo se-10% ngokuhla okanye isisombululo se-30-40% ngomlomo ngesantya. ye-1-2 grams yesisombululo nge-1 kg yesisindo somzimba ngosuku. Umphumo onenzuzo kule meko uqinisekiswa ngokuphambuka kwe-enzyme ye-ADH I kwi-oxidation ye-ethanol yangaphandle. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ukuba ukuxilongwa akuchanekanga ngokwaneleyo, ityhefu ye-methanol inokuthi iphosakele ukuxilwa kotywala okulula (njengoko sele uphawule ngasentla) okanye ityhefu nge-1,2-dichloroethane okanye i-carbon tetrachloride (izinyibilikisi eziphilayo, ezisekho isipho; kodwa ayiqaqambi kangako) - Kule meko, ukwazisa izixa ezongezelelweyo zotywala be-ethyl kuyingozi. Lilonke, uphelelwe lithamsanqa, %igama lomsebenzisi%. Yomelela.

Ityhefu yemethanol ixhaphake kakhulu. Ngoko, e-USA ngo-2013, iimeko ze-1747 zirekhodwa (kwaye ewe-e-USA). Uninzi lwetyhefu yemethanol luyaziwa:

• Ityhefu ye-methanol enkulu eSpain ekuqaleni kwe-1963; inani lokufa elisemthethweni lingama-51, kodwa kukho uqikelelo ukusuka kwi-1000 ukuya kwi-5000.
• Ityhefu enkulu nge-methanol e-Bangalore (eIndiya) ngoJulayi 1981. Inani lokufa ngabantu abangama-308.
• Ityhefu eninzi ngewayini ene-methanol-laced e-Italy ngentwasahlobo ka-1986; Kwafa abantu abangama-23.
• Ityhefu ye-methanol e-El Salvador ngo-Oktobha 2000 yabangela ukufa kwabantu abayi-122. Abasemagunyeni bakrokrela uhlaselo lwabanqolobi, kuba i-methanol ayizange ibonwe kwiziselo ezinxilisayo kwizityalo zokuvelisa ngexesha lophando lwesi siganeko.
• Ityhefu enkulu ngemethanol ngoSeptemba 9-10, 2001 kwisixeko sasePärnu (Estonia); Kwafa abantu abangama-68.
• Ubuthi obukhulu nge-methanol kwiRiphabhliki yaseCzech, ePoland naseSlovakia ngoSeptemba 2012; Kwafa abantu abangama-51.
• Ubuthi obukhulu nge-methanol ngoDisemba 17-20, 2016 e-Irkutsk (eRashiya). Inani lokufa ngabantu abangama-78.

Ngesi sizathu, i-methanol ithathe indawo yesibini kwinqanaba lethu. Kwaye ayisehlekisi.

Ta-dam! Umlandeli! Sinendawo yokuqala!

Okokuqala, asiyi kuba netyhefu eyoyikekayo enokufunyanwa ndaweni ithile kwizilwanyana okanye kwiintlanzi ezikweleenjiko. Ngoko masilibale malunga ne-tetrodotoxin kunye ne-batrachotoxin.

Ayiyi kuba luhlobo oluthile lwe-inorganic olunokufumaneka kuphela kumashishini akhethekileyo - njenge-beryllium nitrate, leyo, ngendlela, nayo incasa kamnandi, okanye i-arsenic chloride, ethandwa kakhulu kumaXesha Aphakathi.

Ayiyi kuba luhlobo oluthile lwezinto eziphilayo, ezingenakufumaneka emini ngomlilo-ezifana ne-ricin, okanye eziye zafundwa kwakudala kwaye zilala kwikhabhinethi yeyeza - njenge-strychnine okanye i-digitoxin.

Ayiyi kuba yi-cyanide ehlatyiweyo kunye ne-hydrocyanic acid ukuba i-epic ingaphumeleli eyenzeka kwimeko kaRasputin.

Ayizukuba yipolonium-210 okanye iVX, eqinisekisiweyo ukuba iza kubulala nokuba ngamathamo amancinane – kodwa ayifumaneki kuluntu ngokubanzi.

Hayi, inkokeli yethu iya kuba ngumbulali wokwenene, onezigidi zobomi kwiakhawunti yakhe.

Ikharbhon monoxide

Enyanisweni, yayiyi-carbon monoxide eyathumela iqela labantu kwihlabathi elilandelayo. Le gesi engenambala, engenavumba nengenancasa ingena kumoya osesibhakabhakeni ngalo naluphi na uhlobo lokutsha. Ikharbhon monoxide ibophelela kwi-hemoglobin, yenze i-carboxyhemoglobin, kwaye ithintele ukuhanjiswa kweoksijini kwiiseli zezicubu, ezikhokelela kuhlobo lwe-hemic hypoxia. I-Carbon monoxide nayo ibandakanyeka kwi-oxidative reactions, iphazamisa ibhalansi ye-biochemical kwizicubu. Kule nto, isenzo sayo sifana kakhulu ne-cyanide.

Ityhefu inokwenzeka:

• ngexesha lomlilo;
• kwimveliso, apho i-carbon monoxide isetyenziselwa ukudibanisa inani lezinto eziphilayo (i-acetone, i-methyl alcohol, i-phenol, njl.);
• kwizakhiwo ezinegesi apho izixhobo ezisebenzisa igesi zisebenza (izitovu, izifudumezi zamanzi kwangoko, iijenereyitha zobushushu ezinegumbi lokutsha elivulekileyo) phantsi kweemeko zokungatshintshi komoya ngokwaneleyo, umzekelo, ukuba kukho ukuphulwa kwedrafti kwiitshimini kunye / okanye imigudu yokungena umoya. okanye ukungabikho komoya wokubonelela ngokutsha kwegesi;
• kwiigaraji ezinomoya omdaka, kwamanye amagumbi angenamoya okanye angenawo umoya, iitonela, ekubeni i-exhaust yemoto iqulethe ukuya kwi-1-3% ye-CO ngokwemigangatho;
• xa uhlala kwindlela exakekileyo ixesha elide okanye ecaleni kwayo - kwiindlela ezinkulu, i-avareji yoxinaniso lwe-COXNUMX ludlula i-poisoning threshold;
• ekhaya xa kukho ukuvuza kwegesi yokukhanyisa kunye nakwimeko yokucima isitovu esingenaxesha esivaliweyo kumagumbi anokufudumala kwesitofu (izindlu, iibhafu);
• xa usebenzisa umoya okumgangatho ophantsi kwizixhobo zokuphefumla;
• xa utshaya i-hookah (ewe, ipesenti enkulu kakhulu yabantu bafumana intloko ebuhlungu, isiyezi, isicaphucaphu, ukozela emva kokutshaya i-hookah, okubangelwa yityhefu ye-carbon monoxide eyenziwe xa kukho ukungabikho kweoksijini kwisixhobo se-hookah).

Ke wena, %username%, unamathuba amaninzi okuqhelana netyhefu.

Kumxholo we-0,08% ye-CO emoyeni ophefumulayo, umntu uvakalelwa intloko kunye nokuphefumula. Ngokunyuka kwe-CO yokugxila kwi-0,32%, ukukhubazeka kunye nokulahlekelwa kwengqondo kwenzeka (ukufa kwenzeka emva kwemizuzu engama-30). Kwi-concentration engaphezulu kwe-1,2%, ingqondo ilahlekile emva kokuphefumla kabini okanye kathathu, umntu uyafa ngaphantsi kwemizuzu engama-3 ekuxubeni. Kugxininiso lwe-dotoxic (ngaphantsi kwe-0,08%), unokubamba oku kuvuyisa kulandelayo (njengoko ugxininiso lusanda):

1. Ukunciphisa isantya sokuphendula kwe-psychomotor, ngamanye amaxesha - ukunyuka kwembuyekezo yokuhamba kwegazi kwizitho ezibalulekileyo. Kubantu abane-cardiovascular insufficiency enzima - intlungu yesifuba ngexesha lokuzilolonga, ukuphefumula okufutshane.
2. Intloko encinci, ukunciphisa ukusebenza kwengqondo kunye nomzimba, ukuphefumula okufutshane kunye nokunyanzeliswa ngokomzimba. Ukuphazamiseka okubonakalayo. Inokuba yingozi kumntwana ongekazalwa, abantu abanokusilela okukhulu kwentliziyo.
3. Intloko ebuhlungu, isiyezi, ukucaphuka, ukungazinzi ngokweemvakalelo, ukuphazamiseka kwenkumbulo, isicaphucaphu, ukungasebenzi kakuhle kwezandla ezincinci.
4. Intloko ebuhlungu kakhulu, ubuthathaka, impumlo evuzayo, isicaphucaphu, ukuhlanza, ukungaboni kakuhle, ukudideka.
5. I-hallucinations, ukuphulwa okukhulu kokulungelelaniswa kwentshukumo yemisipha - kungenxa yesi sizathu ukuba abantu badla ngokufa emlilweni.

Indlela yokunceda ngetyhefu ye-carbon monoxide? Ewe, okokuqala, shiya ummandla wosulelo. Ngendlela, imaski eqhelekileyo yegesi, i-rags emanzi ebusweni kunye ne-cotton-gauze bandages ayigcini, i-carbon monoxide yabona bonke kwindawo enomdla kwaye idlula kuzo ngokuzolileyo - ufuna imaski yegesi nge-cartridge ye-hopkalite - oku leyo inecopper oxide eyenza icarbon monoxide ikhuphe ikharbon diokside ekhuselekileyo. Kwaye ke - phefumla, phefumla! Phefumla umoya omtsha, okanye ngcono, ioksijini, unike izicubu zakho ezingathandekiyo kunye namalungu oko akufunayo!

Iyeza lehlabathi aliwazi i-antidotes ethembekileyo yokusetyenziswa kwimeko yetyhefu ye-carbon monoxide. Kodwa! - ziqhayise: Izazinzulu zaseRashiya ziye zavelisa iyeza elitsha elithi "Acyzol", elibekwe njenge-antidote (nangona ngenxa yesizathu esithile ezinye izazinzulu zinokholo oluncinane kule nto). Ilawulwa nge-intramuscularly njengesisombululo. Ikwanikezelwa njengeprophylactic. Oososayensi baseRashiya bamema ukuvavanya eli chiza, kodwa ngenxa yesizathu esithile abantu abambalwa bayayifuna kunokuba kwimeko ye-antidote ye-amatoxins.

Yiyo leyo, %igama lomsebenzisi%!

Ndiyathemba ukuba andiwonakalisanga ukutya kwakho, bekunomdla, kwaye uzifundele into entsha, kwaye ungapheleli nje ekutyeni kwakho kunye neendawo onokuzindwendwela.

Impilo kunye nethamsanqa!

umthombo: www.habr.com