I-Epigraph:
Kudala-dala, iHedgehog neLittle Bear zazidibana ehlathini.
- Molo, Hedgehog!
- Molo, iBhere elincinci!
Ke, igama negama, isiqhulo ngokuqhula, iHedgehog yabethwa ebusweni liBhere elincinane...
Ngezantsi ingxoxo evela kwinkokeli yeqela lethu, kunye noMlawuli woPhuhliso lweMveliso ye-RAS u-Igor Marnat, malunga neenkcukacha zeengxabano zomsebenzi kunye neendlela ezinokwenzeka zokulawula.
Uninzi lweengxabano esidibana nazo emsebenzini zikhula ngokwemeko efana nale ichazwe kwi-epigraph engentla. Kukho abathathi-nxaxheba abaliqela abatyekele ngokufanelekileyo omnye komnye; bazama ukusombulula umba othile, kodwa ekugqibeleni ingxaki ihleli ingasonjululwanga, kwaye ngenxa yesizathu esithile ubudlelwane phakathi kwabathathi-nxaxheba kwingxoxo buba bonakaliswe.
Ubomi buyahlukahlukana, kwaye kwenzeka ukwahluka kwimeko echazwe ngasentla. Ngamanye amaxesha ubudlelwane phakathi kwabathathi-nxaxheba alulungile kakhulu ekuqaleni, ngamanye amaxesha akukho mcimbi ofuna isisombululo esithe ngqo (njengoko, umzekelo, kwi-epigraph), ngamanye amaxesha emva kwengxoxo ubudlelwane buhlala bufana nangaphambi kokuba buqale, kodwa umba awukasonjululwa.
Yintoni eqhelekileyo kuzo zonke iimeko ezinokuchazwa njengemeko yokungqubana komsebenzi?
Okokuqala, kukho amacala amabini okanye ngaphezulu. La maqela angakwazi ukuhlala kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo embuthweni, abe nobudlelwane bokulingana (abalingane kwiqela), okanye kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo olawulo (umphathi-phantsi), abe ngumntu (umqeshwa) okanye iqela (kwiimeko zongquzulwano phakathi umqeshwa kunye neqela okanye amaqela amabini), njalo njalo. Ubunokwenzeka bengxabano kunye nokulula kwesisombululo sayo kuphenjelelwa kakhulu yinqanaba lokuthembana phakathi kwabathathi-nxaxheba. Okukhona amaqela esazana ngcono, kokukhona linyuka izinga lokuthembana, kokukhona liyanda ithuba lokuba bafikelele kwisivumelwano. Umzekelo, amalungu eqela elisasaziweyo angazange adibane ubuso ngobuso kunokwenzeka ukuba afumane impixano ngomba olula womsebenzi kunabantu abaye baba neendibano ezimbalwa zobuso ngobuso. Ngoko ke, xa usebenza kumaqela asasazwayo, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuqinisekisa ukuba onke amalungu eqela adibana ngamaxesha athile kunye nomnye.
Okwesibini, kwimeko yongquzulwano emsebenzini, amaqela akwimeko yokusombulula umba othile obalulekileyo kwelinye lamaqela, kuwo omabini, okanye kumbutho uphela. Kwangaxeshanye, ngenxa yemeko ethile, amaqela adla ngokuba nexesha elaneleyo kunye neendlela ezahlukeneyo zokuyicombulula (esemthethweni, engaqhelekanga, iintlanganiso, iileta, izigqibo zolawulo, ubukho beenjongo kunye nezicwangciso zeqela, inyani yoluhlu lwemigangatho, njl njl.). Oku kwahlukile kwimeko yokusombulula umsebenzi (okanye ongeyomsebenzi) kwintlangano ukusuka, umzekelo, ukusombulula umbuzo obalulekileyo: "Eh, umntwana, uvela phi?!" esitratweni, okanye ingxabano evela kwi-epigraph. Kwimeko yokusombulula umba womsebenzi, umgangatho wenkqubo yomsebenzi kunye nenkcubeko yokusombulula imiba kumcimbi weqela.
Okwesithathu, into enqumayo yongquzulwano (ngokwembono yengxoxo yethu) yinyaniso yokuba amaqela kwinkqubo ayinakukwazi ukuzimela ngokuzimeleyo kwisisombululo kumbandela ohambelana nawo onke amaqela. Imeko ifuna ukungenelela komntu wesithathu, umlamli wangaphandle. Le ngongoma ingabonakala iphikisana, kodwa, ngokwenene, ukuba imeko yongquzulwano yasombululwa ngempumelelo ngaphandle kokungenelela komlamli wangaphandle, umcimbi wasombululwa ngempumelelo kwaye ubudlelwane bamaqela abuzange bube bubi, le yimeko esifanele silwele kuyo. . Ngokunokwenzeka asiyi kwazi malunga nongquzulwano olunjalo, okanye siya kufumana ngamabona-ndenzile emva kokuba isonjululwe. Okukhona iqela linokusombulula imiba yodwa, kokukhona liya kusebenza ngakumbi.
Olunye uphawu lwengxabano olufanele ukuchukunyiswa yinqanaba lokuqina kweemvakalelo ngexesha lesigqibo. Ingxabano ayidibanisi nenqanaba eliphezulu leemvakalelo. Abathathi-nxaxheba akufuneki bakhwaze kwaye bawangawangise iingalo zabo ukuze imeko ibe, enyanisweni, ibe lungquzulwano. Umba awusonjululwanga, kukho unxunguphalo oluthile lweemvakalelo (mhlawumbi alubonakali ngokucacileyo ngaphandle), oku kuthetha ukuba sijongene nemeko yongquzulwano.
Ngaba kuyimfuneko ukungenelela kwiimeko zongquzulwano kwaphela, okanye ngaba kungcono ukuvumela isisombululo sabo sithathe ikhondo laso kwaye silinde ingxaki ukuba izisombulule? Kufuneke ndi. Akusoloko kusemandleni akho okanye kubuchule bakho ukusombulula ingxabano ngokupheleleyo, kodwa kuyo nayiphi na imeko, kungquzulwano lwalo naluphi na umlinganiselo, unokuthatha isikhundla somntu omdala, ngaloo ndlela uzisa abantu abaninzi abakujikelezileyo, ukunciphisa iziphumo ezibi Impixano kunye negalelo ekusonjululweni kwayo.
Phambi kokujonga imizekelo embalwa yeemeko zongquzulwano, makhe sijonge amanqaku ambalwa abalulekileyo aqhelekileyo kuzo zonke iingxabano.
Xa uxazulula ingxabano, kubalulekile ukuba ube ngaphezu komlo, kwaye ungabikho ngaphakathi (oku kubizwa nangokuthi "ukuthatha i-meta-position"), oko kukuthi, ungabi yinxalenye yelinye lamaqela kwinkqubo yokusombulula. Ngaphandle koko, ukuba ne-arbiter yangaphandle incedise isigqibo siya kuqinisa kuphela isikhundla somnye wamaqela kwingozi yelinye iqela. Xa usenza isigqibo, kubalulekile ukuba samkelwe ngokuziphatha ngawo onke amaqela, njengoko besithi, βuthengiwe.β Ukuze, kwanokuba amaqela ayengavuyiswa sisigqibo esenziwe, ubuncinane avuma ngokunyanisekileyo ukusiphumeza. Njengoko bathi, ukukwazi ukungavumelani nokuzibophelela. Ngaphandle koko, ingxabano iya kutshintsha nje ukubonakala kwayo, umlilo ovuthayo uya kuhlala phantsi kwe-peat bog kwaye ngexesha elithile ngokuqinisekileyo uya kuvutha kwakhona.
Inqaku lesibini, ngokuyinxalenye enxulumene neyokuqala, kukuba ukuba sele ugqibe ekubeni uthathe inxaxheba ekusombululeni ingxabano, yithathe njengento ebaluleke kakhulu ukusuka kwindawo yokujonga unxibelelwano kunye nokufunda umxholo. Thetha ngokobuqu neqela ngalinye. Ngokwahlukileyo nganye, kubaqalayo. Sukuvuma imeyile. Kwimeko yeqela elisasazwayo, ubuncinci thetha ngekhonkco levidiyo. Musa ukwaneliseka ziindiva kunye neengxelo zokuzibonela. Qonda ibali, ukuba icala ngalinye lifuna ntoni, kutheni lilifuna, lilindele ntoni, bakhe bazama ukuwusombulula lo mba ngaphambili, kuya kwenzeka ntoni ukuba awusonjululwa, zeziphi izisombululo abazibonayo, bacingela njani imeko kwelinye icala, bacinga ntoni, balungile okanye bangalunganga, njl. Layisha wonke umxholo onokwenzeka entlokweni yakho, ngengqondo evulekileyo, ucinga ukuba wonke umntu ulungile. Awukho ngaphakathi kungquzulwano, ungaphandle kwayo, kwimetaposition. Ukuba umxholo ufumaneka kuphela kwintambo yeposi, ubuncinane uyifunde ngokupheleleyo kunye nemisonto kunye namaxwebhu anxulumene nayo. Emva kokuba uyifundile, phinda uthethe ngelizwi lakho. Uphantse waqinisekiswa ukuba uza kuva into ebalulekileyo engekho eposini.
Inqaku lesithathu elibalulekileyo yindlela eqhelekileyo yonxibelelwano. Ezi zizinto eziqhelekileyo, akukho nto ye-cosmic, kodwa zibaluleke kakhulu. Asizami ukonga ixesha, sithetha nabo bonke abathathi-nxaxheba, asimgxeki umntu, kodwa siqwalasela imiphumo yezenzo zakhe (kungekhona βukrwadaβ, kodwa βmhlawumbi abafana banokukhubeka. le ntoβ), sinika ithuba lokusindisa ubuso, siqhuba iingxoxo ngokobuqu, hayi phambi komgca.
Iingxabano zidla ngokubangelwa esinye sezizathu ezibini. Eyokuqala inxulumene nokuba umntu ngexesha longquzulwano ukwisikhundla somntu omdala okanye kwindawo yomntwana (ngakumbi kule ngezantsi). Oku kubangelwa ukukhula kwakhe ngokweemvakalelo, ukukwazi ukulawula iimvakalelo zakhe (oko kukuthi, ngendlela, ayisoloko ihambelana nobudala bakhe). Isizathu sesibini esiqhelekileyo kukungafezeki kwenkqubo yomsebenzi, okudala iimeko zeendawo ezingwevu apho uxanduva lusasazwa phakathi kwabathathi-nxaxheba, ukulindela kwamaqela akubonakali omnye komnye, kwaye iindima kwinkqubo ziphazamisekile.
Ngokunjalo, ekusombululeni impixano (kunye nawo nawuphi na omnye umba), umphathi kufuneka akhumbule iimbono ezintathu: ixesha elifutshane - ukusombulula umcimbi / ingxabano apha kwaye ngoku, ixesha eliphakathi - ukunciphisa ukubakho kolunye ungquzulwano oluvelayo. ngenxa yesizathu esifanayo, kunye nexesha elide - ukuhlakulela inkcubeko yabantu abadala kwiqela lomntu.
Ngamnye wethu unomntwana wangaphakathi, malunga neminyaka emithathu okanye emine ubudala. Ulala ixesha elininzi emsebenzini, kodwa ngamanye amaxesha uyavuka aze azilawule. Umntwana unezakhe izinto ezibalulekileyo. Kubalulekile ukuba agxininise ukuba le yibhokisi yakhe yesanti, unina uyamthanda ngakumbi, umatshini wakhe ngowona ungcono (uyilo lungcono kakhulu, ucwangcisa kakuhle, ...). Kwimeko yongquzulwano, umntwana unokucinezela amathoyizi, abethe iinyawo zakhe kwaye aqhekeze i-spatula yakhe, kodwa akakwazi ukucombulula imiba yabantu abadala (isisombululo soyilo, iindlela zokuvavanya ngokuzenzekelayo, imihla yokukhululwa, njl.), akacingi malunga neenzuzo. yeqela. Umntwana okwingxabano unokukhuthazwa, athuthuzele kwaye athunyelwe ebhedini ngokumcela ukuba abize umntu omdala wakhe. Ngaphambi kokuba uqalise ingxubusho kwimeko yongquzulwano, qiniseka ukuba uthetha nomntu omdala, kungekhona umntwana, yaye wena ngokwakho ukwisikhundla somntu omkhulu. Ukuba usukelo lwakho lokunyaniseka okwangoku kukucombulula ingxaki enzulu, ukwisikhundla somntu omdala. Ukuba injongo yakho kukunyathela ngeenyawo kwaye uqhekeze igxalaba lakho, esi sisikhundla somntwana. Thumela umntwana wakho wangaphakathi ukuba alale kwaye ubize umntu omdala, okanye uhlengahlengise ingxoxo. Umntu wenza isigqibo esingokweemvakalelo, aze ke akhangele ukuthetheleleka okusengqiqweni kuso. Isigqibo esenziwe ngumntwana esisekelwe kwizinto eziphambili zabantwana asiyi kuba sesona sifanelekileyo.
Ukongezelela ekuziphatheni ngexesha longquzulwano, isikhundla somntwana okanye somntu omdala sikwabonakaliswa ngumlinganiselo woxanduva umntu alungele ukuwenza kuye. Kwiimbonakaliso zayo ezigqithiseleyo, isikhundla somntwana somdwelisi weprogram, endiye ndadibana naso ngaphezu kweyodwa, kubonakala ngathi: Ndibhale ikhowudi, ndiyithumele ukuba ihlaziywe - umsebenzi wam uphelile. Ababuyekezi kufuneka bahlolisise kwaye bavume, i-QA kufuneka ihlolisise, ukuba kukho iingxaki, baya kundazisa. Okumangalisayo kukuba, nabantu abaqolileyo nabanamava ngamanye amaxesha baziphatha ngolu hlobo. Esinye isiphelo sesikali kukuba umntu uzicingela uxanduva lokuqinisekisa ukuba ikhowudi yakhe isebenza, igutyungelwe iimvavanyo, ihlolwe nguye ngokwakhe, iphumelele ngokuphononongwayo (ukuba kuyimfuneko, akukho ngxaki pinging reviewers, ukuxoxa ngemiba. ngelizwi, njl. njl.) kwaye sele icinezelwe , i-QA iya kunika uncedo ukuba kuyimfuneko, iimeko zokuvavanya ziya kuchazwa, njl. Kwiimeko eziqhelekileyo, umdwelisi weprogram mhlawumbi uqala kufutshane nesiphelo somntu omdala, okanye ahambe apho njengoko efumana amava (ukuba inkcubeko efanelekileyo ihlakulwa ngaphakathi kweqela). Kwiimeko ezinzima, uyaqhubeka esebenza, ngokuqhelekileyo ethatha isikhundla somntwana, ngoko yena kunye neqela ngamanye amaxesha baneengxaki kunye neengxabano.
Ukukhuthaza inkcubeko elungileyo, eqolileyo kwiqela ngumsebenzi obalulekileyo kuye nawuphi na umphathi. Kuthatha ixesha elide kunye nomgudu wemihla ngemihla, kodwa umphumo ufanelekile. Kukho iindlela ezimbini zokuphembelela inkcubeko yeqela - ukukhokela ngomzekelo (okuya kulandelwa ngokuqinisekileyo; iqela lihlala lijonge kwinkokeli) kwaye lixoxe kwaye livuze ngokuziphatha okulungileyo. Akukho nto i-abstruse okanye esemthethweni kakhulu apha, xa uxubusha iingxaki, qaphela ukuba kukho into enokwenziwa apha, gxininisa ukuba uqaphele xa kugqitywe ngokuchanekileyo, indumiso, inqaku ngexesha lokuphononongwa kokukhululwa, njl.
Makhe siqwalasele iimeko ezininzi zongquzulwano eziqhelekileyo, ukusuka kokulula ukuya kubunzima:
Iingxabano ezingahambelani nemiba yomsebenzi
Amaxesha amaninzi kukho iingxabano emsebenzini ezingahambelani nemiba yomsebenzi. Ukwenzeka kwabo kunye nokukhululeka kwesisombululo ngokuqhelekileyo kuhambelana ngokuthe ngqo kwinqanaba lengqondo yengqondo yabathathi-nxaxheba, inqanaba labo lokukhula, kwaye abahambelani nokugqibelela okanye ukungafezeki kwenkqubo yomsebenzi.
Imizekelo eqhelekileyo: umntu akawusebenzisi umatshini wokuhlamba okanye ishawa rhoqo ngokwaneleyo, nto leyo abanye abangayithandiyo, umntu uyaxinga, ngelixa abanye bebethwa ngumoya xa bevula ifestile, umntu unengxolo kakhulu, kwaye abanye bafuna ukuthula ukuze basebenze, kwaye njalo njalo. Kungcono ukuba ungalibazisi ukusonjululwa kweengxabano ezilolu hlobo kwaye ungabavumeli ukuba bathathe ikhondo labo. Abazi kusombulula ngokwabo kwaye baya kukuphazamisa emsebenzini yonke imihla kwaye batyhefe umoya kwiqela. Ngethamsanqa, ukuzisombulula ngokuqhelekileyo akuyongxaki enkulu-thetha nje ngokuzolileyo (enye-on-one, ewe) kunye nomntu osebenza naye otyeshela ucoceko, abonelele ngezihlalo ezitofotofo kubantu abakhetha ukuthula/ukuphola, thenga ii-headphones ezifunxa isandi okanye ufake izahlulo. , njl.
Omnye umzekelo endiye ndadibana nawo amaxesha amaninzi ngexesha lomsebenzi wam kukungahambelani ngokwasengqondweni kwamalungu eqela. Ngesizathu esithile, abantu abakwazi ukusebenza kunye; yonke intsebenziswano iphelela kwihlazo. Ngamanye amaxesha oku kubangelwa kukuba abantu babamba iimbono ze-polar kumbandela othile ocinezelayo (ngokuqhelekileyo ezopolitiko) kwaye abazi ukuba bangabashiya njani ngaphandle komsebenzi. Ukubeyisela ukuba banyamezelane okanye batshintshe indlela abaziphatha ngayo ngumsebenzi ongenamsebenzi. Ekuphela kwento endiye ndadibana nayo ngabalingane abancinci abanemibono evulekileyo; indlela abaziphatha ngayo isenokutshintshwa ngokuthe ngcembe ngeencoko zamaxesha athile. Ngokwesiqhelo umba usonjululwa ngempumelelo ngokubahlula kumaqela ahlukeneyo, okanye ubuncinci ukunika ithuba lokungena emsebenzini kunqabile.
Kuzo zonke ezi meko zingentla, kuyafaneleka ukuthetha nabo bonke abathathi-nxaxheba ngokwabo, baxoxe ngemeko, babuze ukuba ngaba bayibona ingxaki kule meko, babuze ukuba, ngokombono wabo, ziziphi izisombululo, kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuthatha kwabo inxaxheba ekwenzeni oku. isigqibo.
Ukusuka kwimbono yokuphucula inkqubo yomsebenzi (umbono wexesha eliphakathi endiwukhankanyileyo), akukho nto ingako inokwenziwa apha; eyona ngongoma yokuphucula kukuthathela ingqalelo into ehambelanayo xa useka iqela kwaye ungabeki abantu. kunye kwangaphambili ngubani oza kungquzulana.
Ukusuka kumbono wenkcubeko yeqela, iimeko ezinjalo zivela kaninzi kumaqela anenkcubeko ekhulileyo, apho abantu bahlonipha iqela kunye noogxa babo kwaye bayazi indlela yokusombulula imiba ngokuzimeleyo. Ukongezelela, iingxabano ezinjalo zixazululwa ngokulula ngakumbi (ngokuphindaphindiweyo ngokuzenzekelayo) kumaqela apho kukho inqanaba eliphezulu lokuthembana, abantu basebenze kunye ixesha elide kunye / okanye banxibelelana rhoqo ngaphandle komsebenzi.
Iingxabano ezinxulumene nemicimbi yomsebenzi:
Iingxabano ezinjalo zidla ngokubangelwa zizo zombini izizathu kanye kanye, zombini iimvakalelo (inyaniso yokuba omnye wabathathi-nxaxheba akakho kwindawo yomntu omdala) kunye nokungafezeki kwenkqubo yomsebenzi ngokwayo. Mhlawumbi olona hlobo luqhelekileyo lweengxabano endikhe ndadibana nazo ziingxabano ngexesha lokuphononongwa kwekhowudi okanye iingxoxo zezakhiwo phakathi kwabaphuhlisi.
Ndingagxininisa iimeko ezimbini eziqhelekileyo apha:
1) Kwimeko yokuqala, umphuhlisi akakwazi ukufumana ukuhlaziywa kwekhowudi kumntu osebenza naye. I-patch ithunyelwa ukuba ihlolwe, kwaye akukho nto eyenzekayo. Ekuboneni kokuqala, akukho ngquzulwano lucacileyo phakathi kwala macala mabini, kodwa ukuba ucinga ngako, oku kungquzulwano. Umba womsebenzi awusonjululwanga, elinye lamaqela (elinde ukuphononongwa) lifumana ukungonwabi okucacileyo. I-subtype egqithisileyo yeli tyala luphuhliso kuluntu okanye kumaqela ahlukeneyo, ngelixa umbuyekezi akanakuba nomdla kule khowudi ethile, ngenxa yokulayisha okanye ezinye iimeko, akanako ukunikela ingqalelo kwisicelo sokuhlaziywa ngokupheleleyo, kunye ne-arbiter yangaphandle. (umphathi oqhelekileyo kumacala omabini) ) unokungabikho kwaphela.
Indlela yesisombululo enceda kwimeko enjalo ihambelana ngokuchanekileyo nombono wexesha elide, inkcubeko yomntu omdala. Okokuqala, umsebenzi ohlakaniphile uyasebenza. Akufanele ulindele ukuba ikhowudi exhonywe ekuphononongeni iya kutsala ingqalelo yombuyekezi ngokwayo. Kufuneka sincede abaphononongi bamqaphele. Pingani isibini sabantu, buza umbuzo kwi-syncape, thatha inxaxheba kwiingxoxo. Ngokucacileyo, ukungena ngaphakathi kunokwenzakalisa ngakumbi kunoncedo, kufuneka usebenzise ingqiqo. Okwesibini, ukulungiselela kwangaphambili kusebenza kakuhle. Ukuba iqela liyaqonda oko kwenzekayo kwaye kutheni, kutheni le khowudi ifunekayo kuzo zonke, ukuyila kuye kwaxoxwa kwaye kwavunyelwana kwangaphambili kunye nomntu wonke, abantu banokuthi bahlawule ingqalelo kwikhowudi enjalo kwaye bamkele umsebenzi. Okwesithathu, igunya liyasebenza. Ukuba ufuna ukuphononongwa, yenza uphononongo oluninzi ngokwakho. Yenza uphononongo olukumgangatho ophezulu, ngeetshekhi zokwenyani, iimvavanyo zokwenyani, kunye nezimvo eziluncedo. Ukuba igama lakho lesidlaliso liyaziwa kwiqela, kukho ithuba elikhulu lokuba ikhowudi yakho iya kuqatshelwa.
Ukusuka kumbono wokuhamba komsebenzi, ukuphuculwa okunokwenzeka apha kukubeka phambili okuchanekileyo okujoliswe ekuncedeni umphuhlisi afezekise iinjongo zakhe kunye neqela (uphonononge abanye, bhala iileta kuluntu, uhambe nekhowudi kunye nenkcazo yezakhiwo, amaxwebhu, iimvavanyo, ukuthatha inxaxheba kwiingxoxo kunye uluntu, njl.njl.), thintela iipetshi ukuba zingaxhonywa emgceni ixesha elide, njalo njalo.
I-2) Imeko yesibini eqhelekileyo yeengxabano ngexesha lekhowudi okanye ukuphononongwa koyilo yimibono eyahlukileyo kwimiba yobugcisa, isitayela sokubhala, kunye nokukhethwa kwezixhobo. Okubaluleke kakhulu kule meko yinqanaba lokuthembana phakathi kwabathathi-nxaxheba, beqela elifanayo, kunye namava okusebenza kunye. Isiphelo esifileyo senzeke xa omnye wabathathi-nxaxheba ethatha isikhundla somntwana kwaye akazami ukuva ukuba i-interlocutor ifuna ukuyidlulisela kuye. Amaxesha amaninzi, zombini indlela ecetywayo lelinye iqela kunye nendlela ecetywayo ekuqaleni inokusebenza ngempumelelo kwaye akunamsebenzi ngokomgaqo ukuba ngubani oza kukhetha.
Ngenye imini, umdwelisi wenkqubo ovela kwiqela lam (masimbize ngokuba nguPasha) ulungiselele isiqwenga kunye neenguqu kwinkqubo yokuthunyelwa kwephakheji, eyaphuhliswa kwaye yaxhaswa ngabalingane abavela kwisebe elingummelwane. Omnye wabo (u-Igor) wayenoluvo lwakhe oluqinileyo malunga nokuba iinkonzo zeLinux kufuneka ziqwalaselwe njani xa kuthunyelwa iiphakheji. Olu luvo lwahlukile kwindlela ecetywayo kwisiqwenga, kwaye abazange bavumelane. Njengesiqhelo, amaxesha abekiweyo ayephela, kwaye kwakufuneka kufikelelwe kuhlobo oluthile lwesigqibo; kwakuyimfuneko ukuba omnye wabo athabathe isikhundla somntu omdala. UPasha waqaphela ukuba zombini iindlela zinelungelo lokuphila, kodwa wayefuna ukuba ukhetho lwakhe ludlule, kuba Akukho nanye okanye eyesibini inketho enezibonelelo ezicacileyo zobuchwephesha.
Ingxoxo yethu yayijongeka ngolu hlobo (ngokucwangcisiweyo kakhulu, kunjalo, incoko yathatha isiqingatha seyure):
-Pasha, sinophawu lokukhenkceza kwiintsuku ezimbalwa. Kubalulekile ukuba sidibanise yonke into kwaye siqalise ukuvavanya ngokukhawuleza. Sinokudlula njani kwi-Igor?
β Ufuna ukuseta iinkonzo ngokwahlukileyo, wancamathela izimvo kum...
- Kwaye yintoni ekhoyo, utshintsho olukhulu, iingxabano ezininzi?
- Hayi, kukho umsebenzi weeyure ezimbalwa, kodwa ekugqibeleni akukho mahluko, uya kusebenza nokuba yeyiphi na indlela, kutheni le nto iyimfuneko? Ndenze into esebenzayo, masamkele.
- Phulaphula, uneminyaka engakanani uxoxa ngayo yonke le nto?
- Ewe, besimakisha ixesha leveki enesiqingatha ngoku.
- Um... ngaba sinokucombulula umba kwiiyure ezimbalwa esele zithathe iveki enesiqingatha, kwaye singayenzi?
Ewe, ewe, kodwa andifuni u-Igor acinge ukuba ndingene ...
- Mamela, yintoni ebaluleke ngakumbi kuwe, ukukhupha ukukhululwa, kunye nesigqibo sakho ngaphakathi, okanye ukubulala u-Igor? Singayivimba, ke, nangona kunjalo, kukho ithuba elihle lokubhabha ngokukhululwa.
- Ewe ... kuya kuba kuhle, ngokuqinisekileyo, ukusula impumlo ka-Igor, kodwa kulungile, ukukhululwa kubaluleke kakhulu, ndiyavuma.
- Ngaba ngokwenene kubaluleke kakhulu kuwe oko u-Igor acinga? Ukunyaniseka, akanikezeli konke konke, ufuna nje indlela edibeneyo kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zento ajongene nayo.
- Ewe, kulungile, mandenze njengoko ecela kwizimvo kwaye masiqale ukuvavanya.
- Enkosi, Pasha! Bendiqinisekile ukuba kuni nobabini niya kuba ngabaqolileyo ngakumbi, nangona u-Igorek emdala kunani :)
Umcimbi wasonjululwa, ukukhululwa kwakhululwa ngexesha, uPasha akazange azive enganelisekanga kakhulu, kuba yena ngokwakhe ucebise isisombululo waza wasiphumeza. U-Igor wayevuyiswa ngokubanzi, kuba ... Uluvo lwakhe lwathathelwa ingqalelo kwaye benza njengoko wayecebisa.
Olunye uhlobo lwengxabano efanayo lukhetho phakathi kwezisombululo zobugcisa / amathala eencwadi / iindlela kwiprojekthi, ngakumbi kwiqela elisasazwayo. Kwenye yeeprojekthi, eyayibekwe njengesebenzisa i-C/C++, kwavela ukuba ulawulo lobugcisa beprojekthi lwaluchasene nokusetyenziswa kwe-STL (iThala leeNcwadi leSifanekiso esiStandard). Eli lithala leencwadi elisemgangathweni elenza lula uphuhliso, kwaye iqela lethu liqhele kakhulu kulo. Kwavela ukuba iprojekthi isondele kakhulu kwiC kuneC ++, engazange ikhuthaze iqela kakhulu, kuba Abaphathi bazame konke okusemandleni abo kwaye bafune abadlali abapholileyo ngokwenene. Ngelo xesha, inxalenye yaseMelika yeqela, zombini iinjineli kunye nabaphathi, basebenze kwinkampani ixesha elide, babeqhelene nemeko ekhoyo, kwaye bavuya ngayo yonke into. Iqela laseRashiya leqela liye lahlanganiswa kutshanje, kwiiveki ezimbalwa (kuquka nam). Inxalenye yeqela laseRashiya alizange lifune ukushiya indlela eqhelekileyo yophuhliso.
Iingxoxo ezibhaliweyo ezingapheliyo zaqala phakathi kwamazwekazi amabini, iileta kwizikrini ezintathu okanye ezine zabhabhela ngapha nangapha, ngokuthunyelwa kweqela kunye nezomntu, ukusuka kubadwelisi beprogram ukuya kubadwelisi kunye nabaphathi. Njengoko kuqhelekile, iileta zolu bude azizange zifundwe ngumntu ngaphandle kwababhali nabaxhasi babo abanenzondelelo. Iincoko zadaleka kuxinzelelo, kudlula iingcinga zesikrini ezininzi kumacala ahlukeneyo malunga nezibonelelo zobugcisa ze-STL, ivavanywe kakuhle kangakanani, ikhuseleke kangakanani, kwaye ngokubanzi, indlela obumangalisayo ngayo ubomi ngayo, kwaye yoyikeka kangakanani ngaphandle kwayo. .
Konke oku kwathatha ixesha elide, de ndaye ndaqonda ukuba sasixoxa ngemiba yobugcisa kulo mbandela, kodwa ingxaki yayingeyobugcisa. Ingxaki ayizizo iingenelo okanye ukungalungi kwe-STL okanye ubunzima bokusebenza ngaphandle kwayo. Ingxaki imalunga nombutho. Sasifuna nje ukuqonda indlela inkampani esasisebenza kuyo esebenza ngayo. Akukho namnye kuthi owayenamava okusebenza kwinkampani enjalo ngaphambili. Into yokuba emva kokuba ikhowudi iphuhliswe kwaye ikhutshwe kwimveliso, inkxaso yayiphathwa ngabantu abahluke ngokupheleleyo kwamanye amaqela, kwamanye amazwe. Eli qela likhulu lobunjineli lamashumi aliqela amawaka eenjineli (ibonke) lalinokufikelela kuphela ubuncinci obusisiseko seendlela zobugcisa, ngokokutsho, ubuncinci bobuncinci. Nantoni na eye ngaphaya komgangatho wobunjineli osekwe kwinkampani ngokwasemzimbeni ayinakuxhaswa kwikamva. Inqanaba leqela limiselwa kwinqanaba lawona malungu abuthathaka. Emva kokuba siqonde inkuthazo yokwenyani izenzo zeqela laseMelika leqela, lo mbandela wasuswa kwi-ajenda, kwaye kunye siphuhlise ngempumelelo kwaye sakhulula imveliso ngokusebenzisa imigangatho eyamkelwe yinkampani. Iileta kunye neengxoxo kule meko azizange zisebenze kakuhle; kwathatha iihambo ezininzi kunye nonxibelelwano oluninzi lobuqu ukuza kwidinomineyitha efanayo.
Ngokombono wokuhamba komsebenzi, kulo mzekelo, kuya kunceda ukuba ube nenkcazo yezixhobo ezisetyenzisiweyo, iimfuno zabo, izithintelo zokongeza ezintsha, kunye nokulungiswa kwezithintelo ezinjalo. Amaxwebhu anjalo angqamana nalawo achazwe kwimihlathi Sebenzisa kwakhona iSicwangciso kunye neNdawo yoPhuhliso βyeNcwadana yoMphathi yoPhuhliso lweSoftwareβ, ephuhliswe . Nangona ubudala bayo, ichaza ngokugqibeleleyo yonke imisebenzi ephambili kunye nezigaba zokucwangcisa uphuhliso lwesoftware yolu hlobo. Ukuba namaxwebhu anje kwenza kube lula kakhulu ukuxoxa ngawaphi amacandelo kunye neendlela ezinokusetyenziswa kwimveliso, kwaye ngoba.
Ukusuka kwimbono yenkcubeko, ngokucacileyo, kunye nesikhundla esivuthiweyo, apho amaqela azama ukuva nokuqonda inkuthazo yokwenene yezenzo zoogxa babo kwaye enze ngokusekelwe kwizinto eziphambili zeprojekthi kunye neqela, kwaye kungekhona i-ego yobuqu. , ungquzulwano luya kusonjululwa lula nangokukhawuleza.
Kwesinye ingxabano malunga nokukhethwa kwesisombululo sobugcisa, kwandithatha ixesha elibonakalayo ukuba ndiqonde ukukhuthazwa kwelinye lamaqela (kwakuyimeko engavamile kakhulu), kodwa emva kokuba i-motivation icacile, isisombululo sasibonakala.
Imeko yile: umphuhlisi omtsha uvela kwiqela labantu abamalunga nama-20, masimbize ngokuba nguStas. Ngelo xesha, isixhobo sethu esisemgangathweni sonxibelelwano njengeqela yayinguSkype. Njengoko kwavela kamva, i-Stas yayingumlandeli omkhulu wemigangatho evulekileyo kunye nesofthiwe yomthombo ovulekileyo, kwaye yasebenzisa kuphela izixhobo kunye neenkqubo zokusebenza apho imithombo yayifumaneka esidlangalaleni kwaye yayisebenzisa iiprothokholi ezichazwe esidlangalaleni. I-Skype ayikho enye yezi zixhobo. Sichithe ixesha elininzi sixoxa ngezinto eziluncedo kunye nezingeloncedo zale ndlela, ukuzama ukuqalisa ii-analogues zeSkype kwiinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zokusebenza, iinzame zeStas zokuqinisekisa iqela ukuba litshintshele kweminye imigangatho, libhalele kuye buqu ngeposi, limfowunele ngokwakhe ifowuni, umthengele ikhompyutha yesibini ngokukodwa Skype, njl. Ekugqibeleni, ndaqonda ukuba le ngxaki, ngokwenene, ayikho iteknoloji okanye intlangano, kunokuba ingcamango, nokuba, umntu unokuthi, inkolo (ye-Stas). Nokuba ekugqibeleni siqhagamshele i-Stas kunye ne-Skype (eyathatha iinyanga ezininzi), ingxaki ingavela kwakhona kuso nasiphi na isixhobo esilandelayo. Ndandingenayo indlela yokwenene yokutshintsha i-Stas's worldview, kwaye kwakungekho sizathu sokuzama ukutshintsha imbono yehlabathi yeqela elisebenza ngokugqibeleleyo kule meko. Umntu kunye nenkampani babene-orthogonal kwimbono yabo yehlabathi. Kwiimeko ezinjalo, isicombululo esihle kukulungelelana. Sadlulisela i-Stas kwelinye iqela, apho wayengumntu ophilayo.
Isizathu solu ngquzulwano, ngokombono wam, kukungafani phakathi kwenkcubeko yomntu othile (onombono oqinileyo ongamvumeli ukuba adibanise) kunye nenkcubeko yenkampani. Kule meko, kunjalo, impazamo yomphathi. Ekuqaleni kwakuphosakele ukumthabatha kwiprojekthi elolu hlobo. I-Stas ekugqibeleni yafudukela kwiprojekthi yophuhliso lwesoftware yomthombo ovulekileyo kwaye yagqwesa apho.
Umzekelo omhle wengxabano ebangelwa zombini isimo sengqondo somntwana somphuhlisi kunye neentsilelo zenkqubo yomsebenzi yimeko apho, ngokungabikho kwenkcazo eyenziwe, umphuhlisi kunye neqela le-QA banokulindela okuhlukeneyo malunga nokulungela uphawu lugqithiselwe kwi-QA. Umphuhlisi wayekholelwa ukuba kwakwanele ukubhala ikhowudi kwaye uphonsa isici phezu kocingo kwi-QA - baya kuyilungisa apho. Umdwelisi wenkqubo oqolileyo nonamava, ngendlela, kodwa lowo yayingumda wakhe wangaphakathi womgangatho. U-QA akavumelananga noku waza wafuna ukubabonisa kwaye abachazele oko wayezihlole ngokwakhe, waza wafuna iscript sovavanyo kubo. Babeneengxaki ngokusebenza komphuhlisi kwixesha elidlulileyo kwaye abazange bafune ukuchitha ixesha labo kwakhona. Ngendlela, babenyanisekile - inqaku alizange lisebenze, akazange ahlolisise ikhowudi ngaphambi kokuba ayithumele kwi-QA.
Ukusombulula le meko, ndamcela ukuba andibonise ukuba yonke into yayisebenza ngokwenene (ayizange isebenze, kwaye kwafuneka ayilungise), sathetha neqela kunye nenkcazo ye-QA yokwenza (abazange bayenze. ukubhala, ngenxa yokuba sasingafuni ukwenza inkqubo i-bureaucratic kakhulu ), ke, ngokukhawuleza sahlukana nale ngcali (ukukhululeka ngokubanzi).
Ukususela kumbono wokuhamba komsebenzi, ukuphuculwa okunokwenzeka kule meko kubukho benkcazo eyenziwe, iimfuno zokuxhasa iyunithi nganye kunye neemvavanyo zokudibanisa, kunye nenkcazo yovavanyo olwenziwa ngumphuhlisi. Kwenye yeeprojekthi, silinganise inqanaba lekhowudi yokugubungela ngeemvavanyo ngexesha le-CI kwaye ukuba inqanaba lokugubungela lehlile emva kokongeza i-patch, iimvavanyo ziphawulwe njengezingaphumeleli, okt. nayiphi na ikhowudi entsha inokongezwa kuphela ukuba kukho iimvavanyo ezintsha zayo.
Omnye umzekelo oqhelekileyo wokungquzulana ngokusondeleyo kumbutho wenkqubo yomsebenzi. Sinemveliso, iqela lophuhliso lwemveliso, iqela lenkxaso, kunye nomthengi. Umthengi uneengxaki ngemveliso kunye nenkxaso yoqhagamshelwano. Inkxaso ihlalutya ingxaki kwaye iyaqonda ukuba ingxaki ikwimveliso kwaye idlulisela ingxaki kwiqela lemveliso. Iqela lemveliso likwixesha elixakekileyo, ukukhululwa kusondela, ngoko ithikithi enengxaki evela kumthengi, elahlekileyo phakathi kwamanye amathikithi omphuhlisi owabelwe kuye, ixhomekeke kwiiveki ezininzi ngaphandle kokuqwalaselwa. Inkxaso icinga ukuba umphuhlisi usebenza kwingxaki yomthengi. Umthengi uyalinda kwaye unethemba lokuba ingxaki yabo iyasetyenzwa. Enyanisweni, akukho nto eyenzekayo. Emva kweeveki ezimbalwa, umthengi ekugqibeleni ugqiba ekubeni abe nomdla kwinkqubela phambili kwaye acele inkxaso ukuba izinto zihamba njani. Inkxaso icela uphuhliso. Umphuhlisi uyangcangcazela, ajonge kuluhlu lwamatikiti kwaye afumane itikiti kumthengi apho. Ukufunda ithikithi kumthengi, uyaqonda ukuba akukho lwazi olwaneleyo lokusombulula ingxaki, kwaye ufuna iingodo ezininzi kunye nokulahla. Inkxaso icela ulwazi olongezelelweyo kumthengi. Kwaye ke umthengi uyaqonda ukuba akukho mntu usebenze kwingxaki yakhe lonke eli xesha. Kwaye iindudumo ziyakubetha...
Kule meko, isisombululo songquzulwano ngokwaso sicacile kwaye sinomgca (lungisa imveliso, uhlaziye amaxwebhu kunye neemvavanyo, uxolise umthengi, ukhulule i-hotfix, njl.). Kubalulekile ukuhlalutya inkqubo yomsebenzi kwaye uqonde ukuba ngubani onoxanduva lokuququzelela intsebenziswano phakathi kwamaqela amabini, kwaye kutheni le meko yaba yinto enokwenzeka kwindawo yokuqala. Kucacile ukuba yintoni ekufuneka ilungiswe kwinkqubo-umntu kufuneka ebeke iliso kumfanekiso opheleleyo ngaphandle kwezikhumbuzo ezivela kubathengi, ngokukhawuleza. Amatikiti avela kumthengi kufuneka agqame phakathi kwamanye amatikiti avela kubaphuhlisi. Inkxaso kufuneka ibone ukuba ngaba iqela lophuhliso lisebenza ngoku kwiitikiti zalo, kwaye ukuba akunjalo, xa liqala ukusebenza, kwaye xa iziphumo zingalindelwa. Inkxaso kunye nophuhliso kufuneka lunxibelelane ngamaxesha athile kwaye luxoxe ngobume bamatikiti, ukuqokelelwa kolwazi oluyimfuneko ukuze kulungiswe impazamo kufuneka kuzenzekele ngokuzenzekelayo, njl.
Kanye njengokuba emfazweni utshaba luzama ukubetha isidibaniso phakathi kweeyunithi ezimbini, ngoko ke emsebenzini eyona ndawo inobuthathaka nesesichengeni kukuhlala kukudibana phakathi kwamaqela. Ukuba abaphathi benkxaso kunye nophuhliso bakhulile ngokwaneleyo, baya kukwazi ukulungisa inkqubo ngokwabo, ukuba akunjalo, inkqubo iya kuqhubeka ivelisa iingxabano kunye neengxaki de kube umphathi angenelele onokulungisa imeko.
Omnye umzekelo oqhelekileyo endiwubonile ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwiinkampani ezahlukeneyo yimeko apho imveliso ibhalwa liqela elinye, iimvavanyo zokudibanisa ngokuzenzekelayo kuyo zibhalwa liqela lesibini, kunye neziseko ezisebenza kuyo zonke zihamba kunye neyesithathu. iqela. Iingxaki xa iimvavanyo zokuqhuba zivela rhoqo, kwaye imbangela yeengxaki kubo ingaba yimveliso kunye neemvavanyo kunye neziseko. Ngokuqhelekileyo kuyingxaki ukuvuma ukuba ngubani omele enze uhlalutyo lokuqala lweengxaki, iibhugi zefayile, iiplagi zokucazulula imveliso, iimvavanyo kunye neziseko zophuhliso, njl. Iingxabano apha zivame kakhulu, kwaye, ngexesha elifanayo, iyunifomu. Kwimeko yoxinzelelo oluphezulu lweemvakalelo, abathathi-nxaxheba bahlala bewela kwindawo yomntwana kwaye iingxoxo ziqala kuthotho: "Kutheni ndifanele ndicinge ngale nto," "baqhekeza rhoqo," njl.
Ukususela kumbono wokuhamba komsebenzi, amanyathelo athile okusombulula umba axhomekeke ekubunjweni kwamaqela, uhlobo lweemvavanyo kunye nemveliso, njl. Kwenye yeeprojekthi, sazisa umsebenzi wamaxesha athile, apho amaqela abeka iliso kuvavanyo olunye ngexesha, iveki neveki. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uhlalutyo lokuqala lwaluhlala lwenziwa ngabaphuhlisi bovavanyo, kodwa uhlalutyo lwalusisiseko kwaye imveliso yayizinzile, ngoko yayisebenza kakuhle. Undoqo kukuqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo yenziwe elubala, ukuba izinto ezilindelekileyo zicacile kuwo onke amaqela, kwaye imeko ivakala inobulungisa kuye wonke umntu.
Ngaba ungquzulwano luyingxaki kumbutho?Ngaba luphawu olubi ukuba iingxabano zihlala (okanye ngamaxesha athile) zisenzeka kwiqela lakho? Ngokubanzi, hayi, kuba ukuba kukho ukukhula, uphuhliso, kukho uhlobo oluthile lwe-dynamics, ngoko kuvela imiba engazange ixazululwe ngaphambili, kwaye xa isombulula, iingxabano zingavela. Esi sisilathisi sokuba ezinye iinkalo zifuna ukuqwalaselwa, ukuba kukho iinkalo ekufuneka ziphuculwe. Kubi ukuba iingxabano zivela rhoqo, kunzima ukuzisombulula okanye kuthatha ixesha elide. Oku kunokuba luphawu lweenkqubo zokusebenza ezingalungelelaniswanga ngokwaneleyo kunye nokungavuthwa ngokwaneleyo kweqela.
umthombo: www.habr.com