Elon Musk () ngenkomfa yevidiyo ( tracker 11:25) kwinkqubo yokuthatha inxaxheba kwiforum yoshishino , iKrasnodar 18/19.10.2019/XNUMX/XNUMX ithe (inguqulelo ):
“Kum kubonakala ngathi imfundo yaseRashiya ilunge kakhulu. Kwaye kum kubonakala ngathi eRussia kukho italente eninzi kunye nezinto ezininzi ezinomdla kwimbono yetekhnoloji. "
Kwelinye icala, ijaji yeNkundla yoMgaqo-siseko uAranovsky K.V. ngoluvo oluphikisanayo kwi ngokunxulumene nesikhalazo sommi M.V. Tchaikovsky, ngo-Okthobha 8, 2019, wathetha ngokugxeka kakhulu:
"Emva koko kuya kwenzeka ukuba kuxoxwe kwakhona malunga nokuba imfundo yezandla iqinisekisa kangakanani na ukufikelela kwimisebenzi yobugcisa kunye nokuba ukusetyenziswa kwamalungelo athile kufanele kunxibelelene neediploma."
Ngelo xesha, uAranovsky K.V. ikhuthaza ukudityaniswa kwala malungelo omgaqo-siseko kunye nemiqathango:
"Ukuba imfundo yezandla iqinisekisa ngokuzithemba iziqinisekiso zababambe idiploma, ngoko kumgaqo-siseko kunye nomthetho wezinto ezinomdla kunye nemilinganiselo, oku kuya kuba nobunzima obahlukileyo, obuya kunika izizathu ezingakumbi zokuxhasa igunya lediploma, ukwenzela ukuba iya kuba yimeko yokusebenzisa inkululeko yabasebenzi kunye nelungelo elinxulumeneyo."
Njengoko kunokubonwa kwingxelo ka-Aranovsky K.V. kukho unxibelelwano oluthe ngqo kunye nezatifiketi zobungcali kunye nobubanzi bamalungelo oluntu. Kwaye uxhulumaniso olunjalo, oluqinisekiswa sisikhundla sejaji yeNkundla yoMgaqo-siseko, lunokuba yingxoxo yokomeleza isikhundla kwimeko yokuqaliswa kwesimangalo ukukhusela amalungelo ombhali. Ndiza kuzama ukuveza lo mba kulo mbandela.
Ukufaneleka kwesikhundla sejaji kunokuqinisekiswa ngamazwi omntu ophumeleleyo ovela kwelinye icala lehlabathi, uJack Ma ():
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Ndicinga ukuba iinjongo zoluvo lwejaji uAranovsky K.V. banexhala malunga nemeko yangoku kunye nemfundo ephakamileyo eRashiya kunye nokujongana "neklasi yolawulo" ngesicelo, egameni labantu abaninzi, , kwinqaku lakhe , inxityiswe ngezi mpawu zilandelayo:
"Ngobukhulu bayo obukhulu, abantu abanzulu benza amandla angenakuthintelwa womxhuzulane wenkcubeko, omanyanisa isizwe kwaye utsalele (ucinezela) emhlabeni (kwilizwe labo lokuzalwa) abantu abaphezulu, abathi ngamaxesha ngamaxesha bazame ukubhabha kwindawo yonke."
Ndiza kucacisa ngomzobo olula undoqo wengxaki eyaqwalaselwa yiNkundla yoMgaqo-siseko (iNkundla yoMgaqo-siseko) kule nkqubo. Ummi M.V. UTchaikovsky waphendukela kwiziko lengqesho ngesicelo sokumqaphela njengongasebenzi. Iziko lengqesho lenqaba ukumnika le meko, ngokusekelwe kwinto yokuba akazange anike iikopi eziyimfuneko zamaxwebhu ukusuka kuluhlu olusekiweyo: isatifikethi sengeniso kunye namaxwebhu aqinisekisa iziqinisekiso. Ummi waya ezinkundleni nakwiinkundla zokuqala nezilandelayo zakubona oku njengokwasemthethweni. Emva koko wabhenela kwiNkundla yoMgaqo-siseko yeRussian Federation. Inkundla, emva kokuphonononga iimeko zetyala, yafumanisa ukuba iimfuno zeziko lengqesho zazingekho mthethweni.
Ingqiqo yobudlelwane phakathi kweNkundla yoMgaqo-siseko yaxoxwa yinto yokuba iidiploma zemfundo azinyanzelwanga, ekubeni urhulumente uthembisa ukuqaphela ukuba bonke abemi baseRussian Federation abaqeshwanga, kuquka nabo bangenazo naziphi na iziqinisekiso.
UMgwebi uAranovsky K.V. ithathelwe ingqalelo into yokuba inkqubo enjalo yokuxoxisana ayanelanga kulo mba kwaye ingqiqo yokwamkelwa kufuneka ibe malunga noku kulandelayo. Ukwahlula kwinani lamalungelo aqinisekiswa ngurhulumente kwingcali eqinisekisiweyo kufuneka kwenzeke kwimeko apho urhulumente unikeze uluhlu olupheleleyo lwamathuba okufezekiswa kweetalente zomntu kwintsimi yemisebenzi eluncedo kuluntu. Kwaye ngokusekelwe kwimpumelelo yalo mntu, ukuhlukana kunokwenzeka. Kodwa okwangoku oku akunjalo, kwaye akunakubakho ngokwethiyori, ekubeni inkqubo yemfundo ephakamileyo kwi-Russian Federation, ngenxa ye "iklasi yolawulo," ilandela indlela engayithobeli yonke into yamava oluntu.
Ukuze i-Khabrovites iqonde ngokucacileyo ingqiqo yejaji, ndicinga ukuba kuyimfuneko ukucacisa ukuba ijaji ayisebenzi ngemilinganiselo yokuziphatha kunye neyokuziphatha eyamkelekileyo kuluntu. Oku kucaciswe kakuhle kwincwadi ka-A.N. Golovistikova, Yu.A. nguDmitriev. Iingxaki zethiyori yelizwe kunye nomthetho: Incwadi yokufunda. – M.: EKSMO, 2005.:
"Indlela yokuziphatha kunye nomthetho zineendlela ezahlukeneyo zokuvavanya ukuziphatha komntu. Umthetho usebenzisa iindlela ezifana zomthetho - ezingekho mthethweni, ezisemthethweni - ezingekho mthethweni, unelungelo - unomsebenzi, njl. Kuvavanyo lokuziphatha, kukho ezinye iindlela zokuziphatha: ukuziphatha okubi, ukunyaniseka - ukunganyaniseki, kuyancomeka - kulihlazo, imbeko - embi, njl.
Le migaqo ibekwe phantsi kwemimiselo yamanqaku:
1) Ikhowudi yeNkqubo yoLuntu yeRussian Federation ISiqendu 16. Izizathu zokungavunyelwa kwejaji
3) unomdla wobuqu, ngokuthe ngqo okanye ngokungathanga ngqo kwisiphumo setyala, okanye kukho ezinye iimeko ezithandabuzayo malunga nokungakhethi cala kwakhe.
2) I-Arbitration Code Code ye-Russian Federation iSiqendu 21. Ukuchithwa kwejaji
7) wenze iingxelo zoluntu okanye wanika uvavanyo malunga nokufaneleka kwetyala eliqwalaselwayo
3) I-Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation Article 61. Iimeko ezingabandakanyi ukuthatha inxaxheba kwiinkqubo zolwaphulo-mthetho.
2. Abantu abachazwe kwinxalenye enye yeli nqaku abanako ukuthatha inxaxheba kwiinkqubo zolwaphulo-mthetho nakwiimeko apho kukho ezinye iimeko ezinika isizathu sokukholelwa ukuba buqu, ngokuthe ngqo okanye ngokungathanga ngqo, banomdla kwisiphumo seli tyala lolwaphulo-mthetho.
Vuma ukuba kunzima kakhulu ukungqina ubume bakho bokuba iinkqubo eziqhubekayo zentlalo ziya kukhokelela kwiziphumo ezibi kwisithuba sokuqulunqwa kwezomthetho.
Okulandelayo, ndinikela uluvo olurekhodiweyo lwejaji ngokupheleleyo.
Uluvo lwejaji yeNkundla yoMgaqo-siseko uK.V. ARANOVSKYNgokuhambelana neSigqibo kwimeko yokujonga umgaqo-siseko wemimiselo yesiqendu 1 kunye ne-2 yeSiqendu sesi-3 soMthetho weRussian Federation "kwiNgqesho kwiRussian Federation" malunga nesikhalazo sommi uM.V. Tchaikovsky, ndiyakholelwa kubalulekile ukuqaphela oku kulandelayo.
Xa efumana isimo sokungasebenzi, ummi akasadingeki ukuba abonise idiploma yemfundo ephakamileyo, ngokukodwa imfundo, njengobungqina bemigangatho yemfundo. Esi ayisosihlandlo sokuqala ukuba iNkundla yoMgaqo-siseko yeRussian Federation iye yaphelisa ukuxhomekeka ngokuthe ngqo kokusetyenziswa kwamalungelo ekunikezelweni kwediploma. KwiSigqibo se-14-P sikaNovemba 2018, 41, iNkundla yoMgaqo-siseko yaseRashiya yagqiba kwelokuba ubukho bediploma abunakumisela ngokungqongqo kwanelungelo lokwenza umsebenzi wokufundisa (iintlobo ezithile), ukuba uqhutywa ngempumelelo ngumntu. ohambelana nesikhundla sakhe.
Isigwebo seNkundla yoMgaqo-siseko yeRussian Federation kusenokwenzeka ukuba senzeke kumxholo owahluke kancinane ukuba amaxwebhu emfundo ayenodumo olwahlukileyo kunolo analo ngoku. Ukuba imfundo yobugcisa iqinisekisa ngokuzithemba iziqinisekiso zababambe idiploma, ngoko kumgaqo-siseko kunye nomthetho wezinto ezinomdla kunye nexabiso le nto iya kuba nobunzima obahlukileyo, obuya kunika izizathu ezingakumbi zokuxhasa igunya lediploma, ukuze ifa lalo libe yimpumelelo. ibe ngumqathango wokusetyenziswa kwenkululeko yabasebenzi kunye namalungelo anxulumeneyo .
Kunzima ukunganxulumanisi ukuvinjwa kwamalungelo kwinkqubo yemfundo yoqinisekiso lobuchwephesha kunye nombuso wayo, xa kukho uguquguquko olukhulu kuyo kangangokuba umntu akanakuthembela kumgangatho ozinzileyo wemveliso yemfundo. Ngoko, kwixesha elidlulileyo, iqela eliphakathi kwamasebe phantsi koRhulumente waseRashiya laqala umsebenzi, nto leyo eyayifanele ukuba ikhokelele kolunye uhlaziyo lwemithetho yokuvunywa kweeyunivesithi kunye nokuhanjiswa kwazo kwiindidi ezintathu: ezisisiseko, eziphambili kunye nezikhokelayo. Iiyunivesithi ezisisiseko kwafuneka zitshintshele kwiikhosi ze-intanethi, eziza kwenza ukuba zibe ngamaziko emfundo kunye nokubonisana ngokufunda umgama, ngokucacileyo, kufana namanqaku e-Intanethi, apho iindleko zenkonzo ziza kubandakanya idiploma. Ezi peripheral dyunivesithi-cells ziya kungena kwi-pyramidal structures njengamalungu aqhelekileyo kwaye apho babeza kuziqhelanisa nokuqeqesha, bafundise "ubuchule", kanye njengokuba ubunkokeli kunye nokuthotyelwa kufakwa kwiiklasi eziphambili kunye noqeqesho ngomoya wokuthengisa inethiwekhi. Iiyunivesithi eziphambili, ukuba konke oku kwenzekile, kuya kufuneka ukuba zilungiselele iimveliso zemfundo ukuze zisasazwe ngakumbi kuthungelwano ngeeyunivesithi "eziphambili" ezikwinqanaba eliphakathi. Ke, ewe, iiyunivesithi ziya kunciphisa iindleko ngenxa yesikali kunye nezibonelelo zothungelwano ngelixa zinciphisa abasebenzi bootitshala. Izenzo ezinjalo zihlala zixhamla inkxaso kudidi lolawulo kunye naphakathi kwamatsha ntliziyo; zihlala zikhula apho kwaye ngamanye amaxesha zifumana ukuphunyezwa.
Noko ke, asingabo bonke abantu abayibonayo inkqubela yokhanyiselo kubo. Omnye uya kuthatha isigqibo sokuba umngcipheko oqhubekayo wokuguqulwa kwesakhiwo, ungakhankanyi ukuphunyezwa kwawo okwenyani, unqanda isayensi kunye nemfundo yobungcali ithuba lokugcina umgangatho kwizinga elifanelekileyo. Ke, ayinguye wonke umntu ojonga ukuqaliswa kwenkqubo yeBologna iluncedo, kwaye uninzi luya kukhetha ukwenza ngaphandle kwayo, njengoko, umzekelo, iiyunivesithi zaseJamani zenza. Akuyena wonke umntu oqinisekileyo ukuba ukuqaliswa kwe-bachelor's kunye ne-master degrees ngokwemigangatho ye-Bologna kuye kwandisa umgangatho wemfundo kwaye iidiploma zaseRashiya ngoku ziqatshelwe ngokwemigangatho yamazwe ngamazwe, njengoko kulindelekile. Intaphane yemithombo yobutyebi esetyenzisiweyo koku ngeyichithelwe ukunceda inzululwazi kunye nomvuzo ondilisekileyo ngomsebenzi wokufundisa. Uphuculo lwemfundo luye lwahlala iminyaka engamashumi amathathu, kwaye iziphumo zabo zisaphikisana, ngoko ngoku, xa kuchithwa okuninzi, kwaye ukuzithemba kwiidiploma akunyukanga, akukho sizathu sokuqhubeka sithembele kwizigqibo zabaphathiswa, inyathelo labaphathiswa. kunye nolangazelelo lwamatshantliziyo.
Kungenzeka ukuba ngoku kuya kufuneka silinde de iidiploma zeyunivesithi ezininzi kunye nezikolo zobugcisa (i-lyceums, iikholeji, njl.njl.) zibe zikholisa. Emva koko kuya kwenzeka ukuba kuphinde kuxoxwe kwakhona malunga nokuba imfundo yezobugcisa iqinisekisa kangakanani ukufikelela kwiingcali kunye nokuba ukusetyenziswa kwamalungelo athile kufuneka kudibaniswe neediploma. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, nangona kunjalo, imigangatho yemfundo ebonelelwe nguMgaqo-siseko weRussian Federation ngokwawo (iSiqendu 5 seSiqendu 43), abalawuli kunye namatsha ntliziyo abanakunikela ngenye indlela ngaphandle kwamaxwebhu kunye neengxelo ezimiselwe lisebe labo, nangona ukuzimela kweyunivesithi kunye nenkululeko yezifundo kuthetha ukuba imigangatho, endaweni yoko, ipateni yokuqhelanisa esekiweyo.
Kuze kube kutshanje, ilungelo lokukhupha iidiploma liqinisekisa inkqubo yemfundo yemisebenzi ekhuselweyo ngokusemthethweni, kubandakanywa umvuzo wohlahlo lwabiwo-mali. Mhlawumbi asibobulumko ukushiya ngasemva ezo ziqinisekiso ngaphandle kokuqiniseka ukuba ziya kuyizuzisa imfundo ngokwayo. Ngethuba lohlaziyo, inkqubo yasasaza izibonelelo ngendlela engalindelekanga ukuba ibe nefuthe elihle kubuchwephesha, kwintlalontle kunye nesidima sootitshala, o.k.t. kumgangatho woqeqesho. Le nkqubo ihlawula kancinci ngaphandle kokuba utitshala unikwa indima ehlawulwayo kwicandelo lolawulo lwayo njengomlawuli, umphumezi, okanye itshantliziyo elizimiseleyo. Ngamanye amaxesha ivumela utitshala ukuba anyuse kancinane umvuzo wakhe ohlwempuzekileyo, kodwa hayi umsebenzi, kodwa izibalo ezilungileyo kunye nengxelo, ukubonisa indlela efanelekileyo endaweni yeendlela zemfundo, ukufaka isicelo sezibonelelo kunye nokureyithwa, ukubeka esweni ngeegrafu kunye nayo yonke enye into. ibaluleke kakhulu kwiinkonzo zolawulo kunye namasebe. Ukwenza oku, utitshala kufuneka aphuhlise izakhono kunye nobuchule bokubhala i-CV kunye nezicelo, azibeke kwiimali kunye namasebe, akhuphe iziqinisekiso, kunye nokwenza izalathisi zokucaphula.
Kwimeko enjalo, into exabiswayo ayikuko ukufundisa okanye ukufunda, kodwa i-complex yezemfundo kunye ne-methodological efunekayo kungekhona ngabafundi kunye nabafundisi-ntsapho, kodwa ngeenkonzo, ukuze bazive belungile kwaye bahlale kwizikhundla ezifanelekileyo kwimiba ebalulekileyo. Nangona kunjalo, akunakwenzeka ukuba ngenxa yale nto kuyimfuneko ukugcina amalungelo enkqubo, aqinisekiswe ngokunyanzeliswa kweediploma. Iminqweno kunye nemilinganiselo yayo ayiqinisekanga, kwaye ngenxa yabo akunakwenzeka ukukhawulela inkululeko yabemi, amathuba okuba nentlalontle, ngokuchasene nemimiselo yeSiqendu 2, 7, 17, 18, 21, 34, 37 , Icandelo 3 leSiqendu 55 soMgaqo-siseko weRussian Federation.
Ukuthotywa kunye nokuphendula phantsi kwabalawuli kucinezela ukufundisa kunye nezifundo xa iiyunivesithi zincama ukuzilawula, inkululeko yezifundo, isimbo kunye nokusebenzela inkqubo ekhupha iimvume zomsebenzi. Ukuzimela yinto efunekayo kwimisebenzi yeyunivesithi, kwaye ukuba sicinga ukuba iiyunivesithi zaseRashiya azikwazi, ngoko ukulindela imfundo efanelekileyo kunye nediploma, ngokuqinisekileyo, ayinangqiqo.
INkundla yoMgaqo-siseko ye-Russian Federation ibona ukuzimela kweeyunivesithi umgaqo osisiseko wemisebenzi yabo, emisela ubudlelwane babo kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo karhulumente kwinkalo yemfundo (Isigqibo No. 27-P kaDisemba 1999, 19); uthi ukuzimela uzigwebele ngokwembali kwisithethe seyunivesiti yaseYurophu, kwaye idibanisa neenjongo zezentlalo, inkululeko yenzululwazi, ubugcisa kunye nezinye iintlobo zokudala, ukufundisa, kunye nelungelo lomntu wonke kwimfundo kunye nezinye. imilinganiselo yomgaqo-siseko elandela imimiselo yeSiqendu 7, 17, 18, 43 (icandelo 1 ne-5), 44 (icandelo 1) loMgaqo-siseko weRussian Federation; ivumela izithintelo kukuzimela geqe korhulumente kunye neeyunivesithi zikamasipala ngabasemagunyeni bakarhulumente kuphela ngeenjongo ezibalulekileyo ngokomgaqo-siseko kwaye kangangokuba la maqumrhu, anamalungelo omseki, elawula ukuthotyelwa kwemisebenzi yeyunivesithi kunye neenjongo zayo ezisemthethweni (Inkcazo ye-7 kaJuni , 2011 No. 767-О-О). Ukuzimela kwamaziko emfundo - kunye nenkululeko yezemfundo ekufuneni inyaniso, kunye nenkcazo yayo yasimahla kunye nokusasazwa kwayo phantsi koxanduva lootitshala ngaphandle kokukhathalelwa ngabaphathi - kwavunywa liGatya lesi-3 loMthetho we-Federal "kwiMfundo ePhakamileyo kunye nesiDanga esiPhambili" . Inqaku lesi-3 loMthetho we-Federal "On Education in the Russian Federation" liphuma kumgaqo ofanayo, kubalwa phakathi kwemigaqo yemfundo inkululeko katitshala ekumiseleni iifom kunye neendlela zokufundisa kunye nokukhulisa, ukuzimela kwemibutho yezemfundo, i-academic. amalungelo nenkululeko yootitshala nabafundi (isiqendu 7, 8, 9) . Ukuphunyezwa kwezi zibonelelo kuyathandabuzeka ukuba inkqubo ibeka abathathi-nxaxheba kwishishini lezemfundo kwinkonzo yomdla wayo. Nditsho noPetros ndandingathandabuzi ukuba "inzululwazi yokuzithoba ayinakunyamezelwa," kwaye u-N.I. Pirogov wagxininisa ngakumbi ukuba ukufana kwezolawulo akuhambelani "neyunivesithi ezizimeleyo,"[1] ukuba "ukuzimela kunye ne-bureaucracy akuhambisani." ukuba “inzululwazi inolawulo lwayo; Akuba ligosa, uphulukana nokubaluleka kwakhe”[2].
Ngoku kuninzi okucetyiswayo ukuba kungekudala, mhlawumbi kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zobudlelwane bomthetho, kuya kufuneka sihlehlise ukunyanzeliswa okungqongqo kweediploma de kubekho ubungqina obuqinileyo bokuba iiyunivesithi zibuyisela ukuzimela. Kodwa oku akukho ngqiqweni ukuba inxalenye yezolawulo yenkqubo yemfundo ayinabemi abambalwa ngenxa yokuncitshiswa kwabasebenzi neenkonzo, ukunyamalala kwemisebenzi yabo kunye nezikhokelo zendlela yokusebenza. Kukwayimfuneko ukuba kuqinisekiswe ukuba iinguqu kwiziseko zezemfundo zehla ikakhulu ekubhangisweni kwamaziko abhubhayo, nokuba amaziko akhoyo aphelelwe ngumdla wohlengahlengiso nokutshintshwa kwamagama, nokuba abantu abanomdla abasaphumeleli kumaphulo abo okudala amasebe alingane. kwifakhalthi okanye ukuseka “izikolo” kwindawo yazo kunye “nezikhokelo”.
Ngelixa icandelo lolawulo, kunye namatsha-ntliziyo, liziphatha njengomququzeleli kunye nenkosi yemfundo, limisela i-architecture kunye ne-destiny yayo, akukho themba kwaye akukho mfuneko yokuchitha amandla omthetho kwiidiploma ezinyanzelekileyo, kule meko ilahlekelwa ngumgaqo-siseko wayo. kunye nesiseko esisemthethweni. Oku kungasentla akusuki kwiSigqibo esamkelweyo kulo mba.
[1] Jonga: Umbuzo weYunivesithi // Bulletin yaseYurophu. T. 1(237). Petersburg, ngowe-1906. S. 1, 15.[2] Bona: Kropotova N.V. UNikolai Ivanovich Pirogov kwinkcubeko yaseyunivesithi: Yintoni etshintshileyo kwinkulungwane enesiqingatha? // Uphando lwenzululwazi lwangoku kunye nokusungula izinto ezintsha. 2016. No7 // .
Kweziphi iimeko apho uluvo oluphikisanayo lweJaji uK.V. Aranovsky luchazwe kwiSigqibo seNkundla yoMgaqo-siseko weRussian Federation kwityala lokujonga umgaqo-siseko wemiqathango yesiqendu 1 no-2 seSiqendu 3 soMthetho weRussian Federation “ Ngokuqeshwa kwaBemi kwiRussian Federation” ngokunxulumene nesikhalazo sommi uM.V. Tchaikovsky? ingasetyenziselwa ukuthethelela ubunzima besikhundla somnye wamaqela?
Ngokombono wam, ukuqiqa kwejaji yeNkundla yoMgaqo-siseko kunokusetyenziswa xa, ngokusekelwe kwingcamango yokuba izigqibo zengcali eqinisekisiweyo zinzima ngaphezu kwezigqibo zengcali engenaso idiploma, enye yamaqela afuna. utshintsho kwimiqathango yekhontrakthi, ngokombono wayo, ifanelekile. Umzekelo olula uya kuba yimeko apho uphuhliso oluthile lwenziwa yingcali engenaso idiploma kwintsimi yobunjineli besoftware. Iqela elichasayo linikeze isiphelo esivela kwingcali kunye nediploma ehambelanayo, kwaye ukusuka kwesi sigqibo kulandela ukuba umgangatho womsebenzi owenziweyo awuhambelani nenqanaba elifunekayo. Ngenxa yoko, kunokufuna utshintsho olufanelekileyo kumdlali. Kwaye into yokuba ingcali yekontraka, umzekelo, yenza oku iminyaka emininzi kwaye iphumeze iiprojekthi ezininzi, ngokombono womthengi, ayibalulekanga.
Ngeli nqanaba, kuyimfuneko ukucacisa ukuba inkundla ihlala inquma ukulingana kwembuyekezo kunye neemvumelwano kunye nenqanaba elikhoyo kurhulumente kule ndawo. Kwaye, ngenxa yoko, iqela elinikezela ngeenkonzo zophuhliso kufuneka libonise ukufaneleka kwamaxabiso, ukungafani kweenkonzo zabo, njl., kwiimeko apho iqela elichasayo lizama ukunciphisa. Esona sisombululo sisiso kukwahlula isixa sisonke sibe ngamacandelo, ekubeni inkundla kufuneka ijonge iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokunciphisa amabango kwimeko nganye.
Umzekelo omhle wale ndlela sisisombululo . Kule nkqubo, ummangali, wokusetyenziswa kwiwebhusayithi yommangalelwa yomfanekiso weplani yepanorama yaseSt. Inkundla yagqiba ekubeni ibuyise i-ruble eyi-5 lamawaka kunye neendleko.
Kuhlala kuyimfuneko ukuthathela ingqalelo ukuba isikhundla esimiselwe kwiSigqibo seNkundla yoMgaqo-siseko asingomgaqo othe ngqo womthetho. Kwaye ukuthembela kuyo ukukhawuleza "nge-saber kwiitanki" akuyi kusebenza. Iindlela zokudibanisa iingxoxo ezivela kwiSigqibo seNkundla yoMgaqo-siseko kufuneka zithathwe ngelixa kuqondwa imeko yeli gunya lenkundla. Ukucacisa le nkalo, ndiya kusebenzisa iicatshulwa kumanqaku enzululwazi ukuphepha izityholo zomkhethe.
YandisaUmda wobulungisa bomgaqo-siseko (obusemthethweni) kummandla wabo womhlaba unwenwela kuphela kummandla apho iqumrhu likarhulumente elihambelanayo lenziwa kwaye lisebenza, ngokwemiqathango ebambekayo - kwinqanaba elikhethekileyo lobudlelwane boluntu olusemthethweni malunga "nenxaxheba kwinkqubo ngokubanzi ulawulo lomgaqo-siseko "kwi-Russian Federation".
Krapivkina O.A. Ubume beziko lokuphikisa uluvo lwejaji kwiinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zomthetho ISTU Bulletin No. 2(97) 2015
Yandisa“Iziko lezimvo ezichasayo libethelelwa ngokusemthethweni kumazwe amaninzi edemokhrasi, kuquka i-USA, iRashiya, iKhanada, iJamani, iNgilani, njl. njl. ifakiwe kumbhalo wenxalenye yokuqiqa yesigqibo (eJamani). Kodwa kukho amazwe edemokhrasi anenkqubo yokugweba ephuhlileyo, apho kungekho ziko lokugweba elinjalo konke konke. Phakathi kwabo, umzekelo, eFransi, eBelgium naseItali. Isizathu esona sizathu sokungabikho kweziko lombono ochasayo, ngokucacileyo, uloyiko oluqhubekayo lokutyhila imfihlelo yegumbi lokuxoxa kunye nokunciphisa igunya lesigqibo senkundla. Ukungabikho kweli ziko kwiinkqubo ezininzi zokugweba kukwachazwa namasiko asemthethweni karhulumente.”
“Kumagqwetha ase-Anglo-American, iziko lezimvo eziphikisayo luphawu oluqhelekileyo lwenkqubo yokugweba. Ngaphezu koko, ungumthombo wokuzingca ngobulungisa baseMelika. Iimbono eziphikisanayo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-US u-O. Holmes ziqwalaselwa ngokufanelekileyo, njengoko umphandi waseMerika u-E. Dumbold ephawula, "ubuncwane bengcinga esemthethweni" [7]. IJaji eyiNtloko yase-US u-A. Scalia uthi izimvo eziphikisanayo ziyimveliso yokucinga okuzimeleyo nokunzulu; zinomdla kumthetho-mthetho ngokuyila kwazo kunye nokuqwalaselwa kwee-nuances zetyala, zisebenza njengobungqina bobunzima bemiba yomthetho eqwalaselwayo, efuna indlela elinganayo; ngokwemvelo iguqula inkundla ibe liqumrhu apho kuxoxwa khona ngokusemthethweni, kuze kuphuhliswe ingcamango engokwasemthethweni.”
“Kwisithethe sama-Anglo-Saxon, izimvo eziphikisanayo ziziko elisebenza ngeendlela ezintathu-isiprofeto, incoko, kunye nomqinisekisi wokunyaniseka [6]. Nangona, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba isimo sengqondo sokuqala malunga neziko lezimvo eziphikisanayo e-United States sasingalunganga. Umbhali wezimvo zokuqala eziphikisanayo, uMgwebi uWilliam Johnson, wabhalela owayesakuba nguMongameli wase-US uThomas Jefferson ukuba emva kokuba eveze uluvo lwakhe oluphikisanayo, weva kuphela iimfundiso zokuziphatha ezibhekiswa kuye malunga nokuziphatha okungafanelekanga kweejaji ezihlaselana [10]. ]. Nangona kunjalo, ipesenti yezigqibo ezinikezelwe yiNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-US ezibandakanya ubuncinane uluvo olunye oluphikisanayo lwakhula ngokuthe ngcembe [8]. Ngaloo ndlela, njengomzekelo wendima engokwesiprofeto yoluvo oluphikisanayo, ubani unokukhumbula imbono ephikisanayo kaJustice Laskin weNkundla Ephakamileyo yaseKhanada, owathi kwityala likaMurdoch v. UMurdoch wayichasa inkqubo endala yomthetho wepropati, exhasa ilungelo labafazi abaqhawule umtshato ababebandakanyeka kumsebenzi wasekhaya nokukhulisa abantwana kwisabelo sempahla. Kamva, kwityala likaRathwell v. Inkundla yaseRathwell, eyongamele nguDixon, yakhupha isigwebo apho ixhasa uluvo oluphikisana noLaskin. Ngaloo ndlela, yaba luhlobo lwangaphambili lotshintsho kumthetho ojoliswe ekukhuseleni amalungelo abasetyhini."
“ETshayina, uluvo oluphikisanayo lwaqala lwaqhotyoshelwa kwisigqibo seNkundla yaseShanghai Yokulamla No. 2 ngoSeptemba 2003. Eli ziko kudala lingaqhelekanga kubulungisa baseTshayina. Abagwebi baseTshayina baqhele ukwenza izenzo ezimfutshane, "ezingenasiseko".
...
Ukuba nokwenzeka kokubandakanya iimbono eziphikisanayo zeejaji kwizigqibo zenkundla kubonisa indlela yohlaziyo kwinkqubo yobulungisa yaseTshayina, kwenza ukuba abagwebi babe noxanduva ngakumbi, kwaye kukwanegalelo kutshintsho kwindlela yokuyila izigqibo zenkundla. Ukuza kuthi ga kutshanje, izigqibo zeenkundla zaseTshayina bezizizenzo ezimfutshane ezifikelela kumaphepha amathandathu, apho kuphela icala eliyinyaniso letyala nesigqibo senkundla ngokwaso sachazwa ngendlela emfutshane. Inxalenye yengxabano yayilahlekile, isiseko esisemthethweni sesigqibo, ukuvavanywa kobungqina, kunye neengxabano zamaqela azikhankanywanga kwisicatshulwa sesigqibo. Phakathi kokungalungi kolu hlobo lwezigqibo, abagxeki baseTshayina bakhankanya ukungafihli kwenkqubo yokugweba. Kwada kwaba ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yee-1990 apho kwaqala ukusebenza imimemo yohlaziyo. Iinkundla kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo, kubandakanywa neNkundla yaBantu ePhakamileyo, ziye zafuna ukuba iijaji zizithethelele izigqibo zazo kwimibhalo yezigqibo zazo. Ngenxa yoko, ngoJulayi 2004, iFoshan Arbitration Court yePhondo laseGuangdong yapapasha isigqibo esinamaphepha angaphezu kwe-100.”
Yandisa“Ilungelo lokufumana uluvo oluchasayo lenza umntu abe ngumgwebi ngamnye, limahlule njengesiqu esizimeleyo nesinoxanduva lequmrhu lenkundla [3]. Iziko lezimvo ezichasayo lijongela phantsi ubume bolawulo-mthetho ngokungavumeli uluvo lwesininzi ukuba lusebenze njengelona khetho lokutolika izithethe zomgaqo-siseko. Njengoko uA. Scalia waphawulayo, “inkqubo yeembono eziphikisanayo iye yayiguqula iNkundla Ephakamileyo yaseUnited States yaba liqonga eliphambili lengxoxo yezomthetho yale mihla, yaye izigqibo zayo zisuka kwingxelo nje yezigqibo eziqiqiweyo ezingokwasemthethweni zaba yinto efana “neMbali Yentanda-bulumko YaseMerika eneCommentary. .”
Yandisa"Undoqo woluvo oluchasayo kunye neenjongo zokuyizoba yijaji eyahlala imanyene ngexesha lokuvota yaqulunqwa ngokucacileyo ngu-A. L. Kononov: "... ukuvakalisa nokukhusela uluvo lomntu ngumsebenzi onzima ngokweemvakalelo nangokwengqondo, rhoqo. ingxabano enzulu yangaphakathi. Kunzima kakhulu ukoyisa amathandabuzo kwaye uphephe impembelelo yabasemagunyeni, uhlala kwigcuntswana phakathi kwabagwebi osebenza nabo, ngamnye kubo, ngokwenkcazo, yingcali yeziqinisekiso eziphezulu. Uluvo oluphikisanayo, ngokuqinisekileyo, inguqu egqithisileyo yesikhundla sejaji, xa iindleko zesigqibo ziphezulu ngokucacileyo, xa ukulungelelaniswa kwangaphakathi kungenakwenzeka, kwaye ukugwetywa kwempazamo yenkundla kuninzi "[7, p. 46]. Isizathu esibangele "ingxabano enzulu yangaphakathi" kukwazi kwejaji uxanduva lwezigqibo ezenziwe kwimiba esonjululwe xa ivakalisa isigwebo kwaye iba yinto ebalulekileyo kwikamva lommangalelwa.
Koku kucatshulwe apha ngasentla kucacile ukuba isibheno esithe ngqo kuluvo oluchasayo alunakwenzeka kwaye enye yeengxoxo kukuba esi sibheno siya kuthi ngaloo ndlela sithambekise inkundla ukuba yenze isigqibo esisekelwe kwi-precedent, enokuthi ibonwe yinkundla njengoxinzelelo yona. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kuyimfuneko ukwakha inkqubo ehambelanayo, ehambelana nengqiqo yezinto eziphathekayo zezikhundla zomthetho zeqela ukuya kumthetho. Kwaye kumba wokukhusela ilungelo lokushicilela kunye namalungelo anxulumeneyo, kuthathelwa ingqalelo ukungaqiniseki kweendlela ezininzi, oku kunzima kakhulu. Kukho isithuba kuHabré kwaye yena, ngokoluvo lwam, ulungelelanise ngokusemgangathweni amanqaku amasebe ekufuneka athathelwe ingqalelo xa engena kwimeko yokhuseleko lwezomthetho lwamalungelo okushicilela. Isithuba sapapashwa kwi-2013 kwaye, ekubeni andizange ndihlolisise ukufaneleka kohlalutyo olwenziwe kuyo, ndikucebisa ukuba wenze njalo ngaphambi kokusebenzisa imixholo yayo. Le mfuno ivela kwinto yokuba uphuhliso lomba womthetho lwenzeka ngokuqhubekayo, inkqubo ethile yenkundla iphuhla, kwaye iingcaciso zeNkundla ePhakamileyo ziyavela.
Ndiza kuthi thaca imizekelo emibini yendlela iqondo lobuchule elinokusetyenziswa ngayo ukukhusela amalungelo obukrelekrele.
Imeko yokuqala kwaye isefanelekileyo inxulumene nemeko xa umqeshwa, emva kokubamba zonke iziphumo, esiya kumthengi kwaye ashiye ikontraki ngaphandle komvuzo. Le meko ichazwe kwisithuba esivela kwi-2013 , kunye nenyaniso yokuba le nkalo ayizange ilahlekelwe ukufaneleka kwayo inokubonwa kwisithuba samva nje . Izinto ze-2013, inkqubo yokuqala, ichaza imeko apho iqela lababhali abaye benza inkqubo njengenxalenye yentsebenzo yemisebenzi yabo yimveliso yesofthiwe emalungelo abo angawombutho. Kwaye, emva koko, omnye wabasebenzi beqela elichaziweyo, emva kokufudukela kwelinye iqumrhu, wenza enye imveliso esebenzisa uphuhliso lweqela ukusuka kwindawo yangaphambili yomsebenzi. Ikhonkco kwisigqibo senkundla yolamlo kweso sixhobo asisasebenzi, kodwa emva kokukhangela, ikhonkco elisebenzayo , enika isizathu sokusebenzisa izinto ezivela kwisithuba kwi-Habré.
Ngokubanzi, isigqibo senkundla senziwe ngokuthanda ummangali, lowo inkqubo yabiwe, ngokusekelwe kwimbono yengcali, leyo, ngokuthelekisa ikhowudi yeprogram yeemodyuli, isicatshulwa:
Ngokwesigqibo sengcali, xa kuhlalutywa amaqhekeza eekhowudi zomthombo we-OpenSky-2 kunye neemveliso zesoftware ye-Meridian, umahluko (imigca emi-2) yafunyanwa egameni lesebe lobhaliso elisetyenziselwa ukugcina useto olumisela iindlela zokusebenza. inkqubo, apho endaweni yesebe "SoftwareRIVC_PULKOVOAS_RDS (Spp ) Izilumkiso", esetyenziswa yi "OpenSky-2", ngenjongo efanayo, kunye nokwakhiwa okufanayo kweethegi kunye neefomathi ezifanayo zamaxabiso agcinwe kuzo. , i "SoftwareAeronavigator Meridian Alerts" isebe lisetyenziswa kwi "Meridian".
Njengoko ndinokucinga, kwimiba enjalo, ummangali uzama ukungqina oko anako. Imibuzo phambi koviwo lwasenkundleni yaqulunqwa ngokuchanekileyo kwaza kwafunyanwa isiphumo esifunekayo. Mhlawumbi ukuba umqeshwa oye wayiba inkqubo wayelumke ngakumbi ekugubungeleni imikhondo yakhe, isiphumo esinjalo sasingayi kwenzeka. Emva koko kuya kufuneka sithembele kumahluko kwinqanaba lobuchule.
Umbuzo uvela: indlela yokumisela iqondo lobuchule? Kwimeko echazwe ngasentla, ndingacebisa isikimu esilandelayo. Kuye kwaphawulwa ngasentla ukuba imveliso yenziwe liqela lababhali. Ngokuqhelekileyo, kumaqela anjalo, wonke umntu wenza oko akwaziyo kakuhle kwaye, ngenxa yoko, ngaphambili basebenzisa izisombululo ezifanayo kwezinye iimveliso. Qokelela imizekelo emibini okanye emithathu yezisombululo ezisetyenzisiweyo ngaphambili kumbhali ngamnye kwaye ubuze umbuzo kuviwo, malunga nolu hlobo lulandelayo: yenza izisombululo ezisetyenziswe kwimveliso ebiweyo, kwimodyuli enye okanye enye, zihambelane kwisitayile, iteknoloji, ifomathi. , ukuqulunqwa kunye nezo ziveliswa zizigqibo zomsebenzi wokudala wombhali othile kwiimveliso eziveliswe ngaphambili. Ngokusekelwe kumgaqo wesazisi wokubhala ngesandla. Ndicinga ukuba ukuba izinto ezisisiseko ziyahambelana, akuyi kuba nzima ukudibanisa oku kunye nomthombo wemvelaphi yemveliso.
Umzekelo olandelayo uya kuba .
Undoqo walo mbandela uqulunqwe ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: ummi, ngelixa esebenza kwiVodokanal LLC, wenza ifayile ye-Excel apho kwakunokwenzeka ukuba kuqhutywe inkqubo yedatha ngokuzenzekelayo usebenzisa iteknoloji yeGOST R 50779.42-99 (ISO 8258-91) " Iindlela zamanani. Iitshathi zolawulo zeShewhart." Uninzi lweKhabrovites lubonile, kwimibutho emininzi, ezi fayile ze-Excel zigcinwe njenge-apula yeso labo, ezidluliswa ukusuka kumqeshwa ukuya kumqeshwa njengolona lwazi lukhulu. Akukho sizathu sokuphikisana nale meko, kuba eneneni basindisa abasebenzi ixesha elininzi. Emva kokugxothwa kwakhe, inkampani yaqhubeka nokusebenzisa olu phuhliso lwalowo wayesakuba ngumsebenzi. Wagqiba ekubeni ukusetyenziswa okunjalo kophuhliso lwakhe kwakuyingozi kuye kwaye wafaka isimangalo apho waqikelela isixa samabango kwi-ruble eyi-100 lamawaka.
Eli bhinqa laliwa ngezi zizathu zilandelayo:
Ukuqaphela:
"Inkqubo yekhompyutha yiseti yedatha kunye nemiyalelo evezwe ngendlela enenjongo, ejoliswe ekusebenzeni kwekhompyutha kunye nezinye izixhobo zekhompyutha ukuze kufumaneke umphumo othile, kuquka izinto zokulungiselela ezifunyenwe ngexesha lokuphuhliswa kwenkqubo yekhompyutha, kunye imiboniso yeaudiovisual eyenziwe yiyo. ”
...
Ngaloo ndlela, ngexesha letyala ummangali uProskurina S.V. akukho bungqina bunikezelweyo bamalungelo akhethekileyo wommangali kwinto ehambelanayo yepropathi enomgangatho ophezulu wokuqonda kunye nenyaniso yokusetyenziswa kwala malungelo ngummangalelwa, ekubeni kumajelo e-elektroniki "SanDisk" (m/o ) enikezelwa ngummangali, kwi ifayile "ikhadi-xls", ebekwe kwifolda "doc. Excel", akukho nto yepropathi yengqondo ngendlela yeprogram yekhompyutheni yokusebenza kunye neetafile kunye nokwakha iigrafu ezicwangcisiweyo ze-Shewhart Charts.
Ngenxa yokuba ummangali wenze iimfuno zokuqatshelwa kobunikazi obukhethekileyo benkqubo yekhompyuter yokusebenza ngeetafile kunye nokwakha iigrafu ezicwangcisiweyo zeShewhart Charts, inkundla ifikelela kwisigqibo sokuba iyala ukubanelisa, kuba ngexesha letyala ezi meko. azizange ziqinisekiswe kwaye zikhatywe ngezinto ezibhaliweyo zeli tyala.”
Oko kukuthi, uviwo aluzange lufumane inkqubo yekhompyutheni kwifayile ekhankanyiweyo. Ukusuka kumbono osemthethweni, oku kuyinyaniso, ekubeni ifayile ye-Excel ngokwayo ayikwazi ukwenza i-hardware isebenze (umsebenzi). Oko kukuthi, ukuba akukho nkqubo yekhompyutheni, ngoko akunakubakho mabango. Le ngqiqo ilula kwaye iyaqondakala.
Ngokwemvelo, oku kuyimpazamo ecacileyo kwicala lommangali. Ngendlela, inokulungiswa ngokufaka ibango elitsha, apho umxholo omtsha webango ubonisiwe kwaye imfuno izalisekile, isicatshulwa:
“Ngokuhambelana noBugcisa. I-1300 ye-Code Civil of the Russian Federation, ulwazi lwe-copyright lulo naluphi na ulwazi oluchaza umsebenzi, umbhali okanye omnye umnini-copyright, okanye ulwazi malunga neemeko zokusetyenziswa komsebenzi, eziqhotyoshelwe kuyo okanye zivela ngokunxulumene nosasazo okanye intambo. kusasaza okanye ukuzisa umsebenzi onjalo eluntwini, kunye nawo nawaphi na amanani kunye neekhowudi eziqulethe loo nkcazelo.”
Ndicinga ukuba kwiimeko ezinjalo, ingxelo yokubaluleka kobuchule inokusetyenziswa xa kumiselwa amabango. Oko kukuthi, umntu wakwazi ukwenza imodyuli ngomsebenzi wakhe wokudala ogcina ixesha elininzi lokusebenza kubasebenzi beshishini lorhwebo. Iyingqayizivele, kuba akukho mntu usebenza phambi kwakhe wakwazi ukuphumeza oku kwaye umbhali unelungelo lokuhlawula imali evela kwimpembelelo yezoqoqosho.
Ukuqukumbela, ndingathanda ukuqaphela ukuba uluntu lwethu lusiya ekuqondeni ukuba isihloko, isikhundla, okanye ukuba yinxalenye yeqela elithile lentlalontle sisiphumo sexabiso lomntu eluntwini kwaye eli xabiso limiselwa yinqanaba lezinto eziluncedo, oko kukuthi. , inqanaba lezakhono zakhe kunye nobuchule ekufezekiseni ilungelo lokusebenza.
umthombo: www.habr.com