Usuku oluhle lweCosmonautics! Sayithumela kwindlu yoshicilelo . Kwakuye kule mihla apho izazi ngeenkwenkwezi zabonisa ihlabathi lonke ukuba imingxunya emnyama ibonakala njani. Ngebhaqo? Asicingi njalo 😉 Ke, linda, kungekudala iza kuvela incwadi emangalisayo, ebhalwe nguSteven Gabser kunye noFrance Pretorius, eguqulelwe sisazi ngeenkwenkwezi sasePulkovo aka Astrodedus Kirill Maslennikov, ehlelwe ngokwesayensi yintsomi uVladimir Surdin kwaye ixhaswa kukupapashwa kwayo. Trajectory Foundation.
Isicatshulwa "I-Thermodynamics yemingxuma emnyama" phantsi kokusikwa.
Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, siye saqwalasela imingxunya emnyama njengezinto ze-astrophysical ezenziwe ngexesha lokuqhuma kwe-supernova okanye zilele kumbindi wegalaksi. Siziqwalasela ngokungangqalanga ngokulinganisa isantya seenkwenkwezi ezikufutshane kuzo. Ukubhaqwa kwe-LIGO okudumileyo kwamaza omxhuzulane ngoSeptemba 14, 2015 yayingumzekelo wokuqatshelwa okuthe ngqo kokungqubana komngxuma omnyama. Izixhobo zemathematika esizisebenzisayo ukuze siqonde ngcono ubume bemingxunya emnyama zezi: ijiyometri eyahlukileyo, iiequations zika-Einstein, kunye neendlela ezinamandla zokuhlalutya namanani ezisetyenziswayo ukusombulula iiequations zika-Einstein nokuchaza ijometri yexesha lasemkhathini ethi ivele imingxunya emnyama. Kwaye ngokukhawuleza ukuba sinokunika inkcazo epheleleyo yobuninzi bexesha lesithuba esiveliswa ngumgodi omnyama, ukusuka kwindawo yokujonga i-astrophysical, isihloko semingxuma emnyama sinokuthathwa njengento evaliweyo. Ngokwembono ebanzi yethiyori, kusekho indawo enkulu yokuhlola. Injongo yesi sahluko kukugqamisa ukuqhubela phambili kwethiyori kwifiziksi ye-black hole yanamhlanje, apho izimvo ezivela kwi-thermodynamics kunye nethiyori ye-quantum zidityaniswe nokunxibelelana ngokubanzi ukunika iikhonsepthi ezintsha ezingalindelekanga. Ingcamango esisiseko kukuba imingxuma emnyama ayikho nje izinto zejometri. Banobushushu, baneentropy enkulu, kwaye banokubonisa ukubonakaliswa kwe-quantum entanglement. Iingxoxo zethu zemiba ye-thermodynamic kunye ne-quantum yefiziksi yemingxuma emnyama iya kuba ngamaqhekeza kwaye ingaphezulu kunohlalutyo lweempawu zejometri zexesha lesithuba kwimingxuma emnyama eboniswe kwizahluko ezidlulileyo. Kodwa ezi, kwaye ngokukodwa i-quantum, imiba iyinxalenye ebalulekileyo kwaye ibalulekileyo yophando oluqhubekayo lwethiyori kwimingxuma emnyama, kwaye siya kuzama kakhulu ukuhambisa, ukuba kungekhona iinkcukacha eziyinkimbinkimbi, ngoko ubuncinane umoya wale mi sebenzi.
Kwi-classical relativity jikelele - ukuba sithetha malunga nejiyometri ehlukeneyo yezisombululo kwii-equations zika-Einstein - imingxuma emnyama imnyama ngokwenene ngengqiqo yokuba akukho nto inokuphuma kuyo. UStephen Hawking wabonisa ukuba le meko itshintsha ngokupheleleyo xa sithatha iziphumo ze-quantum kwi-akhawunti: imingxuma emnyama ijika ikhupha i-radiation kwiqondo elithile lobushushu, elibizwa ngokuba yi-Hawking lokushisa. Kwimingxuma emnyama yobukhulu be-astrophysical (oko kukuthi, ukusuka kwi-stellar-mass ukuya kwimingxuma emnyama ephezulu), iqondo lobushushu le-Hawking alinamsebenzi xa lithelekiswa nobushushu bemvelaphi ye-cosmic microwave - i-radiation egcwalisa yonke i-Universe, leyo, ngendlela, inoku ngokwayo kuthathwa njengokwahluka kwemitha ye-Hawking. Izibalo zikaHawking zokufumanisa ubushushu bemingxuma emnyama yinxalenye yenkqubo yophando enkulu kwindawo ebizwa ngokuba yi-black hole thermodynamics. Enye inxalenye enkulu yale nkqubo kuphononongo lwe-entropy yomngxuma omnyama, olinganisa ubungakanani bolwazi olulahlekileyo ngaphakathi komngxuma omnyama. Izinto eziqhelekileyo (ezifana nemagi yamanzi, ibhloko ye-magnesium ecocekileyo, okanye inkwenkwezi) nayo ine-entropy, kwaye enye yeenkcazo eziphambili ze-thermodynamics ye-black hole kukuba umngxuma omnyama wobungakanani obunikiweyo une-entropy ngaphezu kwayo nayiphi na enye indlela. indawo enobungakanani obufanayo, kodwa ngaphandle kokwenziwa komngxuma omnyama.
Kodwa ngaphambi kokuba singene nzulu kwimiba ejikeleze i-Hawking radiation kunye ne-black hole entropy, masithathe indlela ekhawulezayo ukuya kumasimi e-quantum mechanics, thermodynamics, kunye nokubanjwa. I-Quantum mechanics yaphuhliswa kakhulu ngeminyaka yee-1920s, kwaye eyona njongo yayo yayikukuchaza amasuntswana amancinane kakhulu ezinto, ezifana neeathom. Ukuphuhliswa kwe-quantum mechanics kukhokelele kukhukuliseko lweengcamango ezisisiseko zefiziksi njengeyona ndawo ichanekileyo yesuntswana ngalinye: kwavela, umzekelo, ukuba indawo ye-electron njengoko ijikeleza i-nucleus ye-athomu ayinakuqinisekiswa ngokuchanekileyo. Endaweni yoko, ii-electron zabelwa ezibizwa ngokuba zii-orbits, apho iindawo zazo zokwenyani zinokumiselwa kuphela ngengqiqo enokwenzeka. Ngeenjongo zethu, nangona kunjalo, kubalulekile ukuba singahambi ngokukhawuleza kweli cala lezinto ezinokwenzeka. Makhe sithathe owona mzekelo ulula: iathom yehydrogen. Isenokuba kwimo ethile ye-quantum. Eyona meko ilula yeathom yehydrogen, ebizwa ngokuba yi-ground state, yimeko enawona mandla aphantsi, kwaye la mandla aziwa ngokuchanekileyo. Ngokubanzi, i-quantum mechanics ivumela thina (ngokomgaqo) ukuba sazi imeko yayo nayiphi na inkqubo ye-quantum ngokuchaneka ngokupheleleyo.
Okunokwenzeka kuyenzeka xa sibuza iintlobo ezithile zemibuzo malunga nenkqubo yomatshini we-quantum. Umzekelo, ukuba siqinisekile ukuba i-athomu ye-hydrogen ikwimeko yomhlaba, sinokubuza, "Iphi i-electron?" kwaye ngokwemithetho ye-quantum
oomatshini, siya kufumana kuphela uqikelelo lwamathuba alo mbuzo, malunga nento efana nale: “mhlawumbi i-electron ibekwe kumgama ofikelela kwisiqingatha se-angstrom ukusuka kwinucleus ye-athom ye-hydrogen” (i-angstrom enye ilingana no 
iimitha). Kodwa sinethuba, ngokusebenzisa inkqubo ethile yomzimba, ukufumana indawo ye-electron ngokuchanekileyo ngakumbi kune-angstrom enye. Le nkqubo iqhelekileyo kwifiziksi ibandakanya ukudubula ifoton yobude obufutshane kakhulu kwi-electron (okanye, njengoko iingcali zefiziksi zisitsho, ukusasaza ifoton nge-electron) -emva koko sinokwakha kwakhona indawo ye-electron ngexesha lokusasazeka nge-electron. ukuchaneka malunga nokulingana nobude befoton. Kodwa le nkqubo iya kutshintsha imeko ye-electron, ukwenzela ukuba emva koku ayisayi kuba kwindawo yomhlaba we-athomu ye-hydrogen kwaye ayiyi kuba namandla achazwe ngokuchanekileyo. Kodwa ixesha elithile indawo yayo iya kuba phantse ngokuchanekileyo (ngokuchaneka kwe-wavelength yefoton esetyenziselwa oku). Uqikelelo olwandulelayo lwendawo ye-electron lunokwenziwa kuphela kwingqiqo enokwenzeka ngokuchaneka malunga ne-angstrom enye, kodwa sakuba siyilinganisele siyazi kakuhle ukuba yintoni na. Ngamafutshane, ukuba silinganisa inkqubo ye-quantum mechanical ngandlela-thile, ngoko, ubuncinane kwingqiqo eqhelekileyo, "siyinyanzela" kwisimo esinexabiso elithile lobungakanani esilinganisa.
I-quantum mechanics ayisebenzi kwiinkqubo ezincinci kuphela, kodwa (siyakholelwa) kuzo zonke iinkqubo, kodwa kwiinkqubo ezinkulu i-quantum mechanical rules ikhawuleza ibe nzima kakhulu. Ingcinga ephambili yi-quantum entanglement, umzekelo olula wayo ngumbono we-spin. Ii-electrons zomntu ngamnye ziye zajikeleza, ngoko ke ekusebenzeni i-electron enye ingaba ne-spin eqondiswe phezulu okanye ezantsi malunga ne-axis yendawo ekhethiweyo. I-spin ye-electron lixabiso elibonakalayo ngenxa yokuba i-electron ivelisa intsimi yamagnetic ebuthathaka, efana nentsimi yebar magnetic. Emva koko ukujikeleza kuthetha ipali engasentla ye-electron yalathe ezantsi, kwaye ijikelezisa ezantsi ithetha ukuba ipali engasentla ikhomba phezulu. Ii-elektroni ezimbini zinokubekwa kwimeko ye-conjugated quantum, apho enye yazo ine-spin up kwaye enye ine-spin ezantsi, kodwa akunakwenzeka ukuxela ukuba yeyiphi i-electron enayo. Ngokwenyani, kumhlaba we-athom ye-helium, ii-electron ezimbini zikule meko kanye, ebizwa ngokuba yi-spin singlet, ekubeni i-spin iyonke yazo zombini ii-electron ingu-zero. Ukuba sahlula ezi electron ezimbini ngaphandle kokutshintsha ijikelezisa zabo, sisenokuthi ukuba spin singlets kunye, kodwa asikwazi ukuthetha ukuba yintoni spin enye kuzo bekuya kuba ngabanye. Ngoku, ukuba silinganisa enye yee-spins zabo kwaye siqinisekise ukuba ibhekiswe phezulu, siya kuqiniseka ngokupheleleyo ukuba eyesibini ijoliswe ezantsi. Kule meko, sithi i-spins ibambekile-ayinayo ngokwayo ixabiso eliqinisekileyo, ngelixa zidibene zikwimeko eqinisekileyo ye-quantum.
U-Einstein wayekhathazeke kakhulu malunga nesiganeko sokubanjwa: kwakubonakala kusongela imigaqo esisiseko yethiyori yobudlelwane. Makhe siqwalasele imeko yee-electron ezimbini kwimo ye-spin singlet, xa ziqelelene esithubeni. Ukuqinisekisa, vumela uAlice athathe omnye wabo aze uBob athathe omnye. Masithi u-Alice walinganisa ukujikeleza kwe-electron yakhe waza wafumanisa ukuba yayijoliswe phezulu, kodwa uBob akazange alinganise nantoni na. De uAlice enze umlinganiselo wakhe, kwakungenakwenzeka ukuxela ukuba yintoni na i-electron yakhe. Kodwa kamsinya nje akugqiba umlinganiselo wakhe, wayesazi ngokupheleleyo ukuba i-elektroni kaBob yayijongiswe ezantsi (kwicala elichasene ne-spin ye-electron yakhe). Ngaba oku kuthetha ukuba umlinganiselo wakhe wabeka ngoko nangoko i-electron kaBob kwindawo yokuphola? Inokwenzeka njani le nto ukuba ii-electron zohlulwe ngokwesithuba? U-Einstein kunye namaqabane akhe uNathan Rosen no-Boris Podolsky bavakalelwa kukuba ibali lokulinganisa iisistim ezibambeneyo lalinzulu kangangokuba lalisongela ubukho bobuchwephesha bequantum. I-Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Paradox (EPR) abayiqulunqileyo isebenzisa umfuniselo wengcinga efana nale sisandul’ ukuyichaza ukuze igqibe kwelokuba ubuxhakaxhaka be-quantum ayinakuba yinkcazelo epheleleyo yobunyani. Ngoku, ngokusekelwe kuphando olulandelayo lwethiyori kunye nemilinganiselo emininzi, ukuvumelana ngokubanzi kuye kwasekwa ukuba i-paradox ye-EPR iqulethe impazamo kwaye i-quantum theory ichanekile. I-Quantum mechanical entanglement yinyani: imilinganiselo yeenkqubo ezibophelelekileyo ziya kulungelelanisa nokuba iinkqubo zikude kakhulu ngexesha lesithuba.
Masibuyele kwimeko apho sibeka ii-electron ezimbini kwimo ye-spin singlet waza wabanika u-Alice no-Bob. Yintoni esinokuyixelela ngee-electron ngaphambi kokuba imilinganiselo yenziwe? Ukuba bobabini kunye bakwimeko ethile ye-quantum (spin-singlet). I-spin ye-electron ka-Alice inokwenzeka ngokulinganayo ukuba iqondiswe phezulu okanye ezantsi. Ngokuchaneke ngakumbi, imeko ye-quantum ye-electron yayo inokubakho ngokulinganayo enye (spin up) okanye enye (spin down). Ngoku kuthi ingqikelelo yamathuba ithatha intsingiselo enzulu kunangaphambili. Ngaphambili sijonge kwimo ethile quantum (imeko yomhlaba yeathom ye-hydrogen) kwaye wabona ukuba kukho imibuzo "engathandekiyo", enjengokuthi "Iphi i-electron?" - imibuzo apho iimpendulo zikhona kuphela ngengqiqo enokwenzeka. Ukuba besibuza imibuzo “elungileyo”, enjengokuthi “Yintoni amandla ale electron?”, besiya kufumana iimpendulo eziqinisekileyo. Ngoku, akukho mibuzo "elungileyo" esinokuyibuza malunga ne-electron ka-Alice engenazo iimpendulo ezixhomekeke kwi-electron kaBob. (Asithethi ngemibuzo yobudenge efana nale, "Ngaba i-electron ka-Alice ide ibe ne-spin?" - imibuzo enempendulo enye kuphela.) Ngoko ke, ukumisela iiparamitha zesiqingatha senkqubo ebanjwe, kuya kufuneka sisebenzise. ulwimi olunokwenzeka. Ukuqiniseka kuvela kuphela xa siqwalasela uxhulumaniso phakathi kwemibuzo uAlice noBob abangayibuza malunga nee-electron zabo.
Saqala ngamabomu ngenye yeendlela ezilula kakhulu ze-quantum mechanical system esizaziyo: inkqubo ye-spins yee-electron ezizimeleyo. Kukho ithemba lokuba iikhomputha zequantum ziya kwakhiwa ngokusekelwe kwiinkqubo ezilula ngolo hlobo. Inkqubo ye-spin yee-electron ngabanye okanye ezinye iinkqubo ezilinganayo ze-quantum ngoku zibizwa ngokuba yi-qubits (ifutshane "kwi-quantum bits"), igxininisa indima yabo kwiikhomputha ze-quantum, ezifana nendima edlalwa ngamasuntswana aqhelekileyo kwiikhomputha zedijithali.
Ngoku makhe sicinge ukuba sitshintshe i-electron nganye ngenkqubo ye-quantum enzima ngakumbi, kungekhona nje ezimbini, iindawo ze-quantum. Ngokomzekelo, banika uAlice noBob imivalo yemagnesium ecocekileyo. Ngaphambi kokuba u-Alice noBob bahambe ngeendlela zabo ezahlukeneyo, imivalo yabo inokunxibelelana, kwaye siyavuma ukuba ngokwenza oko bafumana imeko ethile eqhelekileyo ye-quantum. Nje ukuba uAlice noBob bahlukane, imivalo yabo yemagnesium iyayeka ukusebenzisana. Njengoko kwimeko yee-electron, ibha nganye ikwimeko ye-quantum engapheliyo, nangona kunye, njengoko sikholelwa, zenza isimo esichazwe kakuhle. (Kule ngxoxo, sicinga ukuba u-Alice noBob bayakwazi ukuhambisa imivalo ye-magnesium ngaphandle kokuphazamisa imeko yabo yangaphakathi nangayiphi na indlela, kanye njengoko sasicingela ngaphambili ukuba u-Alice no-Bob banokuzahlula ii-electron zabo ezifakelwe ngaphandle kokutshintsha i-spins zabo.) Kodwa kukho Umahluko Umahluko phakathi kolu vavanyo lokucinga kunye novavanyo lwe-electron kukuba ukungaqiniseki kwimeko ye-quantum yebha nganye kukhulu kakhulu. Ibar inokufumana uninzi lwamazwe e-quantum kunenani le-athomu kwiNdalo yonke. Kulapho i-thermodynamics ingena khona. Iinkqubo ezingachazwanga kakhulu zisenokuba neempawu ezichazwe kakuhle zemacroscopic. Uphawu olunjalo, umzekelo, ubushushu. Iqondo lobushushu ngumlinganiselo wokuba kunokwenzeka kangakanani na ukuba nayiphi na inxalenye yesixokelelwano ibe nomndilili wamandla, namaqondo obushushu aphezulu ahambelana nokuba nokwenzeka okukhulu kokuba namandla amakhulu. Enye iparameter ye-thermodynamic yi-entropy, elingana nelogarithm yenani lamazwe inkqubo enokuthi icinge. Olunye uphawu lwe-thermodynamic olunokubaluleka kwibar ye-magnesium kukuzibuthe kwayo ngomnatha, eyona nto iyiparamitha ebonisa ukuba zininzi kangakanani ii-electron ezijikelezayo kwibar kunee-electron ezijikelezayo.
Sizise i-thermodynamics kwibali lethu njengendlela yokuchaza iinkqubo ezine-quantum state ezingaziwa ngokuchanekileyo ngenxa yokuzibandakanya kwazo nezinye iinkqubo. I-Thermodynamics sisixhobo esinamandla sokuhlalutya iinkqubo ezinjalo, kodwa abadali bayo abazange babe nombono wokusetyenziswa kwayo ngale ndlela. USadi Carnot, uJames Joule, uRudolf Clausius babengabantu benkulungwane ye-XNUMX yenguqu kwezoshishino, kwaye babenomdla kweyona mibuzo isebenzayo: zisebenza njani iinjini? Uxinzelelo, umthamo, ubushushu kunye nobushushu yinyama kunye negazi leenjini. UCarnot wamisela ukuba amandla akwimo yobushushu akanakuze aguqulwe ngokupheleleyo abe ngumsebenzi oluncedo njengokuphakamisa imithwalo. Amanye amandla aya kuhlala echithwa. UClausius wenze igalelo elikhulu ekudaleni umbono we-entropy njengesixhobo sendalo yonke sokumisela ilahleko yamandla ngexesha layo nayiphi na inkqubo ebandakanya ubushushu. Impumelelo yakhe ephambili yaba kukuqonda ukuba i-entropy ayinciphisi - phantse kuzo zonke iinkqubo iyanda. Iinkqubo apho ukwanda kwe-entropy kubizwa ngokuba yi-inreversible, ngokuchanekileyo ngenxa yokuba azikwazi ukuguqulwa ngaphandle kokuncipha kwe-entropy. Inyathelo elilandelayo ekuphuhliseni i-statistical mechanics lithathwe nguClausius, uMaxwell noLudwig Boltzmann (phakathi kwabanye abaninzi) - babonisa ukuba i-entropy ngumlinganiselo wokuphazamiseka. Ngesiqhelo, okukhona usenza into ethile, kokukhona udala ukuphazamiseka. Kwaye nokuba uyila inkqubo enenjongo yokubuyisela ulungelelwaniso, ngokuqinisekileyo iya kudala i-entropy eninzi kunokuba iya kutshatyalaliswa-umzekelo, ngokukhulula ukushisa. I-crane ebeka iintsimbi zetsimbi ngokulandelelana ngokugqibeleleyo idala ukucwangciswa ngokucwangciswa kweeplanga, kodwa ngexesha lokusebenza kwayo ivelisa ubushushu obuninzi kangangokuba i-entropy iyonke iyanda.
Kodwa nangona kunjalo, umahluko phakathi kwembono ye-thermodynamics yeefiziksi zekhulu le-XNUMX kunye nembono ehambelana nokubanjwa kwe-quantum ayinkulu njengoko ibonakala. Ngalo lonke ixesha inkqubo inxibelelana nearhente yangaphandle, imeko yayo ye-quantum iba sengozini ye-agent ye-quantum state. Ngokuqhelekileyo, oku kudibanisa kukhokelela ekunyuseni kokungaqiniseki kwemeko ye-quantum yenkqubo, ngamanye amazwi, ukunyuka kwenani le-quantum ithi inkqubo ingaba khona. Njengomphumo wokusebenzisana nezinye iinkqubo, i-entropy, echazwe ngokwenani lee-quantum ithi ezikhoyo kwinkqubo, ngokuqhelekileyo iyanda.
Ngokubanzi, i-quantum mechanics ibonelela ngendlela entsha yokubonakalisa iinkqubo zomzimba apho ezinye iiparameters (ezifana nesikhundla kwindawo) zingaqinisekanga, kodwa ezinye (njengamandla) zihlala ziyaziwa ngokuqinisekileyo. Kwimeko ye-quantum entanglement, iindawo ezimbini ezihlukeneyo zenkqubo zinesimo esiqhelekileyo se-quantum, kwaye inxalenye nganye ngokwahlukeneyo inesimo esingaqinisekanga. Umzekelo oqhelekileyo wokuphonswa yi-spins kwi-singlelt state, apho kungenakwenzeka ukuxelela ukuba yeyiphi i-spin ephezulu kwaye iphantsi. Ukungaqiniseki kobume be-quantum kwinkqubo enkulu kufuna indlela ye-thermodynamic apho iiparamitha ze-macroscopic ezifana nobushushu kunye ne-entropy zaziwa ngokuchaneka okukhulu, nangona inkqubo inamazwe amaninzi anokubakho kwi-microscopic quantum.
Emva kokugqiba uhambo lwethu olufutshane kwiinkalo ze-quantum mechanics, entanglement kunye ne-thermodynamics, ngoku makhe sizame ukuqonda ukuba konke oku kukhokelela njani ekuqondeni ukuba imingxuma emnyama inobushushu. Inyathelo lokuqala elibhekiselele koku lenziwa nguBill Unruh - wabonisa ukuba umkhangeli okhawulezayo kwindawo ethe tyaba uya kuba nobushushu obulingana nokukhawuleza kwakhe okwahlulwe ngo-2π. Isitshixo kwizibalo ze-Unruh kukuba umkhi-mkhiqizi ohamba kunye nokukhawuleza rhoqo kwicala elithile unokubona kuphela isiqingatha sexesha elisicaba. Isiqingatha sesibini sisemva kwe-horizon efana naleyo yomngxuma omnyama. Ekuqaleni kubonakala kungenakwenzeka: ingaba ixesha elithe tyaba lesithuba esisemajukujukwini lingaziphatha njani njengombono womngxuma omnyama? Ukuze siqonde ukuba oku kwenzeka njani, masitsalele uncedo kwabakhi-mkhanya abathembekileyo uAlice, uBob noBill. Ngokwesicelo sethu, bafola, kunye no-Alice phakathi kukaBob noBill, kwaye umgama phakathi kwabakhi-mkhanyo kwisibini ngasinye ziikhilomitha ezi-6 ngqo. Savumelana ukuba ngexesha u-Alice uza kutsibela kwirokethi aze abhabhe esiya kuBhili (kwaye ke emke kuBob) ngokukhawulezisa rhoqo. Irokethi yayo ilunge kakhulu, ikwazi ukuphuhlisa isantya esiphindwe nge-1,5 yetriliyoni enkulu kunomxhuzulane wesantya apho izinto zihamba kufutshane nomphezulu woMhlaba. Ngokuqinisekileyo, akulula ku-Alice ukujamelana nokukhawuleza okunjalo, kodwa, njengoko siza kubona ngoku, la manani akhethwe ngenjongo; ekupheleni kosuku, sixoxa nje ngamathuba anokubakho, kuphelele apho. Kanye ngalo mzuzu xa u-Alice etsibela kwirokethi yakhe, uBob kunye noBill baya kuye. (Sinelungelo lokusebenzisa ibinzana elithi “kanye kanye ngalo mzuzu xa ...", kuba ngelixa u-Alice engekaqalisi ukubhabha, ukwisakhelo sereferensi esifana noBob noBill, ukuze bonke badibanise iiwotshi zabo. .) Ukuzalisa u-Alice, ngokuqinisekileyo, ubona uBill kuye: nangona kunjalo, ekubeni kwi-rocket, uya kumbona kwangaphambili kunokuba oku kwenzekayo ukuba wayehlala apho wayekhona, kuba i-rocket yakhe kunye naye indiza ngokuchanekileyo kuye. Ngokuchaseneyo noko, uyamnka kuBob, ngoko sinokucinga ngokusengqiqweni ukuba uya kumbona ewangawangisa kuye kancinane kunokuba wayenokubona ukuba wayehleli kwindawo enye. Kodwa inyani iyamangalisa nangakumbi: akazukumbona kwaphela uBob! Ngamanye amazwi, iifotoni ezibhabha zisuka kwisandla sikaBob esiwangawangisayo ukuya ku-Alice azinakuze zimfumane, nokuba akanakuze akwazi ukufikelela kwisantya sokukhanya. Ukuba uBob wayeqalise ukuwangawangisa, esondele kancinci ku-Alice, ngoko ke iifotoni ezabhabha kuye ngexesha lokuhamba kwakhe ngezazimfumene, kwaye ukuba wayekude kancinane, ngebengamfumananga. Kungale ngqiqo sithi uAlice ubona kuphela isiqingatha sexesha lasemajukujukwini. Okwangoku xa u-Alice eqala ukuhamba, uBob uthe qelele kancinane kunombono ka-Alice.
Kwingxoxo yethu ye-quantum entanglement, siye saqhelana nengcamango yokuba nangona inkqubo ye-quantum mechanical iyonke inomlinganiselo othile we-quantum state, ezinye iindawo zayo zingenakho. Enyanisweni, xa sixoxa ngenkqubo ye-quantum eyinkimbinkimbi, enye inxalenye yayo inokubonakaliswa ngokufanelekileyo ngokuchanekileyo ngokwe-thermodynamics: inokunikwa ubushushu obuchazwe kakuhle, nangona imeko ye-quantum engaqinisekanga kakhulu yenkqubo yonke. Ibali lethu lokugqibela elibandakanya u-Alice, uBob kunye noBill lifana nale meko, kodwa inkqubo ye-quantum esithetha ngayo apha lixesha elingenanto, kwaye u-Alice ubona isiqingatha sayo kuphela. Masenze ugcino ukuba ixesha lendawo lilonke likwimeko yalo yomhlaba, okuthetha ukuba akukho masuntswana kuwo (kakade, singabali uAlice, uBob, uBill kunye nerokethi). Kodwa inxalenye yesithuba sexesha abonwa nguAlice ayizukuba kwindawo esemhlabeni, kodwa ikwimeko ebambene nenxalenye yayo angayiboniyo. Ixesha lesithuba esibonwa ngu-Alice sikwimeko entsonkothileyo, engaqinisekanga ye-quantum ebonakaliswa ngubushushu obunqamlekileyo. Ubalo lwe-Unruh lubonisa ukuba lo bushushu bumalunga nama-nanokelvins angama-60. Ngamafutshane, njengoko u-Alice ekhawuleza, ubonakala entywiliselwa kwibhafu efudumeleyo yemitha yobushushu obulinganayo (kwiiyunithi ezifanelekileyo) ukuya kwisantya esahlulwe
Irayisi. 7.1. UAlice uhamba ngesantya sokuphumla, ngelixa uBob noBill bahlala bengashukumi. Ukukhawuleza kuka-Alice kufana nje nelokuba akanakuze azibone iifotoni uBob azithumela ngendlela yakhe ku-t = 0. Nangona kunjalo, ufumana iifotoni uBill amthumelele zona ku-t = 0. Isiphumo kukuba u-Alice uyakwazi ukujonga isiqingatha sexesha lasemajukujukwini.
Into engaqhelekanga malunga nokubala kuka-Unruh kukuba nangona bebhekisela ukususela ekuqaleni ukuya ekupheleni ukuya kwindawo engenanto, bayaphikisana namazwi adumile kaKumkani uLear, "akukho nto ayiphumi nto." Inokuba nzima njani indawo engenanto? Anokuvela phi amasuntswana? Inyani kukuba ngokwethiyori ye-quantum, indawo engenanto ayinanto kwaphela. Kuyo, apha naphaya, i-excitations ehlala ixesha elifutshane ibonakala rhoqo kwaye iyanyamalala, ebizwa ngokuba ngamasuntswana abonakalayo, amandla anokuba yinto entle kunye nembi. Umntu obukeleyo osuka kude—masimbize ngokuba nguCarol—okwaziyo ukubona phantse yonke indawo engenanto unokuqinisekisa ukuba akukho masuntswana ahlala ixesha elide kuyo. Ngaphezu koko, ubukho bamasuntswana anamandla afanelekileyo kuloo nxalenye yesithuba-ixesha u-Alice anokubona, ngenxa ye-quantum entanglement, inxulunyaniswa ne-excitations yophawu olulinganayo kunye nolwahlukileyo lwamandla kwindawo yesithuba-ixesha elingenakubonwa ngu-Alice. Inyaniso yonke malunga nexesha elingenanto lilonke lityhilwa kuCarol, kwaye loo nyaniso kukuba akukho masuntswana apho. Noko ke, amava kaAlice amxelela ukuba la masuntswana akhoyo!
Kodwa ke kuvela ukuba iqondo lobushushu elibalwe ngu-Unruh libonakala liyintsomi nje - ayisiyiyo ipropathi yendawo ethe tyaba njengaleyo, kodwa ipropathi yombukeli ofumana ukukhawulezisa rhoqo kwindawo ecaba. Nangona kunjalo, umxhuzulane ngokwawo ukwangamandla “entsomi” afanayo ngengqiqo yokuba “ukukhawuleza” okubangelwayo akuyonto ingaphaya kokuhamba ecaleni kwe-geodesic kwimetric egobileyo. Njengoko sichazile kwiSahluko 2, umgaqo kaEinstein wokulingana uthi isantya nomxhuzulane ngokusisiseko ziyafana. Ukusuka kulo mbono, akukho nto eyothusayo malunga ne-horizon yomngxuma omnyama oneqondo lobushushu elilingana ne-Unruh yokubala ubushushu bombukeli okhawulezayo. Kodwa, makhe sibuze, liliphi ixabiso lokunyusa isantya esifanele silisebenzise ukufumanisa iqondo lobushushu? Ngokuhambela kude ngokwaneleyo kumngxuma omnyama, sinokwenza umtsalane wayo womxhuzulane ube buthathaka njengoko sithanda. Ngaba oku kuthetha ukuba ukufumanisa ubushushu obusebenzayo bomngxuma omnyama esiwulinganisayo, kufuneka sisebenzise ixabiso elincinane elilinganayo lokunyusa isantya? Lo mbuzo ujika ube mhle kakhulu, kuba, njengoko sikholelwa, ubushushu bento abunakuhla ngokungenasizathu. Kucingelwa ukuba inexabiso elithile elimiselweyo elinomda elinokulinganiswa nangomntu obukeleyo ukude kakhulu.
umthombo: www.habr.com