Xa ukhangela iindlela zokwandisa ukusebenza kakuhle kwamashishini kwicandelo lamandla, kunye nezinye izibonelelo zoshishino ezisebenzisa izixhobo ezitshisa i-fossil fuels (umphunga, iibhoyila zamanzi ashushu, ii-furnaces zenkqubo, njl. njl.), umba wokusebenzisa amandla ombane. iigesi azinyuswa kwasekuqaleni.
Okwangoku, ukuthembela kwimigangatho yokubala ekhoyo ephuhliswe kumashumi eminyaka edlulileyo kunye nemigangatho emiselweyo yokukhetha izikhombisi zokusebenza eziphambili zezixhobo ezinjalo, imibutho esebenzayo ilahlekelwa yimali, iphosa ngokoqobo kwi-drain, kwangaxeshanye ibe mandundu imeko yokusingqongileyo kwinqanaba lehlabathi.
Ukuba, njengomyalelo "", ucinga ukuba akulunganga ukuphoswa lithuba lokukhathalela okusingqongileyo kunye nempilo yabahlali besixeko sakho kunye nezibonelelo kuhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lweshishini, funda inqaku malunga nendlela yokuguqula iigesi zombane zibe ngumthombo wamandla.
Imigangatho yokufunda
Iparameter ephambili emisela ukusebenza kakuhle kweyunithi yebhoyili yiqondo lokushisa kweegesi ze-flue. Ubushushu obulahlekileyo ngeegesi zokukhupha zenza inxalenye ebalulekileyo yazo zonke ilahleko zobushushu (kunye nokulahleka kobushushu obuvela kwikhemikhali kunye nokutshiswa kwepetroli ngoomatshini, ilahleko ngobushushu bomzimba obusuka kwi-slags, kunye nokuvuza kobushushu kwimo engqongileyo ngenxa yokupholisa kwangaphandle). Ezi lahleko zinefuthe eliqinisekileyo ekusebenzeni kakuhle kwebhoyili, ukunciphisa ukusebenza kwayo. Ngaloo ndlela, siyaqonda ukuba iqondo lokushisa eliphantsi kwegesi ye-flue, liphezulu ukusebenza kakuhle kwebhoyili.
Ubushushu obufanelekileyo begesi ye-flue kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo zamafutha kunye neeparamitha zokusebenza kwibhoyila zichongwa ngesiseko sezibalo zobugcisa kunye nezoqoqosho kwinqanaba lokuqala lokudalwa kwayo. Kwangaxeshanye, olona ncedo luphezulu lokusetyenziswa kobushushu berhasi ephuma ngokuqhelekileyo luphunyezwa ngokwandisa ubungakanani beendawo zokufudumeza eziguquguqukayo, kunye nophuhliso lwemigangatho yomsila - i-economizers yamanzi, izifudumezi zokuvuselela umoya.
Kodwa nangona kufakwe itekhnoloji kunye nezixhobo zokubuyisela ubushushu obupheleleyo, ubushushu begesi ye-flue, ngokutsho kwamaxwebhu akhoyo olawulo, kufuneka lube kuluhlu:
- I-120-180 Β° C kwiibhoyila eziqinileyo (kuxhomekeke kumswakama we-fuel kunye neeparitha zokusebenza kwibhoyila),
- I-120-160 Β°C kwiibhoyila ezisebenzisa i-oyile ye-fuel (kuxhomekeke kumxholo wesulfure kuyo),
- I-120-130 Β°C kwiibhoyila zegesi yendalo.
Amaxabiso abonakalisiweyo amiselwe kuthathelwa ingqalelo imiba yokhuseleko lokusingqongileyo, kodwa ngokuyintloko isekwe kwiimfuno zokusebenza kunye nokuqina kwesixhobo.
Ngaloo ndlela, umlinganiselo omncinci ubekwe ngendlela yokuphelisa umngcipheko wokunciphisa kwi-convective part of the boiler and further along the duct (kwi-flues and chimney). Noko ke, ukuze kuthintelwe umhlwa akuyomfuneko kwaphela ukuncama ubushushu, obukhutshelwa emoyeni endaweni yokwenza umsebenzi oluncedo.
Ukonakala. Susa iingozi
Asiyikuphikisa ukuba i-corrosion yinto engathandekiyo enokuthi iphazamise ukusebenza okukhuselekileyo kofakelo lwebhoyili kwaye inciphise kakhulu ubomi benkonzo obujoliswe kuyo.
Xa iigesi ze-flue zipholile kwiqondo lokushisa lombethe kwaye ngaphantsi, ukunyanzeliswa komphunga wamanzi kwenzeka, kunye ne-NOx kunye ne-SOx iikhompawundi ezidlulayo kwindawo yolwelo, ethi, xa isabela ngamanzi, yenze i-acids enempembelelo eyingozi ngaphakathi. imiphezulu kwibhoyila. Ngokuxhomekeke kuhlobo lwesibaso esitshisiweyo, iqondo lobushushu bombethe we-asidi linokwahluka, kunye nokubunjwa kwee-asidi ezincitshisiweyo njenge-condensate. Isiphumo, nangona kunjalo, siyafana - ukubola.
Iigesi zokukhupha iibhoyila ezisebenza kwigesi yendalo ikakhulu ziquka ezi mveliso zilandelayo: umphunga wamanzi (H2O), ikharbon diokside (CO2), icarbon monoxide (CO) kunye neehydrocarbons ezinokutsha ezingatshiyo i-CnHm (ezi zimbini zokugqibela zivela ngexesha lokutsha okungaphelelanga kwamafutha xa ukutshiswa kwendlela ayilungiswanga).
Ekubeni umoya we-atmospheric uqukethe inani elikhulu le-nitrogen, phakathi kwezinye izinto, i-nitrogen oxides NO kunye ne-NO2, ebizwa ngokuba yi-NOx, ibonakala kwiimveliso ezivuthayo, ezinomphumo onobungozi kwindalo kunye nempilo yabantu. Xa zidityaniswe namanzi, iioksidi zenitrogen zenza iasidi yenitric edlayo.
Xa i-oyile yamafutha kunye namalahle etshiswa, i-sulphur oxides ebizwa ngokuba yi-SOx ibonakala kwiimveliso zokutsha. Ifuthe labo elibi kokusingqongileyo nalo liphandwe ngokubanzi kwaye alithandabuzi. I-condensate ene-asidi eyenziwe xa idibana namanzi ibangela ukuhlwa kwesulfure kwiindawo zokufudumeza.
Ngokwesiko, ukushisa kwegesi ye-flue, njengoko kuboniswe ngasentla, kukhethwe ngendlela yokukhusela izixhobo kwi-acid precipitation kwindawo yokufudumala kwibhoyili. Ngaphezu koko, ukushisa kweegesi kufuneka kuqinisekise ukunyuswa kwe-NOx kunye ne-SOx ngaphandle kwendlela yegesi ukwenzela ukukhusela kuphela ibhoyili ngokwayo, kodwa kunye nemibhobho kunye ne-chimney kwiinkqubo zokubola. Ewe kunjalo, kukho imigangatho ethile ethintela ugxininiso oluvumelekileyo lokukhutshwa kwenitrogen kunye nesulfure oxides, kodwa oku akuyichasi nangayiphi na indlela into yokuba ezi mveliso zitshayo ziqokelelana kwiatmosfera yoMhlaba kwaye ziwe ngendlela yemvula yeasidi kumphezulu wawo. .
I-sulfure equlethwe kwi-oyile ye-fuel kunye namalahle, kunye nokunyanzeliswa kweengqungquthela ezingatshangayo zamafutha aqinileyo (kubandakanywa nomlotha) zibeka iimeko ezongezelelweyo zokuhlanjululwa kweegesi ze-flue. Ukusetyenziswa kweenkqubo zokucoca igesi kwandisa kakhulu iindleko kunye nobunzima benkqubo yokusebenzisa ubushushu obuvela kwiigesi zombhobho, okwenza loo manyathelo angabikho mtsalane ngokwembono yezoqoqosho, kwaye ngokufuthi awanangeniso.
Kwezinye iimeko, amagunya asekuhlaleni abeka ubuncinane bokushisa kwegesi ye-flue emlonyeni we-stack ukuqinisekisa ukusasazwa kwegesi ye-flue eyaneleyo kwaye akukho plume. Ukongezelela, amanye amashishini anokuthi ngokuzithandela amkele izenzo ezinjalo ukuze aphucule umfanekiso wawo, ekubeni uluntu ngokubanzi luhlala lutolika ubukho bomsi obonakalayo njengophawu lokungcoliswa kwendalo, ngoxa ukungabikho komsi kusenokubonwa njengophawu lokucoceka. imveliso.
Konke oku kukhokelela kwinto yokuba, phantsi kweemeko ezithile zemozulu, amashishini ayakwazi ukufudumeza ngokukodwa iigesi zeflue ngaphambi kokuba azikhuphele emoyeni. Nangona, ukuqonda ukubunjwa kweegesi zokukhupha kwibhoyila esebenza kwigesi yendalo (kuxoxwa ngayo ngokubanzi ngasentla), kuyacaca ukuba "umsi" omhlophe ophuma kwitshimini (ukuba imo yokutsha iqulunqwe ngokuchanekileyo) umphunga wamanzi owenziwe ngenxa yokusabela kokutsha kwerhasi yendalo kwiziko lebhoyila.
Umlo ochasene nokubola ufuna ukusetyenziswa kwezinto ezichasene nemiphumo emibi (izinto ezinjalo zikhoyo kwaye zinokusetyenziswa kufakelo olusebenzisa igesi, iimveliso zepetroleum kunye nenkunkuma njengamafutha), kunye nombutho wokuqokelela, ukuqhutyelwa kwe-acidic. condensate kunye nokulahlwa kwayo.
Te knoloji
Ukuqaliswa kweseti yamanyathelo okunciphisa ubushushu beegesi zombane emva kwebhoyila kwishishini elikhoyo liqinisekisa ukwanda kokusebenza kofakelo lonke, olubandakanya iyunithi yebhoyila, usebenzisa, okokuqala, ibhoyila ngokwayo (ubushushu). yenziwe kuyo).
Ingcamango yezo zisombululo zibilisa into enye: i-heater exchanger ifakwe kwicandelo le-flue ukuya kwi-chimney, ethatha ukushisa kweegesi ze-flue kunye nendawo yokupholisa (umzekelo, amanzi). La manzi anokuba sisipholisi sokugqibela esifuna ukufudunyezwa, okanye i-arhente ephakathi ehambisa ubushushu ngezixhobo ezongezelelweyo zokutshintsha ubushushu ukuya kwenye isekethe.
Umzobo weskim ubonisiwe kumzobo:
I-condensate ebangelwayo iqokelelwa ngokuthe ngqo kumthamo we-heat exchanger entsha, eyenziwe ngezinto ezichasene ne-corrosion. Oku kungenxa yokuba umyinge weqondo lobushushu lombethe wokufuma okuqulethwe kumthamo weegesi zokukhupha woyiswa ngokuchanekileyo ngaphakathi kumtshintshisi wobushushu. Ngaloo ndlela, kungekhona nje ukushisa komzimba we-flue gases esetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo, kodwa kunye nobushushu obufihliweyo bokunyuka komphunga wamanzi oqulethwe kuwo. I-apparatus ngokwayo kufuneka yenziwe ngendlela yokuba uyilo lwayo alunikezeli ukuchasana kwe-aerodynamic ngokugqithisileyo kwaye, ngenxa yoko, ukuwohloka kweemeko zokusebenza kweyunithi yebhoyili.
Uyilo lotshintshiselwano lobushushu lunokuba yinto eqhelekileyo yokubuyisela ubushushu, apho ukutshintshwa kobushushu ukusuka kwiigesi ukuya kulwelo lwenzeka ngodonga olwahlulayo, okanye utshintshiselwano lobushushu, apho iigesi zombhobho zidibana ngokuthe ngqo namanzi, ezitshizwa imilomo ekuhambeni kwayo.
Kwi-recuperative exchanger ubushushu, ukusombulula umba we-asidi condensate yehla ekulungiseleleni ukuqokelela kwayo kunye nokungathathi hlangothi. Kwimeko yokutshintshiselana kobushushu boqhagamshelwano, kusetyenziswa indlela eyahlukileyo kancinane, ifana noko kuhlanjululwa rhoqo kwenkqubo yonikezelo lwamanzi ejikelezayo: njengoko i-asidi yolwelo olujikelezayo ikhula, isixa esithile sayo sithathwa kwitanki yokugcina, apho. iphathwa ngama-reagents ngokulahlwa kwamanzi okulandelayo kwi-drainage system, okanye ngokuyiqondisa kumjikelezo wezobuchwepheshe.
Izicelo ezithile zamandla erhasi ye-flue zinokukhawulwa ngenxa yomahluko phakathi kobushushu beegesi kunye neemfuno ezithile zobushushu kwindawo yokungena kwinkqubo yokusebenzisa amandla. Nangona kunjalo, nakwiimeko ezinjalo ezibonakala ngathi ziphelile, kuye kwaphuhliswa indlela exhomekeke kubuchwepheshe obutsha kunye nezixhobo.
Ukuze kwandiswe ukusebenza kakuhle kwenkqubo yokubuyisela ubushushu begesi ye-flue, izisombululo ezintsha ezisekelwe kwiimpompo zokufudumala zisetyenziselwa ukusetyenziswa kwehlabathi njengento ephambili yenkqubo. Kumacandelo athile oshishino (umzekelo, i-bioenergy), izisombululo ezinjalo zisetyenziswa kuninzi lweebhoyila ezigunyazisiweyo. Ukonga okongeziweyo kwimithombo yamandla ephambili kulo mzekelo kuphunyezwa ngokusetyenziswa hayi koomatshini bombane bokucinezelwa ngumphunga, kodwa ukufunxa okuthe tye ngakumbi kunye nobuchwepheshe obuphambili bokufunxa iimpompo zobushushu ze-lithium bromide (ABTH), ezifuna ubushushu kunombane ukuze usebenze (kaninzi oku. inokuba yinkunkuma engasetyenziswanga ubushushu, obukhoyo ngobuninzi phantse kulo naliphi na ishishini). Lo bushushu obuvela kumthombo wokufudumeza umntu wesithathu busebenza umjikelezo wangaphakathi we-ABTH, okuvumela ukuba uguqule amandla akhoyo okushisa akhoyo kwiigesi ze-flue kwaye uyidlulisele kwiindawo ezishushu kakhulu.
Isiphumo
Ukupholisa kweegesi zebhoyila ngokusebenzisa izisombululo ezinjalo kunokuba nzulu kakhulu-ukuya kuthi ga kwi-30 kunye ne-20 Β°C ukusuka kwi-120-130 Β°C yokuqala. Ubushushu obuvelayo bunele ngokwaneleyo ukufudumeza amanzi kwiimfuno zokucocwa kwamanzi ngemichiza, ukwenza, unikezelo lwamanzi ashushu kunye nenethiwekhi yokufudumeza.
Kule meko, ukugcinwa kwepetroli kunokufikelela kwi-5Γ·10%, kwaye ukwanda kwentsebenzo yeyunithi yebhoyili kunokufikelela kwi-2Γ·3%.
Ngaloo ndlela, ukuphunyezwa kweteknoloji echazwe kuvumela ukuxazulula iingxaki ezininzi ngexesha elinye. Oku:
- olona setyenziso lugqibeleleyo nolunenzuzo lobushushu beegesi zombhobho (kunye nobushushu obufihlakeleyo bomphunga wamanzi),
- ukunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwe-NOx kunye ne-SOx emoyeni,
- ukufumana isibonelelo esongezelelweyo - amanzi ahlambulukileyo (anokuthi asetyenziswe ngokufanelekileyo kuyo nayiphi na ishishini, umzekelo, njengesondlo sokufudumeza amanethiwekhi kunye nezinye iisekethe zamanzi),
- ukupheliswa komsi womsi (uba ungabonakali okanye unyamalale ngokupheleleyo).
Uqheliselo lubonisa ukuba ukubanakho ukusebenzisa ezo zisombululo ikakhulu kuxhomekeke koku:
- ukuba nokwenzeka kokusetyenziswa kobushushu obukhoyo obuvela kwiigesi zombhobho,
- ixesha lokusetyenziswa kwamandla ashushu afunyenweyo ngonyaka,
- ixabiso lemithombo yamandla kwishishini,
- ubukho bokugqithisa ubuninzi obuvumelekileyo bokuxinwa kwezinto ezikhutshwayo ze-NOx kunye ne-SOx (kunye nobukhulu bemithetho yendawo yendawo),
- indlela yokunciphisa i-condensate kunye neenketho zokusetyenziswa kwayo ngakumbi.
umthombo: www.habr.com