Ngokuqinisekileyo abaninzi benu bayazi okanye baye babona indlela izinto ezinkulu ezizenzekelayo ezilawulwa ngayo, umzekelo, isityalo samandla enyukliya okanye imveliso enemizila emininzi yokuvelisa: isenzo esiphambili sihlala sisenzeka kwigumbi elikhulu, kunye neqela lezikrini, iibhalbhu zokukhanya. kunye nolawulo olukude. Le ngqungquthela yokulawula idla ngokubizwa ngokuba yigumbi lokulawula eliphambili - iphaneli yokulawula ephambili yokubeka iliso kwindawo yokuvelisa.
Ngokuqinisekileyo ubuzibuza ukuba zisebenza njani zonke ngokwehardware kunye nesoftware, ukuba ezi nkqubo zahluke njani kwiikhompyuter eziqhelekileyo zomntu. Kweli nqaku, siza kujonga indlela idatha eyahlukeneyo ifika ngayo kwigumbi lokulawula eliphambili, imiyalelo ethunyelwa njani kwisixhobo, kwaye yintoni efunekayo ngokubanzi ukulawula isikhululo secompressor, isityalo sokuvelisa ipropane, umgca wokuhlanganisa imoto, okanye isixhobo sokumpompa amanzi amdaka.
Elona nqanaba lisezantsi okanye i-fieldbus kulapho yonke into iqala khona
Le setethi yamagama, engacacanga kubantu abangaziwayo, isetyenziswe xa kuyimfuneko ukuchaza iindlela zokunxibelelana phakathi kwe-microcontrollers kunye nezixhobo eziphantsi, umzekelo, iimodyuli ze-I / O okanye izixhobo zokulinganisa. Ngokuqhelekileyo eli jelo lonxibelelwano libizwa ngokuba "yibhasi yentsimi" kuba inoxanduva lokudlulisa idatha evela "kwintsimi" ukuya kumlawuli.
"Intsimi" ligama elinzulu lobuchwephesha elibhekisa kwinto yokuba ezinye izixhobo (umzekelo, abenzi boluvo okanye ii-actuators) apho umlawuli anxibelelana nazo zibekwe kwindawo ekude, kude, esitratweni, emasimini, phantsi kwesigqubuthelo sobusuku. . Kwaye akunamsebenzi ukuba inzwa inokufumaneka kwisiqingatha semitha ukusuka kumlawuli kunye nokulinganisa, yithi, iqondo lokushisa kwikhabhinethi ezenzekelayo, isaqwalaselwa ukuba "isentsimini." Amaxesha amaninzi, imiqondiso evela kuluvo olufika kwiimodyuli ze-I/O zisahamba umgama ukusuka kumashumi ukuya kumakhulu eemitha (kwaye ngamanye amaxesha ngaphezulu), ukuqokelela ulwazi kwiindawo ezikude okanye izixhobo. Ngokwenyani, yiyo loo nto ibhasi yokutshintshiselana, apho umlawuli afumana amaxabiso kwezi zinzwa zifanayo, ihlala ibizwa ngokuba yibhasi yasendle okanye, kancinci, ibhasi ekwinqanaba elisezantsi okanye ibhasi yemizi-mveliso.
Iskimu esiqhelekileyo somatshini wokuzenzela kwindawo yoshishino
Ngoko, umqondiso wombane ovela kwinzwa uhamba umgama othile kunye nemigca yentambo (ngokuqhelekileyo kunye nekhebula eliqhelekileyo lobhedu kunye nenani elithile lee-cores), apho i-sensor ezininzi zixhunyiwe. Umqondiso ke ungena kwimodyuli yokucubungula (imodyuli yegalelo / imveliso), apho iguqulwa ibe lulwimi lwedijithali oluqondakalayo kumlawuli. Emva koko, lo mqondiso ngebhasi yentsimi uya ngqo kumlawuli, apho ugqitywe ekugqibeleni. Ngokusekelwe kwimiqondiso enjalo, ingqiqo yokusebenza ye-microcontroller ngokwayo yakhiwe.
Inqanaba eliphezulu: ukusuka kwigarland ukuya kwindawo yonke yokusebenza
Inqanaba eliphezulu libizwa ngokuba yiyo yonke into enokuthi ichukunyiswe ngumqhubi oqhelekileyo ofayo olawula inkqubo yezobuchwepheshe. Kwimeko elula, inqanaba eliphezulu liyisethi yezibane kunye namaqhosha. Iibhalbhu zokukhanya zibonisa umqhubi malunga neziganeko ezithile ezenzeka kwisistim, amaqhosha asetyenziselwa ukukhupha imiyalelo kumlawuli. Le nkqubo ibizwa ngokuba yi "garland" okanye "umthi weKrisimesi" kuba ibonakala ifana kakhulu (njengoko unokubona kwisithombe esisekuqaleni kwenqaku).
Ukuba umqhubi unethamsanqa ngakumbi, ngoko njengomgangatho ophezulu uya kufumana ipaneli yomqhubi - uhlobo lwekhompyutheni yephaneli ye-flat-panel ngendlela enye okanye enye ifumana idatha yokubonisa kumlawuli kwaye ibonise kwisikrini. Iphaneli enjalo idla ngokuxhonywa kwikhabhinethi ye-automation ngokwayo, ngoko ngokuqhelekileyo kufuneka udibanise nayo ngelixa umile, nto leyo ebangela ukuphazamiseka, kunye nomgangatho kunye nobukhulu bomfanekiso kwiipaneli zefomathi ezincinci zishiya okuninzi okufunekayo.
Kwaye ekugqibeleni, umtsalane wesisa esingazange sibonwe ngaphambili - indawo yokusebenzela (okanye iikopi ezininzi), eyikhompyuter eqhelekileyo.
Izixhobo ezikumgangatho ophezulu kufuneka zisebenzisane ngandlela-thile kunye ne-microcontroller (kungenjalo kutheni ifuneka?). Ukusebenzisana okunjalo, iiprothokholi ezikumgangatho ophezulu kunye nomzila othile wokuhambisa zisetyenziswa, umzekelo, i-Ethernet okanye i-UART. Kwimeko "yomthi weKrisimesi", ubuchwephesha obunjalo, ewe, abuyomfuneko; iibhalbhu zokukhanya zikhanyiswa kusetyenziswa imigca eqhelekileyo yomzimba, akukho nxibelelwano luntsonkothileyo okanye iiprotocol apho.
Ngokubanzi, eli nqanaba liphezulu alinamdla kangako kunebhasi yentsimi, kuba eli nqanaba liphezulu linokuthi lingabikho kwaphela (akukho nto ijongana nomsebenzisi kuluhlu; umlawuli ngokwakhe uya kuqonda ukuba yintoni ekufuneka yenziwe kwaye njani. ).
Iiprotokholi "zamandulo" zokudlulisa idatha: I-Modbus kunye ne-HART
Bambalwa abantu abaziyo, kodwa ngomhla wesixhenxe wokudalwa kwehlabathi, uThixo akazange aphumle, kodwa wadala i-Modbus. Kunye neprotocol ye-HART, i-Modbus mhlawumbi yeyona ndlela indala yokudlulisa idatha kwimizi-mveliso; yavela emva ngo-1979.
I-interface ye-serial yayisetyenziswe ekuqaleni njengendlela yokuhambisa, emva koko i-Modbus yaphunyezwa ngaphezu kwe-TCP / IP. Le yinkqubo ye-synchronous master-slave (master-slave) esebenzisa umgaqo-siseko wokuphendula. Iprothokholi inzima kwaye iyacotha, isantya sotshintshiselwano sixhomekeke kwiimpawu zomamkeli kunye nesidlulisi, kodwa ngokwesiqhelo ubalo luphantse lube ngamakhulu eemilliseconds, ngakumbi xa luphunyezwe ngojongano lweserial.
Ngaphezu koko, irejista yokudlulisa idatha ye-Modbus yi-16-bit, ebeka ngokukhawuleza izithintelo ekudlulisweni kweentlobo zangempela kunye nezimbini. Zisasazwa ngokweenxalenye okanye ngokulahleka kokuchaneka. Nangona i-Modbus isasetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwiimeko apho ukukhawuleza konxibelelwano oluphezulu kungadingeki kwaye ukulahlekelwa kwedatha edlulisiweyo akubalulekanga. Uninzi lwabavelisi bezixhobo ezahlukeneyo bayathanda ukwandisa iprotocol ye-Modbus ngendlela yabo ekhethekileyo kunye neyoqobo kakhulu, besongeza imisebenzi engeyiyo eyomgangatho. Ke ngoko, le protocol ineenguqu ezininzi kunye nokutenxa kwisiqhelo, kodwa isaphila ngempumelelo kwihlabathi lanamhlanje.
I-protocol ye-HART nayo ijikeleze ukususela kwiminyaka yamashumi asibhozo, yiprotocol yonxibelelwano lwezoshishino phezu komgca we-loop yangoku yocingo olubini oludibanisa ngokuthe ngqo i-4-20 mA sensors kunye nezinye izixhobo ezinikwe amandla ze-HART.
Ukutshintsha imigca ye-HART, izixhobo ezikhethekileyo, ezibizwa ngokuba yimodem ye-HART, zisetyenziswa. Kukho abaguquli ababonelela umsebenzisi, yithi, iprotocol yeModbus kwimveliso.
I-HART mhlawumbi iyaphawuleka kwinto yokuba ukongeza kwiimpawu ze-analog ze-4-20 mA sensors, isignali yedijithali yeprotocol ngokwayo ihanjiswa kwisekethe, oku kukuvumela ukuba udibanise iinxalenye zedijithali kunye ne-analog kumgca wentambo enye. Iimodem ze-HART zanamhlanje zinokudityaniswa kwi-port ye-USB yomlawuli, eqhagamshelwe ngeBluetooth, okanye indlela yakudala nge-serial port. Kwiminyaka elishumi elinesibini edlulileyo, ngokufaniswa ne-Wi-Fi, i-WirelessHART i-wireless standard, esebenza kuluhlu lwe-ISM, yavela.
Isizukulwana sesibini seprothokholi okanye hayi iibhasi zamashishini ISA, PCI(e) kunye neVME
Iiprothokholi ze-Modbus kunye ne-HART zithathelwe indawo ziibhasi ezingezizo zamashishini, ezifana ne-ISA (MicroPC, PC/104) okanye i-PCI/PCIe (iCompactPCI, iCompactPCI Series, StacPC), kunye neVME.
Ixesha leekhomputha lifikile apho banalo ibhasi yedatha yendalo yonke, apho iibhodi ezahlukeneyo (iimodyuli) zinokudityaniswa ukuze kuqhutywe umqondiso othile odibeneyo. Njengomthetho, kule meko, imodyuli yeprosesa (ikhompyutheni) ifakwe kwinto ebizwa ngokuba yifreyimu, eqinisekisa ukusebenzisana ngebhasi kunye nezinye izixhobo. Isakhelo, okanye, njengeengcali ze-automation yenyani zithanda ukuyibiza ngokuthi, "ikreyiti," yongezwa kunye neebhodi eziyimfuneko zokufakwayo: i-analog, discrete, interface, njl., okanye yonke le nto idityaniswe ngendlela yesandwich ngaphandle. isakhelo - ibhodi enye phezu komnye. Emva koko, olu didi kwibhasi (ISA, PCI, njl.) Utshintshiselwano lwedatha kunye nemodyuli yeprosesa, ngaloo ndlela ifumana ulwazi kwiinzwa kwaye isebenzise ingqiqo ethile.
Umlawuli kunye neemodyuli ze-I / O kwisakhelo se-PXI kwibhasi ye-PCI. Umthombo:
Yonke into iya kulunga ngezi bhasi ze-ISA, PCI(e) kunye neVME, ngakumbi ngala maxesha: isantya sotshintshiselwano asidanisi, kwaye amacandelo enkqubo abekwe kwisakhelo esinye, esibumbene kwaye sifanelekile, kusenokungabikho hot-swappable. Amakhadi e-I/O, kodwa andikafuni.
Kodwa kukho impukane kwioli, kwaye ngaphezu kwesinye. Kunzima kakhulu ukwakha inkqubo esasaziweyo kuqwalaselo olunjalo, ibhasi yotshintshiselwano yeyasekuhlaleni, kufuneka uze nento yokutshintshiselana ngedatha nezinye ikhoboka okanye iinodi zontanga, iModbus efanayo ngaphezulu kweTCP/IP okanye enye iprotocol, ngokubanzi, akukho lula ngokwaneleyo. Ewe, into yesibini ayimnandi kakhulu: iibhodi ze-I / O zihlala zilindele uhlobo oluthile lwesignali edibeneyo njengegalelo, kwaye azinayo i-galvanic yodwa kwizixhobo zentsimi, ngoko ke kufuneka wenze ucingo kwiimodyuli ezahlukeneyo zokuguqulwa kunye nokujikeleza okuphakathi, eyenza nzima kakhulu isiseko se element.
Iimodyuli zokuguqula umqondiso ophakathi kunye ne-galvanic isolation. Umthombo:
"Kuthekani ngenkqubo yebhasi yemizi-mveliso?" - uyabuza. Akukho nto. Ayikho kolu phumezo. Ngokusebenzisa imigca yekhebula, umqondiso uhamba ukusuka kwi-sensor ukuya kwii-converter zesignali, abaguquli banikezela nge-voltage kwi-discrete okanye i-analog ye-I / O ibhodi, kwaye idatha esuka ebhodini sele ifundwa kwii-port ze-I / O usebenzisa i-OS. Kwaye akukho protocol zikhethekileyo.
Zisebenza njani iibhasi zemizi-mveliso kunye neeprothokholi zanamhlanje
Yintoni ngoku? Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, i-ideology yeklasi yokwakha iinkqubo ezizenzekelayo zitshintshile kancinci. Izinto ezininzi zidlale indima, ziqala ngento yokuba i-automation kufuneka ilungele, kwaye iphele ngomkhwa oya kwiinkqubo ezizenzekelayo ezisasazwayo ezineendawo ezikude ukusuka kwenye.
Mhlawumbi sinokuthi kukho iingqiqo ezimbini eziphambili zokwakha iinkqubo ezizenzekelayo namhlanje: iinkqubo ezizenzekelayo zasekhaya kunye nokusabalalisa.
Kwimeko yeenkqubo zendawo, apho ukuqokelela idatha kunye nokulawulwa kwedatha kwindawo eyodwa kwindawo ethile, ingcamango yesethi ethile yeemodyuli zegalelo / imveliso edityaniswe yibhasi eqhelekileyo ekhawulezayo, kubandakanywa nomlawuli kunye neprotocol yayo yokutshintshiselana, ifunwa. Kule meko, njengomthetho, iimodyuli ze-I / O zibandakanya zombini i-converter yesignali kunye ne-galvanic isolation (nangona, ngokuqinisekileyo, kungekhona rhoqo). Okokuthi, kwanele ukuba umsebenzisi wokugqibela aqonde ukuba zeziphi iintlobo zabenzi boluvo kunye neendlela eziza kubakho kwinkqubo ezenzekelayo, bala inani leemodyuli ezifunekayo zegalelo / imveliso kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo zeempawu kwaye zidibanise kumgca omnye oqhelekileyo kunye nomlawuli. . Kule meko, njengomthetho, umenzi ngamnye usebenzisa iprotocol yakhe yokutshintshiselana ayithandayo phakathi kweemodyuli ze-I / O kunye nomlawuli, kwaye kukho iindlela ezininzi zokukhetha apha.
Kwimeko yeenkqubo ezisasazwayo, yonke into ekuthethwa ngayo ngokunxulumene neenkqubo zendawo iyinyani, ngaphezu koko, kubalulekile ukuba amacandelo ngamanye, umzekelo, iseti yeemodyuli zegalelo-imveliso kunye nesixhobo sokuqokelela kunye nokudlulisa ulwazi - a hayi. microcontroller smart kakhulu ukuba umi ndaweni ithile kwindlwana endle, ecaleni kwevalve evala ioli - inokunxibelelana namaqhuqhuva efanayo kunye nomlawuli oyintloko kumgama omkhulu kunye nezinga lotshintshiselwano olusebenzayo.
Ngaba abaphuhlisi bayikhetha njani iprotocol yeprojekthi yabo? Zonke iiprothokholi zotshintshiselwano zale mihla zibonelela ngokusebenza okuphezulu ngokufanelekileyo, ngoko ke ukhetho lomnye okanye omnye umenzi alusoloko lumiselwa lixabiso lotshintshiselwano kule bhasi yemizi-mveliso. Ukuphunyezwa kweprotocol ngokwayo ayibalulekanga kangako, kuba, ukusuka kwindawo yokujonga umphuhlisi wenkqubo, kuya kuba yibhokisi elimnyama elibonelela ngesakhiwo esithile sokutshintshiselana kwangaphakathi kwaye ayenzelwanga ukuphazamiseka kwangaphandle. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ingqalelo ihlawulwa kwiimpawu eziphathekayo: ukusebenza kwekhompyutheni, ukulula ukusebenzisa ingcamango yomenzi kumsebenzi okhoyo, ukufumaneka kweentlobo ezifunekayo zeemodyuli ze-I / O, ukukwazi ukutshisa iimodyuli ezitshintshiweyo ngaphandle kokuphulwa. ibhasi, njl.
Ababoneleli bezixhobo ezidumileyo banikela ngokusetyenziswa kwabo kwiiprothokholi zoshishino: umzekelo, inkampani eyaziwayo ye-Siemens iphuhlisa uluhlu lwayo lweeprotocol zeProfinet kunye neProfibus, i-B & R iphuhlisa i-Powerlink protocol, i-Rockwell Automation iphuhlisa i-EtherNet / IP protocol. Isisombululo sasekhaya kuloluhlu lwemizekelo: inguqu yeprotocol ye-FBUS evela kwinkampani yaseRashiya i-Faswel.
Kwakhona kukho izisombululo ezininzi zendalo yonke ezingaboshelwanga kumenzi othile, njenge-EtherCAT kunye ne-CAN. Siza kuhlalutya ezi prothokholi ngokweenkcukacha ekuqhubekeni kwenqaku kwaye sifumanise ukuba yeyiphi na kuzo ifaneleka ngakumbi kwizicelo ezithile: imizi-mveliso yeemoto kunye ne-aerospace, ukuveliswa kombane, iinkqubo zokubeka kunye nerobhothi. Hala undiqhwetha!
umthombo: www.habr.com