ืžื•-ืžื•, ื•ื•ืึธืฃ-ื•ื•ื•, ืงื•ื•ืึทืง-ืงื•ื•ืึทืง: ื“ื™ ืขื•ื•ืึธืœื•ืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ืึทืงื•ืกื˜ื™ืฉ ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืงืึทืฆื™ืข

ืžื•-ืžื•, ื•ื•ืึธืฃ-ื•ื•ื•, ืงื•ื•ืึทืง-ืงื•ื•ืึทืง: ื“ื™ ืขื•ื•ืึธืœื•ืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ืึทืงื•ืกื˜ื™ืฉ ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืงืึทืฆื™ืข

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื›ื™ื™ึทืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื›ื•ืœืœ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืขืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืคื™ืœืข ืžืขื˜ื”ืึธื“ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืจืึทื ืกืžื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ ืื™ื ืคึฟืึธืจืžืึทืฆื™ืข ืฆื• ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืื ื“ืขืจืขืจ. ื“ืึธืก ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืขื ืขืจื’ืขื˜ื™ืง ื˜ืึทื ืฆืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ ืึทื– ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™ื™ื’ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืŸ ืขื“ืŸ, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื™ื ื“ื™ืงื™ื™ืฅ ื“ื™ ื–ื›ืจ ืก ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืคึผืจืึทืงืจื™ื™ื™ื˜; ืขืก ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืึท ื”ืขืœ ืงืึธืœื™ืจ, ื•ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ื‘ื•ื™ื ืคืจืึทื’ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึทืžืึทื–ืึธืŸ, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื™ื ื“ื™ืงื™ื™ืฅ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืกืึทืžื™ืงื ืึทืก; ืขืก ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืึท ืงื™ื™ื ื™ื™ืŸ-ื•ื•ื™ ืจื™ื™ืขืš ืึทื– ืžืึทืจืงืก ื˜ืขืจื™ื˜ืึธืจื™ืข ื‘ืึทื•ื ื“ืจื™ื–. ืื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืžืขืจืกื˜ ืคึผืจืึธืกื˜ ื–ืึทืš ืคึฟืึทืจ ืจื•ื‘ึฟ ื“ืขื•ื•ืขืœืึธืคึผืขื“ ืึทื ื™ืžืึทืœืก ืื™ื– ืึทืงื•ืกื˜ื™ืฉ ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืงืึทืฆื™ืข, ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ื ื•ืฆืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืึธื•ื ื“ืก. ืžื™ืจ ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ืึทืคึฟื™ืœื• ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื’ืขืœืข, ื•ื•ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ืึทื–ื•ื™ ืฆื• ื–ืึธื’ืŸ: ืึท ืงื• โ€” ืžื•ึพืžื•ึพืžื•, ืึท ื”ื•ื ื˜ โ€” ื•ื•ืึธืฃึพื•ื•ืึธืฃ ื.ื.ื•ื•. ืคึฟืึทืจ ืื•ื ื“ื–, ืžื™ื ื“ืœืขืš, ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื–, ืึทืงื•ืกื˜ื™ืฉ ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืงืึทืฆื™ืข, ืื™ื– ืึท ื™ื ื˜ืึทื’ืจืึทืœ ืึทืกืคึผืขืงื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืึธื•ืฉืึทืœื™ื–ื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ื™ืงืขืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืจืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึธื ืึท. ืกืกื™ืขื ื˜ื™ืกืฅ ืคื•ืŸ Hainan ืื•ื ื™ื•ื•ืขืจืกื™ื˜ืขื˜ (ื˜ืฉื™ื™ื ืึท) ื‘ืึทืฉืœืึธืกืŸ ืฆื• ืงื•ืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจื’ืึทื ื’ืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืคึฟืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขื•ื•ืึธืœื•ืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ืึทืงื•ืกื˜ื™ืฉ ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืงืึทืฆื™ืข. ื•ื•ื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜ืœืขืš ืื™ื– ืึทืงื•ืกื˜ื™ืฉ ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืงืึทืฆื™ืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืึทื ื™ืžืึทืœืก, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืขืก ืขืจื™ื“ื–ืฉืึทื ื™ื™ื˜ืึทื“, ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืขืก ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธืžื™ื ืึทื ื˜ ืื•ืคึฟืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืจืึทื ืกืžื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ ืื™ื ืคึฟืึธืจืžืึทืฆื™ืข? ืžื™ืจ ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจื™ืกืขืจื˜ืฉืขืจื– 'ืจืขืคึผืึธืจื˜. ื’ื™ื™.

ืคืึธืจืฉื•ื ื’ ื™ืงืขืจ

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ื™ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ืขื•ื•ืึธืœื•ื˜ื™ืึธื ืึทืจื™ ืึทื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’, ืคื™ืœืข ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืจืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึธื ืึท ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืึธืจ ื™ื ืึทื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ื™ื“ ืึทืงื•ืกื˜ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื’ื ืึทืœื– ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืจื™ื˜ื ืคื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ. ื“ื™ ืกืึธื•ื ื“ืก ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ืึทื ื™ืžืึทืœืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื ื™ืฆื˜ ืฆื• ืฆื•ืฆื™ืขืŸ ืึท ืฉื•ื˜ืขืฃ (ืคื™ื™ื’ืœ ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืงืจืึธื•ืงื™ื ื’ ืžื™ืขืกืขืก, ืืื–"ื• ื•), ืฆื• ื“ืขื˜ืขืงื˜ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ืกืึธืจื™ืขื ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคื™ื™ึทื ื˜ (ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื“ื–ืฉื™ื™ ื™ื ืคืึธืจืžื™ื ื’ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืขื“ืึทื˜ืขืจ ืึทื– ืขืก ืื™ื– ื“ื™ื˜ืขืงื˜ืึทื“ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืžื‘ื•ืฉ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ, ืึทื–ื•ื™ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืื™ื ืฆื• ืฆื•ืจื™ืงืฆื™ืขื  ื–ื™ืš), ืฆื• ืงืึทื ื•ื•ื™ื™ ืื™ื ืคึฟืึธืจืžืึทืฆื™ืข ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ื™ื™ึทื–ื™ื™ึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืขืกื ื•ื•ืึทืจื’ (ื”ืขื ืก, ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืขืกื ื•ื•ืึทืจื’, ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืึท ื›ืึทืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ืฆื• ืฆื•ืฆื™ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ืคืžืขืจืงื–ืึทืžืงื™ื™ึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื–ืืžืขืŸ), ืืื–"ื• ื•.

ืึท ื˜ืฉื™ืงืึทื•ื•ืข ืคืึทืงื˜:


ื–ื›ืจ ืื™ื™ืŸ-ื•ื•ื™ืกืงืขืจื“ ื’ืœืึธืง-ืจื™ื ื’ืขืจ (Procnias albus) ืขืžื™ืฅ ืึท ืžื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ ืจื•ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ 125 ื“ื‘ (ืฉื˜ืจืึธื ืžืึธื˜ืึธืจ - 120-140 ื“ื‘), ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ื“ื™ ืœืึธื•ื“ืขืกื˜ ืคื•ื™ื’ืœ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ืคึผืœืึทื ืขื˜.

ื“ื™ ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืงื•ืกื˜ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื’ื ืึทืœื– ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืขื•ื•ืึธืœื•ืฆื™ืข ืื™ื– ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืงืึธื›ื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึท ืœืึทื ื’ ืฆื™ื™ึทื˜. ื“ื™ ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืงืึทื ื˜ืจื™ื‘ื™ื•ืฅ ืฆื• ืึท ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื ื•ืฆืŸ ืกืึธื•ื ื“ืก ืื•ืŸ, ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ, ื•ื•ื™ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื“ืขื ืข ืฉืคึผืจืึทื›ืŸ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉืืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื“ืขื ืข ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืœืึทื ืขื˜. ืึธื‘ืขืจ, ืึทื–ืึท ืฉื˜ื•ื“ื™ื•ื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืึทื“ืจืขืก ื“ื™ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึธืจื™ื’ื™ื ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืงื•ืกื˜ื™ืฉ ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืงืึทืฆื™ืข ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’. ืื™ื™ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื“ื™ ืคื•ื ื“ืืžืขื ื˜ืืœืข ืคืจืื’ืขืก ื•ื•ืืก ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื”ืื˜ ื ืืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ืื™ื–: ืคืืจื•ื•ืืก ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืืงื•ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงืืžื™ื•ื ื™ืงืืฆื™ืข?

ืขืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืคื™ืœืข ืฉืืœื•ืช ื•ื•ืึธืก ื“ืึทืจืคืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคึฟืขืจืก. ืคื™ืจืกื˜ืœื™, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ืจืึทื ืžืขื ืึทืœ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื ืคืœื•ืึทื ืกื˜ ื“ื™ ื™ืžืขืจื“ื–ืฉืึทื ืก ืื•ืŸ ืคืึธืจืžื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ื™ืคึผ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืคึฟืึธืจืžืึทืฆื™ืข ืึทืจื™ื‘ืขืจืคื™ืจืŸ? ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื ืก, ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึทืงื•ืกื˜ื™ืฉ ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืงืึทืฆื™ืข ืฉื™ื™ึทื›ื•ืช ืฆื• ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืึทืฆื™ืข, ื“.ื”. ื˜ื•ื˜ ืขืก ื”ืขืœืคืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉืคึผืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืžื™ื™ึทื“ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ึทืŸ ื™ืงืกื˜ื™ื ื’ืฉืึทืŸ? ื“ืจื™ื˜, ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื™ึทื–ื™ื™ึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืึทืงื•ืกื˜ื™ืฉ ืคึฟืึทืจื‘ื™ื ื“ื•ื ื’ ืขื•ื•ืึธืœื•ื˜ื™ืึธื ืึทืจื™ ืกื˜ืึทื‘ื™ืœ ืึทืžืึธืœ ืขืก ื“ืขื•ื•ืขืœืึธืคึผืก? ืื•ืŸ ืœืขืกืึธืฃ, ื”ืื˜ ืึทืงื•ืกื˜ื™ืฉ ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืงืึทืฆื™ืข ื™ื•ื•ืึทืœื•ื• ืื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื“ืขื ืข ื’ืจื•ืคึผืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื ื™ืžืึทืœืก ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืึทืจืึทืœืขืœ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ื”ืื˜ ืขืก ืึท ืคึผืจืึธืกื˜ ืึธื•ื•ืขืก ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึทืœืข ื‘ืืฉืขืคืขื ื™ืฉืŸ?

ื“ื™ ืขื ื˜ืคึฟืขืจืก ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืคืจืื’ืขืก, ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืกื™ื™ืึทื ื˜ื™ืก ื–ื™ืš, ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืคึฟืึทืจ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืื ื“ ืึทืงื•ืกื˜ื™ืฉ ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืงืึทืฆื™ืข ื•ื•ื™ ืึทื–ืึท, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืคึฟืึทืจ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืื ื“ ื“ื™ ืขื•ื•ืึธืœื•ืฆื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ื ืึทื˜ื•ืจืึทืœ ืขื ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึทื ื™ืžืึทืœืก. ืคึฟืึทืจ ื‘ื™ื™ึทืฉืคึผื™ืœ, ืขืก ืื™ื– ืึท ื˜ืขืึธืจื™ืข ืึทื– ื•ื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ื™ื ืคืœื•ืึทื ืกื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืœืขื›ื˜ ืกืขืœืขืงืฆื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืงืึทืฆื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื›ื™ื™ึทืข ืžื™ื ื™ื. ืขืก ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืฆื• ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืฆื™ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขืึธืจื™ืข ืื™ื– ืึธื ื•ื•ืขื ื“ืœืขืš ืฆื• ืกื™ื’ื ืึทืœ ื“ื•ืจ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืžืขื’ืœืขืš. ืกืกื™ืขื ื˜ื™ืกืฅ ืื•ื™ืš ืฆื•ืจื™ืงืจื•ืคืŸ ืึทื– ื“ืึทืจื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขื–ืื’ื˜ ืึทื– ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ืกื™ื’ื ืึทืœื– ืฉืคึผื™ืœืŸ ืึท ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืจืึธืœืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธืจืžื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืขืจื– ืื™ืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืžื™ื ื™ื. ืึทืงื•ืกื˜ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื’ื ืึทืœื– ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ื”ืฉืคึผืขื” ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืึทืฆื™ืข.

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜, ื“ื™ ืจื™ืกืขืจื˜ืฉืขืจื– ื‘ืึทืฉืœืึธืกืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืึทื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขื•ื•ืึธืœื•ืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ืกื™ื’ื ืึทืœื– ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืขื˜ืจืึทืคึผืึธื“ืก, ื ื™ืฆืŸ ืึท ืคื™ืœืึธื’ืขื ืขื˜ื™ืง ืฆื•ื’ืึทื ื’ (ื™ื“ืขื ื˜ื™ืคื™ื™ื ื’ ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื“ืขื ืข ืžื™ื ื™ื). ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ ื˜ืจืึธืคึผ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืงื•ืกื˜ื™ืฉ ืงืฉืจ, ืืœื ื•ื•ื™ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ึทืŸ ืคืึธืจืขื ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคึฟื•ื ืงืฆื™ืข. ื“ื™ ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื ื™ืฆื˜ ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 1799 ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื“ืขื ืข ืžื™ื ื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึทืงื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ื•ืจื ืึทืœ ื ืึทื˜ื•ืจ (ืžื™ื ื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ืึธื’ ืื•ืŸ ื ืึทื›ื˜ ื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜). ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื•, ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืึทืงื•ืกื˜ื™ืฉ ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืงืึทืฆื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจืึทื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื ื™ื ื“ื™ื•ื•ืขืจืกืึทืคืึทืงื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜, ื“.ื”. ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคึผืจืขื•ื•ืึทืœืึทื ืก, ื“ื•ืจืš ืึท ืกืคึผืขืกื™ืคื™ืงืึทื˜ื™ืึธืŸ-ื™ืงืกื˜ื™ื ื’ืฉืึทืŸ ืžืึธื“ืขืœ. ืคื™ืœืึธื’ืขื ืขื˜ื™ืง ืงืึธื ืกืขืจื•ื•ืึทื˜ื™ื–ืึทื ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ื™ื™ึทื–ื™ื™ึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืงื•ืกื˜ื™ืฉ ื‘ืืฆื™ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืžื™ื ื™ื ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื˜ืขืกื˜ืขื“.

ืคืึธืจืฉื•ื ื’ ืจืขื–ื•ืœื˜ืึทื˜ืŸ

ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื˜ืขื˜ืจืึทืคึผืึธื“ืก, ืจื•ื‘ึฟ ืึทืžืคื™ื‘ื™ืึทื ื–, ืžืึทืžืึทืœื–, ืคื™ื™ื’ืœ, ืื•ืŸ ืงืจืึทืงืึธื“ื™ืœื™ืึทื ืก ืคืึทืจืžืึธื’ืŸ ืึทืงื•ืกื˜ื™ืฉ ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืงืึทืฆื™ืข, ื‘ืฉืขืช ืจื•ื‘ึฟ ืกืงื•ื•ืึทืžืึทื˜ื™ื– ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืขืจื˜ืึทืœื– ื˜ืึธืŸ ื ื™ื˜. ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืึทืžืคื™ื‘ื™ืึทื ืก, ื“ืขื ื˜ื™ืคึผ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืคึฟืึธืจืžืึทืฆื™ืข ืึทืจื™ื‘ืขืจืคื™ืจืŸ ืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึทืขืกื™ืœื™ืึทื ืก (Caecilian), ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืžื™ื ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืกืึทืœืึทืžืึทื ื“ืขืจืก ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ื‘ึฟ ืคืจืึทื’ื– (ืื™ืŸ 39 ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 41 ืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืื˜ืจืื›ื˜). ืื•ื™ืš, ืึทืงื•ืกื˜ื™ืฉ ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืงืึทืฆื™ืข ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ืื™ืŸ ืกื ื™ื™ืงืก ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ื–ืึทืจื“ืก, ืึทื—ื•ืฅ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ - Gekkonidae (ื’ืขืงืึธ), Phyllodactylidae. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกื“ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืขืจื˜ืึทืœื–, ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– 2 ืคื•ืŸ 14 ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึทืงื•ืกื˜ื™ืฉ ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืงืึทืฆื™ืข. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื“ืขืจื•ื•ืึทืจื˜ ืึทื– ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ 173 ืคื•ื™ื’ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ื, ืึทืœืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึท ืึทืงื•ืกื˜ื™ืฉ ืงืฉืจ. 120 ืคื•ืŸ 125 ืžืึทืžืึทืœ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ืจื™ืš.

ืึท ื˜ืฉื™ืงืึทื•ื•ืข ืคืึทืงื˜:
ืžื•-ืžื•, ื•ื•ืึธืฃ-ื•ื•ื•, ืงื•ื•ืึทืง-ืงื•ื•ืึทืง: ื“ื™ ืขื•ื•ืึธืœื•ืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ืึทืงื•ืกื˜ื™ืฉ ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืงืึทืฆื™ืข
ืกืึทืœืึทืžืึทื ื“ืขืจืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึทืžื™ื™ื–ื™ื ื’ ืจื™ื“ื–ืฉืขื ืขืจื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฆื• ืจื™ื’ืจืึธื•ื• ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืขืง, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคึผืึธื–; ืกืึทืœืึทืžืึทื ื“ืขืจืก, ื ื™ื˜ ืขื ืœืขืš ืคื™ืœืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื, ื˜ืึธืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ ืขื’ื’ืก, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื•ื•ื™ืคึผืึทืจืึทืก; ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข ืกืึทืœืึทืžืึทื ื“ืขืจืก, ื“ื™ ื™ืึทืคึผืึทื ื™ืฉ ืจื™ื– ืกืึทืœืึทืžืึทื ื“ืขืจ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ื– 35 ืงื’.

ืกืึทืžืขืจื™ื™ื–ื™ื ื’ ื“ื™ ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ, ืžื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืึทื– ืึทืงื•ืกื˜ื™ืฉ ื˜ืจืึทื ืกืžื™ืกื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ืื™ื ืคึฟืึธืจืžืึทืฆื™ืข ืื™ื– ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ 69% ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืขื˜ืจืึทืคึผืึธื“ืก.

ืžื•-ืžื•, ื•ื•ืึธืฃ-ื•ื•ื•, ืงื•ื•ืึทืง-ืงื•ื•ืึทืง: ื“ื™ ืขื•ื•ืึธืœื•ืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ืึทืงื•ืกื˜ื™ืฉ ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืงืึทืฆื™ืข
ื˜ื™ืฉ ื ื•ืž 1: ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื•ื ืขืจื– ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืงื•ืกื˜ื™ืฉ ื˜ืจืึทื ืกืžื™ืกื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ืื™ื ืคึฟืึธืจืžืึทืฆื™ืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ ืžื™ื ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืขื˜ืจืึทืคึผืึธื“ืก.

ื ืึธืš ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื ื“ืขื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ืขืจื ืขื ื˜ืขืจื  ืคืึทืจืฉืคึผืจื™ื™ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืงื•ืกื˜ื™ืฉ ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืงืึทืฆื™ืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืžื™ื ื™ื, ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืฆื• ืคึฟืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืงื™ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื ื™ืžืึทืœืก (ื ืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขื’ืœืขืš).

ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืžืึธื“ืขืœืก ื•ื•ืึธืก ื“ื™ืกืงืจื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ื’ ื“ืขื ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืคึฟืึทืจ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื ื™ื, ืึท ืžืึธื“ืขืœ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืคึผืึทืกื™ืง ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึท ื“ื•ืจื›ืฉื ื™ื˜ืœืขืš ื‘ืึทืฉืจื™ื™ึทื‘ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืงื•ืกื˜ื™ืงืก-ืึธืคึผืคื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึทืœืข ืžื™ื ื™ื. ื“ืขื ืžืึธื“ืขืœ (ื˜ืึทื‘ืœืข ื ื•ืž 2) ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ื˜ ืึทืœืข ื“ื™ ืžืขื’ืœืขืš ืคึผืจืึธืก ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธื ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ืึท ื‘ืงื™ืขืก ืคึฟืึทืจ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื˜ื™ื™ืคึผืก ืคื•ืŸ ื›ื™ื™ึทืข ื ืึทื˜ื•ืจ.

ืžื•-ืžื•, ื•ื•ืึธืฃ-ื•ื•ื•, ืงื•ื•ืึทืง-ืงื•ื•ืึทืง: ื“ื™ ืขื•ื•ืึธืœื•ืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ืึทืงื•ืกื˜ื™ืฉ ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืงืึทืฆื™ืข
ื˜ื™ืฉ ื ื•ืž 2: ืึทื ืึทืœื™ืกื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืึทืงื•ืกื˜ื™ืฉ ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืงืึทืฆื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ื›ื™ื™ึทืข ื ืึทื˜ื•ืจ (ื“ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื™ื / ื ื™ื™ื˜ื˜ื™ื™ื).

ื ืงืœืึธืจ ืึธืคืขื ื’ื™ืงื™ื™ึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืงื•ืกื˜ื™ืฉ ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืงืึทืฆื™ืข ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื ื“ืขื˜, ื•ื•ื™ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ื‘ืึทืœืึทื ืกื˜ ื™ื ื˜ืขืจื“ืขืคึผืขื ื“ืขื ืกืข. ืึธื‘ืขืจ, ื ื™ื™ื’ืขืจื™ืง, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืงืขืจื˜ ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืื™ื– ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ - ื ืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืงื•ืกื˜ื™ืฉ ืงืึทืคึผืœื™ื ื’.

ืคื™ืœืึธื’ืขื ืขื˜ื™ืง ืึทื ืึทืœื™ืกื™ืก ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืึท ื ืึธืขื ื˜ ืงืฉืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืึทืงื•ืกื˜ื™ืงืก ืื•ืŸ ื ืึทืงื˜ืขืจื ืึทืœ ืœื™ื™ืคืกื˜ื™ื™ืœ (ื˜ืึทื‘ืœืข ื ื•ืž 3).

ืžื•-ืžื•, ื•ื•ืึธืฃ-ื•ื•ื•, ืงื•ื•ืึทืง-ืงื•ื•ืึทืง: ื“ื™ ืขื•ื•ืึธืœื•ืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ืึทืงื•ืกื˜ื™ืฉ ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืงืึทืฆื™ืข
ื˜ื™ืฉ ื ื•ืž 3: ืคื™ืœืึธื’ืขื ืขื˜ื™ืง ืึทื ืึทืœื™ืกื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืึทืงื•ืกื˜ื™ืฉ ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืงืึทืฆื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ื•ืจื ืึทืœ / ื ืึทืงื˜ืขืจื ืึทืœ ืœื™ื™ืคืกื˜ื™ื™ืœ.

ื“ืึทื˜ืึท ืึทื ืึทืœื™ืกื™ืก ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืึทื– ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื™ึทื–ื™ื™ึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืงื•ืกื˜ื™ืฉ ืงืึทื ืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ื™ื˜ื™ ื”ืื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืจืงื•ื ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื“ื™ื™ื•ื•ืขืจืกืึทืคืึทืงื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืงื•ืจืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขื˜ืจืึทืคึผืึธื“ ืคื™ืœืึธื’ืขื ื™ื™. ืื–ื•ื™, ื“ื™ ื“ื•ืจื›ืฉื ื™ื˜ืœืขืš ืจืึทื˜ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื•ื•ืขืจืกืึทืคืึทืงื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ (ืกืคึผืขืกื™ืึทื˜ื™ืึธืŸ - ื™ืงืกื˜ื™ื ื’ืฉืึทืŸ; ืจ = 0.08 ื’ืขืฉืขืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ืคึผืขืจ ืžื™ืœื™ืึธืŸ ื™ืืจ) ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ืคึฟืึทืจ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืœื™ื ืขืึทื’ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื ื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืงื•ืกื˜ื™ืฉ ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืงืึทืฆื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืœื™ื ืขื™ื“ื–ืฉื™ื– ืึธืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืงื™ืขืก. ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ, ืขืก ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืึทื– ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื™ึทื–ื™ื™ึทืŸ / ืึทื•ื•ืขืง ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืงื•ืกื˜ื™ืฉ ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืงืึทืฆื™ืข ื”ืื˜ ื›ึผืžืขื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืจืงื•ื ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืขื•ื•ืึทืœืึทื ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื ื™ื ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉืขืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ืคืืจื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ึทืŸ ืคืึธืจืžื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื™ืงืกื˜ื™ื ื’ืฉืึทืŸ.

ืžื•-ืžื•, ื•ื•ืึธืฃ-ื•ื•ื•, ืงื•ื•ืึทืง-ืงื•ื•ืึทืง: ื“ื™ ืขื•ื•ืึธืœื•ืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ืึทืงื•ืกื˜ื™ืฉ ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืงืึทืฆื™ืข
ื‘ื™ืœื“ #1: ื˜ื™ื™ืžืœื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขื•ื•ืึธืœื•ืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ืึทืงื•ืกื˜ื™ืฉ ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืงืึทืฆื™ืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื“ืŸ ื˜ืขื˜ืจืึทืคึผืึธื“ืก.

ืกืกื™ืขื ื˜ื™ืกืฅ ืคึฟืึธืจืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ืึทื– ืึทืงื•ืกื˜ื™ืฉ ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืงืึทืฆื™ืข ืžืกืชึผืžื ื™ื•ื•ืึทืœื•ื•ื“ ื™ื ื“ื™ืคึผืขื ื“ืึทื ื˜ืœื™ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ ื˜ืขื˜ืจืึทืคึผืึธื“ ื’ืจื•ืคึผืข, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ึทืŸ ืึธืจื™ื’ื™ื ืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืœื˜ืข ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ืœืข ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ ืงืœื™ื™ื“ื– (~100-200 ืžื™ืœื™ืึธืŸ ื™ืืจ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง).

ืคึฟืึทืจ ื‘ื™ื™ึทืฉืคึผื™ืœ, ืึทืงื•ืกื˜ื™ืฉ ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืงืึทืฆื™ืข ื“ืขื•ื•ืขืœืึธืคึผืขื“ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืคืจื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืœืึธื’ืขื ื™ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื“ืจ ื˜ื™ื™ืœืœืขืกืก ืึทืžืคื™ื‘ื™ืึทื ืก (ืึทื ื•ืจืึท), ืื‘ืข ืจ ืื™ ื– ืื™ื ื’ืื ืฆ ืŸ ื ื™ ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืข ืŸ ืคื• ืŸ ื“ืข ืจ ืฉืฐืขืกื˜ืขืจึพื’ืจื•ืคืข , ืฆ ื• ืืœ ืข ืื ื“ืขืจ ืข ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืง ืข ืคืจืื’ ืŸ ืคื• ืŸ ื“ืข ืจ ืงืœืื“ ืข ืื ื˜ื”ืืœื˜ ืŸ ื“ ื™ ืคืืžื™ืœื™ืขืก ืึทืกืงืึทืคื™ื“ืึทืข (ื˜ื™ื™ืœื“ ืคืจืึทื’ื–) ืื•ืŸ Leiopelmatidae (ืœื™ืึธืคึผืขืœืžืึทืก).

ืึท ื˜ืฉื™ืงืึทื•ื•ืข ืคืึทืงื˜:
ืžื•-ืžื•, ื•ื•ืึธืฃ-ื•ื•ื•, ืงื•ื•ืึทืง-ืงื•ื•ืึทืง: ื“ื™ ืขื•ื•ืึธืœื•ืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ืึทืงื•ืกื˜ื™ืฉ ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืงืึทืฆื™ืข
ืœื™ืึธืคึผืขืœืžืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืขื ื“ืขืžื™ืง ืฆื• ื ื™ื• ื–ื™ืœืึทื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืึธื ื’ืขืกื˜-ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ืคืจืึทื’ื– - ืžืึทืœืขืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืึทืจื•ื™ืฃ ืฆื• 37 ื™ืืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืžื™ื™ืœื– ืึทืจื•ื™ืฃ ืฆื• 35 ื™ืืจ.

ืื™ืŸ ืžืึทืžืึทืœื–, ื•ื•ื™ ืคืจืึทื’ื–, ืึทืงื•ืกื˜ื™ืฉ ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืงืึทืฆื™ืข ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื‘ืขืขืจืขืš 200 ืžื™ืœื™ืึธืŸ ื™ืืจ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง. ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคืึทืจืœืึธืจืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืงื™ืขืก ื‘ืขืฉืึทืก ืขื•ื•ืึธืœื•ืฆื™ืข, ืึธื‘ืขืจ, ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืึทืกื˜ ืžืขืจื”ื™ื™ึทื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืขืก ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื˜ืึธื’. ื ืื•ื™ืกื ืื ืงืืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืฒื’ืœ, ืฐืื ื–ืขื ืขืŸ, ืืคื ื™ื, ื“ื™ ืืฒื ืฆื™ืงืข, ืฐืื ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืืคื’ืขื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืืงื•ืกื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืงืืžื•ื ื™ืงืืฆื™ืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ ืขืฐืืœื•ืฆื™ืข.

ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืึทื– ืึทืงื•ืกื˜ื™ืฉ ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืงืึทืฆื™ืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื“ื™ ืžืขืจืกื˜ ืคืจื™ืฉ ืึธื•ื•ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืง ืคื™ื™ื’ืœ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขืจืกื˜ ืืœื˜ืข ืึธื•ื•ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืง ืงืจืึทืงืึทื“ื™ื™ืœื–. ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธื•ื•ืขืก ืื™ื– ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ 100 ืžื™ืœื™ืึธืŸ ื™ืืจ ืึทืœื˜. ืžืข ืงืึธืŸ ืึธื ื ืขืžืขืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ืึทืงื•ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึฟืึทืจื‘ื™ื ื“ื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืจืึธืกื˜ืŸ ืึธื‘ึฟื•ืช ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืงืœืึทื“ืขืก, ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืžื™ื˜ 250 ืžื™ืœื™ืึธืŸ ื™ืึธืจ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง.

ืึท ื˜ืฉื™ืงืึทื•ื•ืข ืคืึทืงื˜:


ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืžื™ื ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขืงืึธ-ื•ื•ื™ ืึทื ื™ืžืึทืœืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฆื• ืžืึทื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขืจืกื˜ ืื•ืžื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜ ืกืึธื•ื ื“ืก ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึท ื™ืึทืฉื˜ืฉืขืจืงืข - ื‘ืึทืจืงื™ื ื’, ืงืœื™ืงื™ื ื’, ื˜ืฉืขืจืคึผื™ื ื’, ืืื–"ื• ื•.

ืื™ืŸ ืกืงื•ื•ืึทืžืึทืฅ, ืึทืงื•ืกื˜ื™ืฉ ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืงืึทืฆื™ืข ืื™ื– ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื–ืขืœื˜ืŸ, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืจืขื›ื˜ ืฆื• ืึท ืžืขืจ ืฉืžืึธืœ ืคืึธื•ืงื™ืกื˜ ืคึผืึทืกื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืื•ื™ืกืฉืœื™ืกืœืขืš ืื™ืŸ ื ืึทืงื˜ืขืจื ืึทืœ ื‘ืืฉืขืคืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ื•ื•ื™ ื’ืขืงืึธืก (ื’ืขืงืงืึธื˜ืึท). ืœืขืคื™ืขืจืขืš ืคืจื™ืฉ ืขื•ื•ืึธืœื•ื˜ื™ืึธื ืึทืจื™ ืขื ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืคึฟื™ืจื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื™ืžืขืจื“ื–ืฉืึทื ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืงื•ืกื˜ื™ืฉ ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืงืึทืฆื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืคื™ืœืึธื’ืขื ืขื˜ื™ืงืœื™ ืืคื’ืขื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืžื™ื ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืกืึทืœืึทืžืึทื ื“ืขืจืก ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืขืจื˜ืึทืœื–.

ืคึฟืึทืจ ืžืขืจ ื“ื™ื˜ื™ื™ืœื“ ืื™ื ืคึฟืึธืจืžืึทืฆื™ืข ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ื•ืึทื ืกื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ, ืื™ืš ืจืขืงืึธืžืขื ื“ื™ืจืŸ ืฆื• ืงื•ืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืกื™ื™ืึทื ื˜ื™ืก ื‘ืึทืจื™ื›ื˜ ะธ ื ืึธืš ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืึทืœืก ืฆื• ืื™ื.

ืขืคึผื™ืœืึธื’

ืกืึทืžืขืจื™ื™ื–ื™ื ื’ ืึทืœืข ื“ื™ ืจืขื–ื•ืœื˜ืื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ืกืงืจื™ื™ื‘ื“ ืื•ื™ื‘ืŸ, ืžื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื›ึผืžืขื˜ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืึทื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืงื•ืกื˜ื™ืฉ ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืงืึทืฆื™ืข ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื ื“ืขืจืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ ืคืืจื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื ืึทืงื˜ืขืจื ืึทืœ ืœื™ื™ืคืกื˜ื™ื™ืœ. ื“ืึธืก ืงืึทื ืคืขืจืžื– ื“ื™ ื˜ืขืึธืจื™ืข ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืฉืคึผืขื” ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืงืึทืœืึทื“ื–ืฉื™ (ื“ื™ ืกื•ื•ื™ื•ื•ืข) ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืขื•ื•ืึธืœื•ื˜ื™ืึธื ืึทืจื™ ืงืขืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื ื™ื. ืึธื‘ืขืจ, ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื™ึทื–ื™ื™ึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืงื•ืกื˜ื™ืฉ ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืงืึทืฆื™ืข ื”ืื˜ ื›ึผืžืขื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืจืงื•ื ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ื ื™ื ื“ื™ื•ื•ืขืจืกืึทืคืึทืงื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืึธื’.

ืจืขืกืขืึทืจื˜ืฉืขืจืก ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืึทื– ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืงืึทืฆื™ืข ืื™ื– ืืจื•ื™ืก ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ 100-200 ืžื™ืœื™ืึธืŸ ื™ืืจ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง, ืื•ืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืžื™ื ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืขื˜ืจืึทืคึผืึธื“ืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื™ื™ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืงืึธื›ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื›ึผืžืขื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืขื ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ.

ืขืก ืื™ื– ื›ื“ืื™ ืฆื• ื‘ืืžืขืจืงืŸ ืึทื– ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื™ึทื–ื™ื™ึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืงื•ืกื˜ื™ืฉ ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืงืึทืฆื™ืข ืคึฟืึทืจ ื ืึทืงื˜ืขืจื ืึทืœ ื‘ืืฉืขืคืขื ื™ืฉืŸ, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืึท ืงืœืึธืจ ืžื™ื™ึทืœืข, ื˜ื•ื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึท ื ืขื’ืึทื˜ื™ื•ื• ืคึผืจืึทืœ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืึทื ื’ ืฆื• ืึท ื“ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ืœื™ื™ืคืกื˜ื™ื™ืœ. ื“ืขื ืคึผืฉื•ื˜ ืคืึทืงื˜ ืื™ื– ื‘ืืฉื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ืคืึทืงื˜ ืึทื– ืคื™ืœืข ื‘ื™ื– ืึทื”ืขืจ ื ืึทืงื˜ืขืจื ืึทืœ ืžื™ื ื™ื, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืกื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉื˜ ืฆื• ืึท ื˜ืขื’ืœืขืš ืœื™ื™ืคืกื˜ื™ื™ืœ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืคืึทืจืœืึธืจืŸ ื“ืขื ืคื™ื™ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜.

ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ, ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืงืึทืฆื™ืข ื ื™ืฆืŸ ืกืึธื•ื ื“ืก ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขืจืกื˜ ืกื˜ืึทื‘ื™ืœ ืขื•ื•ืึธืœื•ื˜ื™ืึธื ืึทืจื™ ื˜ืจื™ื™ื˜. ืึทืžืึธืœ ื“ื™ ืคื™ื™ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ื– ื™ืžืขืจื“ื–ืฉื“, ืขืก ืื™ื– ื›ึผืžืขื˜ ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ืคืึทืจืฉื•ื•ื•ื ื“ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื•ื™ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ืขื•ื•ืึธืœื•ืฆื™ืข, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื˜ื™ื™ืคึผืก ืคื•ืŸ ืกื™ื’ื ืึทืœื™ื ื’, ืึทื–ืึท ื•ื•ื™ ื”ืขืœ ืคืืจื‘ืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื•ืžื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜ืœืขืš ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืึทืคึผืขืก, ืคึผืœื•ืžืึทื“ื–ืฉ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคื•ื˜ืขืจ.

ื“ื™ ืจื™ืกืขืจื˜ืฉืขืจื– ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืึทื– ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึทื ืึทืœื™ืกื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืึทืงื•ืกื˜ื™ืฉ ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืงืึทืฆื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื•ื•ื™ื•ื•ืข ืงืขืŸ ืึทืคึผืœื™ื™ื– ืฆื• ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืขื•ื•ืึธืœื•ื˜ื™ืึธื ืึทืจื™ ื˜ืจื™ื™ืฅ. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืจื™ืขืจ ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง ืึทื– ื“ื™ ื”ืฉืคึผืขื” ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืงืึทืœืึทื“ื–ืฉื™ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืกื™ื’ื ืึทืœ ื˜ืจืึทื ืกื“ื•ืงื˜ื™ืึธืŸ ืžืขื˜ื”ืึธื“ืก ืื™ื– ืœื™ืžื™ื˜ืขื“ ืฆื• ื“ื™ืคืขืจืึทื ืกื™ื– ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืขื ื’ ืคึฟืึทืจื‘ื•ื ื“ืขื ืข ืžื™ื ื™ื. ืึธื‘ืขืจ, ื‘ืื–ื™ืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ื“ื™ืกืงืจื™ื™ื‘ื“ ืื•ื™ื‘ืŸ, ืขืก ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึทื ืคืึทื“ืึทื ื˜ืœื™ ืกื˜ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื“ ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืคื•ื ื“ืึทืžืขื ื˜ืึทืœ ื˜ื™ื™ืคึผืก ืคื•ืŸ ืกื™ื’ื ืึทืœ ื˜ืจืึทื ืกืžื™ืกื™ืข ืื•ื™ืš ื˜ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืขื ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื›ื™ื™ึทืข ืก ืกื•ื•ื™ื•ื•ืข.

ืคืจื™ื™ื˜ืื’ ืึทื•ื•ืขืง-ืฉืคึผื™ืฅ:


ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื“ืขืžืึทื ืกื˜ืจื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื™ื“ื ืงื™ื™ึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืึธื•ื ื“ืก ื•ื•ืึธืก ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื“ืขื ืข ืžื™ื ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™ื™ื’ืœ ืžืึทื›ืŸ.

ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœืืฉืŸ 2.0:


ืžืืœ ืึทื ื™ืžืึทืœืก ืžืึทื›ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื•ืžื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜ืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ืžืึธื“ื ืข ืกืึธื•ื ื“ืก.

ื“ืึทื ืงืขืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื•ื•ืึทื˜ืฉื™ื ื’, ื‘ืœื™ื™ึทื‘ืŸ ื˜ืฉื™ืงืึทื•ื•ืข ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืึธืคึผืจื•ื˜ืขื’ ืึทืœืขืžืขืŸ! ๐Ÿ™‚

ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืึทื“ืก ๐Ÿ™‚

ื“ืื ืง ืื™ืจ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืกื˜ื™ื™ื™ื ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–. ืฆื™ ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœืขืŸ? ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ ืฆื• ื–ืขืŸ ืžืขืจ ื˜ืฉื™ืงืึทื•ื•ืข ืื™ื ื”ืึทืœื˜? ืฉื˜ื™ืฆืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื“ื•ืจืš ืคึผืœื™ื™ืกื™ื ื’ ืึท ืกื“ืจ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืจืขืงืึทืžืขื ื“ื™ื“ ืฆื• ืคืจืขื ื“ื–, ื•ื•ืึธืœืงืŸ ื•ื•ืคึผืก ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ืขื•ื•ืขืœืึธืคึผืขืจืก ืคึฟื•ืŸ $ 4.99, ืึท ื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืง ืึทื ืึทืœืึธื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืึธื–ื™ืฆื™ืข ืกืขืจื•ื•ืขืจืก ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื™ื ื•ื•ืขื ื˜ืึทื“ ื“ื•ืจืš ืื•ื ื“ื– ืคึฟืึทืจ ืื™ืจ: ื“ืขืจ ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ ืืžืช ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ VPS (KVM) E5-2697 v3 (6 ืงืึธืจืขืก) 10GB DDR4 480GB SSD 1Gbps ืคึฟื•ืŸ $19 ืึธื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ ืฆื• ื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ ืึท ืกืขืจื•ื•ืขืจ? (ื‘ื ื™ืžืฆื ืžื™ื˜ RAID1 ืื•ืŸ RAID10, ืึทืจื•ื™ืฃ ืฆื• 24 ืงืึธืจืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืึทืจื•ื™ืฃ ืฆื• 40GB DDR4).

Dell R730xd 2 ืžืืœ ื˜ืฉื™ืคึผืขืจ ืื™ืŸ Equinix Tier IV ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ ืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืืžืกื˜ืขืจื“ืื? ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึธ 2 x Intel TetraDeca-Core Xeon 2x E5-2697v3 2.6GHz 14C 64GB DDR4 4x960GB SSD 1Gbps 100 TV ืคึฟื•ืŸ $199 ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืขื˜ื”ืขืจืœืึทื ื“ืก! Dell R420 - 2x E5-2430 2.2Ghz 6C 128GB DDR3 2x960GB SSD 1Gbps 100TB - ืคึฟื•ืŸ $99! ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ืฆื• ื‘ื•ื™ืขืŸ ื™ื ืคืจืึทืกื˜ืจืึทืงื˜ืฉืขืจ ืงืึธืจืคึผ. ืงืœืึทืก ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื ื•ืฆืŸ ืคื•ืŸ Dell R730xd E5-2650 v4 ืกืขืจื•ื•ืขืจืก ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ 9000 ืขื•ืจืึธืก ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึท ืคึผืขื ื™?

ืžืงื•ืจ: www.habr.com

ืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’