Amazinyo amakhulu, imihlathi eyomeleleyo, isantya, umbono omangalisayo kunye nokunye okuninzi zizinto ezisetyenziswa ngabaxhaphazi bazo zonke iintlobo kunye nemivimbo kwinkqubo yokuzingela. Ixhoba, nalo, alifuni ukuhlala kunye neempuphu zalo ezisongiweyo (amaphiko, iimpuphu, ii-flippers, njl.) kwaye ziza neendlela ezininzi ezintsha zokuphepha ukudibanisa okungafunekiyo kunye nenkqubo yokugaya ye-predator. Abanye baba ziincutshe zokuzifihla, abanye bazithambise ngetyhefu, kwaye abanye baphosa izibilini zabo ebusweni bomoni (hello sea cucumbers). Kodwa kukwakho nabo indlela yokuzikhusela ingabonakali okanye ivakale kuthi. Amanundu kukutya okuthandwayo ngamalulwane. Kwizigidi ezininzi zeminyaka, bobabini baphucula izakhono zabo ze-ultrasound. Iimpuku ziyisebenzisela ukufumana ixhoba, kwaye amanundu alisebenzisa ukuze abone amarhamncwa. Kodwa "ukuxwayiswa kwangaphambili" akwanele kumanundu, ngoko baye bahlakulela amandla okudala "ukuphazamiseka kwerediyo" ephazamisa "umbono" we-ultrasonic wamalulwane. Bakwenza njani oku, ekubeni bengeva nge-100%, kwaye kusebenza kangakanani ukubanceda baphephe ukufa? Siza kukhangela iimpendulo kwingxelo yeqela lophando. Hamba.
Isiseko sophando
Xa uzingela ebusuku, kufuneka ube namehlo abukhali kakhulu, ube nemvakalelo yokujoja, okanye uve kakuhle. Amalulwane akhetha le yokugqibela, ngandlel’ ithile. Ukusetyenziswa kwe-echolocation kunenzuzo kakhulu kumalulwane. Okokuqala, ukuzingela ebusuku kunciphisa inani leengozi ezinokubakho nokhuphiswano lokufuna ukutya. Okwesibini, kukho izinambuzane ezininzi ebusuku, oku kuthetha ukuba amathuba okutya emva kwe-18:00 aphezulu kakhulu.
Amalulwane avelisa i-ultrasound kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo zokuphindaphinda ngokuxhomekeke kwiintlobo. Ngaphezu koko, nakwintlobo enye, i-frequency itshintsha ngokuhamba kwexesha: ekuqaleni 130-150 kHz, kwaye emva koko 30-40 kHz.
Ngoxa ezingela, amalulwane “akhupha” amaza e-ultrasonic “antlitheka” kwizinto eziwangqongileyo, kuquka namaxhoba anokuba ngamaxhoba. Amaza abonakalisiweyo abanjwe lilulwane kwaye liyakwazi ukuhamba phakathi kwemiqobo okanye ligxininise ngokuchanekileyo uhlaselo lwalo kwixhoba lalo.
Xa indaleko isasaza iitalente, amanundu nawo akazange ame ecaleni. Ziyakwazi ukuvelisa ingxolo ye-ultrasonic okanye imiqondiso yobuxoki eqinisekisa ilulwane ukuba ayinakutyiwa. Ezinye iintlobo zamanundu zisebenzisa i-stridulation. Eli gama elingaqhelekanga lilula kakhulu ukulichaza: khumbula ukuba iikhilikithi "zicula" njani ehlotyeni? Oku stridulation. Enye inkosi eqaqambileyo, okanye kunokuba i-sonorous, yale talente yi-cicadas.
Omnye umthombo wezandi ezikwinundu inokuba yi-percussion “castanets” - amalungu angasese alungisiweyo (ewe, izazinzulu ziwabiza amalungu angasese avelisa isandi se-castanets; ubucinga ukuba abantu besayensi abanabuchule bokuyila?).
Nangona kunjalo, uninzi lweentlobo zeenundu zisebenzisa iitymbals (zingadibanisi namacangci) - ukwakheka okukhethekileyo kwe-cuticular kumphezulu womzimba kunye "nomqamelo" womoya ngaphantsi.
Kuphononongo oluphononongwayo namhlanje, izazinzulu zanikela ingqalelo kwi-genus ye-moths Yponomeuta, apho uninzi lweentlobo (kwaye kukho malunga nekhulu lazo) lunokwakheka okungaqhelekanga kwi-arsenal yabo - indawo eguquguqukayo emaphikweni ngaphandle kwamaxolo phakathi kwemithambo yeCu1b.
kunye neCu2. Iingcali zenzululwazi ziye zafumanisa ukuba inani leenduli ezijongene nalo mmandla, nto leyo enokuthi ibonise ukuba le ndawo ibandakanyeka kwimveliso yesandi ngokusebenzisa i-stridulation (mhlawumbi).
Kumfanekiso ongasekhohlo (A) indawo yokwakheka okuguquguqukayo ichazwe ngomhlophe, kwaye kumfanekiso osekunene (B) imifanekiso ye-SEM yendawo enye.
Iingcali zenzululwazi zizenzele umsebenzi wokuphendula inani lemibuzo: ingaba le ndawo i-translucent ivelisa isandi okanye hayi, zithini iimpawu zayo ze-acoustic (ukuba iyakwenza), kwaye ezi zandi zisetyenziswa njani linundu ebomini balo.
Izifundo eziphambili, ezazifanele ukuba zincede ukufumana iimpendulo kule mibuzo ingentla, yayingabantu beentlobo ezimbini zeenundu - Y. evonymella kunye neY. cagnagella.
Fumana i-10 eyahlukileyo: Y. evonymella (ngasekhohlo) kunye ne-Y. cagnagella (ekunene).
Izifundo zithathwe endle ngelixa zisekwinqanaba lombungu. Iipupae ezifunyenweyo zagcinwa kwizikhongozeli ezikhethekileyo ezingama-297 x 159 x 102 mm kubushushu obungama-21 °C.
Iziphumo zoqwalaselo
Izazinzulu zirekhode iindiza zamahhala kunye nezisisigxina zezifundo: i-15 yamahhala kunye ne-2 indiza ye-Y. evonymella; Iinqwelomoya ezili-9 ezirekhodiweyo ze-Y. cagnagella. Ngethuba lokuhamba, ama-moths avelisa ukuchofoza okufanayo kwe-ultrasonic ngexesha le-wingbeat nganye (iigrafu ezingezantsi).
I-Spectrogram yokuchofoza kwe-ultrasonic ngexesha le-wingbeat enye ye-moth.
Ispectrogram engentla ibonisa iindawo ezinemibala emininzi. Eyokuqala (ebomvu) luluhlu lokuphindaphinda kwezandi eziveliswa ngamanundu osapho olungaphantsi lwe-Arctiinae ngokuchasene namalulwane. Kwaye okwesibini (oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka) luluhlu lokuvalelwa kwamalulwane eentlobo ze-Eptesicus fuscus.
Itotali yee-pulses ze-ultrasonic zirekhodwa ngexesha lokuguquka: enye ekuqaleni kwe-swing kunye neyesibini ekupheleni kwe-swing. Kwakungexesha lempembelelo yokuqala ukuba ukuphindaphinda konqakrazo kwakukhulu. Inani lokucofa kwi-pulse nganye, ngokujonga ngokuqwalasela, lihambelana nenani lemigca kwindawo eguquguqukayo. Kwi-Y. evonymella, ixabiso eliqhelekileyo lokuchofoza kwi-1 i-ultrasonic pulse yi-12.6 ± 1.7, kwaye kukho imivimbo eyi-11 kwindawo eguquguqukayo (qaphela ukubala kwi-SEM umfanekiso wephiko).
Okulandelayo, izazinzulu zasusa iitymbals (indawo eyi-260 x 800 µm) ukusuka kwi-12 Y. evonymella yabantu kunye nezandi ezirekhodiweyo ngexesha lokubhabha kwabo ngaphambi nasemva kokususwa. Inani lokucofa kwi-100 ms yexesha liye labalwa, elilingana neebhithi zamaphiko ezi-3.
Abantu abasixhenxe abavelisanga ukucofa emva kokususwa, abasibhozo bavelise ucofa i-1 kuphela, kwaye bavelisa ucofa kane, kodwa ngamanani ambalwa kunye ne-amplitude esezantsi. Njengoko kwavela, kwezi zine, iindawo ze-tymbal (iindawo eziguquguqukayo) azizange zisuswe ngokupheleleyo, ngoko ke zazingabandakanywa kuhlalutyo olongezelelweyo.
Ngovavanyo, izazinzulu zaqinisekisa ukuba amanundu kuzo zombini iintlobo zovavanyo avelisa izandi. Ngoku bagqiba ekubeni bavavanye ukuva (abantu abangama-20 beentlobo ze-Y. evonymella kunye nabantu aba-4 be-Y. cagnagella).
Izazinzulu zidlale i-ultrasound ngelixa izifundo zibhabha ngokukhululekileyo kwigumbi lovavanyo. Akukho namnye umntu owasabelayo koku. Uvavanyo lwaphinda lwaphindwa, kodwa bekwahlulahlula abantu ngeentlobo kwimigqomo eyahlukeneyo, apho babephumle khona. Kwaye kwakhona, akukho namnye owashukumayo.
Ngexesha elifanayo, ngokubeka abantu abayi-10 be-Y. evonymella kwelinye igumbi le-flight, izazinzulu zabona ukuphendula kwezifundo komnye nomnye. Kwaye kwakufana nakwiimvavanyo zangaphambili, oko kukuthi, akukho nanye.
Kuthekani ngestridulation? Izazinzulu ziye zajonga ukuba ingaba iinundu zovavanyo zibonise iimpawu zokukhuhlana kwawo nawaphi na amalungu omzimba ukuvelisa izandi. Kwaye njengoko kwavela, akukho namnye. Qaphela ukuhamba kwamaphiko enundu ngexesha lokubhabha okulawulwayo kwividiyo engezantsi.
Kule vidiyo sinokubona ukuba zeziphi iinguqu ezenzekayo kwindawo yamaphiko kunye neendawo zazo ngexesha lokuqhwaba.
Ngommandla oguquguqukayo ophantsi kophononongo, akukho ngquzulwano lubonwe kwamanye amalungu omzimba wenundu nangaliphi na ixesha ngexesha lokujingi. Kodwa ucofa ngandlel 'ithile. Kwaye oku kwenzeka ngokujikelezisa iphiko elingasemva kunye ne-axis yalo ukusuka kwisiseko ukuya kwelinye ngenqanaba eliphezulu nelisezantsi lokubhabha kwephiko.
Uphononongo olunzulu lwale nkqubo lubonise ukuba ngexesha lokunyuswa (intshukumo ejikelezayo yelungu) ekuqaleni kweflap, amacandelo empundu kunye nejugal yephiko asonga ezantsi xa kuthelekiswa nenxalenye yawo engaphambili ecaleni kwe-claval groove.
Ukubhabha kwenundu, ukujonga kwicala.
Le nkqubo yenzeke ukusuka kwincam ukuya kwisiseko sephiko, ngoko ke indawo eguquguqukayo nayo ibandakanyeka. Ngeli xesha, ukucofa kwe-ultrasonic kwenzeka.
Itheyibhile engentla ibonisa iziphumo zokuhlalutya kokuchofoza okulishumi okurekhodwe kwi-transverse direction (90 °) kuzo zonke izifundo (14 Y. evonymella kunye ne-9 Y. cagnagella). Iiparamitha zeSpectral, ubude kunye nobukhulu bokucofa ziye zasekwa.
Ukongeza, uhlalutyo lwenziwa ngonqakrazo (i-5 kumntu ngamnye kwaba-8) be-orientation ethe tye (0 °, 45 °, 90 ° kunye ne-180 °).
Inqanaba lesandi eliphakathi kwezifundo ezisibhozo ze-Y. evonymella ezirekhodiweyo ukusuka kumacala amane: 0 ° - imakrofoni phambi kwenundu, 45 ° - icala langaphambili, 90 ° - icala, 180 ° - ngasemva.
Kwakungekho nantlukwano ebalulekileyo: 0 ° kunye ne-45 °, Z = 0,3, p = 1,0; 0 ° kunye ne-180 °, Z = -2,3, p = 0,13; 45 ° kunye ne-180 °, Z = -2,4, p = 0,11.
Izazinzulu ziphinde zabala ukuba amalulwane aya kuva ukucofa amanundu kumgama ongakanani ngokuxhomekeke kwindawo akuyo. Iziphumo zezi zilandelayo: 6.0 ± 0.4 m ku-0 °, 6.5 ± 0.4 m ku-45 °, 7.9 ± 0.7 m kwi-90 ° kunye ne-5.6 ± 0.4 m kwi-180 °. Ezi zalathi ziboniswe kwitshathi engentla (В).
Kwaye apha kwigrafu А sibona i-amplitude yesandi esibonakalisiweyo, esishiyana kuluhlu -35 ... −43 dB kumaza kuluhlu lwama-20 ... 160 kHz.
Ukujonga ngakumbi kwisifundo, ndincoma kakhulu ukuba ujonge .
Ipilo
I-Evolution isenokungabi namigaqo, ingabi nanceba, ingaqhelekanga kwaye ibe nempoxo, njengoko umzekelo wamanundu aphantsi kophononongo ubonisa. Nangona zizithulu ngokupheleleyo, ezi zidalwa azinalo “ilizwi”. Esebenzisa iindawo ezigudileyo emaphikweni awo xa ephaphazela, amanundu avelisa ucofo olukhawulezayo oluwabhidanisa amalulwane anomdla wokutya kuwo.
Ulungelelwaniso olunjalo olungaqhelekanga luyinyani, kodwa luya kubangela iingxoxo ezininzi malunga nendlela eyakhiwe ngayo, loluphi utshintsho lwendaleko olwenziwa ngamanundu ukuphuhlisa indlela enjalo, kwaye yaqala phi na.
Siphinde safumana isiqinisekiso sokuba ihlabathi lizele zizidalwa ezimangalisayo ezingayeki ukumangala ngeetalente zazo ebesingenalwazi ngazo.
Kwaye, ewe, ngooLwezihlanu abangaqhelekanga:
Apha, wonke umntu ophethwe yi-mottephobia (uloyiko lwamanundu) mhlawumbi iintliziyo zabo zimile ngenxa yokoyika.
Enkosi ngokufunda, hlala unomdla kwaye ube nempelaveki emnandi bafana.
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