Ngo-2013, iMicrosoft yayisele ilawula ishishini letekhnoloji amashumi amathathu eminyaka, ifumana impumelelo emangalisayo nge-OS yayo. Inkampani ngokuthe ngcembe yaphulukana nesikhundla sayo esikhokelayo, kodwa hayi ngenxa yokuba imodeli yayeka ukusebenza, kodwa ngenxa yokuba iGoogle Android ilandele imigaqo yeWindows, kodwa kwangaxeshanye yayisimahla. Kwakubonakala ngathi iya kuba yi-OS ehamba phambili kwii-smartphones.
Oku ngokucacileyo akwenzekanga: I-Apple ayizange idale kwaye igcine isiseko sosetyenziso olwaneleyo ukuxhasa inkqubo yendalo ye-iOS, kodwa iqhubekile nokwenza inzuzo phantse kulo lonke ishishini le-smartphone. Ngenxa yeengxelo ezahlukeneyo, isabelo esichanekileyo asinakukwazi ukucacisa, kodwa iingcali ezininzi ziqikelela ukuba yi-70% -90% kule minyaka mihlanu idlulileyo.
Njengoko usazi, iApple yinkampani enemveliso edityanisiweyo, ubuncinci xa isiza kwinkqubo yokusebenza kunye nehardware. Kuye kwavela ukuba ukudityaniswa ayisiyiyo i-drawback yenkqubo yokusebenza, kodwa inzuzo yayo enkulu kwimarike, apho, ukuba ne-monopoly kwi-MacOS, unokuthengisa izigidi zezixhobo ngeekhibhodi ezihlulekile okanye ezinye iintsilelo iminyaka.
Iinzuzo zokudityaniswa
Okokuqala, ukudibanisa kunika i-UX ephezulu. Izikolo zamashishini zikufundisa ukuba uvavanye iindleko zezimali kuphela, kodwa oku akunakwenziwa xa uhlalutya ukudibanisa ngokuthe nkqo. Kukho ezinye iindleko ekunzima kakhulu ukuzilinganisa. Imodyuli ingenisa iindleko ngendlela yokuthotywa kwamava omsebenzisi angenakuthintelwa okanye alinganiswe. Oosomashishini kunye nabahlalutyi basuka nje bangabahoyi, kodwa abathengi abakwenzi oko. Abanye abasebenzisi baxabisa umgangatho, inkangeleko, kunye nengqalelo kwiinkcukacha kwaye bazimisele ukuhlawula izixa-mali zoku ezidlula kakhulu iindleko zemali zokuhlanganiswa ngokuthe nkqo.
Ayingabo bonke abathengi abaxabisayo (okanye abanako ukuhlawula) oko kunikelwa yiApple. Enyanisweni, uninzi lunjalo. Kodwa umbono wokuba i-Apple izakuqala ukuphulukana nabathengi ngenxa yokuba i-Android "ilungile ngokwaneleyo" kwaye inexabiso eliphantsi ayihambelani nokuziphatha kwabathengi. Kule minyaka ilishumi elinesihlanu idlulileyo, inkampani igxile ekudaleni izinto ezintsha eziphazamisayo ezitshintsha ibhalansi yamaxabiso kwimarike.
I-Apple iyahlula ukunikezelwa kwayo ngoyilo, olungenakulinganiswa ngamanani. Nangona kunjalo, ngokuqinisekileyo iyabhenela kubathengi abangabathengi kunye nabasebenzisi.
Okwesibini, ukudibanisa kwandisa amathuba okuphumelela kwiimveliso ezintsha, kubandakanya i-iPhone. Ngaphambi kwe-iPhone, abathwali banikezela ngeenkonzo ezifanayo: ilizwi, iSMS, kunye nedatha. Oku kunyuswa kwe-elasticity yokutshintshwa kwanika i-Apple isakhono sokulandela iqhinga lokwahlula-kunye-loyisa, kwaye babedinga kuphela umqhubi omnye ukuba ayenze.
I-Apple kuthiwa iqalile iingxoxo kunye ne-Verizon (inkampani enkulu yezonxibelelwano yaseMelika) ye-iPhone, kodwa kwavela ukuba i-Verizon yayisele iphulukene nomhlaba kwi-AT&T (ebizwa ngokuba yiCingular ngelo xesha) ngenxa yotyalo-mali olundlongondlongo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwetekhnoloji entsha. Ikhulise isiseko sayo sababhalisi ubukhulu becala ngeendleko ze-AT&T. I-Verizon yabona kungekho mfuneko yokutshintsha isicwangciso sayo, esibandakanya uphawu oluqinileyo kunye nokulawulwa ngokupheleleyo kweefowuni kwinethiwekhi yabo. I-AT & T, okwangoku, yayikwicala elichaseneyo lengqekembe: babelahlekelwa, kwaye oku kwaba nempembelelo enkulu kwi-BATNA yabo - babezimisele ngakumbi ukuthobela xa kuziwa kwi-branding kunye namava omsebenzisi, kwaye ngaloo ndlela ukukhululwa kwe I-iPhone ene-AT&T yenzeke phantsi kwemigaqo nemiqathango ye-Apple.
Kulapho amava omsebenzisi we-Apple afumana inzuzo kunye nokunyaniseka kwabathengi abahambelanayo: Okokuqala, abathengi babezimisele ukunyamezela ubunzima kunye neendleko zokutshintsha ababoneleli beefowuni ukuze babe nokufikelela kwisixhobo esithile. Kwiminyaka embalwa elandelayo, iVerizon yaqala ukuphulukana nabathengi kwi-AT&T, nangona inkonzo yabo yayingcono kakhulu. Kwiminyaka emine emva kokusungulwa kwayo, i-iPhone ekugqibeleni ixhasa iVerizon ngaphandle kophawu lomthwali okanye ulawulo kumava omsebenzisi. Ngamanye amagama, iVerizon yaphela ngokuvuma isivumelwano esifanayo abasikhabileyo ngo-2006 kuba ukunyaniseka kwabathengi be-Apple akuzange kubenze bakhethe.
Okwesithathu, ukudityaniswa kukhokelela ekubeni bodwa: kuphela izixhobo ze-Apple ezisebenza kwi-iOS. Abaninzi bayavuma ukuba i-Apple iyifezekisile imodeli yayo yokuvelisa. Uninzi lwabasebenzi benkampani basebenza eCalifornia ukuyila kunye nokuthengisa izixhobo ze-iconic, ezenziwe kwiifektri zaseTshayina ezakhiwe kwaye zisebenza ngokwemigangatho echanekileyo ye-Apple (kubandakanya inani elikhulu labasebenzi abakwisiza) kwaye emva koko zithunyelwe kwihlabathi liphela kubathengi abalambileyo. kwezona zibalaseleyo kwihlabathi, ii-smartphones, iitafile, iikhompyuter kunye neewotshi ezikrelekrele.
Yintoni eyenza le modeli isebenze kwaye ibe nengeniso? Ukuba iApple yahlula izixhobo zayo ngesoftware. Isoftware luhlobo olutsha ngokupheleleyo lwemveliso kuba yahlulahlulwe ngokungenasiphelo kwaye kwangaxeshanye ifumaneka kwimiyinge engenamkhawulo. Oku kuthetha ukuba ixabiso lethiyori yesoftware yi-0 yeedola. Nangona kunjalo, ngokudibanisa iimpawu ezahlukileyo zesoftware kunye nehardware efuna ii-asethi zokwenyani kunye nempahla ukuvelisa, iApple inokubiza amaxabiso aphezulu kwiimveliso zayo.
Iziphumo zithetha ngokwazo: kwikota edlulileyo "engaphumelelanga", ingeniso ye-Apple ifikelele kwi-50,6 yeebhiliyoni zeedola. Kule minyaka isithoba idlulileyo, i-iPhone yodwa yenze i-10,5 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi kwingeniso kwaye phantse i-600 yeebhiliyoni zeedola kwingeniso epheleleyo. Oku mhlawumbi yeyona mveliso ilungileyo (ubuncinci ngokwembono yorhwebo) eyakha yenziwa ngumntu.
Namhlanje, ubulumko obuqhelekileyo butshintshile: ukudibanisa kuthathwa njengenkqubo engcono kakhulu. Jonga nje impumelelo Apple! Enyanisweni, ukukhangela kwinkampani, kunzima ukungavumelani nezigqibo ezinjalo, kodwa kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba inani lezinto ezingalunganga zokudibanisa ziye zavezwa kutshanje.
Ikhibhodi enengxaki
I-Apple isandula ukuba nomsitho obalulekileyo: inkampani ikhuphe ilaptop enekhibhodi ehlaziyiweyo. Ngaphambili, isixhobo esiphambili sonakaliswa lula nangothuli oluncinci kunye nenkunkuma. Kuba wonke umgca weMacBook awukaxhotyiswanga ngekhibhodi entsha, kusekho inqaku kwiwebhusayithi yeApple ecebisa ukucoca iikhibhodi zelaptop ngomoya oxinanisiweyo. Ngokungathandabuzekiyo, oku akuqhelekanga - njengezitshixo ebezisilela kumawaka ezixhobo kwihlabathi liphela iminyaka eliqela.
I-Apple yakhupha okokuqala ikhibhodi yayo yebhabhathane edume kakubi ngo-Epreli ka-2015 kwaye yathatha indawo yayo ngo-2019. Nangona kunjalo, ngeli xesha inkampani ithengise iiMacs ezixabisa i-99 yeebhiliyoni zeedola, uninzi lwezixhobo ziilaptop. Ngokwenene eli lityala lokudityaniswa!
Okanye, ukubeka ngenye indlela, amandla (kunye nobuthathaka) be-monopoly. Hayi, i-Apple ayinayo i-monopoly kwiikhompyuter, kodwa inkampani inegunya kwi-MacOS. Yinkampani kuphela ethengisa i-hardware eqhuba i-MacOS, ngoko izigidi zabathengi zaqhubeka nokuthenga iikhomputha (ingakumbi kule minyaka imbalwa idlulileyo) zafumana iingxaki ezininzi.
Ukunyaniseka, u-Apple akazange enze naluphi na ulwaphulo-mthetho. Kwangaxeshanye, kunzima ukucinga ukuba ikhibhodi yebhabhathane ibiya kuqhubeka isetyenziswa iminyaka emine enesiqingatha ukuba inkampani ibinokhuphiswano olukhulu. Ukudibanisa kunokubonelela ngamava aphezulu omsebenzisi, kodwa emva kokuba imveliso edibeneyo ilahlekelwe ukhuphiswano, iqala ukuwohloka.
I-NFC kunye nentsha
Ingxaki yesibini inxulumene neendaba ezivela eJamani. IVerge wabhala wathi:
EJamani, i-Apple inokunyanzelwa ukuba ivule ukufikelela kwi-iOS kuzo zonke iinkonzo zentlawulo ezikhuphisana ne-Apple Pay. Ipalamente yelizwe ivotele ukwazisa amanyathelo afanelekileyo ngoLwesine, ingxelo yeZeit Online. Lo mthetho uyilwayo uye wapasiswa ukwindlela yolungiso kumthetho ochasene nokuthutyeleziswa kwemali kwaye kuzakufuneka uvunywe yindlu yepalamente ephezulu phambi kokuba uqale ukusebenza ngokusesikweni ukusuka kunyaka ozayo.
Ukuba eli tyala livunyiwe, ke eJamani iApple kuya kufuneka ivumele ezinye iinkampani ukuba zisebenzise iitshiphusi ze-NFC ze-iPhone. Ngaphambi koko, wayengenako ukufikelela kubo. I-Zeit Online iphawula ukuba utshintsho lunokukhokelela kwiibhanki ezizimeleyo ezinikezela ngeentlawulo ze-NFC ngezazo ii-apps kunokuba zisebenzise inkonzo ye-Apple. I-Apple kuthiwa iya kuvunyelwa ukuba ibize umrhumo wokufikelela kwi-NFC chip, kodwa ayizukufumana i-0,15% eyifumana ngoku kuyo yonke intengiselwano ye-Apple Pay.
Ndiyabulela kulawulo lwayo kwi-iPhone ngokubanzi kunye neetshiphusi zayo ze-NFC ezakhelwe ngaphakathi ngokukodwa, i-Apple inokunika i-Apple Pay inzuzo ebalulekileyo ngaphezu kwee-apps zokuhlawula ezikhuphisanayo (ezinyanzeliswa ukuba zisebenzise iikhowudi ze-QR ezingenamsebenzi). Oku kuthetha ukuba i-Apple inokusebenzisa isikhundla sayo esomeleleyo kwimarike ye-smartphone ukoyisa imakethi yentlawulo. Kuyafaneleka ukugxininisa (ngokukodwa kumxholo weli nqaku) ukuba ukudibanisa kunokuthintela ukutsha.
I-NFC imele uNxibelelwano lwe-Near-Field. Le teknoloji yiprothokholi yonxibelelwano phakathi kwezixhobo zombane ezibini ezibekwe ngaphakathi kweesentimitha ezi-4 enye kwenye. Kukho iindlela ezintathu zokusebenzisa iitshiphusi ze-NFC kwii-smartphones:
- Ukulinganisa ikhadi le-Smart, apho izixhobo ze-NFC zisebenza njengekhadi lokuhlawula. I-Apple Pay ngumzekelo wale meko yokusetyenziswa, kunye neeakhawunti zokuhamba kunye nezitshixo ezihlakaniphile.
- Funda/bhala idatha. Isixhobo esisebenzayo se-NFC sifunda okanye sibhala idata kwisixhobo se-NFC esisenziwayo (umzekelo, isincamathelisi se-NFC esiqhutywa yimagnethi eveliswa sisixhobo esisebenzayo).
- Ukudlulisa idatha kwifomathi ye-P2P phakathi kwezixhobo ezimbini ze-NFC.
Ngamafutshane, i-NFC ivumela izixhobo ezibini ukutshintshiselana ngedatha ngaphandle kokuseta kwangaphambili, ukwenza uluhlu lwamatyala osetyenziso lube banzi kakhulu kunokuba, masithi, iBluetooth... kwaye kodwa ubuchwephesha be-NFC obuninzi oye wabusebenzisa bubokuba iintlawulo. Ngoba?
Mhlawumbi iApple kufuneka ibekwe ityala ngale nto. Izixhobo ze-Android zineetshiphusi ze-NFC ukusukela ngo-2010, kodwa ii-iPhones zazifumana kuphela ngo-2014, kwaye zazisetyenziselwa i-Apple Pay kuphela. Kwiminyaka emibini kamva, i-Apple yenza ukuba ikwazi ukufunda iithegi ze-NFC, kwaye kwiinyanga ezimbini kuphela ezidlulileyo yenze ukuba kube lula ukubhala iithegi ze-NFC.
Ingxaki kukuba i-chip ye-NFC kwi-iPhone ivaliwe: ihlanganiswe ne-iOS, kwaye i-Apple ibambe ngokuqinileyo iintambo. Ngenxa yokuba inkampani ihlawulisa i-0,15% yentengiselwano nganye ye-Apple Pay (kunye nemizamo yangaphambili yokuhlawulisa amaqela esithathu ngokudityaniswa kwe-ecosystem okanye ukwenza izinto ezincedisayo), kufanelekile ukucinga ukuba ukusetyenziswa okulinganiselweyo kwetekhnoloji kungenxa yecala lezemali khupha. Ukuphuhliswa kwe-NFC kwathintelwa lulawulo olupheleleyo lwe-Apple kwii-chips ze-iPhone.
Lawula phezu kweApp Store
Ingxaki yesithathu ichazwe kwinqaku lamva nje leWashington Post:
NgoLwesihlanu, i-Apple isuse zonke ii-apps ezinxulumene ne-vaping kwiVenkile ye-App, ijoyina iingcali ezibiza i-vaping "yingxaki yezempilo" kunye "nobhubhani wolutsha." Ezinye zee-apps ze-vaping eziyi-181 ezisuswe yi-Apple zivumela umsebenzisi ukuba alawule ubushushu okanye ezinye iisetingi kwizixhobo zomphunga. Abanye banika abasebenzisi ithuba lokusebenzisa iiwebhsayithi zokuncokola okanye imidlalo. I-App Store ayizange ivumele iikhatriji zevape ukuba zithengiswe ngee-apps.
"Sihlala sivavanya ii -apps kwaye sijonge iindaba zangoku zokuvavanya umngcipheko kwimpilo kunye nentlalontle yabasebenzisi," utshilo isithethi sika-Apple uFred Sainz kwingxelo. U-Apple ucaphule ubungqina obuvela kumaZiko oLawulo lweSifo kunye noThintelo kunye neminye imibutho edibanisa i-vaping kunye ne-e-cigarettes ekufeni kunye nokulimala kwemiphunga.
Ewe, isigqibo esinjalo siya kwamkeleka - ngakumbi xa kujongwa ingxaki eye yavela ngenxa yokunyuka komphunga kulo nyaka kunye nokukhathazeka ngokubanzi malunga nokuba yinkuthazo yokusetyenziswa kwecuba. Emva koko, ngenxa yokuba le ngxaki ibonakala ibangelwe ziikhatriji zomgunyathi, ukukwazi ukunxibelelana ne-smartphone yakho kunokuzisa izibonelelo zokwenyani ebantwini.
Kodwa kukho izixhobo ezinzima ngakumbi nge-USB kunye nenkxaso yeBluetooth evumela abasebenzisi ukulawula iiparamitha zokufudumeza, ukuqwalasela izikhombisi kunye nokuhlaziya i-firmware. Izixhobo zeBluetooth zikhatshwa zizicelo kwi-iOS kunye namaqonga eefowuni e-Android avumela isigulana ukuba silinganise kwaye sibeke iliso kusetyenziso lwazo. Njengakwi-PAX, zikuvumela ukuba uchonge iyeza elifakwe kwisixhobo kwaye ubone imixholo yalo, njengoluhlu lwe-cannabinoids, umxube we-terpene kunye nezinye izithako. Iiapps zikwavumela umsebenzisi ukuba ajonge ubunyani bamayeza.
Ezi apps-kwaye ke ngoko ukusebenza kwesixhobo-akusafumaneki kubasebenzisi be-iPhone. Awukwazi ukufumana eli nqanaba lokusebenza kwisikhangeli - kungekhona ngenxa yokuba kwakungekho mthethweni, kodwa ngenxa yokuba abanini benkampani banqume njalo. Uluvo lwabo ngumthetho kuba i-App Store idityaniswe kwi-iPhone. I-Apple ine-monopoly malunga nokuba zeziphi ii-apps ezinokufakwa okanye ezingenakufakwa kwisixhobo.
Masinyaniseke: awunakuchaphazeleka kukuvalwa kweapps zevape. Kodwa kuthekani ukuba inkampani ivala i-app ebhiyozela iindibano zaseHong Kong okanye i-app elandelela ukubetha kwedrone? Kuzo zombini ezi meko, unokuxoxa ukuba inkampani ithobela nje imigangatho yamazwe esebenza kuwo, kodwa esona sizathu siphambili sokuba kutheni umbuzo wokususa usetyenziso uphakanyiswe kungenxa yolawulo luka-Apple.
Indlela ka-Apple kwi-App Store nayo iphakamisa imibuzo yokhuphiswano kunye nokutsha. Inkampani ikhulisa ulawulo lwayo kwinkqubo yokuvunywa kwe-app ngokubiza ipesenti kwiintengiso zeempahla zedijithali kunye/okanye izibonelelo zeemveliso zayo. Izithintelo zika-Apple kwiimodeli zeshishini lophuhlisi zenza kube nzima ukuba usetyenziso olusebenza kakhulu luvele.
Ewe kunjalo, ulawulo oluluqilima lwe-Apple kwiVenkile yeApp luneenzuzo ezinkulu kungekuphela nje kwinkampani ngokwayo, kodwa nakwabaphuhlisi. Abathengi abaninzi bayoyika i-malware kwiWindows, bekhetha iimveliso zeMac. Nangona kunjalo, le ndlela ineentsilelo ezimbalwa.
Umanyano xa uthelekiswa nemonopoly
Eli nqaku alichanekanga ngokwasemthethweni. Ngokukodwa, igama elithi "monopoly" lisetyenziswe ngokukhululekileyo. I-Apple inendlela enkulu (ngokwembono yoshishino) - ngokudityaniswa kwe-hardware kunye nesofthiwe, iye yakwazi ukuvelisa inzuzo ye-monopoly engakwazi ukufakwa njenge-monopoly. Nangona kunjalo, ngelixa "ukudityaniswa" kuvelisa iziphumo ezilungileyo, "i-monopoly" ayikwenzi. Nika ingqalelo kwiingenelo zokudityaniswa eliqale ngalo inqaku, lidityaniswe nezinto ezingeloncedo:
- Amava aphezulu omsebenzisi weemveliso ezidityanisiweyo ze-Apple zaphela zishiya inkampani inebhodi yebhabhathane ekumgangatho ophantsi iminyaka emine.
- Ukukwazi kwe-Apple ukonyusa isiseko sabasebenzisi ukuzisa iimveliso ezintsha kunye neempawu kwiintengiso kukhokelele inkampani ukuba icothise uphuhliso lwayo lwee-apps ze-NFC.
- Isakhono se-Apple sokwenza inzuzo ephezulu kwizixhobo ezahlukeneyo zesoftware siya sikhula ngokuzama ukubiza inzala kwimpahla yedijithali kunye/okanye ukunika iinkonzo zenkampani inzuzo yokhuphiswano.
Umzekelo we-Apple unceda ukuzoba umgca phakathi kokudityaniswa okunempilo, okungekubi ngokubanzi, kunye nokusukela inzuzo ye-monopolistic.
umthombo: www.habr.com