Xa u tyelela naliphi na ilizwe, kubalulekile ukuba ungabhidanisi ukhenketho kunye nokufuduka.
Ubulumko babantu
Namhlanje ndingathanda ukuqwalasela mhlawumbi owona mba ucinezelayo - ibhalansi yemali xa ufunda, uhlala kunye nokusebenza kwamanye amazwe. Ukuba kwiindawo ezine ezidlulileyo (, , , ) Ndazama ukuphepha esi sihloko njengoko ndinako, ngoko kweli nqaku siza kutsala umgca obunzima phantsi kwezibalo zexesha elide lokulinganisela umvuzo kunye neendleko.
hlobo: Isihloko sinovakalelo, kwaye bambalwa kakhulu abazimisele ukusigubungela ngokuphandle, kodwa ndiya kuzama. Yonke into echazwe ngezantsi yinzame yokubonakalisa ubunyani obujikelezileyo, kwelinye icala, kunye nokubeka izikhokelo ezithile kwabo banqwenela ukuya eSwitzerland, kwelinye.
Ilizwe njengenkqubo yerhafu
Inkqubo yerhafu eSwitzerland isebenza ngendlela efanayo newotshi yaseSwitzerland: ngokucacileyo nangexesha. Kunzima kakhulu ukungahlawuli, nangona kukho izikimu ezahlukeneyo. Zininzi izinto ezixhuzulwayo zerhafu kunye neminyinyiva (umzekelo, kukho imali exhuzulwayo yokusebenzisa isithuthi sikawonke-wonke, isidlo sasemini emsebenzini, ukuthenga izinto zokuzonwabisa ukuba zifuneka emsebenzini, njl. njl.).
Njengoko benditshilo ku , eSwitzerland kukho inkqubo yerhafu enyathelweyo yamanqanaba amathathu: i-federal (intlawulo efanayo kumntu wonke), i-cantonal (efanayo kuwo wonke umntu ngaphakathi kwe-canton) kunye ne-communal (efanayo kumntu wonke ngaphakathi kwi-commune). aka iilali/iidolophu). Ngokomgaqo, iirhafu ziphantsi kunamazwe angabamelwane, kodwa ezongezelelweyo, ngokwenene zinyanzelekile, iintlawulo zidla lo mahluko, kodwa ngakumbi ukuba ekupheleni kwenqaku.
Kodwa konke oku kulungile de ugqibe ekubeni uqale intsapho - apha irhafu iphakama ngokukhawuleza, kodwa kungekhona ngokukhawuleza. Oku kuchazwa yinyaniso yokuba ngoku "uyiyunithi yoluntu", ingeniso yakho ishwankathelwe (hello, isikali esiqhubekayo), ukuba intsapho iya kudla ngakumbi, kwaye umntwana usadinga ukuzalwa, kwaye ke iinkulisa, izikolo. , iiyunivesithi, uninzi lwazo lukwibhalansi karhulumente, kodwa apho kuya kufuneka uhlawule kwenye indawo ngaphezulu, kwindawo encinci. Abahlali bahlala kwimitshato yoluntu, kuba uqoqosho kufuneka lube noqoqosho, okanye bahlala kumacanton anerhafu ephantsi (umzekelo, ), kodwa basebenza kwiicanton "ezinamafutha" (umzekelo, iZurich - imizuzu engama-30 ngololiwe osuka eZug). Kwiminyaka embalwa edlulileyo bekukho iinzame zokulungisa le meko kwaye, ubuncinci, ukunganyusi irhafu kwiintsapho xa kuthelekiswa nabantu abangatshatanga - ayizange isebenze.
Ukuguquguquka kweereferendamuRhoqo, phantsi kwesizathu seereferendamu eziluncedo, baye bazame ukutyhala ngezigqibo ezimfiliba nezindululo. Ngokomgaqo, kuyingcamango ephilileyo ukunciphisa irhafu kubantu abatshatileyo, ingakumbi abo banabantwana; inkxaso yalo mbono ekuqaleni ibiphezulu kakhulu. Nangona kunjalo, iqela lamaKristu elasungula i-referendum lagqiba kwangaxeshanye ukutyhala ngenkcazo yomtshato “njengomanyano lwendoda nomfazi” – yeha, baphulukana nenkxaso yesininzi. Ukunyamezelana.
Noko ke, xa unomntwana, okanye ababini, irhafu yakho iyathotywa ngandlel’ ithile, ekubeni ngoku unelungu elitsha loluntu oxhomekeke kulo. Kwaye ukuba omnye wamaqabane asebenzayo, ngoko unokuthembela kwiinkxaso ezahlukeneyo kunye neemvumelwano, ngokukodwa kwi-inshurensi yezempilo.
Ukuba ufuna ukukhohlisa kwaye-uThixo akafuni-ukuphepha irhafu, ngoko ebomini kukho ithuba elilodwa kuphela lokubanjwa kubuqhetseba berhafu kwaye uxolelwe. Oko kukuthi, unokuphinda ulungise imeko kwaye ungcolise igama, ngokwemvelo, ngokuhlawula zonke iirhafu ezingahlawulwanga. Okulandelayo - inkundla, intlupheko, isibane, intente elumpen phambi kweRyumin Palace eLausanne.
"I-Lumpen-tent": iindawo ezikhethiweyo ze "intelligentsia" yasekhaya - ngokuchasene nemyuziyam kunye nethala leencwadi ...
Kwabo baceba ukuhamba kwaye bahlawule irhafu ngokwabo (umzekelo, ngokuvula inkampani yabo), Ihlafunwa ngakumbi.
Into enhle kukuba akudingeki ukuba ugcwalise imbuyekezo yerhafu kuze kube yilapho ingeniso yakho idlula ~ 120k ngonyaka, kwaye inkampani isekela umkhuba we "tax a la source", kwaye imvume yi-B (yexeshana). Ngokukhawuleza ukuba ufumene i-C, okanye umvuzo wakho udlule ~ 120k, wamkelekile ukuba uhlawule irhafu ngokwakho (ubuncinane kwi-canton yaseVaud kufuneka ugcwalise isibhengezo). Njengoko ephawula , kwiicanton ezithetha isiJamani ezifana neZurich, Schwyz, Zug okanye iSt. Galen, oku kufuneka kwenziwe. Okanye ukuba ufuna ukungenisa amaxwebhu oxhuzulo (jonga ngasentla + intsika yesithathu yomhlalaphantsi), kuya kufuneka kwakhona ugcwalise isibhengezo (ungasebenzisa iskim esenziwe lula).
Kucacile ukuba kunzima ukwenza oku ngokwakho okokuqala, ngoko ke i-50-100 francs umalume onobubele-fudussier (aka triplehander, intsholongwane. Treuhänder, kwelinye icala ) iya kukugcwalisela ngeentshukumo eziphuculweyo (into ephambili kukuthembela, kodwa khangela!). Kwaye kunyaka ozayo unokwenza ngokwakho ngomfanekiso wakho kunye nokufana.
Nangona kunjalo, iSwitzerland conumanyano, ngoko ke iirhafu, ziyahluka ukusuka kwicanton ukuya kwelinye, ukusuka kwisixeko ukuya kwesinye nakwilali ukuya kwilali. IN Ndatsho ukuba unokungenelwa kwiirhafu ngokufudukela emaphandleni. Kukho i , ebonisa ngokucacileyo ukuba umntu uya kusindisa okanye alahlekelwe kangakanani ngokusuka eLausanne ukuya, athi, Ecoublan (i-suburb apho i-EPFL ikhona).
I-Panorama yeLake Leman kufuphi neVevey ukuze ikhanyise iiblues zerhafu
Iirhafu zomoya
ESwitzerland kukho iirhafu zohlobo "emoyeni".
okanye ukusuka nge-01.01.2019/XNUMX/XNUMX. Le yeyona rhafu "ithandwayo" ngabaninzi - irhafu kwi ithuba elinokwenzeka bukela umabonakude kwaye umamele unomathotholo. Oko kukuthi, kwihlabathi lethu - emoyeni. Ewe, i-Intanethi ifakiwe apha, kwaye ekubeni phantse wonke umntu unefowuni (funda: i-smartphone) kule mihla, kunzima kakhulu ukuyikhupha.
Ngaphambili, bekukho ulwahlulo kunomathotholo (~ 190 CHF ngonyaka) kunye neTV (~ 260 CHF ngonyaka) nganye indlu (ewe, i-chalet yelizwe yindlu eyahlukileyo), emva koko emva kwe-referendum yamva nje imali yahlanganiswa (~ 365 CHF ngonyaka, i-franc yonke imihla), kungakhathaliseki ukuba irediyo okanye i-TV, kwaye kwangaxeshanye yonke imizi yayinyanzelekile ukuba hlawula, nokuba ukho umntu owamkelayo. Ngobulungisa, kuyafaneleka ukuba uqaphele ukuba abafundi, abadla umhlala-phantsi kwaye - ngokukhawuleza - umqeshwa le rhafu ayihlawulwa. Kakade ke, ngenxa yokungabhatali intlawulo ifikelela kwi-5000 francs, eyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu. Nangona ndiyazi imizekelo embalwa xa umntu engazange ahlawule le rhafu ngomgaqo iminyaka emininzi kwaye akazange ahlawuliswe.
Ewe, i-cherry kwikhekhe: ukuba ufuna ukuloba, hlawulela ilayisenisi, kukho izithintelo ezingqongqo kwixesha lokuloba, ukuba ufuna ukuzingela, uhlawule ilayisenisi, ugcine isixhobo sakho ngokuchanekileyo, kwaye ungene kwi-quota ukudubula izilwanyana zasendle. Omnye umhlobo waseSwitzerland wathi malunga nokuzingela ukuba ukubamba kunikezelwe kurhulumente.
Ukuba ufuna ukuba nesilwanyana sasekhaya, hlawula irhafu (ukuya kwi-100-150 francs esixekweni kwaye phantse zero emaphandleni). Ukuba awuyi kuhlawula, ukuba awuzange udibanise isilwanyana, uya kuhlawuliswa! Iyahlekisa: amapolisa, ngelixa ejikeleza ezitratweni, anqande abafazi bamaPhuthukezi ngezinja kwaye azame ukubahlawulisa.
Kwaye kwakhona, ngokuvakalayo, ndiqaphela ukuba le mali ibandakanya iingxowa apho abanini bezilwanyana kufuneka basuse inkunkuma yeentlawulo zabo, iindawo ezikhethekileyo zokuhamba izinja ezinkulu kunye neziseko ezifanelekileyo, kunye nokucoca isitrato kunye nokungabikho phantse ngokupheleleyo kwezilwanyana ezifuywayo ezilahlekileyo. ezidolophini (ewe nakwiilali ngokunjalo). Icocekile kwaye ikhuselekile!
Ngokubanzi, kunzima ukucinga uhlobo lomsebenzi ongayi kuba phantsi kwerhafu, kodwa irhafu iya kwiinjongo eziqokelelwa kuzo: iinkonzo zentlalontle - yentlalontle, izinja - izinja, kunye nenkunkuma - inkunkuma. ... Ngendlela, malunga nenkunkuma!
Ukuhlela inkunkuma
Masiqale ngento yokuba yonke indlu yaseSwitzerland ihlawula umrhumo wokuqokelelwa kwenkunkuma (le yintlawulo eyisiseko, njengerhafu). Nangona kunjalo, oku akuthethi konke konke ukuba ngoku ungalahla nayiphi na inkunkuma naphi na apho ufuna khona. Ukwenza oku, kuya kufuneka uthenge iingxowa ezikhethekileyo ngexabiso eliphakathi kwe-franc eyi-1 nge-17 ilitha. Kuze kube kutshanje, bebengekho kuphela kwiicanton zaseGeneva naseValais, kodwa ukususela ngo-2018 baye bajoyina. Yingakho bonke abantu baseSwitzerland "bathanda" ukuhlenga inkunkuma: iphepha, iplastiki (kubandakanywa ne-PET), iglasi, umquba, ioli, iibhetri, i-aluminium, isinyithi, njl. Ezona zisisiseko zine zokuqala. Ukuhlela kunceda ukonga kakhulu kwiingxowa zenkunkuma ngokubanzi.
Kukho amapolisa enkunkuma anokukhangela ngokungenamkhethe into oyilahlayo ngephepha, umgquba okanye inkunkuma eqhelekileyo. Ukuba kukho ukuphulwa (umzekelo, balahla ukupakishwa kweplastiki ngephepha okanye i-Li-ibhetri kwinkunkuma eqhelekileyo), ngoko ngokusekelwe kubungqina kwinkunkuma ngokwayo, umntu unokufunyanwa kwaye akhutshwe intlawulo. Kwezinye iimeko, unokufumana kwakhona irisithi yentlawulo yomsebenzi weyure wabacuphi benkunkuma ngokwabo, oko kukuthi, bangene ngokupheleleyo. Umlinganiselo uqhubela phambili, kwaye emva kweentlawulo ezi-3-4 umntu unokufakwa kuluhlu olumnyama, olusele lugcwele.
Ngokufanayo, ukuba ufuna ukulahla inkunkuma kwisikhwama esiqhelekileyo kwindawo kawonkewonke okanye uyibeke kwindawo yokulahla inkunkuma yomntu.
I-inshurensi - njengeerhafu, kodwa i-inshurensi kuphela
ESwitzerland kukho ezininzi zonke iintlobo ze-inshurensi: ukungaqeshwa, ukukhulelwa, unyango (olufana ne-inshurensi yonyango enyanzelekileyo kunye ne-inshurensi yonyango yokuzithandela), kwiindwendwe zangaphandle (ezidla zenziwe nge-OMC), i-inshurensi yamazinyo, ukukhubazeka, ingozi, i-inshurensi yomhlalaphantsi, umlilo kunye neentlekele zendalo (), ukuqasha indawo yokuhlala (RCA), ukukhusela umonakalo kwipropati yabanye abantu (ewe, oku kwahlukile kwiRCA), i-inshurensi yobomi, (ukukhutshwa ezintabeni, okufanelekileyo ehlotyeni kwiihambo kunye nasebusika kwi-skis), ngokusemthethweni (ukunxibelelana ngokulula kunye nokukhululeka kwiinkundla) kwaye oku akuluhlu olupheleleyo. Kulabo abaneemoto, kukho uluhlu olubanzi lwezinye iinketho: iMTPL yendawo, iCASCO, ukufowunela uncedo lobugcisa () Kwaye nangokunjalo.
Ummi oqhelekileyo ucinga ukuba i-inshurensi yindlu ehluphekayo apho yonke into isimahla. Ndikhawuleza ukuphoxa: i-inshurensi lishishini, kwaye ishishini kufuneka livelise ingeniso, nokuba kuseAfrika okanye eSwitzerland. Ngokwesiqhelo: isixa-mali semirhumo - isixa seentlawulo - isixa somvuzo kunye neendleko eziphezulu, ezo, ngokwendalo, zingaphezulu kwe-0 (ubuncinci intengiso efanayo kunye nentlawulo yeebhonasi kwiiarhente zeinshorensi kubaxumi abatsha), kufuneka ibe yinto ephawulekayo. ixabiso elihle. Qaphela, ayilingani, hayi ngaphantsi, kodwa ngokungqongqo ngakumbi.
Ubume obungakumbi baseSwitzerland: jonga iMontreux ukusuka kwelinye icala lebhanki
Nanku umzekelo womkhohlisi onyanisekileyo ngaphandle kweblue.
ICSS yabaqhatha njani abafundi ngo-2014Ngoko, kwakungo-2014, andizange ndikhathaze mntu. Abasemagunyeni baseSwitzerland, njengenxalenye yophicotho-zincwadi oluqhelekileyo, babonakalise ukuba enye yeenkampani ezinkulu ze-inshurensi, i-CSS, ifumene ngokungekho mthethweni i-200-300k francs kwimbuyekezo evela kuhlahlo lwabiwo-mali minyaka le ukuhlawula iindleko ze-inshurensi yonyango enyanzelekileyo kubafundi. Umonakalo kwiminyaka eyi-10 ufikelele kwi-3 yezigidi zeefranc. Wowu, ishishini elikhulu!
Kanye ngeli xesha, abafundi be-PhD basuswa kwi-inshurensi yomfundi kwaye banyanzeliswa ukuba bahlawule ngokupheleleyo, njengomntu omdala osebenzayo (isiqinisekiso esisekelwe kwingeniso yonyaka saziswa).
Yenze ntoni iCSS?! Ngaba uguqukile, ubuyekeze into ethile, uncedo ngandlela-thile? Hayi, bavele bathumela isaziso sokuba njengangoku kunye nomhla onjalo, umfundi ohloniphekileyo akasekho kwi-inshurensi yabo, kwaye ubuncinane ingca ayiyi kukhula. Yonke enye ingxaki yingxaki yenu manene!
Jonga iinkcukacha .
I-inshurensi yezoNyango: xa kusekude ukuba ufe, kodwa kusemva kwexesha ukunyanga
Kwaye, ekubeni incoko iguqukele kwi-inshurensi yezempilo, kufanelekile ukuyeka apha ngokwahlukileyo, kuba isihloko sinzima kakhulu kwaye siphikisana kakhulu.
E-Switzerland, kukho inkqubo ye-co-financing yeenkonzo zonyango, oko kukuthi, inyanga nenyanga umntu o-inshurensi uhlawula imali ethile, ngoko umxhasi uhlawula ngokuzimeleyo ukuya kwisixa se-deductible. Inkqubo imiselwe ngendlela yokuba ngokunyusa i-deductible, intlawulo yenyanga iyancipha ngokulinganayo, ngoko ke ukuba awucwangcisi ukugula kwaye awunayo intsapho / abantwana, ngoko uzive ukhululekile ukuthatha i-deductible ephezulu. Ukuba unyango luxabisa ngaphezu kwe-deductible, ke inkampani yomshuwalense iqala ukuyihlawula (kwezinye iimeko, umxhasi uya kufuneka ahlawule enye i-10%, kodwa ingabi ngaphezu kwe-600-700 ngonyaka).
Lilonke, ubuninzi bokuba umntu ofakwe kwi-inshurensi uhlawula epokothweni yakhe ngu-2500 + 700 + ~ 250-300 × 12 = 6200-6800 ngonyaka kumntu omdala osebenzayo. Ndiyaphinda: oku ngokwenene umrholo omncinci akukho nkxaso-mali.
Okokuqala, ukuba uza kukhwela ii-ambulensi okanye uchithe ixesha elide ezibhedlele, ndikucebisa ukuba unakekele i-inshurensi eyahlukileyo eya kuhlawulela ezi ndleko.
Ngokomzekelo, omnye wabahlobo bam wafa isiqaqa emsebenzini, wafowunela inqwelo yezigulana. Ukusuka kwindawo yomsebenzi ukuya esibhedlele - imizuzu eyi-15 ngeenyawo (sis!), kodwa i-ambulensi kufuneka ithathe indlela ehamba ngeendlela, nayo ithatha malunga nemizuzu eyi-10-15. Iyonke, imizuzu ye-15 kwiindleko ze-ambulensi ~ 750-800 franc (into efana neenkuni ezingama-50k) ngomngeni ngamnye. Ke, nokuba uyabeleka, kungcono ukukhwela iteksi, iya kubiza amaxesha angama-20 ngexabiso eliphantsi. I-ambulensi ilapha kuphela kwiimeko ezinzima ngokwenene.
Ukufumana ireferensi: usuku esibhedlele luxabisa i-francs eyi-1 (kuxhomekeke kwiinkqubo kunye nesebe), olufaniswa nokuhlala eMontreux okanye eLausanne Palace (iihotele ezi-000-star +).
Okwesibini, oogqirha bangomnye wemisebenzi ehlawulwa kakhulu, nokuba akukho nto bayenzayo. Umzuzu we-1 wexesha labo iindleko x iikhredithi (ugqirha ngamnye "unesilinganiselo" sakhe ngokuxhomekeke kwiingcali zakhe kunye neziqinisekiso zakhe), ikhredithi nganye ixabisa i-4-5-6 francs. Ukuqeshwa okusemgangathweni yimizuzu eyi-15, yingakho wonke umntu enobungane kwaye ubuza malunga nemozulu, inhlalakahle, njalo njalo. Kwaye ekubeni ukuphilisa ishishini (kakuhle, ngenkampani ye-inshurensi, kunjalo), kwaye ishishini kufuneka lenze inzuzo - kakuhle, uyaqonda, akunjalo?! - ixabiso le-inshurensi likhula ngomyinge we-5-10% ngonyaka (akukho phantse ukunyuka kwamaxabiso eSwitzerland, unokufumana i-mortgage kwi-1-2%). Umzekelo, ukusuka ngo-2018 ukuya ku-2019 umahluko wawuyi-306-285=21 francs okanye 7.3% ukusuka e-Assura ye-inshurensi elula.
Kwaye njengenye icherry kwikhekhe, ukuphumelela ingxabano kunye noogqirha basekhaya ababangele ukwenzakala kwimpilo yesigulana lukhuphiswano lwentlalo oluxabisa kakhulu kwaye luyingxaki. Enyanisweni, ngenxa yezi njongo kukho i-inshurensi yayo - esemthethweni, engabizi, kodwa ihlawula ngokupheleleyo iindleko zamagqwetha kunye neenkundla. Ngasemva Akudingeki ukuba uhambe kude: Andazi nokuba ungabhidanisa njani i-98% ye-acetic acid kunye neviniga ehlanjululweyo (zama ukuvula zombini iibhotile ngexesha lakho lokuphumla).
phezu (ukubeka nje kancinci, hayi umntu ohluphekileyo) eZurich emva koqhaqho oluncinci, ndihlala ndithule.
Ama-apile ekhephuni: kwaloo ndlela inye xa sasisele siqalisile ukubala ukuba yimalini ukufuduka kwethu, kwaye kwabanye, uncedo lwezonyango, luya kubiza. Sekunjalo, i-32 km endaweni ye-16 - yayiyi-setup
Okwesithathu, kunoko umgangatho ophakathi weyeza elisisiseko (oku akukona ukubeka iingalo kunye nemilenze kunye emzimbeni omnye emva kwengozi, kodwa malunga nokwenza ukuxilongwa kunye nokumisela unyango lwengqele). Kubonakala kum ukuba umkhuhlane awuthathwa njengesifo apha - bathi baya kuhamba ngokwabo, kodwa okwangoku, thabatha i-paracetamol.
Kufuneka ukhangele oogqirha abahlakaniphile ngokusebenzisa abahlobo bakho (oogqirha abahlakaniphile benza idinga kwiinyanga ezi-2-3 kwangaphambili), kunye namayeza okuthutha avela kwiRussian Federation. Umzekelo, i-painkiller / anti-inflammatory Nimesil okanye iNemulex ingaphakathi 5 maxesha zibiza kakhulu, kwaye rhoqo kwipakethi Ixesha leXnumx iipilisi ezimbalwa, malunga ne-Mezim yokwetyisa i-fondue okanye i-raclette, ndihlala ndithule.
Okwesine, amabali malunga nemigca emide elinde uncedo lwezonyango angaphezulu kweprose yobomi kunento engakholelekiyo. Kuso nasiphi na isibhedlele / i-urzhans (efana negumbi likaxakeka) kukho inkqubo yezinto eziphambili, oko kukuthi, ukuba unenxeba elinzulu emnweni wakho, kodwa akukho ilitha yegazi ephumayo ngeyure, unokulinda ixesha elide. iyure, okanye ezimbini, ezintathu, okanye ezine okanye ezintlanu iiyure zokuthunga! Uphila, uphefumla, akukho nto isongela ubomi bakho - hlala ulinde. Ngokunjalo, iX-reyi yomnwe owaphukileyo inokulinda de Iiyure ze-3-4, nangona le nkqubo ithatha i-1-2 imizuzu (ufake i-lead vest, umongikazi wamisa ukurekhoda, cofa kwaye i-x-ray sele iboniswe ngedijithali kwisikrini).
Ngethamsanqa, oku akusebenzi kubantwana. Zonke "izaphulelo" zabantwana zihlala zilungiswa ngaphandle kokujika, kwaye i-inshurensi ngokwayo inexabiso eliphindwe kaninzi kunabantu abadala.
Umzekelo okhethekileyoUmntwana omncinane wophuka impumlo waza walaliswa esibhedlele. Lilonke, unyango (kuquka amayeza) ixabisa 14 francs, nto leyo phantse igutyungelwe ngokupheleleyo inshorensi, ngoxa abazali bahlawula 000 franc ezipokothweni zabo. Ingaba iyadura okanye hayi? Bhala kwizimvo!
Icephe lobusi. Ngaphandle kwento yokuba le inshurensi kufuneka izise inzuzo kubanini bayo, iindaba ezimnandi kukuba eSwitzerland iwenza kakuhle umsebenzi wayo. Ngokomzekelo, ngobusuku boNyaka oMtsha, kwenzeka ilishwa - ndanamathela umnwe wam kwiglasi eyaphukileyo. Sasiza kubhiyozela uNyaka oMtsha eFransi, ngoko sasithunga e-Annecy. Salinda ~iiyure ezi-4, iiyure ezi-2 ukuya kwiwadi kunye neeyure ezi-2 "kwitafile yokusebenza". Itshekhi ithunyelwe kwinkampani ye-inshurensi kunye nenkcazo emfutshane malunga nemeko (i-EPFL inefomu ekhethekileyo). Ngokusesikweni, i-29 yi-½ usuku lokusebenza, unjingalwazi asinika lona njengosuku lokuphumla, okt. I-inshurensi yengozi ihlawula ngokupheleleyo.
Ikholaji evela kubahlobo. Lumka, lukhuni - ndikulumkisile
Inkqubo yomhlalaphantsi
Andiyi koyika eli gama kwaye ndiya kubiza inkqubo ye-inshurensi yomhlalaphantsi yaseSwitzerland enye yezona zinto zicinga kwaye zilungile kwihlabathi. Olu luhlobo lwe-inshurensi yelizwe lonke. Isekelwe kwi , okanye iintsika.
Intsika yokuqala - uhlobo lwe-analogue yentlalontle. ipenshoni kwi-Russian Federation, ebandakanya ipenshini yokukhubazeka, ipenshoni yalowo usindayo, njalo njalo. Igalelo kolu hlobo lomhlalaphantsi lihlawulwa nguye wonke umntu onomvuzo ongaphezu kwama-500 francs ngenyanga. Kwakhona kuyafaneleka ukuba uqaphele ukuba kwiqabane elingasebenziyo kunye nabantwana abancinci, iminyaka yentsika yokuqala ithathelwa ingqalelo, ngokufanayo neqabane elisebenzayo.
Intsika yesibini – inxalenye yomhlalaphantsi exhaswa ngabasebenzi. Ihlawulwe imotier-motier (50/50) ngumsebenzi kunye nomqeshi kwimivuzo esusela kuma-20 ukuya kuma-000 eefranc ngonyaka. Ngemivuzo engaphezu kwama-85 eefrancs ( le yi-85 francs 320 centimes) iprimiyamu ye-inshurensi ayihlawulwa ngokuzenzekelayo kwaye uxanduva lutshintshelwe kumqeshwa ngokwakhe (umzekelo, unokunikela ngemali kwintsika yesithathu).
Intsika yesithathu – umsebenzi wokuzithandela kuphela wokuqokelela inkunzi yepenshini. Ngokumalunga ne-500 francs ngenyanga inokurhoxiswa kwirhafu ngokufaka kwi-akhawunti ekhethekileyo.
Ijongeka ngolu hlobo:
Iintsika ezintathu zenkqubo yomhlalaphantsi yaseSwitzerland.
Iindaba ezimnandi kubantu basemzini: xa ushiya ilizwe ukuya kuhlala ngokusisigxina kwelinye ilizwe elingakhange lisayine isivumelwano kunye ne-Confederation kwinkqubo yomhlalaphantsi, unokuthatha iintsika ze-2 kunye ne-3 phantse ngokupheleleyo, kunye neyokuqala ngokuyinxenye. Oku kuluncedo olukhulu kubasebenzi bangaphandle xa kuthelekiswa namanye amazwe.
Nangona kunjalo, oku akusebenzi ekuhambeni ukuya kumazwe e-EU okanye kumazwe atyikitye isivumelwano kunye ne-Confederation kwinkqubo yepenshini. Ke ngoko, xa ushiya iSwitzerland, kuyavakala ukufudukela kwilizwe lakho iinyanga ezimbalwa.
Kwakhona, iintsika zesibini nezesithathu zingasetyenziselwa xa uqala ishishini, ukuthengwa kwe-real estate kunye nentlawulo ye-mortgage. Indlela efanelekileyo kakhulu.
Njengakwezinye iindawo zehlabathi, iminyaka yomhlalaphantsi eSwitzerland ibekwe kwi-62/65, nangona umhlalaphantsi unokwenzeka ukusuka kwi-60 ukuya kwi-65 kunye nokunciphisa okuhambelanayo kwizibonelelo. Nangona kunjalo, ngoku kukho intetho yokuvumela umqeshwa ukuba enze isigqibo ngexesha lokuthatha umhlala-phantsi phakathi kweminyaka engama-60 nama-70 ubudala. Umzekelo, uGratzel usasebenza e-EPFL, nangona eneminyaka engama-75 ubudala.
Ukushwankathela: umqeshwa uhlawula ntoni kwiirhafu?
Apha ngezantsi ndibonelela ngeengxelo zomvuzo ezibonisa kanye ukuba yintoni na kwaye ingakanani na ibanjwe kumqeshwa osebenzayo, umzekelo, kwii-arhente zikarhulumente (EPFL):
Inqaku: AVS – Isiqinisekiso-vieillesse et abasindileyo (i-inshurensi yabadala) aka intsika yokuqala), i-AC - i-inshurensi yokungaqeshwa, i-CP - caisse de pension (ingxowa-mali yomhlalaphantsi aka intsika yesibini), i-ANP / SUVA - ingozi yokuqinisekisa (i-inshurensi yengozi), i-AF - izabelo ze-families (irhafu apho izibonelelo zentsapho ziya kuhlawulwa khona).
Iyonke, umthwalo werhafu uphelele malunga ne-20-25%. Iguquguquka kancinci ukusuka kwinyanga ukuya kwinyanga (ubuncinci kwi-EPFL). Omnye umhlobo waseArgentina wazama ukufumanisa (umntu waseArgentina oneengcambu zamaYuda 😉) kwaye abale ukuba kwenzeka njani oku, kodwa akwaziwa nakubani na ngaphandle kwabo basebenza kwi-accounting system ye-EPFL. Nangona kunjalo, ubuncinci irhafu yengeniso yonyaka kunye novavanyo lwesikali esiqhubekayo sinokufumaneka kwinxalenye yesibini .
Ngaphezu koko, ungalibali ukongeza i-inshurensi yokhetho lwakho, kodwa iintlawulo ezinyanzelekileyo ziya kongeza ubuncinane enye i-500-600 francs. Oko kukuthi, irhafu "iphelele", kuquka yonke i-inshurensi enyanzelekileyo kunye neentlawulo, sele idlulile kwi-30%, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha ifikelela kwi-40%, njengoko, umzekelo, kubafundi abaphumelele. Ukuphila ngomvuzo we-postdoc, kunjalo, kusimahla, nangona ngokwepesenti i-postdoc ihlawula ngaphezulu.
Ubume bengeniso yomfundi we-PhD kunye ne-Post-Doc e-EPFL
Izindlu: irenti kunye ne-mortgage
Ndiyibeke ngokukodwa kwisihloko esahlukileyo, kuba eyona nto yeendleko ezinkulu eSwitzerland kukurenta ikhaya. Ngelishwa, ukunqongophala kwimarike yezindlu kukhulu, izindlu ngokwazo azibizi, ngoko ke iimali ekufuneka uzihlawulele irenti ngamanye amaxesha zifana neenkwenkwezi. Nangona kunjalo, ixabiso ngemitha yesikwere linyuka ngokungafaniyo kunye nokunyuka kwendawo yezindlu.
Ngokomzekelo, i-studio ye-30-35 m2 kumbindi we-Lausanne inokubiza i-1100 okanye i-1300 francs, kodwa ixabiso eliqhelekileyo li malunga ne-1000 francs. Ndide ndabona istudiyo egaraji, kodwa sinempahla, ngaphakathi (hayi eyona ndawo idumileyo, masijongane nayo) nge1100 francs. NgeZurich okanye iGeneva kubi kakhulu, bambalwa abantu abanakho ukuthenga indlu okanye istudiyo esisembindini.
Eli yayiligumbi lam lokuqala xa ndandifudukela eSwitzerland okokuqala
Yile ndlela ibukeka ngayo istudiyo esitsha eLausanne
Igumbi elinegumbi elinye (i-1.0 okanye i-1.5 amagumbi kuxa ikhitshi yahlulwe ngokusesikweni kwindawo yokuhlala, kwaye i-0.5 ithathwa njengendawo ebizwa ngokuba yigumbi lokuhlala okanye igumbi lokuhlala) yendawo efanayo iya kuxabisa malunga ne-1100-1200, ezimbini- igumbi legumbi (2.0 okanye 2.5 amagumbi 40-50 m2) - 1400-1600, igumbi ezintathu nangaphezulu - ngokomyinge 2000-2500.
Ngokwemvelo, yonke into ixhomekeke kwindawo, izibonelelo, ukusondela kwezothutho, nokuba kukho umatshini wokuhlamba (ngokuqhelekileyo kukho umatshini omnye wokungena kuwo wonke, kwaye ezinye izindlu ezindala azinayo le nto!) kunye ne-dishwasher, njl. . Kwindawo engaphandle, indlu inokubiza i-200-300 francs, kodwa ayibizi amaxesha amaninzi.
Le yindlela ekhangeleka ngayo indlu enamagumbi amabini okulala eMontreux
Kungenxa yoko le nto izindlu "zoluntu", njengoko besiya kuyibiza, zihlala zixhaphakile eSwitzerland, xa umntu omnye okanye ababini berenta igumbi le-4-5 kwigumbi lesiqhelo le-3000 francs, kwaye emva koko abamelwane abayi-1-2 bafudukela kule ndlu, kunye igumbi elinye - iholo eqhelekileyo enye Ugcino lulonke: 200-300 francs ngenyanga. Kwaye ngokwesiqhelo, amagumbi amakhulu anomatshini wawo wokuhlamba.
Ewe, ukufumana ikhaya lakho yiloto. Ukongeza kwiingxelo zomvuzo, imvume (imvume yokuhlala elizweni) kunye nokusukela (ukungabikho kwawo nawaphi na amatyala), kufuneka kwakhona ukhethwe ngumnini-mhlaba (ngokuqhelekileyo yinkampani), enoluhlu olupheleleyo lwabagulayo, kuquka iSwitzerland. . Ndiyabazi abantu abathi, njengaxa befuna umsebenzi, babhale iileta ezikhuthazayo kubanini-mhlaba. Ngokubanzi, ukhetho lokusebenzisa indawo yokuhlala ngabahlobo kunye nabantu obaziyo luye lwaba lubi kangako.
Ngokufutshane malunga nokuthenga ikhaya. Kungokwemvelo ukuba ungaphuphi nokuzithengela ikhaya lakho eSwitzerland de ube ngunjingalwazi ogcweleyo, kuba umhlaba othengiswayo unokubiza izixa-mali zeenkwenkwezi. Kwaye, ngokufanelekileyo, imvume esisigxina C. Nangona iyalungisa: “L - kuphela ukuthengwa kwekhaya eliphambili, apho uya kuhlala khona (awukwazi ukubhalisa kwaye emva koko uphume - bajonga). B - enye iyunithi ephambili kunye neyunithi enye ye "dacha" (i-chalet ezintabeni, njl.). C okanye ubumi - ukuthenga ngaphandle kwezithintelo. Imali yokubambisa ngephepha-mvume le-B inikwa ngaphandle kweengxaki ukuba unomsebenzi osisigxina ofanelekileyo."
Umzekelo, indlu eselunxwemeni kwilali etyebileyo iya kuxabisa i-1.5-2-3 yezigidi zeefranc. Ubungangamsha kunye nokuqhayisa kuxabiseke ngaphezu kwemali! Nangona kunjalo, indawo yokuhlala kwilali ethile kufutshane neMontreux ejonge echibini kunye ne-100 yeemitha ukusuka kuyo yi-300 - 000 (istudiyo sinokufumaneka ukuya kuthi ga kwi-400). Kwaye kwakhona sibuyela ku , apho ndakhankanya ukuba iidolophana zaseSwitzerland zifuna imfuno ethile, xa i-300-400-500k francs efanayo unokufumana indlu yonke kunye nesakhiwo esidibeneyo.
Ngexesha elifanayo, njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla, ungasebenzisa imali yomhlalaphantsi ukuze uthenge indawo yokuhlala, kwaye ibhonasi "emnandi" kule ntlawulo yemali mboleko, enokuba yi-500, i-1000, okanye i-1500 francs ngenyanga, i.e. ithelekiseka nerenti. Kuyinzuzo kwiibhanki ukuba - kuyo yonke ingqiqo yegama - umnini we-mortgage, ekubeni ipropati eSwitzerland ikhula kuphela kwixabiso.
Ukulungiswa kweflethi kusetyenziswa imigangatho yaseRashiya (ukuqesha abasebenzi kwi-Intanethi okanye kwindawo yokwakha engummelwane) akunakwenzeka ukuba kwenzeke, kuba kuphela ngabantu abaqeqeshwe ngokukodwa abanokufikelela kumbane, ukungena komoya kunye nokufudumeza. Okunokwenzeka, bonke aba baya kuba ngabantu abahlukeneyo, kwaye umvuzo weyure ngamnye wabo yi-100-150 francs ngeyure. Ngaphezu koko, kuyimfuneko ukufumana iimvume kunye neemvume ezivela kumagunya alawulayo kunye nabalawuli, umzekelo, ukuhlaziya igumbi lokuhlambela okanye ukubuyisela iibhetri. Ngokubanzi, unokuhlawula esinye isiqingatha seendleko zekhaya ngokulungiswa kwayo.
Ukwenza kube nemibala ngakumbi kwaye kucace ukuba luhlobo luni lwendawo abahlala kuyo, ndilungiselele ividiyo emfutshane enebali malunga nalapho bahlala khona.
Inxalenye yokuqala malunga noLausanne:
Inxalenye yesibini malunga neMontreux:
Ewe, ukuba nobulungisa, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba abafundi bahlala bebonelelwa ngeendawo zokulala kwikhampasi yaseyunivesithi. Ixabiso lokurenta liphakathi; kwisitudiyo unokuhlawula i-700-800 francs ngenyanga.
Ewe ewe, kwaye okokugqibela, ungalibali ukongeza i-50-100 francs ngenyanga kwii-bill ze-utility kwixabiso lokurenta ngokwalo, elibandakanya umbane (malunga ne-50-70 ngekota) kunye nokufudumeza ngamanzi ashushu (yonke into). Nangona ukufudumeza kunye namanzi ashushu, ubukhulu becala, ngumbane ofanayo okanye ngamanye amaxesha igesi, esetyenziswa kwiibhoyila ezifakwe kwikhaya ngalinye.
Intsapho kunye ne-kindergartens
Kwakhona, usapho ayisiyonto itshiphu eSwitzerland, ngakumbi xa kukho abantwana. Ukuba zombini zisebenza, irhafu ithathwa kwingeniso yentsapho iyonke, i.e. phezulu, ubomi kumagumbi amabini amagumbi bujika bungabizi kakhulu, ungagcina kancinci ekutyeni nakwizinto zokuzonwabisa, kodwa iyonke ijika ibeyi-bash ye-bash.
Yonke into iyatshintsha ngokuphawulekayo xa abantwana bevela kwintsapho, ekubeni i-kindergarten yaseSwitzerland iyonwaba kakhulu. Ngelo xesha, ukuze ungene kuyo (sithetha malunga ne-kindergartens karhulumente efikeleleke ngakumbi okanye engaphantsi), kufuneka ubhalise phantse kwiiveki zokuqala zokukhulelwa. Kwaye kuthathelwa ingqalelo into yokuba ikhefu lokubeleka apha lihlala iinyanga ezintandathu : ngokuqhelekileyo inyanga (iiveki ezi-4) ngaphambi kunye neenyanga ezi-2.5 emva kokubeleka, ngoko ke i-kindergarten iba yinto ebalulekileyo ukuba abazali bobabini bafuna ukuqhubeka nemisebenzi yabo.
Ukulunga, kuyafaneleka ukuba uqaphele ukuba phantse zonke iinkampani zibonelela ngeenzuzo, iintlawulo zexesha elinye, umsebenzi wexeshana (i-80% yeeyure ezingama-42 ngeveki, umzekelo) kunye nezinye izinto ezilungileyo zokuxhasa abazali abatsha. Nkqu izibonelelo ze-SNSF zibonelela ngento ebizwa ngokuba yisibonelelo sosapho kunye nesibonelelo sabantwana, oko kukuthi, intlawulo encinci eyongezelelweyo yokugcina usapho kunye nabantwana, kunye neprogram ye-120%, xa iiyure ezingama-42 kumzali osebenzayo zithathwa njenge-120% ixesha lokusebenza. Kulunge kakhulu ukuchitha usuku olunye olongezelelweyo ngeveki nomntwana wakho.
Nangona kunjalo, i-kindergarten enexabiso eliphantsi, ngokokwazi kwam, iya kubiza abazali i-1500-1800 francs ngenyanga ngomntwana. Kwangaxeshanye, kunokwenzeka ukuba, abantwana baya kudla, balale baze badlale kwigumbi elinye, betshintsha indawo engqonge loo ndawo, ngokungathi kunjalo. Kwaye ewe, i-kindergarten eSwitzerland idla ngokuvula kude kube yi-4 iintsuku, okt. omnye wabazali kusafuneka asebenze ixeshana.
Ngokuqhelekileyo, i-break-ven threshold yi ~ 2-2.5 abantwana, okt. ukuba kukho abantwana aba-3 okanye ngaphezulu kwintsapho, ngoko kulula ukuba umzali omnye ahlale ekhaya kunokuba asebenze kwaye ahlawule i-kindergarten kunye / okanye i-nanny. Ibhonasi enhle kubazali: iindleko ze-kindergarten zitsalwa kwiirhafu, ezenza igalelo elibalulekileyo kuhlahlo lwabiwo-mali. Ngaphezu koko, urhulumente uhlawula i-200-300 francs ngenyanga kumntwana ngamnye (kuxhomekeke kwi-canton), ukusuka kwi-3 ukuya kwi-18 ubudala. Oku kusebenza nakwii-expats ezifika kunye nabantwana.
Kwaye nangona iSwitzerland inezinto ezininzi eziluncedo kwiintsapho ezinabantwana, ezinje ngezibonelelo, ikhefu lerhafu, amaziko emfundo asimahla, izibonelelo (zeinshurensi yezempilo okanye neengxowa zenkunkuma ezisuka kwi-commune), le yokugqibela. uyazithetha.
Ukushwankathela okucokisekileyo
Kubonakala ngathi silungise ibhalansi yengeniso kunye neendleko, ngoku lixesha lokuba ezinye izibalo zisekelwe kwiziphumo eziphantse zibe yi-6 yeminyaka yokuhlala eSwitzerland.
Ngethuba lesikolo esiphumeleleyo, andizange ndibe nenjongo yokuphila ngokucokisekileyo kangangoko ukuze ndisindise amanqatha am emali kwindawo enzulu yeebhanki zaseSwitzerland. Nangona kunjalo, ndicinga ukuba ukutya kungancitshiswa ngesithathu okanye ikota.
Ubume beendleko zabafundi abasele benezidanga kwi-EPFL
Ubume beendleko ze-post-doc kwi-EPFL
Ekuqaleni kuka-2017, emva kokukhusela i-dissertation yam, ndanyanzeleka ukuba ndifudukele kwesinye isicelo sokubala iindleko, kwaye ngoko ke iindidi zitshintshile, kodwa kwiigrafu zinemibala efanayo. Umzekelo, iindidi zeendawo zokuhlala, iindleko zekhaya kunye nonxibelelwano ezidityanisiweyo zaba “ziBhili” (okanye iiakhawunti).
Malunga ne-Intanethi yeselula kunye netrafikhiUdidi lweMithetho eYilwayo lukwaquke namatyala e-Intanethi ephathwayo, eyathi ngaxa lithile ekuhambeni kwexesha yaqala ukubhabha kuphela endleleni (umrhumo ngezithuthi ezihlawulelwa kwangaphambili). Ndihlala ndisebenzisa le Intanethi emsebenzini ngelixa ndihamba koololiwe abaxakekileyo eSwitzerland. Ngexesha elithile ngexesha: izibalo kwiipakethi zezithuthi kwithebhulethi: 01 - 1x, 02 - 2.5x, 03-3x, 04 - 2x, 05 -2x, apho x = 14.95 CHF nge-1 Gb yezithuthi. Ndiqaphele oku kwindawo ethile ngoMatshi-Epreli kwaye ndamodareyitha kancinane ukutya kwam.
Ukubuyela kumayeza kunye ne-inshurensi, unokubona ngokucacileyo ukuba ukuba umfundi ophumeleleyo uchitha malunga ne-4-5% yengeniso yakhe kwi-inshurensi yezempilo, ngoko i-postdoc sele ichitha i-6%, ngelixa umvuzo wakhe uphezulu.
Ukongeza, ngokunyuka kwengeniso (umfundi onesidanga -> postdoc), umyinge wepesenti weendidi ezimbini zokuqala zeendleko uhlala ufana - ~ 36% kunye ne-20%, ngokulandelelanayo. Inene, nokuba urhola malini na, uya kuyisebenzisa yonke!
Izithuthi zikawonke-wonke zisisalathisi seendleko zeeteksi kunye neenqwelomoya, kuba iminyaka emi-4 i-EPFL ihlawule umrhumo kulo lonke elaseSwitzerland, ebhale ngalo .
Ezinye iinyani ezimnandi:
- Ndithenge ikhompyuter yam ephambili, kunye nelaptop, emva kwe2013, nangona kunjalo, iindleko zokuthenga izixhobo kwiminyaka eyi-2 ye-postdoc yam zanda ngokwepesenti, kwaye ngoko ngokwenyani. Okunokwenzeka, yayikukuthengwa kwe-monitor ye-4K kunye nekhadi levidiyo elinempembelelo enjalo, kwaye ukuba ngaphambili unokuhlanganisa ikhompyutha eqhelekileyo ye- ~ 1000 francs kwaye oku kwakubhekwa njengento ebiza kakhulu, namhlanje i-hardware ye-top-end inokubiza i-2000, 3000, okanye nkqu 5 amawaka. Kwaye, ngokuqinisekileyo, i-Aliexpress yenza umsebenzi wayo: ukuthenga okuninzi okuncinci - kunye ne-voila, i-wallet yakho ayinalutho!
- inkcitho ekuthengeni inyuke ngokubonakalayo (aka iimpahla). Ngokombono wam, oku kubangelwa ukuhla komgangatho wempahla, njengokuthengiswa kweemveliso (izahlulo, imiqulu, njl. njl.). Ukuba ngaphambili unokuthenga iibhutsi kwaye uzinxibe kwi-2-3, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha nakwiminyaka emi-4, ngoku yonke into sele ilahleka (umzekelo wamva nje ziibhutsi ezivela kwinkampani eyaziwayo yaseJamani "eyahlukanayo" kubini.sis!) inyanga).
- Izipho zancipha ngesiqingatha, okt. eneneni, iindleko ngokweemeko zokwenyani zahlala ziphantse zakumgangatho ofanayo - inani labahlobo/imisitho ekhoyo iphantse yatshintsha.
Kuko konke bazali! Ndiyathemba ukuba amanqaku am aya kuphendula imibuzo yengonyama malunga nokufuduka nokuhlala eSwitzerland. Ndiza kubonisa kwaye ndithethe malunga nemiba ethile kunye namaxesha .
KDPV ithathiwe
PS: Kuba eli linqaku lokugqibela kolu ngcelele, ndingathanda ukushiya apha iinyani ezimbini malunga neSwitzerland ezingafakwanga kumanqaku angaphambili:
- ESwitzerland, unokufumana lula iingqekembe de kwangowe-1968, xa uhlaziyo lwemali lwenzeka, kwaye indala, iifranc zesilivere zatshintshwa ngeengqekembe zenickel eziqhelekileyo.
- Abalandeli botyalo-mali lwe-apocalyptic abathenga igolide ebonakalayo bakhetha iingqekembe zegolide ezikhethekileyo zaseSwitzerland - zidibene nokuthembeka.
I-PPS: Ngokuphonononga imathiriyeli, izimvo ezibalulekileyo kunye neengxoxo, ndinombulelo kakhulu kwaye ndinombulelo kubahlobo bam kunye noogxa bam uAnna, Albert (Anton (), Stas, Roma, Yulia, Grisha.
Umzuzu wentengiso. Ngokumalunga nefashoni yamva nje, ndingathanda ukukhankanya ukuba iYunivesithi yaseMoscow State ivula ikhampasi esisigxina kulo nyaka (kwaye sele ifundisa iminyaka emi-2!) Yeyunivesithi edibeneyo kunye neYunivesithi yaseBeijing Polytechnic eShenzhen. Kukho ithuba lokufunda isiTshayina, kunye nokufumana iidiploma ze-2 kanye kanye (iingcali ze-IT ezivela kwi-Moscow State University Computer Science Complex ziyafumaneka). Ungafumana ngakumbi malunga neyunivesithi, izalathiso kunye namathuba abafundi .
Ungalibali ukubhalisela : Akunzima kuwe - ndiyavuya!
Kwaye ewe, nceda ubhale kum malunga naziphi na iintsilelo eziqatshelwe kwisicatshulwa.
umthombo: www.habr.com