Ndivakalise umbono wokungathinteleki kwenguqu yenethiwekhi yehlabathi ukusuka kwisakhiwo sendawo ukuya kwindawo yomsebenzisi-centric emva ngo-2012 ( okanye kwimo emfutshane ). Kulo nyaka ndazama ukuphuhlisa umxholo we-Intanethi entsha kwisicatshulwa . Ngoku ndithumela inxalenye yesibini yenqaku (Ndikucebisa ukuba uphonononge eli phepha phambi kokufunda).
Kwenzeka ntoni ke? Kukho i-Intanethi kwiwebhu 3.0, kodwa akukho webhusayithi? Yintoni ke ngoko?
Kukho idatha ehlelwe kwigrafu ye-semantic yehlabathi: yonke into ixhunyiwe kuyo yonke into, yonke into ilandela into ethile, yonke into yaqatshelwa, yatshintshwa, yenziwa ngumntu othile. Iingongoma ezimbini zokugqibela ezimalunga βnokufunekaβ kunye βnomntuβ zisikhumbuza ukuba igrafu ayifanelanga ibe yinjongo, kodwa ibe ngumcimbi. Kodwa eli iya kuba libali elahlukileyo (jonga kuqala). ). Okwangoku, kwanele ukuba siqonde ukuba igrafu ye-semantic yewebhu ye-3.0 ayilona isethi yolwazi olumileyo, kodwa yesikhashana, ukurekhoda ubudlelwane bezinto kunye nabadlali bawo nawuphi na umsebenzi ngokulandelelana kwexesha labo.
Kwakhona, xa sithetha ngomaleko wedatha, kufuneka yongezwe ukuba igrafu yehlabathi yahlulwe ngokuyimfuneko ibe ngamacandelo amabini angalinganiyo: umthi oyimodeli ochaza ukuzalana kwezenzo, iikhonsepthi kunye neempawu zazo (zihambelana neseti yee-axioms zesigama TBox kwi-OWL) , kunye negrafu yesifundo equlethe iziganeko zokulungiswa kwamaxabiso athile ezinto kunye nezenzo (iseti yeengxelo malunga nabantu be-ABox kwi-OWL). Kwaye uxhulumaniso olungathandabuzekiyo lusekwe phakathi kwezi nxalenye zimbini zegrafu: idatha malunga nabantu - oko kukuthi, izinto ezithile, izenzo, abadlali-zinokuveliswa kwaye zirekhodwe kwigrafu kuphela kwaye ngokukodwa ngokwemizekelo efanelekileyo. Ewe, njengoko sele kukhankanyiwe, igrafu yehlabathi - okokuqala, inxalenye yayo yemodeli kwaye, ngokufanelekileyo, inxalenye yesifundo-yahlulwe ngokwendalo ibe ngamacandelo ngokweendawo ezinemixholo.
Kwaye ngoku ukusuka kwi-semantics, ukusuka kwidatha, sinokuqhubekela phambili kwingxoxo ye-epithet yesibini yewebhu 3.0 - "i-decentralized", oko kukuthi, kwinkcazo yenethiwekhi. Kwaye kuyacaca ukuba ubume bothungelwano kunye neeprothokholi zalo kufuneka zichazwe yi-semantics efanayo. Okokuqala, ekubeni umsebenzisi ungumvelisi kunye nomthengi womxholo, kungokwemvelo ukuba yena, okanye kunoko isixhobo sakhe, kufuneka sibe yi-node yenethiwekhi. Ke, iwebhu 3.0 yinethiwekhi yontanga-kuya-ntanga eneendawo zazo zizixhobo zabasebenzisi.
Ukugcina, umzekelo, inkcazo yomntu kwigrafu yedatha, umsebenzisi kufuneka enze ukuthengiselana kwenethiwekhi ngokusekelwe kwimodeli ekhoyo yengqiqo. Idatha igcinwe kwisixhobo somsebenzisi nakwiindawo zabanye abasebenzisi ababhalisele le modeli. Ngaloo ndlela, ukutshintshiselana ukuthengiselana ngokwesethi emiselweyo yeemodeli apho imisebenzi yabo edibeneyo iphunyezwa khona, abathathi-nxaxheba kulo msebenzi benza iqela elingaphezulu okanye elingaphantsi kokuzimela. Kufumaniseka ukuba igrafu ye-semantic yehlabathi iyonke igcinwa ngokusasazwa kuzo zonke iiklasta zezifundo kwaye ibekwe phakathi kwamaqela. I-node nganye, isebenza ngeemodeli ezithile, ingaba yinxalenye yamaqela amaninzi.
Xa uchaza inqanaba lothungelwano, kuyimfuneko ukuthetha amagama ambalwa malunga nokuvumelana, oko kukuthi, malunga nemigaqo yokuqinisekisa kunye nokulungelelaniswa kwedatha kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo, ngaphandle kokuba ukusebenza kwenethiwekhi ye-decentralized akunakwenzeka. Ngokucacileyo, le migaqo akufanele ifane kuwo onke amaqoqo kunye nayo yonke idatha, kuba ukuthengiselana kwinethiwekhi kunokubaluleka ngokusemthethweni kunye nenkonzo, inkunkuma. Ke ngoko, inethwekhi iphumeza amanqanaba amaninzi ee-algorithms zokuvumelana; ukhetho lweyona nto iyimfuneko lumiselwa yimodeli yentengiselwano.
Kuhlala ukuthetha amagama ambalwa malunga nojongano lomsebenzisi, malunga nesiphequluli semantic. Imisebenzi yayo incinci: (1) ukuhamba ngegrafu (ngamaqela anomxholo), (2) ukukhangela kunye nokubonisa idatha ngokweemodeli zesizinda, (3) ukudala, ukuhlela idatha kunye nokuthumela ukuthengiselana kwenethiwekhi ngokweemodeli ezihambelanayo, (4) ukubhala kunye nokwenza iimodeli zentshukumo eziguqukayo, kwaye, ngokuqinisekileyo, (5) nokugcina iziqwenga zeegrafu. Le nkcazo emfutshane yemisebenzi ye-browser ye-semantic iyimpendulo yombuzo: ziphi iindawo? Indawo kuphela apho umsebenzisi "andwendwela" kwinethiwekhi ye-3.0 yewebhu yisiphequluli sakhe se-semantic, esisisixhobo sokubonisa kunye nokudala nayiphi na umxholo, nayiphi na idatha, kuquka imodeli. Umsebenzisi ngokwakhe unquma imida kunye nefom yokubonisa umhlaba wakhe womnatha, ubunzulu bokungena kwigrafu ye-semantic.
Oku kuyaqondakala, kodwa ziphi iiwebhusayithi? Kufuneka uye phi, yeyiphi idilesi onokuthi uyichwetheze kwesi βsemantic bhrawuzaβ ukuze ufike kuFacebook? Uyifumana njani iwebhusayithi yenkampani? Ungayithenga phi isikipa okanye ubukele isitishi sevidiyo? Masizame ukuyiqwalasela ngemizekelo ethile.
Kutheni sifuna i-Facebook okanye enye inethiwekhi yoluntu? Ngokucacileyo, kunxibelelwano: xelela into malunga nawe kwaye ufunde kwaye ubone ukuba abanye bathumela ntoni, tshintshiselana ngezimvo. Kwangaxeshanye, kubalulekile ukuba singabhali kuye wonke umntu kwaye singafundi yonke into - unxibelelwano luhlala lulinganiselwe kumashumi, amakhulu, okanye amawaka aliqela abahlobo benyani. Yintoni efunekayo ukuququzelela unxibelelwano olunjalo phakathi kobumbeko lothungelwano olunatyisiweyo oluchaziweyo? Kulungile: yenza iqoqo loluntu kunye neeseti zeemodeli zezenzo eziqhelekileyo (yenza isithuba, uthumele umyalezo, uphawule, uthanda, njl. njl.), setha amalungelo okufikelela kwiimodeli kwaye umeme abanye abasebenzisi ukuba babhalise kule seti. Apha sino "facebook". Ayisiyiyo nje i-Facebook yehlabathi, eyalela iimeko kuye wonke umntu nayo yonke into, kodwa inethiwekhi yentlalo enokwenziwa ngokwezifiso, efumaneka ngokupheleleyo kubathathi-nxaxheba beqela. Umsebenzisi uthumela intengiselwano kumnatha ngokomnye weemodeli zoluntu, yithi, izimvo zakhe, amalungu eqela abhalise kule modeli afumana isicatshulwa somhlomlo kwaye abhale kwindawo yokugcina (encanyathiselwe kwisiqwenga segrafu yesifundo) kwaye yibonise kwizikhangeli zabo zesemantic. Oko kukuthi, sinenethiwekhi yoluntu (iqela) lonxibelelwano phakathi kweqela labasebenzisi, yonke idatha yabo igcinwe kwizixhobo zabasebenzisi ngokwabo. Ngaba le datha ibonakala kubasebenzisi abangaphandle kweqela? Lo ngumbuzo malunga nesetingi zofikelelo. Ukuba kuvumelekile, umxholo wamalungu oluntu unokufundwa ngummeli wesoftware kwaye unikezelwe kwibhrawuza yakhe nabani na okhangela igrafu. Kufuneka kwakhona kuqatshelwe ukuba inani kunye nobunzima beemodeli zeqela alinasiphelo - nabani na unokwenza uluntu ukuba luhambelane neemfuno zawo nawuphi na umsebenzi. Ewe, kucacile ukuba abasebenzisi banokuba ngamalungu eqela elingenasizathu, bobabini njengabathabathi-nxaxheba abasebenzayo, kwaye ngokulula ngokurhuma kwiimodeli zokufunda kuphela.
Ngoku makhe siphendule umbuzo: singayifumana njani iwebhusayithi yenkampani? Impendulo incinci: indawo apho idatha ebanzi malunga nazo zonke iinkampani ikhona icandelo elihambelanayo legrafu ye-semantic. Ukukhangela ibhrawuza okanye ukukhangela ngegama lenkampani kuya kukunceda ukuba ufike kule ndawo. Emva koko konke kuxhomekeke kumsebenzisi - yiyiphi imizekelo ayifunayo ukubonisa idatha: inkcazo emfutshane, ulwazi olupheleleyo, uluhlu lweenkonzo, uluhlu lwezithuba okanye ifom yomyalezo. Oko kukuthi, inkampani, ukuzibonakalisa kwigrafu ye-semantic, kufuneka isebenzise isethi yeemodeli eziqhelekileyo zokuthumela ukuthengiselana kwinethiwekhi, kwaye ngokukhawuleza idatha malunga nayo iya kufumaneka ukukhangela kunye nokuboniswa. Ukuba ufuna ukwenza ngokwezifiso kunye nokwandisa inkcazo ye-intanethi yenkampani yakho, unokwenza iimodeli zakho, kuquka nabayili. Akukho zithintelo apha, ngaphandle komnye: imifuziselo emitsha kufuneka yakhiwe kumthi omnye ukuqinisekisa uqhagamshelwano lwedatha kwigrafu yesifundo.
Isisombululo sikwayinto encinci kwi-e-commerce. Imveliso nganye (ifowuni ephathwayo, i-T-shirt) ine-identifier ekhethekileyo, kwaye idatha yemveliso ifakwe kwinethiwekhi ngumenzi. Ngokwemvelo, wenza oku kanye kuphela, esayina idatha kunye nesitshixo sakhe sangasese. Inkampani elungele ukuthengisa le mveliso ibeka kwigrafu ye-semantic iingxelo ezininzi ezenziwe ngokwemodeli eqhelekileyo malunga nexabiso kunye neemeko zokuhanjiswa. Emva koko, umsebenzisi ngamnye uzenzela isigqibo ngokuzimela ngengxaki yokukhangela: nokuba ukhangele into ayifunayo phakathi kwempahla enokubonelela ngayo umthengisi owaziwayo, okanye uthelekisa iimveliso ezifanayo ezivela kubakhiqizi abahlukeneyo kwaye emva koko ukhetha umthengisi ofanelekileyo. Oko kukuthi, kwakhona, indawo apho ukukhethwa kunye nokuthengwa kweempahla kwenzeka isikhangeli semantic somsebenzisi, kwaye kungekhona iwebhusayithi ethile yomenzi okanye umthengisi. Nangona, kunjalo, bobabini umenzi kunye nomthengisi banethuba lokudala imodeli yabo yokubonisa imveliso enokusebenzisa umthengi. Ukuba uyathanda, ukuba kubonakala kuthe tye emehlweni akhe. Kwaye ke, unokwenza yonke into esebenzisa uphando oluqhelekileyo kunye neemodeli zokubonisa idatha.
Kufanelekile ukuthetha amagama ambalwa malunga neentengiso kunye nendawo yayo kwinethiwekhi ye-semantic. Kwaye ukubekwa kwayo kuhlala kungokwesiko: nokuba ngokuthe ngqo kumxholo (uthi, kwiividiyo), okanye kwiimodeli zokubonisa umxholo. Kuphela phakathi kwabathengisi kunye nabanini bomxholo okanye iimodeli ngumlamli ngendlela yomnini wesayithi esusiweyo.
Ke, isikimu esisebenzayo sothungelwano lwesemantic olunabileyo, olunikezelwa ngokwembono yomsebenzisi, lumanyene ngokugqithisileyo: (1) wonke umxholo ubekwe kwigrafu enye yesemantic yehlabathi, (2) ukurekhoda, ukukhangela kunye nokubonisa umxholo kulandela imifuziselo yeengqikelelo, eziqinisekisayo. uqhagamshelwano lwesemantic yedatha, (3) imisebenzi yabasebenzisi iphunyezwa ngokweemodeli eziguquguqukayo, (4) indawo ekukuphela kwayo apho umsebenzi wenziwa khona sisikhangeli sesemantic somsebenzisi.
umthombo: www.habr.com