5 ื ื•ืฆื™ืง ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืฆื• ื ื•ืฆืŸ ื“ื™ Raspberry Pi. ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™

ื”ืขืœื, ื”ืื‘ืจ.

ะ’ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ 5 ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืฆื• ื ื•ืฆืŸ ื“ื™ Raspberry Pi ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ. ื“ื™ ื˜ืขืžืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื˜ืฉื™ืงืึทื•ื•ืข, ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ึทื ื˜ ืื™ืš ื•ื•ืขืœ ืงื•ืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืžืขืจ ืึธืคึผืฆื™ืขืก ืคึฟืึทืจ ื•ื•ื™ ืื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื ื•ืฆืŸ ื“ืขื ืžื™ืงืจืึธืงืึธืžืคึผื•ื˜ืขืจ ืฆื• ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ึทืœืข.

5 ื ื•ืฆื™ืง ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืฆื• ื ื•ืฆืŸ ื“ื™ Raspberry Pi. ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™
ืคืึธื˜ืึธ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืึทืคึผืข learn.adafruit.com

ื•ื•ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืจื™ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ื˜ื™ื™ืœ, ืื™ืš ื•ื•ืขืœ ืงื•ืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขื˜ื”ืึธื“ืก ื•ื•ืึธืก ื˜ืึธืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืึทืจืคืŸ ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืึทืžืžื™ื ื’.
ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืคืืจืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกื™ืจื˜ืข ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื”ืžืฉืš ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืฉื ื™ื˜.

1. ืกืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ืœืึทื ืก ืึทืคึผืึทืจืึทื˜

5 ื ื•ืฆื™ืง ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืฆื• ื ื•ืฆืŸ ื“ื™ Raspberry Pi. ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™
ืžืงื•ืจ: www.raspberrypi-spy.co.uk/2017/04/raspberry-pi-zero-w-cctv-camera-with-motioneyeos

Raspberry Pi ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื›ึผืžืขื˜ ืึทืœืข ื–ื™ื›ืขืจื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืงืึทืžืขืจืึทืก.
ื“ื™ ืคืืœื’ืขื ื“ืข ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ Raspberry Pi:

  • ื•ืกื‘ ื•ื•ืขื‘ืงืึทืžืก (ืœืžืฉืœ Logitech C910)
  • IP ืงืึทืžืขืจืึทืก (ืึทืงืก, ืืื–"ื• ื•) ืžื™ื˜ ืึท PoE ื™ื ื“ื–ืฉืขืงื˜ืขืจ (48 ื•ื• ืžืึทื›ื˜ ืื™ื– ืกืึทืคึผืœื™ื™ื“ ืฆื• ืึทื–ืึท ืงืึทืžืขืจืึทืก ื“ื•ืจืš ืึท ื ืขืฅ ืงืึทื‘ืœืข, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืึทืœืึทื•ื– ื–ื™ื™ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืคืืจืŸ ืึทืจื•ื™ืก ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื™ืŸ)
  • ืงืึทืžืขืจืึทืก ื•ื•ืึธืก ืคืึทืจื‘ื™ื ื“ืŸ ื’ืœื™ื™ืš ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืงืึทื ืขืงื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ RPi (ื•ื•ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึธื˜ืึธ ืื•ื™ื‘ืŸ).

ืขืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืึท ืคึผืœืึทืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธืคึผืฆื™ืขืก ืคึฟืึทืจ ืงืึทืกื˜ืึทืžื™ื™ื–ื™ื ื’ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื›ื•ื•ืืจื’ ื“ืึธ. ืื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื ื•ืฆืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืขืงืœ ื‘ืึทื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื”ืื˜ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืคืœืขืงืกืึทื‘ืึทืœ ืกืขื˜ื˜ื™ื ื’ืก. ืื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืฉืจื™ื™ึทื‘ืŸ ื’ืœื™ื™ืš ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึทื ืกืึธื•ืœ ื ื™ืฆืŸ ffmpeg, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืœืขืกืึธืฃ ืฉืจื™ื™ึทื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ื”ืึทื ื“ืœืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ Python ืื•ืŸ OpenCV. ืื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื‘ืจืึธื“ืงืึทืกื˜ ืึท ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขื ื˜ื™ื™ึทืš, ื ื•ืฆืŸ ื‘ืึทื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’ ื“ื™ื˜ืขืงืฉืึทืŸ, ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืคืึธื˜ืึธืก ื“ื•ืจืš E- ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, ืขื˜ืง.

ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกื™ืจื˜ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืœื’ืขื ื“ืข ื˜ื•ื˜ืึธืจื™ืึทืœื–:

ืขืก ืก ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง: ืขืก ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจืžืื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืจื™ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ื˜ื™ื™ืœ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืฆื• ืื™ื‘ืขืจื—ื–ืจืŸ ืขืก. ืคึฟืึทืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืœ-ืื™ื ื˜ืขื ืกื™ื•ื•ืข ื˜ืึทืกืงืก (ื•ื•ืึธืก ื›ื•ืœืœ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขื ืคึผืจืึทืกืขืกื™ื ื’) ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ Raspberry Pi, ืึท ื”ื•ื™ืš-ืงื•ื•ืึทืœื™ื˜ืขื˜ ื‘ืจืึทื ื“ื™ื“ 2.5A ืžืึทื›ื˜ ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืื™ื– ืคืืจืœืื ื’ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืึท ืคึผืึทืกื™ื•ื• ื”ืขืึทืฆื™ื ืง ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืงืคึผื• ืื™ื– ื“ื™ื–ื™ื™ืจืึทื‘ืึทืœ (ืื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืขืก ื‘ื™ืœื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืฉื™ื™ื ืึท ืคึฟืึทืจ $ 1- 2 ื“ื•ืจืš ื–ื•ื›ืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืžืึทืœืขื ืข ืคึผื™ ื”ืขืึทืฆื™ื ืง). ืึทื ื“ืขืจืฉ, ื“ื™ ืžื™ื˜ืœ ืงืขืŸ ืคืจื™ืจืŸ, ื˜ืขืงืข ืงืึทืคึผื™ื™ื ื’ ืขืจืจืึธืจืก ืงืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื™ึทื ืขืŸ, ืืื–"ื• ื•.

2. ืึทื•ื“ื™ืึธ ืจืขืงืึธืจื“ื™ื ื’

5 ื ื•ืฆื™ืง ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืฆื• ื ื•ืฆืŸ ื“ื™ Raspberry Pi. ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™

ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื•ืกื‘ ืžื™ืงืจืึธืคืึธืŸ, ื“ื™ Raspberry Pi ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ื–ืฉื•ืง ืื•ืŸ ืึท ืคืขืจืœื™ ืกืึธืœื™ื“ ืึทื•ื“ื™ืึธ ืจืขืงืึธืจื“ื™ื ื’ ืžื™ื˜ืœ. ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ, ืขืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืคื™ืœืข ืึธืคึผืฆื™ืขืก ืคึฟืึทืจ ืงืึทืกื˜ืึทืžื™ื™ื–ื™ื ื’ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื›ื•ื•ืืจื’ - ืื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืฉืจื™ื™ึทื‘ืŸ ื˜ืขืงืขืก ืœืึธื•ืงืึทืœื™ ืฆื• ืึท ืกื“ ืงืึธืจื˜, ืื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื‘ืจืึธื“ืงืึทืกื˜ ืฆื• ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ืคึผื™ืกื™ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจืึธื“ืงืึทืกื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื ืขืฅ.

ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื˜ื•ื˜ืึธืจื™ืึทืœื– ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึธืคึผืฉืึทืฆื•ื ื’:

ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืขื’, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึท ืžื™ืงืจืึธืคืึธืŸ, ื“ื™ Raspberry Pi ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ Amazon Alexa ืื•ืŸ ื ื•ืฆืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื˜ืœ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืงื•ืœ ืงืึทืžืึทื ื“ื–.

3. ืคืจืืค. ืคืึธื˜ืึธ

ืฆื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆืขืžื™ืฉืŸ ืคึผ3 ืื•ืŸ ืคึผ1. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืคึผืึทืจืึทื’ืจืึทืฃ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืงืงื˜ื•ื• ืงืึทืžืขืจืึทืก, ืึธื‘ืขืจ Raspberry Pi ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืงืึธื ื˜ืจืึธืœื™ืจืŸ ืคืึทื›ืžืึทืŸ ืงืึทืžืขืจืึทืก ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึทื ืึธืŸ, ื ื™ื™ืงืึทืŸ, ืกืึธื ื™, ืืื–"ื• ื•. ื“ืขืจ ืึทืคึผืึทืจืึทื˜ ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืืจื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ Raspberry Pi ื“ื•ืจืš ื•ืกื‘.

5 ื ื•ืฆื™ืง ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืฆื• ื ื•ืฆืŸ ื“ื™ Raspberry Pi. ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™
ืคืึธื˜ืึธ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืึทืคึผืข www.movingelectrons.net/blog/2017/08/09/Camera-Time-lapse-Controller-with-Python-and-Raspberry-Pi.html

ืœื™ื‘ืจืึทืจื™ืขืก gphoto2 ะธ libgphoto2 ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื“ื™ ืคื™ื™ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทืคึฟืขืœืŸ ืฉื•ืจื” ืื•ืŸ ื™ื ื˜ืขืจืคื™ื™ืกื™ื– ืคึฟืึทืจ Python ืื•ืŸ C ++, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืึทืœืึทื•ื– ืื™ืจ ืฆื• ื ื•ืฆืŸ ื“ื™ Raspberry Pi ืฆื• ืงืึธื ื˜ืจืึธืœื™ืจืŸ ืึท "DSLR", ืคึฟืึทืจ ื‘ื™ื™ึทืฉืคึผื™ืœ, ืคึฟืึทืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜-ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ ืคืึธื˜ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืข. ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืฆื˜ ืงืึทืžืขืจืึทืก ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธื•ื•ืขืจืก ื›ึผืžืขื˜ ืึทืœืข ืžืึธื“ืขืœืก, ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึธื“ืขืจืŸ ืฆื• ืึทืœื˜ 10 ื™ืืจ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง. Libgphoto2 ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืึทื•ื•ืึทื ืกื™ืจื˜ืข ืึทืคึผื™, ืื•ืŸ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืงืึธื ื˜ืจืึธืœื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืึธื“ืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื˜ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืกืขื˜ื˜ื™ื ื’ืก, ื•ืคึผืœืึธืึทื“ ื˜ืขืงืขืก, ืขื˜ืง.

ื˜ื•ื˜ืึธืจื™ืึทืœื– ืคึฟืึทืจ ืจืขืฆืขื ื–ื™ืข:

ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืขื’, ืื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืฉืจื™ื™ึทื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื–ื™ืงืึธืจืŸ ืงืึธืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืคึผืึทืจืึทื˜ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื’ืœื™ื™ึทืš ืฆื• ื“ื™ Raspberry Pi, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืึทืœืึทื•ื–, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืฆื• ืื•ื™ื˜ืึธืžืึทื˜ื™ืฉ ื•ืคึผืœืึธืึทื“ ื–ื™ื™ ืฆื• ื“ื™ "ื•ื•ืึธืœืงืŸ". ืขืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืœื™ื™ื‘ืจืขืจื™ื– ืคึฟืึทืจ ืงืึทื ื˜ืจืึธื•ืœื™ื ื’ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืกืœืจ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืึทืกื˜ืจืึทื ืึทืžื™ืงืึทืœ (ืœืžืฉืœ ZWO ASI) ืงืึทืžืขืจืึทืก, ืึทืจื™ื™ึทื ื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ ืืคื™ืœื• ืึทื•ื˜ืึธื’ื•ื™ื“ื™ื ื’.

4. ื•ื•ืขื˜ืขืจ ืกื˜ืึทื ืฆื™ืข

Raspberry Pi "ืงืขื ืขืŸ" ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ ืœื™ื ื•ืงืก ืžื’ื™ืœื”, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื”ืื˜ ืคืขืจืœื™ ื“ืขื•ื•ืขืœืึธืคึผืขื“ ืคึผืขืจื™ืคืขืจืึทืœืก - ืกื™ืจื™ืึทืœ, I2C, SPI, GPIO. ื“ืึธืก ืžืื›ื˜ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื˜ืœ ื›ึผืžืขื˜ ื™ื“ืขืึทืœ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืงืึทืœืขืงื˜ื™ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืงืŸ ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื“ืŸ ืกืขื ืกืึธืจืก - ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื˜ืขืžืคึผืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืžื™ื“ื™ื˜ื™ ืกืขื ืกืึธืจืก ืฆื• ืึท ื“ืึธืกื™ืžืขื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืื–ื™ืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ื’ืขื™ื’ืขืจ ื˜ืึธืžื‘ืึทื ืง.

5 ื ื•ืฆื™ืง ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืฆื• ื ื•ืฆืŸ ื“ื™ Raspberry Pi. ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™
ืคืึธื˜ืึธ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืึทืคึผืข www.raspberrypi.org/blog/build-your-own-weather-station

ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืขื’, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื˜ืึทืงืข ืคื•ื™ืœ, ืื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืกืขื ืกืึธืจืก, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขื‘, ื“ืขื ืึธืคึผืฆื™ืข ืื•ื™ืš ื”ืื˜ ืึท ืจืขื›ื˜ ืฆื• ืขืงืกื™ืกื˜ื™ืจืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ, ืึท ื‘ืจืขื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืกืขื ืกืึธืจืก ืคึฟืึทืจ Raspberry Pi ืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ืกืขืคึผืขืจืึทื˜ืœื™.

ื˜ื•ื˜ืึธืจื™ืึทืœื– ืคึฟืึทืจ ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ:

5. ืฉืคึผื™ืœ ืงืึทื ืกืึธื•ืœ

5 ื ื•ืฆื™ืง ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืฆื• ื ื•ืฆืŸ ื“ื™ Raspberry Pi. ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™

ื ื™ืฆืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจื•ื™ืขืงื˜ RetroPie ืื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืžืึทื›ืŸ ื“ื™ Raspberry Pi ืื™ืŸ ืึท "ืจืขื˜ืจืึธ" ืขืžื•ืœืึทื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื“ืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ืœ ืงืึทื ืกืึธื•ืœื–, ืคึฟื•ืŸ Atari ืฆื• Gameboy ืึธื“ืขืจ ZX Spectrum. ืื™ืจ ืงืขื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื“ืŸ ืงืึทืกืขืก, ื“ื–ืฉื•ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืก, ืืื–"ื• ื•.

ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื™ืžื™ื ื’, ืึทื–ื•ื™ ืื™ืš ืงืขืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืขืจ ื“ืขื˜ืึทืœ, ื•ื•ืขืจ ืขืก ื™ื– ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืคึผืจื•ื‘ื™ืจืŸ ืขืก ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื’ืŸ. ื ืคึผืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื˜ืึธืจื™ืึทืœื– ืฆื• ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ:

ืกืึธืฃ

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธืคึฟืŸ ืึทื– ืขืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ื ื™ื™ึทืข ื’ืขื“ืื ืงืขืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื–ืื›ืŸ ืฆื• ื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ืขื ืึธืคึผืจื•ื˜ืขื’. ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ื™ ืจื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ื– ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ืขื ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ positive, ื“ืขืจ ื“ืจื™ื˜ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืึธืกื˜ืขื“.

ื•ื•ื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜ืœืขืš, ืฆื•ืคืจื™ื“ืŸ ื™ืงืกืคึผืขืจืึทืžืึทื ืฅ ืึทืœืขืžืขืŸ.

ืžืงื•ืจ: www.habr.com

ืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’