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I-Linux kernel ijika iminyaka engama-30 ubudala

Ngo-Agasti 25, 1991, emva kweenyanga ezintlanu zophuhliso, umfundi oneminyaka engama-21 ubudala uLinus Torvalds wabhengeza kwi-com.os.minix teleconference ukuba iprototype esebenzayo yenkqubo entsha yokusebenza yeLinux igqityiwe, i-porting bash 1.08 kunye ne-gcc 1.40 igqityiwe. Ukukhutshwa kokuqala koluntu kwi-Linux kernel yaziswa ngoSeptemba 17th. I-0.0.1 kernel yayiyi-62 KB icinezelwe kwaye yayinemigca eyi-10 yekhowudi yomthombo. I-Linux kernel yanamhlanje inemigca yekhowudi engaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-28. Ngokutsho kophononongo olugunyaziswe yi-European Union ngo-2010, ixabiso eliqikelelweyo lokuphuhlisa ukusuka ekuqaleni iprojekthi efana ne-Linux kernel yanamhlanje iya kuba ngaphezu kweebhiliyoni zeedola zase-US (ubalo lwenziwa xa i-kernel inemigca yekhowudi ye-13 yezigidi) , ngokutsho kolunye uqikelelo - ngaphezu kwe-3 yezigidigidi.

I-Linux kernel yakhuthazwa yinkqubo yokusebenza ye-MINIX, engazange ihambelane neLinus kunye nelayisensi yayo encinci. Emva koko, xa iLinux yaba yiprojekthi eyaziwayo, abachasi bazama ukumangalela uLinus ngokukopa ngokuthe ngqo ikhowudi yezinye iinkqubo ezisezantsi ze-MINIX. Uhlaselo lwagxothwa ngu-Andrew Tanenbaum, umbhali we-MINIX, owathuma umfundi ukuba enze uthelekiso olucacileyo phakathi kwekhowudi yeMinix kunye nokukhutshwa koluntu lokuqala lweLinux. Iziphumo zophononongo zibonise ubukho bemidlalo emincinci emine kuphela yeebhloko zekhowudi, ngenxa yeemfuno zePOSIX kunye ne-ANSI C.

Ekuqaleni uLinus wayecinga ukubiza i-kernel Freax, ukusuka kumagama athi "free", "freak" kunye no-X (Unix). Kodwa igama elithi "Linux" lanikwa i-kernel ngu-Ari Lemmke, owathi, ngesicelo sikaLinus, wabeka i-kernel kwiseva ye-FTP yeyunivesithi, ebiza i-directory kunye ne-archive kungekhona "freax", njengoko uTorvalds wabuza, kodwa "linux ”. Kuyaphawuleka ukuba usomashishini oshishinayo uWilliam Della Croce (uWilliam Della Croce) wakwazi ukubhalisa uphawu lokuthengisa lweLinux kwaye wayefuna ukuqokelela imali yokuhlawula ngexesha, kodwa kamva watshintsha ingqondo yakhe waza wadlulisela onke amalungelo kwi-trademark kuLinus. I-mascot esemthethweni ye-Linux kernel, i-Tux penguin, yakhethwa ngenxa yokhuphiswano olwalubanjwe ngo-1996. Igama elithi Tux limele iTorvalds UniX.

Ukukhula kweentshukumo zekhowudi yesiseko (inani lemigca yekhowudi yomthombo) yekernel:

  • 0.0.1 - Septemba 1991, 10 amawaka imigca yekhowudi;
  • 1.0.0 - Matshi 1994, 176 amawaka imigca yekhowudi;
  • 1.2.0 - Matshi 1995, 311 amawaka imigca yekhowudi;
  • 2.0.0 - Juni 1996, 778 amawaka imigca yekhowudi;
  • 2.2.0 - ngoJanuwari 1999, i-1.8 yezigidi zemigca yekhowudi;
  • 2.4.0 - ngoJanuwari 2001, i-3.4 yezigidi zemigca yekhowudi;
  • 2.6.0 - December 2003, 5.9 million imizila yekhowudi;
  • 2.6.28 - December 2008, 10.2 million imizila yekhowudi;
  • 2.6.35 - Agasti 2010, 13.4 yezigidi zemigca yekhowudi;
  • 3.0 - Agasti 2011, 14.6 yezigidi zemigca yekhowudi.
  • 3.5 - Julayi 2012, 15.5 yezigidi zemigca yekhowudi.
  • 3.10 - Julayi 2013, 15.8 yezigidi zemigca yekhowudi;
  • 3.16 - Agasti 2014, 17.5 yezigidi zemigca yekhowudi;
  • 4.1 - Juni 2015, 19.5 yezigidi zemigca yekhowudi;
  • 4.7 - Julayi 2016, 21.7 yezigidi zemigca yekhowudi;
  • 4.12 - Julayi 2017, 24.1 yezigidi zemigca yekhowudi;
  • 4.18 - Agasti 2018, 25.3 yezigidi zemigca yekhowudi.
  • 5.2 - Julayi 2019, 26.55 yezigidi zemigca yekhowudi.
  • 5.8 - Agasti 2020, 28.4 yezigidi zemigca yekhowudi.
  • 5.13 - Juni 2021, 29.2 million imizila yekhowudi.

Inkqubela phambili yoPhuhliso:

  • I-Linux 0.0.1 - Septemba 1991, ukukhululwa kokuqala koluntu oluxhasa i-i386 CPU kuphela kunye nokubhuthwa kwi-floppy;
  • I-Linux 0.12 - ngoJanuwari 1992, ikhowudi yaqala ukuhanjiswa phantsi kwelayisensi ye-GPLv2;
  • I-Linux 0.95 - Matshi 1992, yongeza amandla okuqhuba i-X Window System, iphunyezwe inkxaso yememori ebonakalayo kunye nokwahlulahlula.
  • I-Linux 0.96-0.99 - 1992-1993, umsebenzi waqala kwi-stack networking. Inkqubo yefayile ye-Ext2 yaziswa, inkxaso yefayile yefayile ye-ELF yongezwa, abaqhubi bamakhadi omsindo kunye nabalawuli be-SCSI baqaliswa, ukulayishwa kweemodyuli ze-kernel kunye nefayile yefayile / yeproc yaphunyezwa.
  • Kwi-1992, ukuhanjiswa kokuqala kwe-SLS kunye neYggdrasil kwavela. Ngehlobo lika-1993, iiprojekthi zeSlackware kunye neDebian zasekwa.
  • I-Linux 1.0 - Matshi 1994, ukukhululwa kokuqala okusemthethweni;
  • I-Linux 1.2 - Matshi 1995, ukwanda okubonakalayo kwinani labaqhubi, inkxaso ye-Alpha, i-MIPS kunye ne-SPARC iqonga, izakhono ze-stack network eyandisiweyo, ukubonakala kwesihluzo sepakethi, inkxaso ye-NFS;
  • Linux 2.0 - Juni 1996, inkxaso kwiinkqubo ezininzi;
  • NgoMatshi 1997: I-LKML, uluhlu lokuposa lomphuhlisi we-Linux kernel lwasekwa;
  • Ngo-1998: Kwasungulwa iqoqo lokuqala elisekelwe kwi-Top500 Linux, eliquka ii-nodes ezingama-68 ezine-Alpha CPUs;
  • I-Linux 2.2 - ngoJanuwari 1999, ukuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwenkqubo yokulawula imemori, inkxaso eyongeziweyo ye-IPv6, iphunyezwe i-firewall entsha, yazisa inkqubo entsha yesandi;
  • I-Linux 2.4 - ngoFebruwari 2001, inkxaso yeenkqubo ze-8-processor kunye ne-64 GB ye-RAM, inkqubo yefayile ye-Ext3, inkxaso ye-USB, i-ACPI;
  • I-Linux 2.6 - Disemba 2003, inkxaso ye-SELinux, izixhobo zokulungisa iparameter ye-kernel ngokuzenzekelayo, iisysfs, inkqubo yokulawula imemori ehlaziyiweyo;
  • Kwi-2005, i-Xen hypervisor yaqaliswa, eyazisa kwixesha le-virtualization;
  • NgoSeptemba 2008, ukukhutshwa kokuqala kweqonga le-Android elisekelwe kwi-Linux kernel lenziwe;
  • NgoJulayi ka-2011, emva kweminyaka eyi-10 yophuhliso lwesebe le-2.6.x, utshintsho ku-3.x amanani lwenziwa. Inani lezinto kwi-Git repository lifikelele kwi-2 yezigidi;
  • Kwi-2015, ukukhululwa kwe-Linux 4.0 kernel kwenzeka. Inani lezinto ze-git kwindawo yokugcina ifikelele kwi-4 yezigidi;
  • Ngo-Epreli ka-2018, isiganeko esibalulekileyo se-6 yezigidi zezinto ze-git kwindawo yokugcina yokugcina yoyiswa.
  • NgoJanuwari 2019, isebe le-Linux 5.0 kernel lasekwa. Indawo yokugcina ifikelele kwinqanaba le-6.5 yezigidi zezinto ze-git.
  • Ipapashwe ngo-Agasti ka-2020, i-5.8 kernel yayiyeyona inkulu ngokwenani lotshintsho lwazo zonke iinkozo kubomi beprojekthi.
  • Kwi-5.13 kernel, irekhodi yamiselwa inani labaphuhlisi (2150), utshintsho lwabo lufakwe kwi-kernel.
  • Ngo-2021, ikhowudi yokuphuhlisa abaqhubi kwi-Rust yongezwa kwisebe le-Linux-elandelayo kernel. Umsebenzi uyaqhubeka ukubandakanya amacandelo okuxhasa iRust kwindawo ephambili yondoqo.

I-68% yazo zonke iinguqu kwi-core zenziwe yi-20 iinkampani ezisebenzayo kakhulu. Ngokomzekelo, xa ukuphuhlisa i-kernel 5.13, i-10% yazo zonke iinguqu zilungiswe yi-Intel, i-6.5% yi-Huawei, i-5.9% yi-Red Hat, i-5.7% ye-Linaro, i-4.9% ye-Google, i-4.8% yi-AMD, i-3.1% yi-NVIDIA, i-2.8 Ipesenti nge-Facebook, 2.3% - SUSE, 2.1% - IBM, 1.9% - Oracle, 1.5% - ARM, 1.4% - Canonical. I-13.2% yeenguqu zilungiswe ngabanikeli abazimeleyo okanye abaphuhlisi abangazange babhengeze ngokucacileyo ukuba basebenze kwiinkampani ezithile. I-1.3% yotshintsho yalungiswa ngabafundi, abafundi abaphumeleleyo kunye nabameli bamaziko emfundo. Ngokwenani lemigca ye-5.13 yekhowudi eyongeziweyo kwi-kernel, i-AMD yinkokeli, isabelo sayo sasiyi-20.2% (umqhubi we-amdgpu unemigca yekhowudi emalunga ne-3 yezigidi, malunga ne-10% yobukhulu be-kernel iyonke - i-2.4 yezigidi imigca ibalwa ngeefayili zentloko eziveliswe ngokuzenzekelayo ezinedatha yeerejista zeGPU ).

umthombo: opennet.ru

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