Izimvo zam zobuqu zemagazini ngaphezulu kwamaxesha ama-6-5 obukho bayo. Eli nqaku liqulathe isixa esiphakathi sokugxekwa kukaMurzilka kunye neMifanekiso ehlekisayo, ngoko ke abathetheleli abakhutheleyo beencwadi ezidumileyo zaseSoviet banokuba ngcono xa belifunda eli nqaku.
Zonke iipreviews phantsi kokusikwa zikhonkco kwimifanekiso epheleleyo yamaphepha emagazini ahambelanayo.
1990: Ixesha legolide
Ekupheleni kweminyaka yama-80s, imfuno epheleleyo nengalawulekiyo yenye ingcamango engenazo iimbono kwipropaganda yesiko lobusoshiyali yayisekile kuluntu lwaseSoviet. Oku kukwachaphazele iimpepha-ncwadi zazo zonke iindlela. Ukudala umntu okhuphisana naye oqinileyo kumgca wamaphephancwadi abantwana kwakukwi-ajenda. Iprojekthi yeTram yafumana inkxaso karhulumente ephezulu kwaye yaqalisa ngokukhawuleza ngokujikeleza kwezigidi ezibini. Kwangaxeshanye, eli phephancwadi lazithethelela izibonelelo ezityalwe kulo, ngoko nangoko zaduma.
Yintoni ebangela umdla ngale magazini intsha? Yintoni eyayikho kuyo eyayingekho kwiimpapasho zabantwana baseSoviet abadiniweyo?
Eli nqaku libhalwe ngenkxaso ye-EDISON Software.
Uluvo loMthengi:
Oku kunomdla kwaye kuluncedo ukwazi:
Iipateni zokuqhawula
Xa kuthelekiswa nobuhle kodwa obumdaka “Imifanekiso Ehlekisayo” kunye “neMurzilka” emfiphele ngokungafihlisiyo, ubuchule bokuyila buphuma kwiphepha ngalinye.
I-non-standard kunye ne-non-format ibonakala zombini kwinqanaba lemifanekiso kunye nenqanaba leetekisi. Kwangaxeshanye, indlela yokuyila yadityaniswa nokucwangciswa okuphakathi, xa amaphepha kwisitayile esifanayo kuso nasiphi na isihloko ephindaphindwa kwimiba emininzi ngokulandelelana (kwaye ke nangosizi oluthile uphawula ukuba uthotho lugqityiwe kwaye alusekho. kwimiba emitsha).
Apha, umzekelo, umgca wesihloko malunga namaqhalo kunye namazwi anikezelwe kwizihloko ezinxulumene namalungu athile omzimba. Umculi uBaldin udala imifanekiso emangalisayo ofuna ukuyijonga ixesha elide, ufunda zonke iinkcukacha. Indibaniselwano yoburharha obukhethekileyo kumoya weKharms onesitayile sobugcisa esiphefumlayo.
Hi ndlela leyi, ukusetyenziswa rhoqo kwemixholo ethi "serial" unyaka wonke, okanye ubuncinci kwimiba emininzi ngokulandelelana, yahlula "iTram" ngokuncomekayo. Oku kwakunjalo nakwiimagazini zaseSoviet (umzekelo, amabali malunga nokusetyenziswa kweHercules kuwo wonke umba weVK ngo-1984), kodwa oku kwakungafani nomthetho.
Ulwazi lwezenzululwazi
Nangona imifanekiso yayiyinkunkuma nje, yonke itekisi yayijoliswe kubantwana abacingayo kunye nabazali abacingayo (abathatha isigqibo sokuthenga iphephancwadi). Nangona imifanekiso engaqhelekanga yayilawula umbhalo, amagama ayesoloko ebaluleke ngakumbi yaye ebangela umdla ngakumbi.
Ugxininiso olukhulu kwiphephancwadi lubekwe ekuboneleleni abantwana ngolwazi lwezenzululwazi zanamhlanje, kwaye umxholo wawumbethe isignesha engeyiyo eqhelekileyo ye "Tram". Malunga nendawo ezine-dimensional, umcu we-Mobius, ulwimi lwe-Esperanto, umthi wentsapho ye-Rurik, i-optical illusions, izigaba zokulala kunye nezinye izinto ezinomdla zachazwa ngendlela ecacileyo kumntwana kunye nomntu omdala.
Isigqebelo esifihlakeleyo kunye nokuphoxa ngokuthe kratya
Xa ukhetha izinto eziphathekayo, ibhodi yokuhlela yalahla ngokupheleleyo "i-lisping" ebonisa "imifanekiso ehlekisayo" efanayo, ithathela indawo ngesimo sengqondo esidlalayo sabantwana ngokwabo, kwihlabathi labantu abadala kunye nabo ngokwabo.
Akumangalisi ukuba kumaphepha ephephancwadi umntu angadibana neembongi "ezingenangqondo" ezifana no-Igor Irtenyev, uGrigory Oster kwaye, uThixo andixolele, uViktor Shenderovich. Eli phephancwadi liqulathe iidosi ezithathiweyo zoburharha obufanelekileyo obumnyama kunye nesiphithiphithi kwisimbo seKharms (njengoko, ngokwenene, uKharms ngokwakhe).
Amabanga kunye nokuziphatha okungumzekelo akuyona into ephambili kumntwana
"I-Tram" yayilahla ngokusisiseko iimpawu zokuziphatha zamaphephancwadi abantwana baseSoviet. Abantwana bamkelwa njengoko benjalo. Umnqweno wolwazi wawukhuthazwa, kodwa awuzange unyanzeliswe. Amanqaku aphezulu kunye nokuziphatha okungumzekelo akuzange kuboniswe njengeempawu ezinyanzelekileyo zomntwana "ochanekileyo". Ngaphezu koko, amantombazana alungileyo namakhwenkwe alungileyo ayegculelwa kumaphepha elo phephancwadi. Eminye imixholo ehlekisayo ibonakala ngathi iyawavuma ama-hooligans kunye nabafundi bebakala le-C, kodwa eneneni, kwavezwa uluvo lokuba ukusebenza ngokusesikweni kwizifundo akuyonto iphambili.
Iphephancwadi iTram lalinomtsalane kuba laliqonda ukuba unelungelo lakhe nawuphi na umntwana ukuba abe nguye, ngaphandle kokunyanzelisa umnqweno wokuba “ngumntwana wesikolo waseSoviet ofanelekileyo.”
Ukulahla abalinganiswa abaphindaphindiweyo
Isigqibo esiphumeleleyo yayikukuba iphephancwadi, enyanisweni, likuyekile ukusetyenziswa ngokupheleleyo kwalo naluphi na uphawu (okanye iqela labanjalo) njengoMurzilka okanye iKlabhu yeMerry Men.
Ingxaki ngo-Murzilka kunye neMerry Men kukuba iimagazini zizele kakhulu ngabo. Bacaphukisa nje ubukho babo obukruqulayo kwikhava ngalinye, kuzo zonke iicomics, kuninzi lwamaqhina kunye namabali. Kudala abantwana “bahluthwa” zizo.
Ngokuqinisekileyo, abanye abalinganiswa abaphindaphindiweyo babekho kwi-"Tram," kodwa yayisetyenziswe ngokungaqhelekanga, kungekhona kuyo yonke inkupho kwaye kwenye indawo kumaphepha okugqibela. Umzekelo, bekukho amahlaya anqabileyo malunga nomcuphi uBertram Weiss kunye nomncedisi wakhe wenja iComposter. Nangona kunjalo, abanakubizwa ngokuba "bubuso" bephephancwadi. Iibhodi zamabali zabacuphi malunga nabo yayiluhlobo nje lweqhina.
Abalinganiswa abaphambili kumaphepha yayingengoopopayi, kodwa ngabantwana ngokwabo. Ukuba "Imifanekiso Ehlekisayo" kunye ne "Murzilka" yayingamaphephancwadi kubantwana, emva koko "iTram" - malunga nabantwana.
Imidlalo yebhodi
Inqaku elinamandla yayiyimidlalo engeyiyo esemgangathweni. Kwimidlalo esuka “kwiMifanekiso ehlekisayo”, iimotifs ezimbalwa ezikruqulayo ziyaphindwa ukusuka kwishumi ukuya kwishumi leminyaka, ngokwesiqhelo kweyona ndlela ilula yokwenza- “hamba kwimaze ukusuka kwindawo A ukuya kwindawo B”, “misela ukuba yeyiphi into yomnini”, njl. .
Kwi "Tram" inqanaba lemidlalo laliphezulu kakhulu. Nokuba oku kuhamba nge-labyrinth, ke kunye neemeko ezinzima ezingekho mgangathweni apho kufuneka usombulule iingxaki ezingaqhelekanga. Iindwendwe ezihlala rhoqo zephephancwadi ziyimidlalo engaqhelekanga ye-chess kunye ne-checkers. Kwaye phantse njalo le imidlalo hayi enye, kodwa abathathi-nxaxheba ababini okanye ngaphezulu, nokuba ezi labyrinths notorious.
Abantwana ngababhali abasebenzisanayo
Intshukumo eyomeleleyo yayikubonakaliswa okubanzi kobuchule babantwana ngokwabo kumaphepha.
Inkupho nganye yayinemibongo emininzi, imizobo, amabali, iziqhulo namaqhina athunyelwa ngabafundi abancinane ngokwabo.
Oku kwasondeza abantwana ngokuphawulekayo kweli phephancwadi; babengengabo abafundi balo kuphela, kodwa abadali.
1991: Sele ndiyiOthodoki, kodwa isemagqabini
Kunyaka olandelayo eli phephancwadi nalo lagcina umlinganiselo ophakamileyo womgangatho. Phakathi kweempawu zalo nyaka, sinokuqaphela amaqhina ayimfuneko afihliweyo kumfanekiso womcimbi okwiphepha elingaphandle.
Inguqulelo ephawulekayo yowe-1991, ebonakala iphikisana kule mihla, bubukho obuyimfuneko bephepha lobuOthodoki (okanye amabini) kwinkupho nganye yephephancwadi. Nangona kunjalo, ngezo ntsuku kwaneKomsomol "Imifanekiso ehlekisayo" yaqala ukona ngolu hlobo, ngoku ibika ngokukhawuleza ukuba iKrisimesi ne-Ista iya kuba nini.
Umagazini weTram uya kugcina umkhwa weOthodoki kude kube sekupheleni. Nangona kunjalo, oku akuzange kuchaphazele isitayela, umxholo kunye nomgangatho wezinto eziseleyo. Endaweni yokuhlonela uThixo, eli phephancwadi lisakhetha inzululwazi; endaweni yokuthobeka, lalisamema abantwana ukuba babe ngabo.
Kunye nale nto, ndiza kuqwalasela ngokuzimeleyo ukugxekwa okungaphezulu kolawulo lweSoviet kwimagazini eqhelekileyo yezopolitiko. Kunyaka ophelileyo, oku kugxekwa kwakunqabile kakhulu kwaye kuqhekeza kakhulu, kwinqanaba leziqhulo ezimfutshane. Kulo nyaka bekukho ubuncinci bezopolitiko kwimagazini, kodwa yeza ngokucacileyo.
Nantsi, umzekelo, isicatshulwa kwinkupho ka-Agasti (iKomiti yoNgxamiseko iya kuqhubeka kuphela ekupheleni kwale nyanga):
Ngowe-1992: Ixesha Lokulibala
Intsimbi yokuqala ye-alarm yayikungabikho kokugqibela, ukukhutshwa kwe-12 ye-1991. Kunyaka olandelayo, ngowe-1992, eli phephancwadi alizange lipapashwe konke konke.
Emva kokuwa kwe-USSR, iNgxowa-mali yaBantwana yaseSoviet ebizwa ngokuba ngu-V.I. Lenin (apho iphephancwadi iTram yabelwa khona) yahlelwa kwakhona kwiNgxowa-mali yaBantwana yaseRashiya. Kwakungekho mali efunyenweyo yokuxhasa ngemali iTram, kwaye iphephancwadi, kunye nokuhanjiswa kwezigidi ezibini, kubonakala ngathi ngokukhawuleza kwaye kwaphela.
Noko ke, abaqulunqi beli phephancwadi abazange banikezele. Umxhasi jikelele wafunyanwa (ibhanki esele iphelelwe lixesha esuka eKuzbass) kwaye kunyaka olandelayo ukupapashwa kopapasho oludumileyo lwaphinda lwaqala. Inyaniso, kunye nokusasazwa ngama-20 amancinci kunangaphambili. Imarike yasimahla ilawule ukuba iikopi ezingamawaka ayi-100 yeyona nto iphezulu enengqiqo ukuprinta.
Kuyaphawuleka ukuba "uMurzilka" kunye "neMifanekiso ehlekisayo" (efana neentsomi zeSoviet periodicals, zaqhubeka zixhaswa ngurhulumente), nazo azizange zigcine amanani abo ezigidi zeedola. Ngokwenyani kwiminyaka embalwa kamva behla ukuya kwi-100-200 amawaka eekopi ngenyanga, kwaye ngoku ukuhanjiswa akudluli kuma-50 amawaka.
1993: Ukuqala Kwesiphelo
Ikhefu lonyaka elinyanzelwayo alizange libe yingenelo kweli phephancwadi. Kubonakala kum ngokuzimeleyo ukuba kulo nyaka "iTram" iye yadika ngokukhawuleza. Imizekeliso kunye neetekisi zabonakala zilahlekelwe ngumlingo wemvelaphi, umxholo waba ngandlela thile ungabonakali, uqhelekileyo okanye into. Eli phephancwadi liphulukene nomdla walo wangaphambili we-hooligan ndaweni ithile.
Imixholo enqamlezayo etyhutyha imiba emininzi iyekile ukusetyenziswa. Umqondiso ombi yayikukuba iifoto zaqalisa ukusetyenziswa endaweni yemizobo. Uyilo luye lwaba lula, phantse lube lwakudala. Ngokomzekelo, ukuba yayiyingqokelela yeetekisi ezimfutshane (iziqhulo, amaqhina, imibongo emifutshane), ngoko kwiminyaka engcono kakhulu yayidla ngokuhlakazeka kulo lonke iphepha elixutywe nemifanekiso yeengqondo - ke yayibukeka intle. Ngoku yonke into iye yacwangciswa ngokucocekileyo kwiikholamu ezimbini ezikruqulayo, ngaphandle kwemizekeliso, kodwa ngokuzaliswa kobuthuntu be-monochromatic.
Maxa wambi iinxalenye zamaOthodoki zaqalisa ukuba namaphepha amaninzi. Endaweni yeziqhulo ezihlekisayo, kwaqala ukupapashwa iziqhulo eziqhelekileyo. Kwaye ngokubanzi, ukuhlekisa kuye kwaba yinto engathandekiyo. Abafundi abaselula baphantse bayeka ukuthumela umsebenzi wabo. Kunoko, icandelo elingaqhelekanga elithi "ukwazi omnye nomnye" lavela, apho abantwana babhala ngokufutshane malunga nezinto abazithandayo, babonise iminyaka yabo kwaye bashiye idilesi yabo epheleleyo yendlu ngembalelwano. Iphephancwadi elivukelayo ngamanye amaxesha laqala ukufana namaphephandaba entengiso yamahhala (kunye namahlaya kunye neentengiso zokuthandana kwiphepha lokugqibela) kubafazi bezindlu eziqhelekileyo.
1994: IiDinosaurs kunye neNkqubo
Kulo nyaka kubonakala ngathi eli phephancwadi sele liqalisile ukubuyela kwindlela yalo.
Okokuqala, sibuyele kumbono womxholo wonyaka. Ngeli xesha yayiyidinosaur. Umba ngamnye uchazwe ngokweenkcukacha malunga nenye yeentlobo zamacikilishe atshabalalayo, iziqhulo kunye namabali akhiwe ngeenxa zonke kubo.
Ewe, le ngcamango yayiyeyesibini (i-Spielberg's Jurassic Park yakhululwa kunyaka ongaphambili, eyabeka ngamandla ifashoni yehlabathi kwizirhubuluzi ezibulalayo), kodwa yayisele ilungile ukuba imagazini yayingakhuphi nje omnye umba, kodwa yayizama ukudala ngokucwangcisiweyo. umxholo.
Lo nyaka unomdla kunye nochungechunge lwamabali emfundo anikezelwe kwiprogram (umhleli-oyintloko uTim Sobakin ngumdwelisi ngemfundo kunye nomsebenzi wokuqala, ngendlela).
Andicingi ukuba la mabali alungile kubantwana besikolo esiphakathi (iingxoxo ezininzi ezinde, ezomileyo, akukho mifanekiso), kodwa mhlawumbi le yimizamo yokuqala eRashiya ukuthetha ngokucwangcisiweyo malunga neprogram kumaphepha ephephancwadi labantwana.
Nangona olu tshintsho luncinci oluhle, into ebulalayo yenzeke kwimagazini yeTram - ekugqibeleni yaphela engaqhelekanga iphephancwadi labantwana.
1995: Eyokugqibela
Kwaye kulo nyaka akuzange kwenzeke mmangaliso. Kwakucacile ukuba loo mpapasho yayingayi kubuyela kwinqanaba lowe-1990-91. Xa iinkupho “eziphindwe kabini” zaqalisa ukupapashwa ngoFebruwari-Matshi (ngokuchane ngakumbi, kungekhona nje ngenyanga, kodwa kanye emva kweenyanga ezimbini), kwacaca ukuba eli phephancwadi lalingayi kuhlala ithuba elide. Kwaye kwenzeka, inkupho kaJuni (yesine kuphela kulo nyaka) yaba yeyokugqibela.
umthombo: www.habr.com