ืึท ืืืึทืฉืคึผืื ืคืื ืงืึทืืงืืึทืืืืืื ื ืืขืจืืึทื ืคึผืึธืืขื ืฆืืขื ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึท ืืึทืก ื ืขืฅ ืืื ื ืืืฉื ื ื ืึธืืืืึธืจืึธื
ืื ืฉืืึธื ืืขืจืืืึธืจืืข ืืื ืึท ืงืึธืืคึผืืขืงืก, ืืขืืขืจืึทืืืฉืื ืืึทืก ืกืืกืืขื ืืืึธืก ืืื ืืื ืงืขืกืืืืขืจืืืง ืขื ืืขืจืื ื. ืืืจ ืงืขื ืขื ืืึทืฉืจืืึทืื ืื ืืขืจืืืึธืจืืข ืืื ืึทืกืกืขืกืก ืื ืฉืืึธืืืฉ ืกืืืืืืข ืืื ืกืคึผืืืฉืึทื ืึทืืืืฉืขืงืฅ (ืคืึทืงืืึธืจืก). ืกืืืืช ืืืกืงืจืืืืื ื ืื ืืขืจืืืึธืจืืข ืึทื ืืขืจืฉ ืืื ืื ื ืึทืืืจ ืคืื ืืืืขืจ ืืฉืคึผืขื (positive, ื ืขืืึทืืืื) ืืื ืืืฉืืึทืืขืืจืืง ืงืึทื ืคืืืืขืจืืืฉืึทื (ืคึผืืื ื, ืฉืืจืืช, ืคึผืึธืืืืึธื ืก).
ืขืก ืืื ืึธืคื ืืึทื ืฅ ืฉืืืขืจ ืฆื ืืึทืฉืืืืขื ืื ืืจืึทื ืคืื ืืฉืคึผืขื ืคืื ืืขืืขืจ ืืืื ืืืืคืขืฅ ืืืืฃ ืืขืจ ืืืจืื ืคืื ืึทื ืืืืืงืืื ื ืคืื ืืขืจ ืืขืจืืืึธืจืืข ืืื ืึท ืืึทื ืฅ ืึธืืขืจ ืงืืื ืืึทืืื ืืขืจ ืึทืกืคึผืขืงื ืคืื ืขืก. ืืืึทื ื, ืื ืคึผืจืึธืืืขื ืคืื ืืืคืืื ืื ื ืืื ืืืกืงืจืืืืื ื ืึทืืึท ืงืึทื ืกืขืคึผืก ืืื "ืงืืืืืจ", "ืืขืืขืืฉืึทืคืืืขื ืงืืื", "ืืขืืขืืฉืึทืคืืืขื ืฉืคึผืึทื ืื ื", "ืืื ืืขืื", "ืขืงืึธื ืึธืืืฉ ืึทื ืืืืืงืืื ื", "ืืึทืคืขืืงืขืจืื ื ืืขืืื ื" ืืืขืจื ืื ืงืจืืกืื ืืื ืืึทืืืึทืืืง. ืื ืึทืืืืืืืึทืื ืคืื ืื ืงืึทื ืกืขืคึผืก ืื ืงืจืืกืื ืืืื ืืืจ ืืืืื ืฆื ืฆืืืืืื ืืื ืฆื ืคืึทืจืฉืืืขื ืข ืืขืืขืืฉืึทืคืืืขื ืืจืืคึผืขืก, ืคึผืึทืคึผืืึทืืืืฉืึทื ื ืคืื ืคืึทืจืฉืืืขื ืข ืฆืืืื ืืื ืืืฉืขื ืืขืจื.
ืืืื, ืขืก ืืึธื ืืืื ืื ืืขืืืืื ืึทื ืื ืืึทืื ืืจืื ืคืื ืืขืจ ืฉืืึธื ืืื ืื ืืึธืืขืจื ืืึทืืจืืฃ ืืขื ืขื ืืึทื ืฅ ืึทืจืืืืจืึทืจืืฉ. ืืขืืืขื ืืืืืจืืืฉืึทื ืคืื ืื ืืึทืคืขืืงืขืจืื ื, ืึทืจืืืขืจืคืืจื ืึทืงืกืขืกืึทืืืืืื ืคืื ืืืืึทื ืืขืืืื "ืืืขืจื ืื ืืจืขื ืขืฅ" ืคืื ืืขืจ ืฉืืึธื ืืคืืื ืืขืจ. ืืข ืจ ืืืฆ ื ืืจืฒืืข ืจ ืืื ืืฆืืข ืจ ืืืืจื ืฃ ืคื ื ืืืืืืืขืจืืฆืืข , ืฉืคึผืืืื ื ืื ืฅ ืืข ืจ ืืจืขื ืข ืฅ ืคื ื ืืข ืจ ืฉืืื , ืืืข ืจ ืืืฒืืฆืฒืื ืง ืืื ื ืืข ืจ ืกืืืข ืจ ืืืืจื ืฃ ืคื ื ืืข ืจ ืฉืื ื ืืจืขื ืฅ ื ื ื ืฐืฒืืขืจ .
ืืจืึธืฅ ืื ืคืจืืืืขืืขื ืืืกืงืจืืืื ืืืืื, ืึทื ืึทืืืกืืก ืืื ืึทืกืขืกืืึทื ื ืคืื ืืขืจืึทืืึธืจืื ืืืึทื ื ืืขื ืขื ืฆืืืืฉื ืื ืืขืจืกื ืคึผืจืึทืืึทืกืื ื ืืื ืืฉืืงืึทืืืข ืืขืืืื ืืืึธืก ืืึธืื ืกืึทืืืืื ื ืคืืืข ืืจืื ืืืขื ืคึผืจืึธืืืขืืก ืคืื ืื ืฉืืึธืืืฉ ืกืืืืืืข.
ืืขืจ ืึทืจืืืงื ืึธืคืคืขืจืก ืคึฟืึทืจ ืืึทืืจืึทืืืื ื ืึท ืืืคึฟื ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึทื ืึทืืืืืื ื ืื ืืขืจืืืึธืจืืข ื ืืฆื ืึท "ืืขืจืืึทื" ืืึธืืขื. ืืขืจ ืืืคึฟื ืืื ืืืืืจื ืืืืฃ ืื ืืขืจื ืขื ืคืื ืคึผืึธืืขื ืฆืืขืื ืืืฉืืคื ืืืจื ืึทืืืืฉืขืงืฅ (ืคืึทืงืืึธืจืก) ืคืื ืคืึทืจืฉืืื ื ืึทืืืจ (ืคืื ื, ืืื ืขืึทืจ ืืื ืฉืื). ืึทื ืึทืืืกืืก ืคืื ืื ืืขืจืืืึธืจืืข ื ืืฆื ืืขื ืืืคึฟื ืืืื ืขืก ืืขืืืขื ืฆื ืืึทื ืคืื ืึท ืกืืื ืคืื ืกืคึผืืืฉืึทื ืืึทืื (ืคืึทืงืืึธืจืก) ืืืกืงืจืืืืื ื ืื ืืขืจืืืึธืจืืข ืฆื ืึท ืคึผืื ืืืขื ื ืืืขืจืืงืึทื ( ืืขืืฉืื) ืึทืกืขืกืืึทื ื ืืื ืืขืืขืจ ืคืื ื ืคืื ืื ืืขืจืืืึธืจืืข.
ืื ืคึผืึทืืขื ืฉืึทืื ืืขืืขืจื ื ืืื ืึท ืืืื ืคืื ืื ืืขืจืืืึธืจืืข ืึทื ืึทืืืกืืก ืืึธืื ืึท ืืฉืืืืช ืื ืืขืจืคึผืจืืืืืฉืึทื - ืืืฅ ืคึผืจืึทืคึผืึทืืืืฉืึทื ืืื ืื ืืืืืจืึทื ืืึทื ืฅ ืคืื ืคืึทืจืฉืืืขื ืข ืืืืขื ืฉืึทื ื (2 ื, 3 ื). ืืขืจ ืืขืจืฉืืื ืื ื ืงืขื ืขื ืืืื ืจืขืคึผืจืืืขื ืืื ืืื ืื ืคืึธืจืขื ืคืื "ืืขืจืืึทื" ืืืืืขืจ ("ืืืฅ" ืืึทืคึผืก ืคืื ืื ืืขืจืืืึธืจืืข), ืืขืื ืึท ืืขืืึทื ืง ืคืื ืื ืืจืึทื ืคืื ืึทื ืืืืืงืืื ื ืคืื ืืขืจ ืืขืจืืืึธืจืืข ืืืคึผืขื ืืื ื ืืืืฃ ืื ืงืึธืืืจ ืื ืืขื ืกืืื ืคืื ืื ืืืื.
ืืขืจืืืึธืจืืข ืกืืืืช
ืืขืจืืืึธืจืืข ืึทื ืึทืืืกืืก ืื ืืืึทืืืื ืืืื ืืื ืคึผืจืึทืกืขืกืื ื ืืื ืคึฟืึธืจืืึทืฆืืข ืืืขืื ืื ืกืืืืช ืื ืคืืืึทื ืกืื ื ืื ืืขืจืืืึธืจืืข ืืื ืืืืขืจ ืื ืืึทืงืืืืขืจื. ืื ืคืืืขื ืกืื ื ืกืืืืช ืืขื ืขื ืึทืืืืฉืขืงืฅ ืืืึธืก ืืฉืคึผืขื ืืืืฃ ืื ืึทืจืืืืง ืืขืจืืืึธืจืืข ืืื ืืึธืื ืึท ืกืืื ืคืื ืงืขืจืึทืงืืขืจืืกืืืงืก ืืื ืกืคึผืืืฉืึทื ืงืึธืืึธืจืืึทื ืึทืฅ. ืืืืฉืคืืื ืคืื ืื ืคืืืึทื ืกืื ื ืกืืืืช ืึทืจืืึทื ื ืขืืขื ืฉืึทืคึผืก, ืื ืืึทืกืืจื ืคืึทืกืืืึทืืื, ืจืึธืืื, ืคืึธืจืึทืก ืืื ืืืึทืกืขืจ ืืืืขืจ.
ืื ืืืงืึทืืึธืจืก ืคืื ืืฉืคึผืขื ืืขื ืขื ืึทืืืืฉืขืงืฅ ืจืืคืืขืงืืืื ืืฉืคึผืขื ืคืื ืึทืืืืฉืขืงืฅ ืืื ืืืื ืืึธืื ืึท ืกืืื ืคืื ืงืขืจืึทืงืืขืจืืกืืืงืก ืืื ืกืคึผืืืฉืึทื ืงืึธืืึธืจืืึทื ืึทืฅ. ืืืืฉืคืืื ืคืื ืื ืคืืืขื ืฆืืข ืื ืืืงืึทืืึธืจืก: ืึทืืืก, ืืืืืึธืจืื, ืืึทื ืืืืึทื ืฅ.
ืืื ืื ืคืืืืขื ืืข ืคึผืจืขืืขื ืืืจืื ื ืืืจ ืืืขืื ื ืืฆื ืืขื ืืึทืืจืืฃ ืคืื ืื ืคืืืึทื ืก ืกืืืืช, ืืืึธืก ืงืึทืืืืื ื ืืืืืข ืืขืจืืื ืขื - ืกืืืืช ืืื ืื ืืืงืึทืืึธืจืก ืคืื ืืฉืคึผืขื.
ืื ืืขืจ ืืื ืึท ืืืืฉืคึผืื ืคืื ืกืคึผืืืฉืึทื ืืึทืื ืืืึธืก ืึทืงื ืืื ืื ืคืืืึทื ืกืื ื ืกืืืืช.
ืืืื ืขืจ ืคืื ืื ืืืืืืืง ืกืืึทืืขืก ืคืื ืืืจืืคืืจื ืึทืจืืขื ืืืืฃ ืึทื ืึทืืืืืื ื ืืขืจืืืึธืจืืข ืืื ืืขืจ ืืื ืข ืคืื โโืงืึทืืขืงืืื ื ืืื ืคึผืจืึทืกืขืกืื ื ืขืจืฉื ืืื ืคึฟืึธืจืืึทืฆืืข. ืืืึทื ื ืขืก ืืื ืึท ืคึผืืึทืฅ ืคืื ืืื ืคึฟืึธืจืืึทืฆืืข ืืืขืื ืื ืกืืืืช ืื ืคืืืึทื ืกืื ื ืื ืืขืจืืืึธืจืืข ืคืื โโืืืขืจืืื ื ืืจืึทืืขืก ืคืื ืืขืืึทื.
ืืื ืคึฟืึธืจืืึทืฆืืข ืงืขื ืขื ืืืื ืืืงืืืขื ืคืื ืึธืคึฟื ืงืืืืื ืึธืืขืจ ืืืืืืขื ืงืืืืื. ืืื ืคืืืข ืงืึทืกืขืก, ืขืคืขื ืขื ืืื ืคึฟืึธืจืืึทืฆืืข ืืื ืืขื ืื ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึทื ืึทืืืกืืก, ืืึธืืฉ, ืืื ืึท ืืขืจืฉื, ืขืก ืจืืงืืืืืขืจื ืืึทื ืฅ ืึทืจืืขื-ืืื ืืขื ืกืืืืข ืคึผืจืึทืกืขืกืื ื.
ืฆืืืืฉื ืึธืคึฟื ืงืืืืื, ืืขืจ ืคืืจืขืจ, ืืื ืืื ืืืขืจ ืืืื ืื ื, ืืื ืื ืืืื OpenStreetMap (OSM). ืื ืืื ืคึฟืึธืจืืึทืฆืืข ืืืงืืืขื ืคืื ืืขื ืืงืืจ ืืื ืืขืจืืืึทื ืืืงื ืืขืืืขื ืืืืขืจ ืืขืจ ืืืขืื.
OpenStreetMap (OSM) ืืืื ืืื ืคึฟืึธืจืืึทืฆืืข ืืื ืืขืจืืื ืื ืืื ืื ืคืืืืขื ืืข ืคึฟืึธืจืืึทืืืจืื ืืขื:
- OSM ืคึฟืึธืจืืึทื. ืื ืืืืคึผื ืคึฟืึธืจืืึทื ืืื ืื ืคืึทืจืืขื ืืขืจืื ื ".ืึธืกื" ืืื ืืขื ืืฆื ืฆื ืืึทืฉืจืืึทืื ืงืกืื ืืจืึทืคืืง ืืืืืขืจ - ื ืึธืืื, ืคึผืึทืืก, ืืืฆืืื ืืขื.
- "ืคืืืืืฉ ืคึฟืึธืจืืึทื". ืืขืจ ืืขืงืกื ืคึฟืึธืจืืึทื ืืื ืื ".ืืคึผ" ืืขืฉืคึผืจืืื ืืื ืืขื ืืฆื ืคึฟืึทืจ ืืจืืขืื ืืื ืืจืึทืคืืงืก.
- ืคึผืืฃ ืคึฟืึธืจืืึทื. ืืึทืืึท ืกืืึธืจืืืืฉ ืคึฟืึธืจืืึทื ืืื ืื ืคืึทืจืืขื ืืขืจืื ื ".ืึธืกื.ืคึผืืฃ".
ืืืจ ืงืขื ื ืืืื ื ืืฆื ืื ืคืืืืขื ืืข ืืงืืจืื ืคืื ืืื ืคึฟืึธืจืืึทืฆืืข:
- 2 ืืืก
ืื ืืืื ืึผืืื ืืืื-ืงืืืึทืืืืขื, ืืืืืขืฉืืขื ืคึผืจืึทืกืขืกื ืืื ืคึฟืึธืจืืึทืฆืืข, ืืื ืึท ืืืกืืขืฆืืืื ื 3-ืืืจืื ืงืืึทืกืกืืคืืขืจ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืขื ืืขืจืคึผืจืืกืขืก ืืื ืึธืจืืึทื ืึทืืืืฉืึทื ื.
- KML (Keyhole Markup Language) ืืขืงืขืก
KML (Keyhole Markup Language) ืืขืงืขืก ืืขื ืขื ืึท ืืขืงืข ืคึฟืึธืจืืึทื ืืืึธืก ืืื ืืขื ืืฆื ืฆื ืืืืึทืื ืืืฉืืึทืืจืึทืคืืง ืืึทืื ืืื Google ืขืจื, Google ืืึทืคึผืก ืืื Google ืืึทืคึผืก ืคึฟืึทืจ ืจืืจืขืืืืืง ืืขืืืืกืขืก.
ืืื KML ืืขืงืขืก ืืืจ ืงืขื ืขื:
- ืื ืกืืึทืืืจื ืคืึทืจืฉืืื ืืืงืึทื ื ืืื ืืึทืื ืกืืื ืึทืืฉืขืจื ืฆื ืึธื ืืืืึทืื ืขืจืืขืจ ืืืืฃ ืืขืจ ืขืจื
- ืฉืึทืคึฟื ืคืึทืจืฉืืืขื ืข ืึทื ืืืขืก ืคึฟืึทืจ ืืืืกืืขืงืืืื ืึทืืืืฉืขืงืฅ ืืืจื ืืฉืึทื ืืื ื ืื ืึทืคึผืึทืจืึทื ืฉืืขืืข
- ื ืืฆื ืคืึทืจืฉืืืขื ืข ืึธืืืืขืจืืื ืืืืืขืจ
- ืืขืคืื ืืจื ืกืืืืื ืฆื ืงืึทืกืืึทืืืื ืื ืึทืจืืืกืืืืึทืื ืคืื ืึท ืืืืคืขืฅ, ืฆืืืืืื HTML ืงืึธื ืฆื ืฉืึทืคึฟื ืืืืคึผืขืจืืื ืืงืก ืืื ืื ืืื ืข ืืืืืขืจ
- ื ืืฆื ืคืึธืืืขืจืก ืคึฟืึทืจ ืืืืขืจืึทืจืงืึทืงืึทื ืืจืืคึผืื ื ืคืื ืขืืขืืขื ืื
- ืืื ืึทืืืงืึทืืื ืืึทืงืืืขื ืืื ืืขืจืืืึทื ืืืงื KML ืืขืงืขืก ืคึฟืื ืืืืึทื ืึธืืขืจ ืืืืข ื ืขืฅ ื ืึธืืื
- ืืึทืงืืืขื KML ืืึทืื ืืืื ืขื ืืขืจืื ืืขื ืืื ืื 3 ื ืฆืืงืืงืขืจ
- ืคืขืืขืจืืืข ืกืขืจืืืืก ืคึฟืึทืจ ืฉืืึทื ืจืขืืืกืืจืึทืฆืืข, ืงืึทืืึทืกืืจืข ืืื ืงืึทืจืืึธืืจืึทืคื "ืจืึธืกืจืขืขืกืืจ"
ืื ืืื ืคึฟืึธืจืืึทืฆืืข ืืืืฃ ืื Rosreestr ืืืืขืจ ืืื ืืืขืจืืคืื ืคึฟืึทืจ ืืืึทื ืืื ืืึทืื ืืื ืฉืืืืืช, ืึธืืขืจ, ืืืืืขืจ, ืขืก ืืื ื ืืฉื ืืขืืืขื ืฆื ืืึทืงืืืขื ืืจืึทืคืืงืก ืคึฟืึทืจ ืงืึทืคึผืืืึทื ืงืึทื ืกืืจืึทืงืฉืึทื ืคึผืจืึทืืืฉืขืงืก ืืื ืืึทื ื ืคึผืืึทืฅ ืคืจืื. ืื Rosreestr ืืืืขืจ ืืืื ืึผืืื ืึท ืืจืืืก ืกืืืข ืคืื โโืืืืืืขื ืึทืงืกืขืก ืืื ืคึฟืึธืจืืึทืฆืืข.
- ืกืืึทืืืกืืืฉ ืืืืขืจ
ืกืืึทืืืกืืืฉ ืืึทืื ืืขื ืขื ืึท ืืึทืืืฉืืืึทืืึทื ืืงืืจ ืคืื ืืื ืคึฟืึธืจืืึทืฆืืข ืืืขืื ืื ืืขืจืืืึธืจืืข, ืึธืืขืจ, ืืื ื ืืืึทื ื, ืืึทืื ืคืื ืกืืึทืืืกืืืฉ ืืืืขืจ ืืขื ืขื ืื ืืืฆื ืืืืื ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึท ืืืืขืจ ื ืืืขืจ ืคืื ืื ืืืงืึทืืึธืจืก, ืืขืจ ืืืืคึผื ืืื ืื ืจืืคึผืึธืจืฅ ืคืื ืกืืึทืืืกืืืฉ ืืืืขืจ ืืื ืจืืคึผืึธืจืฅ ืคืื ืจืขืืืึธื ืึทื ืืืืืืจืืืขืื.
- ืืื ืคึฟืึธืจืืึทืฆืืข ืกืืกืืขืืขื ืคืื ืืืืืืจืืืขืื
ืืืื-ืงืืืึทืืืืขื ืืื ืคึฟืึธืจืืึทืฆืืข ืืื ืงืึทื ืืืื ื ืืื ืจืขืืืจืื ื ืืื ืคึฟืึธืจืืึทืฆืืข ืกืืกืืขืืขื, ืึธืืขืจ ืืืืื ืึท ืงืืืื ืืืื ืคืื ืขืก ืืื ืืจืืืก ืืื ืื ืฆืืืืจ ืคืขืื ืืื ืืื ืื ืืืฆื ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึทื ืึทืืืกืืก.
ืืืจืืคืืจื ืึทื ืึทื ืึทืืืกืืก ืคืื ืืขืจืึทืืึธืจืื ืืื ื ืืฉื ืึธื ืืึธื ืงืืื ืกืคึผืขืฆืืคืืฉ ืจืขืงืืืืจืขืืขื ืฅ ืืืืฃ ืืขืจ ืืึทืฅ ืคืื ืืื ืคึฟืึธืจืืึทืฆืืข ืืื ืคืึทืงื, ืืืจ ืงืขื ืขื ื ืืฆื ืึทืืฅ ืืืึธืก ืืื ืืขืคึฟืื ืขื ืืขืืืึธืจื ืคึฟืื ืึธืคึฟื ืงืืืืื. ืึธืืขืจ, ืขืก ืืึธื ืืืื ืื ืืขืืืืื ืึทื ืืคืืื ืื ืืื ืคึฟืึธืจืืึทืฆืืข ืืืงืืืขื ืคืื ืื OSM ืืืื ืึทืืืื ืืื ืืขื ืื ืฆื ืืึทืื ืึทื ืึทื ืึทืืืกืืก ืคืื ืึทื ืคืึทืืืืืขืจ ืืขืจืืืึธืจืืข.
ืึทื ืึทืืืกืืก ืคืื ืื ืืขืจืืืึธืจืืข ื ืืฆื ืึท "ืืขืจืืึทื" ืืึธืืขื. ืืฉืืืืช ืื ืืขืจืคึผืจืืืืืฉืึทื ืคืื ืคึผืึธืืขื ืฆืืขื
ืืื ืืขืจืืื ื ืคืจืืขืจ, ืืขืจืืืึธืจืืข ืึทื ืึทืืืกืืก ืืืึทื ื ืืื ืึท ืืืืก ืืขืืข ืืื ืึท ืฉืืึทืจืง ืืขืฆืืึทื ืคึฟืึทืจ ืจืืืึทื ืืื ืึทืืจืึทืงืฉืึทื ืคืื ืื ืืืขืกืืืึทื ืฅ ืืื ืืขืจ ืึทื ืืืืืงืืื ื ืคืื ืื ืคืจืึทืกืืจืึทืงืืฉืขืจ ืืื ืคืึทืจืฉืืื ืฉืืึธืืืฉ ืื ืืืืืจืึทื ืืึทื ืฅ.
ืื ืคืึทืจืฉืืืื ืงืืึทื ืคืื ืคึผืจืึธืืืขืืก ืกืึทืืืื ืืื ืืขืจืืืึธืจืืข ืึทื ืึทืืืกืืก ืงืขื ืขื ืืืื ืงืึทืืืืื ื ืืื ืขืืืขืืข ืืืืคึผื ืืขืืืื:
- ืืึทืงืืืขื ืื ืืขืจืกื ืื ืืขืจืคึผืจืืืึทืืึทื ืืื ืืืืืืื ืึทืกืขืกืืึทื ื ืคืื ืื ืืขืจืืืึธืจืืข ืืื ืืขืืขืจ ืคืื ื.
ืืืจื ืกืึทืืืืื ื ืืขื ืคึผืจืึธืืืขื, ืืืจ ืงืขื ืขื ืืึทืงืืืขื ืึท ืกืืื ืคืื ืคืื ืงืื ืืื ืืขืืขืจ ืคืื ื ืคืื ืืขืจ ืืขืจืืืึธืจืืข, ืืขืื ืึท ืืขืืึทื ืง ืคืื ืื ืืืจืื ืคืื ืึทื ืืืืืงืืื ื ืคืื ืืขืจ ืืขืจืืืึธืจืืข ืืื ืึทืืืขืืืื, ืืื ืืขืืื ื ืืื ืืื ืึท ืืืืขืจ ืื ืืขืจืืขื ืืง ืืขืื ื. ืึทืืึท ืืขืืข ืฉืื ืงืขื ืืืื, ืืืฉื, ืงืืืืืจ, ืืื ืืืกืืจืืข, ืืึทื ืื, ืืื"ื ื.
- ืืืืขืจืืึทื ืื ื ืื ืืขืจืกื ืึทืืืืึทื ืืืืืืฉืึทืก ืขืจืืขืจ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืคึผืืืืกืื ื ืื ืืืขืกืืึทื ื ืึทืืืืฉืขืงืฅ ืคืื ืึท ืืืืขืจ ืืืคึผ (ืืืฉื, ืืึทื ืงืก, ืกืคึผืขืฉืึทืืืืื ืกืืึธืจื, ืฉืึทืคึผืื ื ืืื ืคืึทืจืืืืึทืืื ื ืกืขื ืืขืจืก, ืืื"ื ื) ืืื ืื ืืืืกืืขืงืืืื ืืขืจืืืึธืจืืข.
- ืึทื ืึทืืืกืืก ืคืื ืื ืืขืจืกื ืขืคืขืงืืืื ื ืืฆื ืคืื ืื ืืขืจืืืึธืจืืข.
ืืขื ืจืืืืื ื ืึทืืึทืื ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึท ืืืืืืื ืืขืจื ืขื ืคืื ืื ืงืขืจืึทืงืืขืจืืกืืืงืก ืคืื ืืขืจ ืืขืจืืืึธืจืืข, ืื ืืึทืจืง ืกืืืืึทืฆืืข ืืืึธืก ืืื ืืขืืืขืืึธืคึผืขื ืืื ืื ืืขืจืืืึธืจืืข ืืื ืืขืจ ืืขืจื ืขื, ืืื ืื ืืขืืืืืืึทืฆืืข ืคืื โโืคืึธืืงืก ืึธืคึผืฆืืขืก.
- ืืึทืฉืืืืื ื ืคืื ืื ืฆืืฉืืืึทืขืจ ืคืื ืืืื ืคืึทืงืืึธืจ ืฆื ืื ืคึผืจืืึทื ืืึธืืขื, ื ืืฆื ืื ืืืืฉืคึผืื ืคืื ืื ืืืขืจืืืฉืึทื ืก ืคืื ื ืืึท ืจืึธืืื ืืื ื ืืึท ืจืืฅ.
- ืึทื ืึทืืืกืืก ืคืื ืคืึทืจืฉืืืขื ืข ืึทืกืคึผืขืงืฅ ืคืื ืืืื ืืขืจืืืึธืจืืข ืืื ืึทื ืึทืืืกืืก ืคืื ืคืึทืจืฉืืืขื ืข ืืขืจืึทืืึธืจืื (ืคืึทืจืืืืึทื ืคืื ืืขืจืืืึธืจืืข).
ืื ืึธืจืืืื ืึทืืืื ืคืื ืืขื ืืืคึฟื ืคืื ืืขืจืืืึธืจืืข ืึทื ืึทืืืกืืก ืคืืจืืขืืืืื ืืื ืืขื ืึทืจืืืงื ืืื ืื "ืืขืจืืึทื" ืืึธืืขื ืืืื ืืื ืื ื ืืฆื ืคืื ืืขืจืืืึธืจืืข ืึทื ืืืืืงืืื ื ืื ืืืงืึทืืึธืจืก - ืคึผืึธืืขื ืฆืืขื, ืืขืจืืื ืื ืืื ื ืืืขืจืืงืึทื ืืขืจืืื ืขื ืืื ืจืืคืืขืงืืื ื ืื ืืจืึทื ืคืื ืืฉืคึผืขื ืคืื ืื ืืืืคืขืฅ (ืื ืคืืืึทื ืกืื ื ืคืึทืงืืึธืจ) ืืืืฃ ืืขืจ ืืขืจืืืึธืจืืข.
ืฆื ืคึฟืึทืจืฉืืืื ืื ืขืกืึทื ืก ืคืื ืื ืืขืจื ืขื, ืขืก ืืื ื ืืืืืง ืฆื ืืึธืื ืึท ืืืกื ืืืขืจืืขืจ ืืืขืื ืื ืืขืจืืึทื ืคึผืึธืืขื ืฆืืขื ืืื ืืขืื ืืืึทื ืืฉืืืืช ืื ืืขืจืคึผืจืืืืืฉืึทื.
ืืื ืคืืืืง ืขืก ืืขื ืขื ืึทืืึท ืืึทืืจืืฃ ืืื ืงืจืึทืคื ืคืขืื ะธ ืงืจืึทืคื ืคึฟืื ืงืฆืืข. ืื ืงืจืึทืคื ืคืขืื ืืื ืื ืืืกืืขืกืืื ื ืคืื ืขื ืขืจืืืข, ืื ืงืจืึทืคื ืคึฟืื ืงืฆืืข ืืื ืื ืืืกืืขืกืืื ื ืคืื ืงืจืึทืคื.
ืคึฟืึทืจ ืื ืืขืืขืฅ ืคืื ืื ืืืืขืจืกืึทื ืืจืึทืืืืืึทืฆืืข, ืื ืงืจืึทืคื ืคืขืื ืืื ืืืคืืื ื ืืืจื ืื ืคืึธืจืืืืข:
F=k/r2, ืืื
ืง - ืงืขืกืืืืขืจืืืง;
ืจ - ืืืกืืึทื ืกืข ืฆืืืืฉื ืื ืืขืจืึทืงืืื ื ืึทืืืืฉืขืงืฅ.
ืื ืงืจืึทืคื ืคึฟืื ืงืฆืืข ฯ ืืื ืืืฉืืืกื ืืืจื ืื ืืืืกืืจืืง:
dฯ=-F*dr, ืืื
ฯโืงืจืึทืคื ืคืขืื ืคึผืึธืืขื ืฆืืขื;
dฯ, dr - ืืืคืขืจืขื ืืฉืึทืื;
r ืืื ืื ืืืืึทืืงืืื ืฆืืืืฉื ืื ืืขืจืึทืงืืื ื ืึทืืืืฉืขืงืฅ,
ืืขืจืืืขืจ ฯ=ืง/ืจ.
ืื ืืฉืืืืช ืืืึทืืฉ ืคืื ืื ืงืจืึทืคื ืคืขืื ืคึผืึธืืขื ืฆืืขื ฯ ืืื ืื ืึทืจืืขื E ืืขืืื ืืืจื ืื ืงืจืึทืคื ืคืขืื ืืฉืขืช ืืืื ืคืืจืืื ืึท ืืืืขืจ ืืืขื. ืืื ืืขื ืคืึทื ืคืื ืื ืืขืืขืฅ ืคืื ืื ืืืืขืจืกืึทื ืืจืึทืืืืืึทืฆืืข, ืืืขื ืื ืืืืึทืืงืืื ืฆื ืึท ืืืืคืขืฅ ืขื ืืขืจืื ืืขื ืคืื ืจ 2 ืฆื ืจ 1, ืื ืงืจืึทืคื ืคึฟืื ืงืฆืืข ืืื ืืืฉืืืกื ืืืจื ืื ืคืึธืจืืืืข
E=ืง*(1/ืจ1-1/ืจ2), ืืื
E ืืื ืื ืึทืจืืขื ืืขืืื ืืืจื ืื ืงืจืึทืคื ืคืขืื ืืฉืขืช ืคืึธืจื ืึท ืืืืขืจ ืืืขื;
ืจ1, ืจ2 - ืขืจืฉื ืืื ืืขืฆื ืฉืืขืืข ืคืื โโืื ืืืืคืขืฅ.
ืคึฟืึทืจ ืื ืึทืจืืขื ืคืื ืึทื ืึทืืืืืื ื ืึท ืืขืจืืืึธืจืืข, ืื ืืฉืคึผืขื ืคืื ืึทืืืืฉืขืงืฅ (ืคืึทืงืืึธืจืก) ืืืืฃ ืืขืจ ืืขืจืืืึธืจืืข ืงืขื ืขื ืืืื ืืืืจืืื ืืื ืึท ืงืจืึทืคื (ืืึทืื ืคึฟืื ืงืฆืืข), ืืื ืื ืืืจืื ืคืื ืึทื ืืืืืงืืื ื ืคืื ืืขืจ ืืขืจืืืึธืจืืข ืืื ืื ืืึทื ืฅ ืืขืจืืึทื ืคึผืึธืืขื ืฆืืขื (ืงืจืึทืคื ืคืขืื) ืคืื ืึทืืข ืึทืืืืฉืขืงืฅ (ืคืึทืงืืึธืจืก). ืืื ืคืืืืง ืคึผืจืึธืืืขืืก, ืืขืจืืึทื ืคึผืึธืืขื ืฆืืขื ืืื ืืขืืคึผืขืจืึทืืืจ, ืืื ืืื ืคึผืจืึธืืืขืืก ืคืื ืืขืจืืืึธืจืืข ืึทื ืึทืืืกืืก ื ืืฆื ืึท "ืืขืจืืึทื" ืืึธืืขื, ืืขืจ ืคึผืึธืืขื ืฆืืขื ืจืขืคึผืจืึทืืขื ืฅ ืื ืืึทื ืฅ ืคึผืจืึทื ืคืื ืึทืืข ืื ืคืืืึทื ืกืื ื ืกืืืืช ืืืืฃ ืึท ืคืื ื ืืื ืืขืจ ืืขืจืืืึธืจืืข.
ืกืคึผืืืฉืึทื ืืึทืื ืืืฉืืืื ืคืื ืคืื ืงืื, ืฉืืจืืช ืืื ืคึผืึธืืืืึธื ืก. ืฆื ืจืขืืขื ืขื ืื ืคึผืึธืืขื ืฆืืขื, ืขืงืกืืขื ืืขื ืกืคึผืืืฉืึทื ืืึทืื ืืขื ืขื ืฆืขืืืืื ืืื ืงืืืื ืคืจืึทืืืึทื ืฅ. ืคึฟืึทืจ ืืขืืขืจ ืคืจืึทืืืขื ื, ืื ืคึผืึธืืขื ืฆืืขื ืคืื ืื ืคืื ื ืืื ืงืึทืืงืืึทืืืืืื ืืื ืึท ืืึทืืืึทืคึผืืืืขืจ ืืืืึทื ืฆื ืื ืืจืืืก ืคืื ืื ืืืืคืขืฅ ืคืจืึทืืืขื ื (ืคืึทืงืืึธืจ).
ืื ืืึทืื ืืขื ืขื ืฆืขืืืืื ืืื ืกืขืืึทื ืืืง ืืจืืคึผืขืก ืืืืืจื ืืืืฃ ืืขื ืคึผืจืื ืฆืืคึผ ืคืื ื ืึธืขื ื ืขื ืืขืืงืืื. ืคึฟืึทืจ ืืืึทืฉืคึผืื, ืืึทื ืื ืึทืืืืฉืขืงืฅ ืืขื ืขื ืงืึทืืืืื ื ืืืจื ืกืืืืจืข. ืขืก ืืขื ืขื ืืจืืคึผืขืก ืคืื ืืืึทืื ืึทืืืืฉืขืงืก, ืืืึทืกืขืจ ืืืืขืจ, ืกืขืืึทืืืึทื ืฅ, ืึทืจืืืขืจืคืืจื ืกืืึทืคึผืก, ืืื"ื ื. ืืจืืคึผืขืก ืคึฟืึทืจืืืื ืืงืืข ืืืจื ืืืึทืืฉ ืจืขืคึผืจืึทืืขื ืฅ ืึท ืคืึทืงืืึธืจ. ื ืึธื ืืืจืืืขืืื ืืขื ืึทืืข ืื ืึทืืืืฉืขืงืฅ (ืคืึทืงืืึธืจืก), ืืืจ ืืึทืงืืืขื ืึท ืกืืื ืคืื ืืขืจืืึทื ืคึผืึธืืขื ืฆืืขื ืคึผืึทืกืืง ืคึฟืึทืจ ืืืืึทืืขืจ ืคึผืจืึทืกืขืกืื ื.
ืื ื ืืฆื ืคืื ืคึผืึทืืขื ืฉืึทืื ("ืืืฅ ืืึทืคึผืก") ืึทืืึทืื ืืืจ ืฆื ืึทืจืืืขืจืคืืจื ืคืื ืกืคึผืืืฉืึทื ืืึทืื ืฆื "ืืขืจืืึทื" ืืืืืขืจ ืคืื ืึทืืืืฉืขืงืฅ (ืคืึทืงืืึธืจืก) ืคืื ืืฉืคึผืขื ืืืืฃ ืื ืืขืจืืืึธืจืืข (ืืืืืฉืืืึทืืึทืืืืฉืึทื ืคืื ืคึผืึธืืขื ืฆืืขืื). ืึทืืึท ืึท ืืืขืจืืึทื ื ืืืื ืขืก ืืขืืืขื ืฆื ืืึทืฉืืืืขื ืื ืืจืึทื ืคืื ืืืึทืืืึทื ืคืื ืื ืคืึทืงืืึธืจ ืืื ืืขืืขืจ ืคืื ื ืคืื ืื ืืขืจืืืึธืจืืข ืืื ืืืจืืคืืจื ืืืืึทืืขืจ ืึทื ืึทืืืกืืก, ื.ืข. ืืืืึทืื ืคืึทืจืฉืืืขื ืข ืืื ืกืืจืืงืฆืืขืก ืคืื ืฉืืึธื ืึทื ืืืืืงืืื ื ืืื ืงืึธืืืจื. ืืืื, ืืืจ ืืึทืงืืืขื ืึท ืฉืืึทื ืขื ืคืื ืืืขืจืืื ื ืื ืืขื ืกืืื ืคึฟืึทืจ ืืขืืขืจ ืคืื ื ืคืื ืื ืืขืจืืืึธืจืืข.
ืืืืฉืคืืื ืคืื "ืืขืจืืึทื" ืืืืืขืจ ืคืื ืื ืืขืจืืืึธืจืืข ืคืื โโื ืืืฉื ื ื ืึธืืืืึธืจืึธื ืืื ืืขื ืงืึธื ืืขืงืกื ืคืื ืขืืืขืืข ืกืืืืช ืืขื ืขื ืืขืจืืื ืื ืืื ืื.
"ืืขืจืืึทื" ืืึทืคึผืข ืคืื โโื ืืืฉื ื ื ืึธืืืืึธืจืึธื, ืจืืคืืขืงืืื ื ืื ืคืึทืงืืึธืจ "ืึทืคึผืืืืง ืงืืื".
"ืืืฅ" ืืึทืคึผืข ืคืื โโื ืืืฉื ื ื ืึธืืืืึธืจืึธื, ืจืืคืืขืงืืื ื ืื ืคืึทืงืืึธืจ "ืคึผืึทืืืงืืื ืืงืก ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึทืืึทืืฅ"
"ืืขืจืืึทื" ืืึทืคึผืข ืคืื โโื ืืืฉื ื ื ืึธืืืืึธืจืึธื, ืจืืคืืขืงืืื ื ืื ืคืึทืงืืึธืจ "ืงืื ืืขืจ ืงืืื ืืงืก".
"ืืขืจืืึทื" ืืึทืคึผืข ืคืื โโื ืืืฉื ื ื ืึธืืืืึธืจืึธื, ืจืืคืืขืงืืื ื ืื ืคืึทืงืืึธืจ "ืื ืืืกืืจืืึทื ืืึธื ืขืก"
"ืืขืจืืึทื" ืืืืืขืจ ืคืื ืื ืืขืจืืืึธืจืืข ืืึทืื ืขืก ืืขืืืขื ืฆื ืืึทืฉืืืืขื ืื ืงืึทื ืกืึทื ืืจืืืฉืึทื ืคืื ืคึผืึธืืขื ืฆืืขื ืคึผืึธืืขื ืฆืืขื ืคืื ืคืึทืจืฉืืื ืึทืืืืฉืขืงืฅ ืคืื ืืฉืคึผืขื. ืืืืึทืืขืจ, ืขืก ืืื ื ืืืืืง ืฆื ืคืึทืจืืื ืื ืื ืืืงืืืขื ืคึผืึธืืขื ืฆืืขืื ืืื ืึท ืื ืืึทืืจืึทื ืืึทืจืึทืงืืขืจืืกืืืฉ ืึทื ืึทืืึทืื ืึท ืึทืกืขืกืืึทื ื ืคืื ืื ืืขืจืืืึธืจืืข ืืืืืจื ืืืืฃ ืึท ืืจืืืก ื ืืืขืจ ืคืื ืกืืืืช. ืืึธืก ืจืืงืืืืืขืจื ืึท ืืขืืึธื ืืืึธืก ืึทืืึทืื ืืืจ ืฆื ืคืื ืึทื ืืขืจืงืืืึทืื ืึท ืืจืืืก ืกืืืข ืคืื โโืืื ืคึฟืึธืจืืึทืฆืืข, ืืขืจืงืขื ืขื ืึทืืืืฉืขืงืฅ ืืื ืืืื ืจืขืืืฆืืจื ืื ืืืกืืขืกืืื ื ืคืื ืืึทืื, ืืื ืคืึทืจืืืจื ืื ืืื ืืกืืขืจ ืกืืืข ืคืื โโืืื ืคึฟืึธืจืืึทืฆืืข. ืืืื ืขืจ ืคืื ืื ืืขืืืึธืืก ืืื ืื ืืืืคึผื ืงืึธืืคึผืึธื ืขื ื ืึทื ืึทืืืกืืก (PCA). ืืขืจ ืืขืืึทืืืก ืืืขืื ืืขื ืืืคึฟื ืงืขื ืขื ืืืื ืืขืคึฟืื ืขื ืืื .
ืื ืขืกืึทื ืก ืคืื ืืขื ืืืคึฟื ืืื ืฆื ืืขืคึฟืื ืขื ืึท ืืื ืขืึทืจ ืงืึธืืืื ืึทืฆืืข ืคืื โโืขืจืฉื ืคึผืึทืจืึทืืขืืขืจืก ืืืึธืก ืขื ืืขืจืื ืืขื ืืขืจืกื ืฉืืืจืง ืืื ืืขืจ ืืขืื ื ืคืื ืึทื ืึทืืืกืืก. ืคึฟืึทืจ ืกืคึผืืืฉืึทื ืืึทืื - ืื ืืขืจืกื ืฉืืึทืจืง ืืฉืึทื ืืื ื ืืืืขืจ ืื ืืขืจืืืึธืจืืข.
ืืขืจ ืืืืคึผื-ืงืึธืืคึผืึธื ืขื ื ืืขืืึธื ืืืืขื ืืืคึฟืืฆืืจื ืื ืึธืืืขืงืื (ืคึฟืึทืงืืึธืจื) ืืืึธืก ืขื ืืขืจื ืืื ืฉืืึทืจืง ืืืืขืจ ืืขืจ ืืขืจืืืึธืจืืข. ืืื ืึท ืจืขืืืืืึทื ืคืื ืืขื ืืืคึฟื, ื ืืึท ืืืขืจืืึทืืึทืื ืืขืจืฉืืึทื ืขื - ืื ืืืืคึผื ืงืึทืืคึผืึธืื ืึทื ืฅ, ืืืึธืก ืืขื ืขื ืืขืจ ืื ืคืึธืจืืึทืืืื ืงืึทืืคึผืขืจื ืืื ืื ืึธืจืืืื ืขื ืืึทืื, ืืื ืื ืืืืฃ ืคืื ืืืึธืก ืขืก ืืื ืืจืื ืืขืจ ืฆื ืคืื ืึทื ืืขืจืงืืืึทืื, ืืึทืฉืจืืึทืื ืืื ืืืืืฉืืืึทืืืื ืื ืืขืจืืืึธืจืืข, ืืืืฃ ืืืึธืก ืขืก ืืื ืืจืื ืืขืจ ืฆื ืืืืขื ืืึธืืขืืก .
ืื ืืืืคึผื ืงืึทืืคึผืึธืื ืึทื ืฅ ืืขื ืขื ืึทื ืึทืืืืืงืึทื ืืืืกืืจืืงื - ืื ืกืึทืืึทืงื ืคืื ืื ืคึผืึธืืขื ืฆืืขืื ืคืื ืื ืขืจืฉื ืกืืืืช ืืื ืืืืขืจ ืงืึธืืึทืคืืฉืึทื ืฅ. ืึธืืขืจ, ืืืื ืงืืื ืคืึทืงืืึธืจ ืืื ืึท ืืึทืืืืืืง ืคึผืจืึทื ืืืืฃ ืื ืืขืจืืืึธืจืืข, ืึธืืขืจ ืืื ื ืืฉื ืืืืฉื ืืืืขืจ ืื ืึทื ืึทืืืืื ืืขืจืืืึธืจืืข, ืืขืจ ืืืืคึผื ืงืึธืืคึผืึธื ืขื ื ืืืคึฟื ืืืขื ื ืืฉื ืึทืจืืึทื ื ืขืืขื ืืขื ืคืึทืงืืึธืจ ืืื ืืขืจ ืืึทืฅ ืคืื ืื ืืืืคึผื ืงืึทืืคึผืึธืื ืึทื ืฅ.
ืื ืืืืคึผื ืงืึทืืคึผืึธืื ืึทื ืฅ ืืขื ืขื ืึธืจืืขืจื ืืื ืืจืืคื ืืืขืจื ืกืืจ ืคืื ืืื ืคึฟืึธืจืืึทืฆืืข - ื.ื. ืคืึทืจืฉืคึผืจืืืื ืืืืขืจ ืื ืืขืจืืืึธืจืืข. ืืขืจ ืขืจืฉืืขืจ ืืืืคึผื ืงืึทืืคึผืึธืื ืึทื ืฅ ืคืืจื ืืืืืืืืง ืืขืจ ืืื ืคึฟืึธืจืืึทืฆืืข ืืื ืืืื ืกืืืืช ืืื ืืึทืฉืจืืึทืื ืื ืืขืจืืืึธืจืืข ืืขืืื ื. ืืื ืึท ืืขืจืฉื, ืืืขื ื ืืฆื ืืืขืื ืึท ืืื ืืขืจื ืกืืืืช, ืืขืจ ืขืจืฉืืขืจ ืืืืคึผื ืงืึธืืคึผืึธื ืขื ื ืงืึทืจืื ืืืขืื 50% ืคืื ืึทืืข ืืื ืคึฟืึธืจืืึทืฆืืข (ืืืึทืจืืึทื ืก) ืคึฟืึทืจ ืื ืืขืจืืืึธืจืืข. ืื ืืืืคึผื ืงืึทืืคึผืึธืื ืึทื ืฅ ืืขื ืขื ื ืืฉื ืงืึธืจืึทืืืืืึทื ืืื ืืขืืขืจ ืื ืืขืจืข ืืื ืงืขื ืขื ืืืื ืืขืืืืื ื ืคึฟืึทืจ ืืึธืืขืืก ืืื ืงืขืจืึทืงืืขืจืืกืืืงืก ืคืื ืื ืืขืจืืืึธืจืืข ืืื ืืขืืขืจ ืคืื ื.
ืืขืจ ืืืืคึผื ืงืึธืืคึผืึธื ืขื ื, ืืื ืขืืืขืืข ืึทืืกืืจืึทืงืืื ืงืึทืืงืืึทืืืืืื ืืจืืื ืคืื ืื ืืขืจืืืึธืจืืข, ืืื ื ืืฉื ืืึธืื ืึท ืงืืึธืจ ื ืึธืืขื ืืื ืงืืึทืกืึทืคืึทืงืืืฉืึทื. ืึธืืขืจ, ืึท ืกืืื ืคืื ืกืืืืช ืืืึธืก ืืขื ืขื ืฉืืืจืง ืงืึธืจืึทืืืืืึทื ืืื ืื ืืืืคึผื ืงืึธืืคึผืึธื ืขื ื ืึทืืึทืื ืืื ืื ืฆื ืืืึทืืฉื ืื ืืืืคึผื ืงืึทืืคึผืึธืื ืึทื ืฅ. ืืื ืึท ืืขืจืฉื, ืื ืคืืืืขื ืืข ืกืืืืช ืงืึธืจืึทืืืืืึทื ืืื ืื ืืืืคึผื ืงืึทืืคึผืึธืื ืึทื ืฅ:
- ืืืจืื ืคืื ืื ืคืจืึทืกืืจืึทืงืืฉืขืจ ืึทื ืืืืืงืืื ื;
- ืึทืจืืืขืจืคืืจื ืงืึธืืคึผืึธื ืขื ื ืคืื ืืขืจ ืืขืจืืืึธืจืืข;
- ืงืืืืืึทืืืง ืืึธื ืขืก;
- ืืืจืื ืคืื ืืึทื ืืืืืจืืฉืึทืคืืืขื ืึทื ืืืืืงืืื ื;
- ืขืงืึธื ืึธืืืฉ ืคึผืึธืืขื ืฆืืขื ืคืื ืื ืืขืจืืืึธืจืืข.
ืืืืึทืืขืจ ืึทื ืึทืืืกืืก, ืึทืจืืึทื ืืขืจืขืื ื ืงืืึทืกืืขืจืื ื, ืืืืืื ื ืืื ืื ืขืจืฉืืขืจ ืืืกื ืืึทืืืึทืืืง ืืืืคึผื ืงืึทืืคึผืึธืื ืึทื ืฅ.
ืืื ืื ืคืืืืขืจื ืืืจ ืงืขื ืขื ืืขื ืึท ืืจืึทืคืืงืึทื ืคืึทืจืืจืขืืื ื ืคืื ืืขืจ ืขืจืฉืืขืจ ืืืืคึผื ืงืึทืืคึผืึธืื ืึทื ืฅ ืืื ืื ืืขืจืืืึธืจืืข ืคืื โโืขืืืขืืข ืฉืืขื ืคืื ืื ืจืืกืืฉืข Federation.
ืืขืจ ืขืจืฉืืขืจ ืืืืคึผื ืงืึธืืคึผืึธื ืขื ื ืงืขืจืึทืงืืขืจืืืืื ื ืื ืืืจืื ืคืื ืึทื ืืืืืงืืื ื ืคืื ืฉืืึธืืืฉ ืื ืคืจืึทืกืืจืึทืงืืฉืขืจ ืืื ื ืืืฉื ื ื ืึธืืืืึธืจืึธื
ืืขืจ ืขืจืฉืืขืจ ืืืืคึผื ืงืึธืืคึผืึธื ืขื ื ืงืขืจืึทืงืืขืจืืืืื ื ืื ืืืจืื ืคืื ืึทื ืืืืืงืืื ื ืคืื ืฉืืึธืืืฉ ืื ืคืจืึทืกืืจืึทืงืืฉืขืจ ืืื ืืขืงืึทืืขืจืื ืืืจื
ืืขืจ ืขืจืฉืืขืจ ืืืืคึผื ืงืึธืืคึผืึธื ืขื ื ืงืขืจืึทืงืืขืจืืืื ืื ืืืจืื ืคืื ืึทื ืืืืืงืืื ื ืคืื ืฉืืึธืืืฉ ืื ืคืจืึทืกืืจืึทืงืืฉืขืจ ืืื ืงืึทืืึทื
ืืขืจ ืขืจืฉืืขืจ ืืืืคึผื ืงืึธืืคึผืึธื ืขื ื ืงืขืจืึทืงืืขืจืืืืื ื ืื ืืืจืื ืคืื ืึทื ืืืืืงืืื ื ืคืื ืฉืืึธืืืฉ ืื ืคืจืึทืกืืจืึทืงืืฉืขืจ ืืื ืคึผืขืจื
ืืขืจ ืขืจืฉืืขืจ ืืืืคึผื ืงืึธืืคึผืึธื ืขื ื ืงืขืจืึทืงืืขืจืืืื ืื ืืืจืื ืคืื ืึทื ืืืืืงืืื ื ืคืื ืฉืืึธืืืฉ ืื ืคืจืึทืกืืจืึทืงืืฉืขืจ ืืื ืกืึทืืึทืจืึท
ืืขืจ ืขืจืฉืืขืจ ืืืืคึผื ืงืึธืืคึผืึธื ืขื ื ืงืขืจืึทืงืืขืจืืืื ืื ืืืจืื ืคืื ืึทื ืืืืืงืืื ื ืคืื ืฉืืึธืืืฉ ืื ืคืจืึทืกืืจืึทืงืืฉืขืจ ืืื ืืึทืืึทืจืึธืืืกืง
ืื ืืึทืืจืึทื ืืฉืึทืจืึทืงืืขืจืืกืืืงืก: ืงืืึทืกืืขืจืื ื
ืืขืจ ืืืืึทืืขืจ ืืื ืข ืคืื โโืึทืจืืขื ืืืืฃ ืืขืจืืืึธืจืืข ืึทื ืึทืืืกืืก ืืื ืื ืืืื ืคึฟืึทืจ ืืึธื ืขืก ืคืื ืื ืฉืืึธืืืฉ ืกืืืืืืข ืืืึธืก ืืขื ืขื ืืึธืืืึทืืืฉืื ืืึทืก ืืื ืงืืืึทืืืืขื. ืืขืจ ืืืื ืืื ืืืืืจื ืืืืฃ ืื ืึทื ืึทืืืกืืก ืคืื ืื ืืืึทืืืขืก ืคืื ืื ืืืืคึผื ืงืึทืืคึผืึธืื ืึทื ืฅ ืืื ืืขืืขืจ ืคืื ื ืืื ืืขืจ ืืขืจืืืึธืจืืข. ืื ืคึผืจืึธืืืขื ืคืื ืืืื ืคึฟืึทืจ ืื ืืึธืืืึทืืืฉืื ืืึทืก ืืึธื ืขืก ืงืขื ืขื ืืืื ืกืึทืืืื ืืืจื ืงืืึทืกืืขืจืื ื - ืืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก ืคืื ืืจืืคึผืื ื ืืขืจืึทืืึธืจืื ืืืืืจื ืืืืฃ ืืขื ืคึผืจืื ืฆืืคึผ ืคืื ืคึผืจืึทืงืกืืืึทืื ืคืื ืึท ืกืืื ืคืื ืงืขืจืึทืงืืขืจืืกืืืงืก.
ืืขืจืืืึธืจืืข ืงืืึทืกืืขืจืื ื ืืื ืฆืืืื ืฆืืื:
- ืงืจืืืืืื ื ืึท ืืขืกืขืจ ืืืืขืจืงื ืืืืืฉืืืึทืืึทืืืืฉืึทื ืคืื ืื ืืขืจืืืึธืจืืข;
- ืึทืืึทืงืืืฉืึทื ืคืื ืืขืืืื ืคึฟืึทืจ ืื ืืึทืืืื ื ืคืื ืืืื ืืึธืืขืืก.
ืืขืจืึทืืึธืจืื ืืขื ืขื ืงืืึทืกืืขืจื ืืื ืืืื ืืื ืื ืืืืกืืขืงืืืื ืกืืืืช ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึทื ืึทืืืกืืก. ืื ืกืืืืช ืงืขื ืืืื ืกืืืืช ืื ืคืืืึทื ืกืื ื ืคึผืจืืืกืื ื ืึธืืขืจ ืกืืืืช ืืืึธืก ืืืกืงืจืืืืื ื ืขืืืขืืข ืึทืกืคึผืขืงืฅ ืคืื ืืขืจ ืึทื ืืืืืงืืื ื ืคืื ืืขืจ ืืขืจืืืึธืจืืข, ืืืฉื, ืื ืืขืืขืืฉืึทืคืืืขื ืงืืื.
ืขืก ืืขื ืขื ืฆืืืื ืคึผืจืึธืกื ืงืืึทืกืืฉ ืงืืึทืกืืขืจืื ื ืืขืืืึธืืก: ืื ืง-ืืืื ืืืคึฟื ืืื ืื ืืขื ืืจืึทืืจืึทื ืืืคึฟื. ืืืขื ืืจืืขืื ืืื ืืขืจืืืึธืจืืข, ืื ืง-ืืืื ืืืคึฟื ืืื ืคึผืจืึธืืืขื ืืื ืืื, ืื ืฉืืจืื ืคืื ืืืึธืก ืืื ืื "ืืจืึธืืื ื" ืคืื ืึท ืงื ืืื ืืืจื ืึทืืื ื ื ืืึท ืึทืืืืฉืขืงืฅ ืฆื ืืืึผืงืก ืคืื ืงืื. ืื ืืืึทืืข ืคืื โโืื ืง-ืืืื ืืืคึฟื ืืืื ืืื ืื ืขื ืืขืืงืืื ืคืื ืืืึทื ืึทืจืืขื ืฆื ืื ื ืึทืืืจืืขื ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก ืคืื ืืขืจืืืึธืจืืข ืคืึธืจืืืจืื ื: ืื ืึทืืจืืืฉืึทื ืคืื ืขื ืืขื ืึธื ืขืก, ืืื ืืื ืฆืขืฉืืืืื ื ืคืื ืคืึทืจืฉืืืขื ืข ืึธื ืขืก.
ืื ืง-ืืืื ืืืคึฟื ืืื ืืขื ืืฆื ืคึฟืึทืจ ืืฉืืื ืืช ืคึฟืึทืจ ื ืืืฉื ื ื ืึธืืืืึธืจืึธื (ืคืืืืจ ืืื ืื).
ืืขืกืงืขื ืคืื ืงืืึทืกืืขืจื ืืื ืื ืืืจืื ืคืื ืึทื ืืืืืงืืื ื ืคืื ืืขืจ ืืขืจืืืึธืจืืข ื ืืฆื ืืขื ืืืึทืฉืคึผืื ืคืื ื ืืืฉื ื ื ืึธืืืืึธืจืึธื
ืืื ืื ืคืืจืืขืืืืื ืฆืืืึทื ื, ืขืก ืืื ืืขืืืขื ืฆื ืืึทืงืืืขื ืึทื ืืืืขืจืืืืง ืคืื ืื ืืขืจืืืึธืจืืข ืืืืฃ ืคืึทืจืฉืืื ืืขืืขืก. ืืขืืขืก ืคืื ืืื ืืขืจืขืก ืฆื ืืื ืื ืงืขื ืืืื, ืืืฉื, ืื ืืืจืื ืคืื ืึทื ืืืืืงืืื ื ืคืื ืฉืืึธืืืฉ ืื ืคืจืึทืกืืจืึทืงืืฉืขืจ, ืื ืืืจืื ืคืื "ืขืืืื ืึทืก" ืคืื ืืขืจ ืืขืจืืืึธืจืืข, ืื ืืืจืื ืคืื ืงืืืืืจ ืึทื ืืืืืงืืื ื, ืื ืืขืืขืืฉืึทืคืืืขื ืงืึธืืคึผืึธื ืขื ื ืคืื ืืขืจ ืึทื ืืืืืงืืื ื ืคืื ืืขืจ ืืขืจืืืึธืจืืข. ืื ืืขืืขืก ืืขื ืขื ืงืจืึทื ืง-ืืืคืืื ื ืื ืืึทืืจืึทื ืงืึทื ืกืขืคึผืก, ืืื ืฆืื ืืืคืฉืืขืื ืืื ืคืื ืคืืืข ืื ืืขืจืจืืืืืืื ืกืืืืช.
ื ืืฆื ืขืืืขืืข ืึทืืืขืจืืืึทื ืคึฟืึทืจ ืกืึทืืขืงืืื ื ืคึผืึทืจืึทืืขืืขืจืก ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึทื ืึทืืืกืืก (ืึทืจืืึทื ืืขืจืขืื ื ืืื ืื ืื ืืืึทืืืืืึทื ื ืคืื ืขืงืกืคึผืขืจืฅ), ืืืจ ืืึทืงืืืขื ืืืืึทืืืง ืืึทืคึผืก ืืืึธืก ืืขืื ืึท ืืขืืึทื ืง ืคืื ืืืื ืึทืกืคึผืขืงื ืคืื ืืขืจ ืึทื ืืืืืงืืื ื ืคืื ืืขืจ ืืขืจืืืึธืจืืข.
ืื ืืึทืืจืึทื ืงืขืจืึทืงืืขืจืืกืืืงืก ืืขื ืขื ืคืืจืฉืืื ืขื ืืื ืืขืจ ืขืจืฉืืขืจ ืืืืคึผื ืงืึทืืคึผืึธืื ืึทื ืฅ, ืืคึฟืจื ืื ืืขืจืกื ืื ืคืึธืจืืึทืืืื ืขืจืฉืืขืจ ืืืืคึผื ืงืึธืืคึผืึธื ืขื ื, ืืื ืงืืึทืกืืขืจืื ื ืคืื ืื ืืขืจืืืึธืจืืข ืืืื ืฆื ืืืืกืืขืงืืืื ืคึผืึทืจืึทืืขืืขืจืก.
ืืืืึทืืืง ืืึทืคึผืก ืคืื ืืขืจ ืขืจืฉืืขืจ ืืืืคึผื ืงืึทืืคึผืึธืื ืึทื ืฅ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืคืึทืจืฉืืื ืึทืกืคึผืขืงืฅ ืคืื ืึทื ืืืืืงืืื ื ืืขื ืขื ืืขืจืืื ืื ืืื ืื ืคืืืืขืจื ืืื ืื.
ืืืืึทืืืง ืืึทืคึผืข "ืงืืืืืจ ืึธืืืืฉืขืงืฅ" ื ืืฆื ืืขื ืืืึทืฉืคึผืื ืคืื ื ืืืฉื ื ื ืึธืืืืึธืจืึธื
ืืืืึทืืืง ืืึทืคึผืข "ืกืืฆืืื ืงืืื" ื ืืฆื ืืขื ืืืึทืฉืคึผืื ืคืื ื ืืืฉื ื ื ืึธืืืืึธืจืึธื
ืื ืืึทืืจืึทื ืงืขืจืึทืงืืขืจืืกืืืงืก ืืึทืื ืขืก ืืขืืืขื ืฆื ืคึฟืึทืจืฉืืืื ืื ืงืขืจืึทืงืืขืจืืกืืืงืก ืคืื ืึท ืืขืจืืืึธืจืืข ื ืืฆื ืคืืืข ืกืืืืช ืืื ืืื ืืืึทื ืึธื ืืืขืจ ืคืื ืืื ืคึฟืึธืจืืึทืฆืืข.
ืืื ืืกืงื ื, ืขืก ืืื ืืืื ืฆื ืืืืขืจืงื ืึทืืึธื ืืืืืขืจ ืึทื ืืืึทื ื ืื ืึทื ืึทืืืกืืก ืคืื ืืขืจืึทืืึธืจืื ืืื ืึท ืืึธืจ ืืืืืืืง ืืื ืข ืืื ืกืึทืืืืื ื ืื ืคึผืจืึธืืืขืืก ืคืื ืืขืืืขืืึธืคึผืื ื ืื ืฉืืึธืืืฉ ืกืืืืืืข, ืืฉืืืื ื ืขืจืืขืจ ืฆื ืื ืืืขืกืืืจื ืืื ืงืึทื ืกืืจืึทืงืฉืึทื, ืืขืคึฟืื ืขื ืื ืืขืจืกื ืึทืืืืึทื ืืืืืืฉืึทืก ืึธืจื ืคึฟืึทืจ ื ืืึท ืคืึทืกืืืึทืืื ืืื ืื ืืขืจืข ืืึทืกืงืก.
ืืขืจ ืืืคึฟื ืคืื ืืขืจืืืึธืจืืข ืึทื ืึทืืืกืืก ืคืืจืืขืืืืื ืืื ืืขื ืึทืจืืืงื ื ืืฆื ืึท "ืืขืจืืึทื" ืืึธืืขื ืคืื ืกืืืืช ืคืื ืคืึทืจืฉืืืขื ืข ื ืึทืืืจ ืืื ื ืืฉื ืงืจืืืืฉ ืฆื ืื ืืึทื ื ืคืื ืกืืืืช, ื"ื ืขืก ืืื ื ืืฉื ืึธื ืืึธื ืจืืกืืจืืงืฉืึทื ื ืึธืืขืจ ืจืขืงืืืืจืขืืขื ืฅ ืืืืฃ ืื ืขืจืฉื ืืื ืคึฟืึธืจืืึทืฆืืข.
ืื ืืืืืืขืจืกืืื ืืื ืืืขืจืืงืืึทื ืคืื ืืงืืจ ืืื ืคึฟืึธืจืืึทืฆืืข, ืืื ืืขืืื ื ืืื ืื ืืขืืขืื ืืืื ืฆื ื ืืฆื ืึธืคึฟื ืืึทืื, ืืื ืึทื ืืืืึทืืึทื ืคึผืจืึทืกืคึผืขืงืก ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึทื ืึทืืืืืื ื ืงืืื ืืขืจืืืึธืจืืข ืฉืืื.
ืืื ืื ืคืืืืขื ืืข ืืืืกืืืืขืก ืืขืืึทืงืืืืึทื ืฆื ืื ืคึผืจืึธืืืขืืก ืคืื ืืขืจืืืึธืจืืึทื ืึทื ืึทืืืกืืก, ืืืจ ืคึผืืึทื ืืจื ืฆื ืึทื ืืืขืงื ืื ืคึฟืขืึดืงืืืื ืคืื ืงืึทืืคึผืืืืื ื ืืึธืืขืืก ื ืืฆื ืื ืืืืคึผื ืงืึทืืคึผืึธืื ืึทื ืฅ ืืื ืืขืืืึธืืก ืคึฟืึทืจ ืืืืขืจ ืืืคึผืืึทืืขื ืืืืฉืึทื ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึทืืึท ืืึทืกืงืก ืืื:
- ืืฉืืืื ื ืืขืจ ืืขืกืืขืจ ืึธืจื ืืืขื ืคึผืืืืกืื ื ืึท ื ืืึท ืืืืคืขืฅ;
- ืงืึทื ืกืืจืึทืงืฉืึทื ืคืื ืึท ืคึผืจืืึทื ืืืืขืจืคืืึทื ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึท ืืืืขืจ ืงืึทืืขืืึธืจืืข ืคืื โโืึทืืืืฉืขืงืฅ ื ืืฆื ืืึทืจืง ืืืขืจื;
- ืึทืกืขืกืืึทื ื ืคืื ืื ืคึผืจืึทืคืืืึทืืืืืื ืคืื ืึท ืืืืขืจ ืืืคึผ ืคืื ืืขืืืงืืื ืืืคึผืขื ืืื ื ืืืืฃ ืื ืึธืจื ืคืื ืื ืึทืืืืฉืขืงืฅ.
ืขืก ืืขื ืขื ืืืื ืคึผืืึทื ื ืฆื ืคืึธืจืฉืืขืื ืืขืืืึธืืก ืคึฟืึทืจ ืื ืคืึทืจืงืขืจื ืืืขืจืืึทื ื ืคืื ืืืืคึผื ืงืึทืืคึผืึธืื ืึทื ืฅ ืฆื ืกืืืืช, ืืืึธืก ืืื ืงืขืจ ืืืื ืขืก ืืขืืืขื ืฆื ืืึทืงืืืขื ืึท ืืึธืืขื ืคืื ืกืืืืช ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึท ืืขืืขืื ืืขืจืืืึธืจืืข.
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