Itheyibhile yePeriodic kwisayensi yekhompyuter yesikolo

(Amakhadi okulawula)
(Inikezelwe kuNyaka weZizwe ngezizwe weTheyibhile yePeriodic yezinto zeMichiza)
(Ukongezwa kwamva nje kwenziwa nge-8 ka-Epreli 2019. Uluhlu lwezongezo ngokukhawuleza lungaphantsi kokusikwa)

(Intyatyambo kaMendeleev, Umthombo)

Ndikhumbula sidlula idada. Ezi zifundo zazithathu ngaxeshanye: ijografi, isayensi yendalo kunye nesiRashiya. Kwisifundo senzululwazi, idada lafundelwa njengedada, ngawaphi amaphiko analo, yiyiphi imilenze elinayo, indlela elidada ngayo, njalo njalo. Kwisifundo sejografi, idada elifanayo lafundwa njengomhlali wehlabathi: kwakuyimfuneko ukubonisa kwimephu apho lihlala khona nalapho lingahlali khona. NgesiRashiya, uSerafima Petrovna wasifundisa ukubhala "u-t-k-a" kwaye sifunde okuthile ngamadada aseBrem. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, uye wasazisa ukuba ngesiJamani idada linje, kwaye ngesiFrentshi ngolu hlobo. Ndicinga ukuba yayibizwa ngokuba yi "complex method" ngelo xesha. Ngokubanzi, yonke into yaphuma "ngokuhambahamba."

Veniamin Kaverin, Abaphathi ababini

Kwesi sicatshulwa singasentla, uVeniamin Kaverin wabonisa ngobuchule iintsilelo zendlela yokufundisa entsonkothileyo, nangona kunjalo, kwezinye iimeko (mhlawumbi zinqabile), izinto zale ndlela zifanelekile. Enye imeko enjalo yitafile ka-D.I. Mendeleev kwizifundo zesayensi yekhompyutha. Umsebenzi wesoftware ye-automation yezenzo eziqhelekileyo kunye netafile ye periodic icacile kubantwana besikolo abaye baqala ukufunda i-chemistry, kwaye ihlukaniswe yaba yimisebenzi emininzi yeekhemikhali eziqhelekileyo. Kwangaxeshanye, ngaphakathi kwesakhelo sesayensi yekhompyuter, lo msebenzi usivumela ukuba sibonise ngendlela elula indlela yokulawula amakhadi, anokuthi afakwe kwi-graphical programming, eqondwa kwintsingiselo ebanzi yegama njengenkqubo esebenzisa izinto zegraphic.

(Ngomhla we-8 ka-Epreli 2019 izongezo zenziwe:
IsiHlomelo 1: Sisebenza Njani Isibali seKhemistri
Isihlomelo 2: imizekelo yemisebenzi yezihluzi)

Masiqale ngomsebenzi osisiseko. Kwimeko elula, itafile yeperiodic kufuneka iboniswe kwisikrini kwifom yefestile, apho kwiseli nganye kuya kubakho ukutyunjwa kweekhemikhali zento: H - hydrogen, He - helium, njl. Ukuba isalathisi semouse sikhomba kwiseli, ngoko ukutyunjwa kwento kunye nenani layo kuboniswa kwintsimi ekhethekileyo kwifom yethu. Ukuba umsebenzisi ucinezela i-LMB, ngoko igama kunye nenani lale elementi ikhethiweyo iya kuboniswa komnye ummandla wefom.

Ingxaki ingasonjululwa kusetyenziswa naluphi na ulwimi lwehlabathi. Siza kuthatha i-Delpi-7 elula endala, eqondakalayo phantse wonke umntu. Kodwa ngaphambi kokucwangcisa kwi-PL, makhe sizobe imifanekiso emibini, umzekelo, kwi-Photoshop. Okokuqala, makhe sizobe iThebhile yePeriodic ngendlela esifuna ukuyibona ngayo kwinkqubo. Gcina isiphumo kwifayile yomzobo itheyibhile01.bmp.

Kumzobo wesibini sisebenzisa owokuqala. Siza kuzalisa ngokulandelelana iiseli zetafile, zicinywe kuzo zonke iigraphics, ezinemibala eyahlukileyo kwimodeli yombala weRGB. I-R kunye no-G iyakuhlala ingu-0, kwaye B=1 ye-hydrogen, i-2 ye-helium, njl njl. Lo mzobo uya kuba yikhadi lethu lokulawula, esiya kuligcina kwifayile ebizwa ngokuba itheyibhile2.bmp.

Inqanaba lokuqala lenkqubo yegraphic kwiPhotoshop ligqityiwe. Masiqhubele phambili kwigraphical GUI programming kwi Delpi-7 IDE. Ukwenza oku, vula iprojekthi entsha, apho kwifom engundoqo sibeka iqhosha lencoko yababini (itheyibhileDlg), apho umsebenzi kunye netafile uya kwenzeka. Okulandelayo sisebenza kunye nefom itheyibhileDlg.

Beka icandelo leklasi kwifom Ifoto... Sifumana Image1. Qaphela ukuba ngokubanzi, kwiiprojekthi ezinkulu, amagama avele ngokuzenzekelayo efom UmfanekisoNphi N inokufikelela kwishumi elinesibini okanye ngaphezulu - esi ayisiso isimbo sodweliso lwenkqubo, kwaye amagama anentsingiselo engaphezulu kufuneka anikwe. Kodwa kwiprojekthi yethu encinci, phi N ayiyi kudlula i-2, ungayishiya njengoko yenziwe.

Kwipropati Umfanekiso1.Umfanekiso layisha ifayile itheyibhile01.bmp. Siyadala Image2 kwaye ulayishe ikhadi lethu lokulawula apho itheyibhile2.bmp. Kule meko, senza ifayile encinci kwaye ingabonakali kumsebenzisi, njengoko kuboniswe kwikona esezantsi ekhohlo kwifom. Songeza izinto ezongezelelweyo zolawulo, injongo ecacileyo. Inqanaba lesibini lenkqubo yegraphical GUI kwiDelpi-7 IDE igqityiwe.

Masiqhubele phambili kwinqanaba lesithathu - ikhowudi yokubhala kwi-Delpi-7 IDE. Imodyuli iqulathe kuphela abaphangi beminyhadala abahlanu: ukwenziwa kweefom (FormCreate), intshukumo yekhesa Image1 (Image1MouseHambisa), ukunqakraza i-LMB kwiseli (Cofa umfanekiso1) kwaye uphume kwincoko yababini usebenzisa i Kulungile amaqhosha (OKBtnClikha) okanye Rhoxisa (CancelBtnClikha). Iiheader zaba baphathi zenziwa ngendlela eqhelekileyo kusetyenziswa i-IDE.

Ikhowudi yomthombo wemodyuli:

unit tableUnit;
// Периодическая таблица химических элементов Д.И.Менделеева
//
// third112
// https://habr.com/ru/users/third112/
//
// Оглавление
// 1) создание формы
// 2) работа с таблицей: указание и выбор
// 3) выход из диалога

interface

uses Windows, SysUtils, Classes, Graphics, Forms, Controls, StdCtrls, 
  Buttons, ExtCtrls;

const
 size = 104; // число элементов
 
type
 TtableDlg = class(TForm)
    OKBtn: TButton;
    CancelBtn: TButton;
    Bevel1: TBevel;
    Image1: TImage;  //таблица химических элементов
    Label1: TLabel;
    Image2: TImage;  //управляющая карта
    Label2: TLabel;
    Edit1: TEdit;
    procedure FormCreate(Sender: TObject); // создание формы
    procedure Image1MouseMove(Sender: TObject; Shift: TShiftState; X,
      Y: Integer);                        // указание клетки
    procedure Image1Click(Sender: TObject); // выбор клетки
    procedure OKBtnClick(Sender: TObject);  // OK
    procedure CancelBtnClick(Sender: TObject); // Cancel
  private
    { Private declarations }
    TableSymbols : array [1..size] of string [2]; // массив обозначений элементов
  public
    { Public declarations }
    selectedElement : string; // выбранный элемент
    currNo : integer;         // текущий номер элемента
  end;

var
  tableDlg: TtableDlg;

implementation

{$R *.dfm}

const
PeriodicTableStr1=
'HHeLiBeBCNOFNeNaMgAlSiPSClArKCaScTiVCrMnFeCoNiCuZnGaGeAsSeBrKrRbSrYZrNbMoTcRuRhPdAgCdInSnSbTeIXeCsBaLa';
PeriodicTableStr2='CePrNdPmSmEuGdTbDyHoErTmYbLu';
PeriodicTableStr3='HfTaWReOsIrPtAuHgTlPbBiPoAtRnFrRaAc';
PeriodicTableStr4='ThPaUNpPuAmCmBkCfEsFmMdNoLrKu ';

// создание формы  ==================================================

procedure TtableDlg.FormCreate(Sender: TObject);
// создание формы
var
  s : string;
  i,j : integer;
begin
  currNo := 0;
// инициализация массива обозначений элементов:
  s := PeriodicTableStr1+ PeriodicTableStr2+PeriodicTableStr3+PeriodicTableStr4;
  j := 1;
  for i :=1 to size do
   begin
     TableSymbols [i] := s[j];
     inc (j);
     if s [j] in ['a'..'z'] then
      begin
        TableSymbols [i] := TableSymbols [i]+ s [j];
        inc (j);
      end; // if s [j] in
   end; // for i :=1
end; // FormCreate ____________________________________________________

// работа с таблицей: указание и выбор =========================================

procedure TtableDlg.Image1MouseMove(Sender: TObject; Shift: TShiftState;
  X, Y: Integer);
// указание клетки
var
  sl : integer;
begin
  sl := GetBValue(Image2.Canvas.Pixels [x,y]);
  if sl in [1..size] then
   begin
    Label1.Caption := intToStr (sl)+ ' '+TableSymbols [sl];
    currNo := sl;
   end
  else
    Label1.Caption := 'Select element:';
end; // Image1MouseMove   ____________________________________________________

procedure TtableDlg.Image1Click(Sender: TObject);
begin
  if currNo <> 0 then
   begin
    selectedElement := TableSymbols [currNo];
    Label2.Caption := intToStr (currNo)+ ' '+selectedElement+ ' selected';
    Edit1.Text := selectedElement;
   end;
end; // Image1Click  ____________________________________________________

// выход из диалога  ==================================================

procedure TtableDlg.OKBtnClick(Sender: TObject);
begin
    selectedElement := Edit1.Text;
    hide;
end;  // OKBtnClick ____________________________________________________

procedure TtableDlg.CancelBtnClick(Sender: TObject);
begin
  hide;
end;  // CancelBtnClick ____________________________________________________

end.

Kwinguqulelo yethu, sithathe itafile yezinto ezili-104 (rhoqo ubungakanani). Ngokucacileyo obu bukhulu bunokwandiswa. Ukutyunjwa kweelement (iisimboli zekhemikhali) kubhalwe kuluhlu IiMpawu zeTheyibhile. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yezizathu zokuxinana kwekhowudi yemvelaphi, kubonakala kucebisekile ukubhala ulandelelwano lwezi ngxelo ngokohlobo lwemitya engaguqukiyo. I-PeriodicTableStr1..., I-PeriodicTableStr4ukuze xa ifom yenziwe, inkqubo ngokwayo isasaza olu bizo phakathi kwezinto zoluhlu. Into nganye yokutyunjwa inonobumba omnye okanye ababini besiLatini, unobumba wokuqala unobumba abakhulu kwaye owesibini (ukuba ukhona) unobumba omncinci. Lo mgaqo olula uphunyeziwe xa ulayisha uluhlu. Ngoko ke, ulandelelwano lweenowuthi lunokubhalwa ngendlela emfutshane ngaphandle kwezithuba. Ukuqhawula ulandelelwano lube ngamacandelo amane (i-constants I-PeriodicTableStr1..., I-PeriodicTableStr4) ngenxa yokuqwalaselwa lula kokufunda ikhowudi yomthombo, kuba Umgca omde kakhulu usenokungangeni ngokupheleleyo kwisikrini.

Xa isalathisi semouse sihamba phezu kwe Image1 umphathi Image1MouseHambisa esi siganeko simisela ixabiso lecandelo lombala ozuba wepikseli yekhadi lokulawula Image2 kubalungelelanisi bekhesa yangoku. Ngokwakhiwa Image2 eli xabiso lilingana nenani le elementi ukuba isalathisi singaphakathi kwiseli. zero ukuba kumda, kunye 255 kwezinye iimeko. Izenzo eziseleyo ezenziwa yiprogram zincinci kwaye azifuni ngcaciso.

Ukongeza kwiindlela zokucwangcisa i-stylistic ezichazwe ngasentla, kuyafaneleka ukuba uqaphele isimbo sokuphawula. Ukuthetha ngokuthe ngqo, ikhowudi ekuxoxwa ngayo incinci kwaye ilula kangangokuba izimvo azibonakali ziyimfuneko. Nangona kunjalo, zongezwa ngenxa yezizathu zendlela-ikhowudi emfutshane ivumela ukuba senze izigqibo ngokubanzi ngokucacileyo ngakumbi. Kwikhowudi enikiweyo kubhengezwe udidi olunye (TtableDlg). Iindlela zale klasi zinokutshintshwa kwaye oku akuyi kuchaphazela ukusebenza kweprogram nangayiphi na indlela, kodwa kunokuchaphazela ukufundeka kwayo. Umzekelo, khawucinge ngolandelelwano:

OKBtnClick, Image1MouseMove, FormCreate, Image1Click, CancelBtnClick.

Isenokungabonakali kakhulu, kodwa kuya kuba nzima ngakumbi ukuyifunda nokuqonda. Ukuba akukho zintlanu, kodwa amashumi amaxesha ngaphezulu iindlela kwicandelo ukuqaliswa banomyalelo ohluke ngokupheleleyo kuneenkcazo zeklasi, ngoko isiphithiphithi siya kwanda kuphela. Ngoko ke, nangona kunzima ukubonakalisa ngokungqongqo kwaye kungenakwenzeka, umntu unokuthemba ukuba ukwazisa umyalelo ongezelelweyo kuya kuphucula ukufundeka kwekhowudi. Lo myalelo wongezelelweyo uququzelelwa liqela elinengqiqo leendlela ezininzi ezenza imisebenzi enxulumeneyo. Iqela ngalinye malinikwe isihloko, umzekelo:

// работа с таблицей: указание и выбор

Ezi zihloko kufuneka zikhutshelwe ekuqaleni kwemodyuli kwaye ifomathwa njengetheyibhile yemixholo. Kwezinye iimeko zeemodyuli ezinde kakhulu, iitheyibhile ezinjalo zemixholo zibonelela ngeendlela ezongezelelweyo zokukhangela. Ngokufanayo, kumzimba omde wendlela enye, inkqubo okanye umsebenzi, kufanelekile, okokuqala, ukuphawula ukuphela kwalo mzimba:

end; // FormCreate

kwaye, okwesibini, kwiingxelo ezinamasebe aneebrakethi zeprogram ziqala - ekupheleni, phawula intetho apho isibiyeli sokuvala sibhekisa kuso:

      end; // if s [j] in
   end; // for i :=1
end; // FormCreate

Ukuqaqambisa iiheader zeqela kunye neziphelo zeendlela zebhodi, unokongeza imigca emide kuneengxelo ezininzi kwaye iquka, umzekelo, amagama "=" kunye no-"_", ngokulandelelanayo.
Kwakhona, kufuneka senze ugcino: umzekelo wethu ulula kakhulu. Kwaye xa ikhowudi yendlela ingangeni kwisikrini esinye, kunokuba nzima ukuqonda isiphelo esithandathu esilandelelanayo ukwenza utshintsho lwekhowudi. Kwabanye abaqulunqi abadala, umzekelo, iPascal 8000 ye-OS IBM 360/370, ikholamu yenkonzo efana nale yaprintwa ngasekhohlo kuluhlu.

B5
…
E5

Oku kuthetha ukuba i-parenthesis yokuvala kumgca we-E5 ihambelana ne-parenthesis yokuvula kumgca we-B5.

Ewe kunjalo, isitayile senkqubo ngumba ophikisana kakhulu, ngoko ke izimvo ezichazwe apha kufuneka zithathwe njengento engaphaya kokutya kwengcinga. Kunokuba nzima kakhulu ukuba abadwelisi benkqubo ababini abanamava, abaye baphuhlisa kwaye baqhelana neendlela ezahlukeneyo kwiminyaka emininzi yomsebenzi, ukuba bafikelele kwisivumelwano. Ngumcimbi owahlukileyo kumfundi ofunda kwinkqubo ongekabinalo ixesha lokufumana esakhe isitayile. Ndicinga ukuba kule meko utitshala kufuneka ubuncinane adlulisele kubafundi bakhe ingcamango elula, kodwa engabonakaliyo kubo ukuba impumelelo yeprogram ixhomekeke kakhulu kwisimbo apho ikhowudi yomthombo wayo ibhalwe khona. Umfundi akanako ukulandela isimbo esicetyiswayo, kodwa makacinge ubuncinane malunga nesidingo sezenzo "ezongezelelweyo" zokuphucula uyilo lwekhowudi yomthombo.

Ukubuyela kwingxaki yethu esisiseko kwiThebhile yePeriodic: uphuhliso olongezelelweyo lunokuhamba ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Enye yezalathiso yereferensi: xa uhambisa isalathisi semouse phezu kweseli yetafile, iwindow yolwazi ivela iqulathe ulwazi olongezelelweyo kwinto ekhankanyiweyo. Uphuhliso olongezelelweyo zizihluzi. Ngokomzekelo, kuxhomekeke kufakelo, iwindow yolwazi iya kuqulatha kuphela: ulwazi olubalulekileyo lomzimba kunye neekhemikhali, ulwazi malunga nembali yokufumanisa, ulwazi malunga nokusabalalisa kwindalo, uluhlu lwezona zinto zibalulekileyo (ezibandakanya le nto) Iipropati ze-physiological, igama ngolwimi lwasemzini, njl.e. Ukukhumbula "idada" likaKaverin eliqala ngalo eli nqaku, sinokuthi ngolu phuhliso lwenkqubo siya kufumana uqeqesho olupheleleyo kwisayensi yendalo: ukongeza kwikhompyuter. isayensi, i-physics kunye nekhemistri - i-biology, ijografi yezoqoqosho, imbali yesayensi kunye neelwimi zangaphandle.

Kodwa i-database yendawo ayikho umda. Inkqubo ngokwemvelo iqhagamshela kwi-Intanethi. Xa ukhetha into ethile, ikhonkco liyavulwa, kwaye inqaku leWikipedia malunga nale elementi livulwa kwifestile yebhrawuza yewebhu. I-Wikipedia, njengoko uyazi, ayingomthombo ogunyazisiweyo. Unokuseta izixhumanisi kwimithombo egunyazisiweyo, umzekelo, i-encyclopedia yeekhemikhali, i-TSB, iijenali ezingabonakaliyo, i-odolo yemibuzo kwiinjini zokukhangela le nto, njl. Oko. Abafundi baya kuba nako ukugqiba izabelo ezilula kodwa ezinentsingiselo kwi-DBMS nakwizihloko ze-Intanethi.

Ukongeza kwimibuzo kwinto nganye, unokwenza umsebenzi oya kuthi, umzekelo, uphawule iiseli kwitheyibhile ezihlangabezana nemilinganiselo ethile enemibala eyahlukeneyo. Ngokomzekelo, isinyithi kunye ne-non-metals. Okanye iiseli ezilahlwa kwimizila yamanzi ngesityalo sekhemikhali sasekuhlaleni.

Unokwenza imisebenzi yomququzeleli weencwadana. Umzekelo, qaqambisa kwitheyibhile izinto ezibandakanyiweyo kuviwo. Emva koko ugxininise imiba efundiweyo/ephindwe ngumfundi ekulungiseleleni uviwo.

Kwaye apha, umzekelo, yenye yeengxaki eziqhelekileyo zekhemistri yesikolo:

Unikwe i-10 g yetshokhwe. Ingakanani i-hydrochloric acid ekufuneka ithathwe ukunyibilikisa yonke le tshokhwe?

Ukusombulula le ngxaki, kuyimfuneko ukubhala phantsi ikhemikhali. ukuphendula kunye nokubeka i-coefficients kuyo, ubale ubunzima be-molecular of calcium carbonate kunye ne-hydrogen chloride, emva koko uqulunqe kwaye usombulule umlinganiselo. Ikhaltyhuleyitha esekelwe kwinkqubo yethu esisiseko inokubala kwaye isombulule. Enyanisweni, kuya kufuneka uthathele ingqalelo ukuba i-asidi kufuneka ithathwe ngokugqithisileyo kunye noxinzelelo olufanelekileyo, kodwa le yikhemistri, kungekhona isayensi yekhompyutha.
IsiHlomelo 1: Sisebenza Njani Isibali seKhemistriMakhe sihlalutye ukusebenza kwekhaltyhuleyitha sisebenzisa umzekelo wengxaki engentla yetshokhwe kunye ne "hodgepodge". Masiqale ngempendulo:

CaCO3 + 2HCl = CaCl2 + H2O

Kule nto sibona ukuba siya kufuna ubunzima be-athomu yezi zinto zilandelayo: i-calcium (Ca), i-carbon (C), i-oksijini (O), i-hydrogen (H) kunye ne-chlorine (Cl). Kweyona meko ilula, sinokubhala obu bunzima kuluhlu olune-dimensional enye echazwe njenge

AtomicMass : array [1..size] of real;

apho isalathisi soluhlu sihambelana nenani lesiqalelo. Okunye kwisithuba esikhululekileyo sefom itheyibhileDlg ubeke amasimi amabini. Kwintsimi yokuqala kubhaliwe kwathiwa: "I-reagent yokuqala inikwe", okwesibini - "I-reagent yesibini kukufumana x". Makhe sichaze amasimi ireagent1, ireagent2 ngokulandelelanayo. Ezinye izongezo kwiprogram ziya kucaca kulo mzekelo ulandelayo wekhaltyhuleyitha.

Sichwetheza kwikhibhodi yekhompyutheni: 10 g. Umbhalo kwintsimi ireagent1 utshintsho: "I-reagent yokuqala inikwe i-10 g." Ngoku sifaka ifomula yale reagent, kwaye i-calculator iya kubala kwaye ibonise ubunzima bayo bemolekyuli njengoko uyifaka.

Cofa i-LMB kwiseli yetafile enophawu lwe-Ca. Umbhalo endle ireagent1 utshintsho: "I-reagent yokuqala Ca 40.078 inikwe i-10 g."

Cofa i-LMB kwiseli yetafile enophawu C. Umbhalo osentsimini ireagent1 utshintsho: "I-reagent yokuqala ye-CaC 52.089 inikwe i-10 g." Ezo. Ikhaltyhuleyitha yongeze ubunzima beathom yekhalsiyam kunye nekhabhoni.

Cofa i-LMB kwiseli yetafile enophawu O. Umbhalo osentsimini ireagent1 utshintsho: "Reagent yokuqala CaCO 68.088 inikwe 10 g." Isibali-manani songeze ubunzima beathom yeoksijini kwisamba.

Cofa i-LMB kwiseli yetafile enophawu O. Umbhalo osentsimini ireagent1 utshintsho: "I-reagent yokuqala i-CaCO2 84.087 inikwe i-10 g." Ikhaltyhuleyitha kwakhona yongeza ubunzima beathom yeoksijini kwisamba.

Cofa i-LMB kwiseli yetafile enophawu O. Umbhalo osentsimini ireagent1 utshintsho: "I-reagent yokuqala i-CaCO3 100.086 inikwe i-10 g." Ikhaltyhuleyitha kwakhona yongeza ubunzima beathom yeoksijini kwisamba.

Cofa u-Enter kwikhibhodi yekhompyuter yakho. Ukwaziswa kwe-reagent yokuqala kugqityiwe kwaye kutshintshelwe kwintsimi ireagent2. Qaphela ukuba kulo mzekelo sinika inguqulelo encinci. Ukuba unqwenela, unokwenza lula ukuphindaphinda ii-athomu zohlobo olufanayo, ukuze, umzekelo, ungacofa kasixhenxe ngokulandelelana kwiseli ye-oxygen xa ufaka i-chromium formula (K2Cr2O7).

Cofa i-LMB kwiseli yetafile enophawu H. Umbhalo osentsimini ireagent2 utshintsho: "I-reagent yesibini ye-H 1.008 fumana i-x."

Cofa i-LMB kwiseli yetafile enophawu lwe-Cl. Umbhalo endle ireagent2 utshintsho: "Isixhobo esisebenzayo sesibini iHCl 36.458 fumana x." Ikhaltyhuleyitha yongeze ubunzima beathom yehydrogen kunye neklorini. Kwinxaki yokusabela engentla, ihydrogen chloride yandulelwa ngumlingani we-2. Ngoko ke, cofa i-LMB ebaleni. ireagent2. Ubunzima be-molecular buphindwe kabini (kathathu xa ucinezelwe kabini, njl.). Umbhalo endle ireagent2 utshintsho: "Isixhobo esisebenzayo sesibini 2HCl 72.916 fumana x."

Cofa u-Enter kwikhibhodi yekhompyuter yakho. Ungeno lwe-reagent yesibini lugqityiwe, kwaye isibali sifumana x ukusuka kumlinganiselo

Nantso into ebesiyidinga.

Qaphela 1. Intsingiselo yomlinganiselo wesiphumo: ukupheliswa 100.086 Da itshokhwe ifuna 72.916 Da acid, kwaye ukunyibilika 10 g yetshokhwe kufuneka x acid.

Qaphela 2. Ingqokelela yeengxaki ezifanayo:

Khomchenko I. G., Ukuqokelelwa kweengxaki kunye nokuzivocavoca kwi-chemistry 2009 (amabanga 8-11).
Khomchenko G. P., Khomchenko I. G., Ukuqokelelwa kweengxaki kwi-chemistry kubafaki-zicelo kwiiyunivesithi, i-2019.

Qaphela 3. Ukwenza lula umsebenzi, unokwenza lula ukungena kwefomula kwinguqulo yokuqala kwaye udibanise nje isimboli sento ekupheleni komgca wefomula. Emva koko ifomula ye-calcium carbonate iya kuba:
CaCOOO
Kodwa utitshala wekhemistri akunakwenzeka ukuba athande ukurekhoda okunjalo. Akukho nzima ukwenza ungeno oluchanekileyo - ukwenza oku kufuneka udibanise uluhlu:

formula : array [1..size] of integer;

apho isalathiso linani lekhemikhali, kwaye ixabiso kwesi salathiso linani le-athomu (ekuqaleni zonke iziqalelo zoluhlu zisetwe kwakhona ku-zero). Umyalelo apho ii-athomu zibhalwa kwifomula, njengoko yamkelwe kwikhemistri, kufuneka ithathelwe ingqalelo. Umzekelo, bambalwa abantu abaya kuyithanda i-O3CaC nokuba. Masitshintshe uxanduva kumsebenzisi. Ukwenza uluhlu:

 formulaOrder : array [1..size] of integer; // можно взять покороче

apho sibhala phantsi inani lekhemikhali ngokwesalathiso sokubonakala kwayo kwifomula. Ukongeza iathomu icurrNo kwifomula:

if formula [currNo]=0 then //этот атом встретился первый раз
 begin
 orderIndex := orderIndex+1;//в начале ввода формулы orderIndex=0
 formulaOrder [orderIndex] :=  currNo;
 end;
formula [currNo]:=formula [currNo]+1;

Ukubhala ifomula kumgca:

s := ''; // пустая строка для формулы
for i:=1 to  orderIndex do // для всех хим.символов в формуле 
 begin
 s:=s+TableSymbols [ formulaOrder[i]];// добавляем хим.символ
 if formula [formulaOrder[i]]<>1 then //добавляем кол-во атомов
  s:=s+ intToStr(formula [formulaOrder[i]]);
 end;

Qaphela 4. Iyavakala ukubonelela ngesakhono sokungena ngenye indlela kwifomula yereagent esuka kwibhodi yezitshixo. Kule meko, kuya kufuneka uphumeze isahluli esilula.

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba:

Namhlanje, kukho amakhulu eenguqulelo zetafile, kwaye izazinzulu zihlala zibonelela ngeendlela ezintsha. (Wikipedia)

Abafundi banokubonisa ubukrelekrele babo kweli cala ngokuphumeza enye yeendlela esele zicetyiwe okanye bazame ukwenza eyabo yokuqala. Kusenokubonakala ngathi lo lolona khokelo luncinci kwizifundo zesayensi yekhompyuter. Nangona kunjalo, ngohlobo lweTheyibhile yePeriodic ephunyeziweyo kweli nqaku, abanye abafundi banokungaziboni iingenelo ezithile zamakhadi okulawula ngaphezulu kwesinye isisombululo usebenzisa amaqhosha aqhelekileyo. Iqhosha. Imilo ejikelezayo yetafile (apho iiseli zinemilo eyahlukileyo) iya kubonisa ngokucacileyo uncedo lwesisombululo esicetywayo apha.

(Enye inkqubo yezinto nguTheodore Benfey, Umthombo)

Masiphinde songeze ukuba inani leenkqubo zekhompyuter ezikhoyo ngoku kwiTheyibhile yePeriodic zichazwe kutsha nje kupapashwa kwiHabré. nqaku.

Isihlomelo 2: imizekelo yemisebenzi yezihluziUsebenzisa izihluzi unokusombulula, umzekelo, le misebenzi ilandelayo:

1) Khetha kwitheyibhile zonke izinto ezaziwa kumaXesha Aphakathi.

2) Chonga zonke izinto ezaziwa ngexesha lokufunyanwa koMthetho wePeriodic.

3) Chonga izinto ezisixhenxe ii-alchemists eziqwalasela isinyithi.

4) Khetha zonke izinto ezikwimeko yegesi phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo (n.s.).

5) Khetha zonke izinto ezikwimo yolwelo kwinombolo.

6) Khetha zonke izinto ezikwimo eqinileyo kwinombolo.

7) Khetha zonke izinto ezinokuvezwa emoyeni ixesha elide ngaphandle kotshintsho olubonakalayo kwiimeko eziqhelekileyo.

8) Khetha zonke isinyithi ezinyibilikayo kwi-hydrochloric acid.

9) Khetha zonke isinyithi ezinyibilikayo kwi-asidi ye-sulfuric kwi-no.

10) Khetha zonke isinyithi ezinyibilikayo kwi-asidi ye-sulfuric xa ishushu.

11) Khetha zonke iintsimbi ezinyibilikayo kwi-nitric acid.

12) Zihlukanise zonke iintsimbi ezisabela ngobundlobongela ngamanzi kwiimeko ezingqongileyo.

13) Khetha zonke iintsimbi.

14) Chonga izinto ezixhaphakileyo kwindalo.

15) Chonga izinto ezifumaneka kwindalo kwindawo ekhululekileyo.

16) Chonga izinto ezidlala indima ebalulekileyo kumzimba womntu kunye nesilwanyana.

17) Khetha izinto ezisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kubomi bemihla ngemihla (kwifomu yasimahla okanye ngokudibeneyo).

18) Chonga izinto eziyingozi kakhulu ukusebenza kunye kwaye zifuna amanyathelo akhethekileyo kunye nezixhobo zokukhusela.

I-19) Chonga izinto ezinokuthi, kwifomu yamahhala okanye ngendlela yokudibanisa, zibeka ingozi enkulu kwindalo.

20) Khetha iintsimbi ezixabisekileyo.

21) Chonga izinto ezibiza kakhulu kunezinyithi ezixabisekileyo.

Amanqaku

1) Kunengqiqo ukubonelela ngezihluzo ezininzi. Umzekelo, ukuba uvula icebo lokucoca ukusombulula ingxaki 1 (zonke izinto ezaziwa kumaXesha Aphakathi) kunye nama-20 (iintsimbi ezixabisekileyo), ngoko iiseli ezineentsimbi ezixabisekileyo ezaziwa kumaXesha Aphakathi ziya kubalaseliswa (umzekelo, ngombala) ( umzekelo, i-palladium ayiyi kugqanyiswa, ivulwe ngo-1803).

2) Kunengqiqo ukuqinisekisa ukuba izihluzi ezininzi zisebenza kwimo enokuthi ihluzo ngalinye likhethe iiseli ezinombala walo, kodwa alisusi ngokupheleleyo ukhetho lolunye ukucoca (inxalenye yeseli kumbala omnye, inxalenye kwenye). Ke, kwimeko yomzekelo wangaphambili, izinto zokudityaniswa kweeseti ezifunyenwe kumaXesha Aphakathi kunye neentsimbi ezixabisekileyo, kunye nezinto ezizezokuqala kunye neyesibini kuphela, ziya kubonakala. Ezo. iintsimbi ezixabisekileyo ezazingaziwa kumaXesha Aphakathi, kunye nezinto ezaziwa kumaXesha Aphakathi kodwa hayi isinyithi esixabisekileyo.

3) Kunengqiqo emva kokusebenzisa isihluzo ukuqinisekisa ukuba kunokwenzeka omnye umsebenzi kunye neziphumo ezifunyenweyo. Umzekelo, ukuba nezinto ezikhethiweyo ezaziwa kumaXesha Aphakathi, umsebenzisi ucofa i-LMB kwinto ekhethiweyo kwaye asiwe kwinqaku le-Wikipedia malunga nale nto.

4) Kunengqiqo ukunika umsebenzisi amandla okuyeka ukukhetha ngokucofa i-LMB kwiseli yetafile ekhethiweyo. Umzekelo, ukususa izinto esele zijongwe.

5) Kunengqiqo ukuqinisekisa ukuba uluhlu lweeseli ezikhethiweyo zigcinwe kwifayile kwaye loo fayile ilayishwe ngokukhetha okuzenzekelayo kweeseli. Oku kuya kunika umsebenzisi ithuba lokuthatha ikhefu emsebenzini.

Sisebenzise imephu yolawulo engatshintshiyo, emiselwe kwangaphambili, kodwa kukho imisebenzi emininzi ebalulekileyo apho iimephu zolawulo eziguquguqukayo eziguqukayo njengoko inkqubo iqhuba ingasetyenziswa. Umzekelo unokuba ngumhleli wegrafu, apho umsebenzisi asebenzisa imouse ukubonisa iindawo ezime nkqo kwifestile kunye nokuzoba imiphetho phakathi kwazo. Ukucima i-vertex okanye i-edge, umsebenzisi kufuneka akhombe kuyo. Kodwa ukuba kulula kakhulu ukukhomba i-vertex ephawulwe ngesangqa, kuya kuba nzima ngakumbi ukukhomba kwincam ezotywe ngomgca obhityileyo. Imephu yolawulo iya kunceda apha, apho ii-vertices kunye nemiphetho zihlala kwindawo ezibanzi kunomfanekiso obonakalayo.

Umbuzo wecala onomdla onxulumene nale ndlela yoqeqesho olunzima kukuba: ngaba le ndlela ingaba luncedo ekuqeqesheni i-AI?

umthombo: www.habr.com