ื‘ืึทืฉ ืกืงืจื™ืคึผืก: ื’ืขื˜ื™ื ื’ ืกื˜ืึทืจื˜ืขื“

ื‘ืึทืฉ ืกืงืจื™ืคึผืก: ื’ืขื˜ื™ื ื’ ืกื˜ืึทืจื˜ืขื“
ื‘ืึทืฉ ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ืก ื˜ื™ื™ืœ 2: ืœื•ืคึผืก
Bash ืกืงืจื™ืคึผืก, ื˜ื™ื™ืœ 3: ื‘ืึทืคึฟืขืœืŸ ืฉื•ืจื” ืึธืคึผืฆื™ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืกื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉื™ื–
ื‘ืึทืฉ ืกืงืจื™ืคึผืก, ื˜ื™ื™ืœ 4: ืึทืจื™ื™ึทื ืฉืจื™ื™ึทื‘ ืื•ืŸ ืจืขื–ื•ืœื˜ืึทื˜
ื‘ืึทืฉ ืกืงืจื™ืคึผืก, ื˜ื™ื™ืœ 5: ืกื™ื’ื ืึทืœื–, ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืจื•ื ื˜ ื˜ืึทืกืงืก, ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ ืคืึทืจื•ื•ืึทืœื˜ื•ื ื’
ื‘ืึทืฉ ืกืงืจื™ืคึผืก, ื˜ื™ื™ืœ 6: ืคืึทื ื’ืงืฉืึทื ื– ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง ืึทื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’
ื‘ืึทืฉ ืกืงืจื™ืคึผืก, ื˜ื™ื™ืœ 7: ืกืขื“ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืจื˜ ืคึผืจืึทืกืขืกื™ื ื’
Bash ืกืงืจื™ืคึผืก, ื˜ื™ื™ืœ 8: ื“ื™ ื•ืžื‘ืึทืงื•ื•ืขื ื“ืึทื˜ืึท ืคึผืจืึทืกืขืกื™ื ื’ ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš
ื‘ืึทืฉ ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ืก ื˜ื™ื™ืœ 9: ืจืขื’ื•ืœืขืจ ืขืงืกืคึผืจืขืกืกื™ืึธื ืก
ื‘ืึทืฉ ืกืงืจื™ืคึผืก ื˜ื™ื™ืœ 10: ืคึผืจืึทืงื˜ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื™ืฉืคื™ืœืŸ
Bash ืกืงืจื™ืคึผืก, ื˜ื™ื™ืœ 11: ื“ืขืจื•ื•ืึทืจื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ืึทืžื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื ื˜ืขืจืึทืงื˜ื™ื•ื• ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืœืึทื˜ื™ื–

ื”ื™ื™ึทื ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ืจืขื“ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื‘ืึทืฉ ืกืงืจื™ืคึผืก. ื“ืืก โ€” ื‘ืึทืคึฟืขืœืŸ ืฉื•ืจื” ืกืงืจื™ืคึผืก, ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทืฉ ืฉืึธืœ. ืขืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืฉืขืœื–, ืึทื–ืึท ื•ื•ื™ ื–ืฉ, ื˜ื˜ืฉ, ืงืฉ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ืคืึธืงื•ืก ืื•ื™ืฃ ื‘ืึทืฉ. ื“ืขืจ ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืึทืœ ืื™ื– ื‘ื“ืขื” ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึทืœืขืžืขืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืคื™ื™ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทืคึฟืขืœืŸ ืฉื•ืจื” ืœื™ื ื•ืงืก.

ื‘ืึทืฉ ืกืงืจื™ืคึผืก: ื’ืขื˜ื™ื ื’ ืกื˜ืึทืจื˜ืขื“

ื‘ืึทืคึฟืขืœืŸ ืฉื•ืจื” ืกืงืจื™ืคึผืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ืงืึทืžืึทื ื“ื– ื•ื•ืึธืก ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืืจื™ื™ืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืœืึทื•ื•ื™ืึทื˜ื•ืจ, ื’ืขื–ืืžืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืขืงืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจืื™ื™ื ื™ืงื˜ืข ื“ื•ืจืš ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืคึผืจืึธืกื˜ ืฆื™ืœ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ื™ืงืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜, ื“ื™ ืจืขื–ื•ืœื˜ืึทื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืžื– ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ึท ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ืึทืจื™ื™ึทื ืฉืจื™ื™ึทื‘ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื˜ื™ืžื–. ืกืงืจื™ืคึผืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืึท ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ื•ื•ืขื’ ืฆื• ืึธื˜ืึทืžื™ื™ื˜ ืึธืคื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืงืึธื›ื˜ ืึทืงืฉืึทื ื–.

ื‘ืึทืฉ ืกืงืจื™ืคึผืก: ื’ืขื˜ื™ื ื’ ืกื˜ืึทืจื˜ืขื“

ืึทื–ื•ื™, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืžื™ืจ ืจืขื“ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทืคึฟืขืœืŸ ืฉื•ืจื”, ืขืก ืึทืœืึทื•ื– ืื™ืจ ืฆื• ื•ื™ืกืคื™ืจืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืงืึทืžืึทื ื“ื– ืื™ืŸ ืึทืžืึธืœ, ืึทืจื™ื™ึทืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื”ืึทืœื‘-ืงืึธืœืึธืŸ:

pwd ; whoami

ืื™ืŸ ืคืึทืงื˜, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืคืจื•ื•ื•ื˜ ื“ืขื ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืงื–ืึทืœ, ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืึทืฉ ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื ื™ืฆื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืงืึทืžืึทื ื“ื– ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ. ืขืก ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ื“ืึธืก. ืžืึทื ืฉืึทืคึฟื˜ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ pwd ื“ื™ืกืคึผืœื™ื™ื– ืื™ื ืคึฟืึธืจืžืึทืฆื™ืข ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืจืึทื ื˜ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื–ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึทืคึฟืขืœ whoamiื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ื˜ ืื™ื ืคึฟืึธืจืžืึทืฆื™ืข ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืึทื ื™ืฆืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื ื˜ ืœืึธื’ื“ ืื™ืŸ.

ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืฆื•ื’ืึทื ื’, ืื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจื‘ื™ื ื“ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ืคื™ืœืข ืงืึทืžืึทื ื“ื– ื•ื•ื™ ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืจื”, ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืื™ื– ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื“ื™ ืžืึทืงืกื™ืžื•ื ื ื•ืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืจื’ื•ืžืขื ื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืึทื. ืื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืขืคื™ื ื™ืจืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืืœื’ืขื ื“ืข ื‘ืึทืคึฟืขืœ:

getconf ARG_MAX

ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทืคึฟืขืœืŸ ืฉื•ืจื” ืื™ื– ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื’ืขืฆื™ื™ึทื’, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืจ ืžื•ื–ืŸ ืึทืจื™ื™ึทืŸ ืงืึทืžืึทื ื“ื– ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืžืึธืœ ืื™ืจ ื“ืึทืจืคึฟืŸ ื–ื™ื™. ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื•ื™ื‘ ืžื™ืจ ืฉืจื™ื™ึทื‘ืŸ ืึท ืกื›ื•ื ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึทืžืึทื ื“ื– ืฆื• ืึท ื˜ืขืงืข ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืจ ืจื•ืคืŸ ืึทื– ื˜ืขืงืข ืฆื• ื•ื™ืกืคื™ืจืŸ ื–ื™ื™? ืื™ืŸ ืคืึทืงื˜, ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขืงืข ืžื™ืจ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทืคึฟืขืœืŸ ืฉื•ืจื” ืฉืจื™ืคื˜.

ื•ื•ื™ ื‘ืึทืฉ ืกืงืจื™ืคึผืก ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜

ืฉืึทืคึฟืŸ ืึท ืœื™ื™ื“ื™ืง ื˜ืขืงืข ื ื™ืฆืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทืคึฟืขืœ touch. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืฉื•ืจื”, ืื™ืจ ื“ืึทืจืคึฟืŸ ืฆื• ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืคื™ืฆื™ืจืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืฉืึธืœ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ื ื•ืฆืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ bash, ืึทื–ื•ื™ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืฉื•ืจื” ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขืงืข ื•ื•ืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ:

#!/bin/bash

ืื ื“ืขืจืฉ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ืขืงืข, ื“ื™ ื”ืึทืฉ ืกื™ืžื‘ืึธืœ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื ื™ืฆื˜ ืฆื• ืึธื ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื–ืŸ ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืฉืึธืœ ืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืคึผืจืึทืกืขืกื˜. ืึธื‘ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืฉื•ืจื” ืื™ื– ืึท ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืขืœ ืคืึทืœ, ืขืก ืื™ื– ืึท ืคื•ื ื˜ ืฆื™ื™ื›ืŸ ื ืื›ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ืึท ืขืงืกืงืœืึทืžื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืคื•ื ื˜ (ื“ื™ ืกื™ืงื•ื•ืึทื ืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ืฉืขื‘ืึทื ื’) ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืจืš ืฆื• bash, ืึธื ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื–ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ ืื™ื– ื‘ืืฉืืคืŸ ืกืคึผืึทืกื™ืคื™ืงืœื™ ืคึฟืึทืจ bash.

ืฉืึธืœ ืงืึทืžืึทื ื“ื– ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืืคื’ืขืฉื™ื™ื“ื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ืึท ืฉื•ืจื” ืงืึธืจืžืขืŸ, ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืืคื’ืขืฉื™ื™ื“ื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ืึท ืคื•ื ื˜ ืฆื™ื™ื›ืŸ. ื“ืึธ ืก ื•ื•ื™ ืขืก ืงื•ืงื˜ ื•ื•ื™:

#!/bin/bash
# This is a comment
pwd
whoami

ื“ืึธ, ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทืคึฟืขืœืŸ ืฉื•ืจื”, ืื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืฉืจื™ื™ึทื‘ืŸ ืงืึทืžืึทื ื“ื– ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืจื”, ืกืขืคึผืขืจื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ ื–ื™ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื”ืึทืœื‘-ืงืึธืœืึธืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ืฉืจื™ื™ึทื‘ืŸ ืงืึทืžืึทื ื“ื– ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื“ืขื ืข ืฉื•ืจื•ืช, ื“ื™ ื˜ืขืงืข ืื™ื– ื’ืจื™ื ื’ืขืจ ืฆื• ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืœ, ื“ื™ ืฉืึธืœ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก ื–ื™ื™.

ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืคึผืขืจืžื™ืฉืึทื ื– ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ ื˜ืขืงืข

ื”ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขืงืข ื“ื•ืจืš ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืขืก ืึท ื ืึธืžืขืŸ myscript, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทืฉ ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ ืื™ื– ื›ึผืžืขื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืืŸ. ืื™ืฆื˜ ืขืก ื‘ืœื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืฆื• ืžืึทื›ืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ืขืงืข ืขืงืกืขืงื•ื˜ืึทื‘ืœืข, ืึทื ื“ืขืจืฉ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ืคึผืจื•ื‘ื™ืจืŸ ืฆื• ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ ืขืก, ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ ืึท ื˜ืขื•ืช Permission denied.

ื‘ืึทืฉ ืกืงืจื™ืคึผืก: ื’ืขื˜ื™ื ื’ ืกื˜ืึทืจื˜ืขื“
ืคึผืจื•ื•ื•ืŸ ืฆื• ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ ืึท ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ ื˜ืขืงืข ืžื™ื˜ ื™ื ืงืขืจืขืงื˜ืœื™ ืงืึทื ืคื™ื’ื™ืขืจื“ ืคึผืขืจืžื™ืฉืึทื ื–

ืœืึธืžื™ืจ ืžืึทื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขืงืข ืขืงืกืขืงื•ื˜ืึทื‘ืœืข:

chmod +x ./myscript

ืื™ืฆื˜ ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืก ืคึผืจื•ื‘ื™ืจืŸ ืฆื• ื•ื™ืกืคื™ืจืŸ ืขืก:

./myscript

ื ืึธืš ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืขืจืžื™ืฉืึทื ื–, ืึทืœืฅ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ืขืก ื–ืึธืœ.

ื‘ืึทืฉ ืกืงืจื™ืคึผืก: ื’ืขื˜ื™ื ื’ ืกื˜ืึทืจื˜ืขื“
ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ bash ืฉืจื™ืคื˜

ืึธื ื–ืึธื’ ืจืขื–ื•ืœื˜ืึทื˜

ืฆื• ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ื˜ืขืงืกื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืœื™ื ื•ืงืก ืงืึทื ืกืึธื•ืœ, ื ื•ืฆืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทืคึฟืขืœ echo. ืœืึธืžื™ืจ ื ื•ืฆืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืึทืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืจืขื“ืึทื’ื™ืจืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืฉืจื™ืคื˜, ืึทื“ื™ื ื’ ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืจืขื–ื•ืœื˜ืึทื˜ ื“ื™ ืงืึทืžืึทื ื“ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืขืก:

#!/bin/bash
# our comment is here
echo "The current directory is:"
pwd
echo "The user logged in is:"
whoami

ื“ืึธ ืก ื•ื•ืึธืก ื›ืึทืคึผืึทื ื– ื ืึธืš ืคืœื™ืกื ื“ื™ืง ื“ื™ ื“ืขืจื”ื™ื™ึทื ื˜ื™ืงื˜ ืฉืจื™ืคื˜.

ื‘ืึทืฉ ืกืงืจื™ืคึผืก: ื’ืขื˜ื™ื ื’ ืกื˜ืึทืจื˜ืขื“
ืึทืจื•ื™ืกืคื™ืจืŸ ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืฉืจื™ืคื˜

ืื™ืฆื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืึทืจื•ื™ืกื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื–ืŸ ื™ืงืกืคึผืœืึทื ืึทื˜ืึธืจื™ ืœืึทื‘ืขืœืก ื ื™ืฆืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทืคึฟืขืœ echo. ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ื˜ืึธืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ืฆื• ืจืขื“ืึทื’ื™ืจืŸ ืึท ื˜ืขืงืข ืžื™ื˜ ืœื™ื ื•ืงืก ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืึทืคึฟืขืœ ืคืจื™ืขืจ echo, ื’ื™ื‘ ื ืงื•ืง ืื•ื™ืฃ this ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืึธืคึผืŸ.

ื ื™ืฆืŸ ื•ื•ืึทืจื™ืึทื‘ืœืขืก

ื•ื•ืขืจื™ืึทื‘ืึทืœื– ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฆื• ืงืจืึธื ืื™ื ืคึฟืึธืจืžืึทืฆื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ ื˜ืขืงืข, ืึทื–ืึท ื•ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ืจืขื–ื•ืœื˜ืึทื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึทืžืึทื ื“ื–, ืคึฟืึทืจ ื ื•ืฆืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืงืึทืžืึทื ื“ื–.

ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜ ืคืึทืœืฉ ืžื™ื˜ ืขืงืกืึทืงื™ื•ื˜ื™ื ื’ ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืงืึทืžืึทื ื“ื– ืึธืŸ ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ื ื’ ื“ื™ ืจืขื–ื•ืœื˜ืึทื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึทืกืึทื‘ื™ืœืึทื˜ื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฆื•ื’ืึทื ื’ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืœื™ืžื™ื˜ืขื“.

ืขืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื˜ื™ื™ืคึผืก ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจื™ืึทื‘ืึทืœื– ื•ื•ืึธืก ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทืฉ ืกืงืจื™ืคึผืก:

  • ืกื•ื•ื™ื•ื•ืข ื•ื•ืขืจื™ืึทื‘ืึทืœื–
  • ื‘ืึทื ื™ืฆืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืจื™ืึทื‘ืึทืœื–

ืกื•ื•ื™ื•ื•ืข ื•ื•ืขืจื™ืึทื‘ืึทืœื–

ืžืืœ ืฉืึธืœ ืงืึทืžืึทื ื“ื– ื“ืึทืจืคึฟืŸ ืฆื• ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ. ืคึฟืึทืจ ื‘ื™ื™ึทืฉืคึผื™ืœ, ื“ืึธ ืก ื•ื•ื™ ืฆื• ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื–ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืจืึทื ื˜ ื‘ืึทื ื™ืฆืขืจ ืก ื”ื™ื™ื ื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื–ืขืจ:

#!/bin/bash
# display user home
echo "Home for the current user is: $HOME"

ื‘ื™ื˜ืข ื˜ืึธืŸ ืึทื– ืžื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื ื•ืฆืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื ื‘ื™ื™ึทื˜ืขื•ื•ื“ื™ืง $HOME ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืึธืคึผืœ ืงื•ื•ืึธื˜ืขืก, ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืคืึทืจืžื™ื™ึทื“ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืงืขื ืขืŸ ืขืก. ื“ืึธ ืก ื•ื•ืึธืก ื›ืึทืคึผืึทื ื– ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืฉืจื™ืคื˜.

ื‘ืึทืฉ ืกืงืจื™ืคึผืก: ื’ืขื˜ื™ื ื’ ืกื˜ืึทืจื˜ืขื“
ื ื™ืฆืŸ ืึทืŸ ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ืจืึทื ืžืขื ืึทืœ ื•ื•ืึทืจื™ืึทื‘ืœืข ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืฉืจื™ืคื˜

ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ ืฆื• ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื–ืŸ ืึท ื“ืึธืœืึทืจ ืฆื™ื™ื›ืŸ? ืœืืžื™ืจ ืคืจื•ื‘ื™ืจืŸ ื“ืืก:

echo "I have $1 in my pocket"

ื“ื™ ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื“ืขื˜ืขืงื˜ ืึท ื“ืึธืœืœืึทืจ ืฆื™ื™ื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืฉื˜ืจื™ืงืœ ื“ืขืœื™ืžื™ื˜ืขื“ ื“ื•ืจืš ืงื•ื•ืึธื˜ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื™ื‘ืขืจื ืขืžืขืŸ ืึทื– ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืจืขืคืขืจืขื ืกืขื“ ืึท ื‘ื™ื™ึทื˜ืขื•ื•ื“ื™ืง. ื“ืขืจ ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืคึผืจื•ื‘ื™ืจืŸ ืฆื• ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื–ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืึทื ื“ื™ืคื™ื™ื ื“ ื‘ื™ื™ึทื˜ืขื•ื•ื“ื™ืง. $1. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ื“ืึทืจืคึฟืŸ. ื•ื•ืึธืก ืฆื• ื˜ืึธืŸ?

ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืกื™ื˜ื•ืึทืฆื™ืข ื•ื•ื™ ื“ืึธืก, ื ื™ืฆืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทืงืงืœืึทืฉ ืงืึธื ื˜ืจืึธืœ ื›ืึทืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธืœืึทืจ ืฆื™ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ืขืœืคึผืก:

echo "I have $1 in my pocket"

ื“ืขืจ ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืจืขื–ื•ืœื˜ืึทื˜ ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜.

ื‘ืึทืฉ ืกืงืจื™ืคึผืก: ื’ืขื˜ื™ื ื’ ืกื˜ืึทืจื˜ืขื“
ื ื™ืฆืŸ ืึท ืึทื ื˜ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ ืกื™ืงื•ื•ืึทื ืก ืฆื• ืึทืจื•ื™ืกืคื™ืจืŸ ืึท ื“ืึธืœืœืึทืจ ืฆื™ื™ื›ืŸ

ื‘ืึทื ื™ืฆืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืจื™ืึทื‘ืึทืœื–

ืื™ืŸ ืึทื“ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืฆื• ืกื•ื•ื™ื•ื•ืข ื•ื•ืขืจื™ืึทื‘ืึทืœื–, ื‘ืึทืฉ ืกืงืจื™ืคึผืก ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฆื• ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ื•ืฆืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ื•ื•ืขืจื™ืึทื‘ืึทืœื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉืจื™ืคื˜. ืึทื–ืึท ื•ื•ืขืจื™ืึทื‘ืึทืœื– ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืึท ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื‘ื™ื– ื“ื™ ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ ืขื ื“ืก.

ื•ื•ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื ื•ื•ืขืจื™ืึทื‘ืึทืœื–, ื‘ืึทื ื™ืฆืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืจื™ืึทื‘ืึทืœื– ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืึทืงืกืขืกื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธืœืœืึทืจ ืฆื™ื™ื›ืŸ:
TNW-CUS-FMP - ืคึผืจืึธืžืึธ ืงืึธื“ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึท 10% ืึทืจืึธืคึผืจืขื›ืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื‘ืึทื“ื™ื ื•ื ื’ืก, ื‘ื ื™ืžืฆื ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึทืงื˜ืึทื•ื•ื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ 7 ื˜ืขื’

#!/bin/bash
# testing variables
grade=5
person="Adam"
echo "$person is a good boy, he is in grade $grade"

ื“ืึธ ืื™ื– ื•ื•ืึธืก ื›ืึทืคึผืึทื ื– ื ืึธืš ืคืœื™ืกื ื“ื™ืง ืึทื–ืึท ืึท ืฉืจื™ืคื˜.

ื‘ืึทืฉ ืกืงืจื™ืคึผืก: ื’ืขื˜ื™ื ื’ ืกื˜ืึทืจื˜ืขื“
ืžื ื”ื’ ื•ื•ืขืจื™ืึทื‘ืึทืœื– ืื™ืŸ ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜

ื‘ืึทืคึฟืขืœืŸ ืกืึทื‘ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ืฉืึทืŸ

ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขืจืกื˜ ื ื•ืฆื™ืง ืคึฟืขื™ึดืงื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทืฉ ืกืงืจื™ืคึผืก ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืคื™ื™ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืขืงืกื˜ืจืึทืงื˜ ืื™ื ืคึฟืึธืจืžืึทืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ืงืึทืžืึทื ื“ื– ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ื™ืžืขืŸ ืขืก ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืจื™ืึทื‘ืึทืœื–, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืึทืœืึทื•ื– ืื™ืจ ืฆื• ื ื•ืฆืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื ืคึฟืึธืจืžืึทืฆื™ืข ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ ื˜ืขืงืข.

ื“ืึธืก ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ.

  • ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทืงื˜ื™ืง ื›ืึทืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจ "`"
  • ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืœืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึทื ืกื˜ืจืึทืงืฉืึทืŸ $()

ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ืฆืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืฆื•ื’ืึทื ื’, ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื”ื™ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื ื•ืฆืŸ ืึท ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ื˜ื™ืจืŸ ืึทื ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืึทืงื˜ื™ืงืง. ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึทืคึฟืขืœ ืžื•ื–ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืขื ืงืœืึธื•ื–ื“ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืึทื–ืึท ื™ื™ืงืึทื ื–:

mydir=`pwd`

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืฆื•ื’ืึทื ื’, ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ื“ืึธืก:

mydir=$(pwd)

ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืจื™ืคื˜, ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื•ืฃ, ืงืขืŸ ืงื•ืงืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ื“ืึธืก:

#!/bin/bash
mydir=$(pwd)
echo $mydir

ื‘ืขืฉืึทืก ื–ื™ื™ึทืŸ ืึธืคึผืขืจืึทืฆื™ืข, ื“ื™ ืจืขื–ื•ืœื˜ืึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทืคึฟืขืœ pwdื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืกื˜ืึธืจื“ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื‘ื™ื™ึทื˜ืขื•ื•ื“ื™ืง mydir, ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก, ื ื™ืฆืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทืคึฟืขืœ echo, ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืงืึทื ืกืึธื•ืœ.

ื‘ืึทืฉ ืกืงืจื™ืคึผืก: ื’ืขื˜ื™ื ื’ ืกื˜ืึทืจื˜ืขื“
ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืกืึทื•ื•ืขืก ื“ื™ ืจืขื–ื•ืœื˜ืึทื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทืคึฟืขืœ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื‘ื™ื™ึทื˜ืขื•ื•ื“ื™ืง

ืžืึทื˜ืึทืžืึทื˜ื™ืงืึทืœ ืึทืคึผืขืจื™ื™ืฉืึทื ื–

ืฆื• ื“ื•ืจื›ืคื™ืจืŸ ืžืึทื˜ืึทืžืึทื˜ื™ืงืึทืœ ืึทืคึผืขืจื™ื™ืฉืึทื ื– ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ ื˜ืขืงืข, ืื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื ื•ืฆืŸ ืึท ืงืึทื ืกื˜ืจืึทืงืฉืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึธืจืขื $((a+b)):

#!/bin/bash
var1=$(( 5 + 5 ))
echo $var1
var2=$(( $var1 * 2 ))
echo $var2

ื‘ืึทืฉ ืกืงืจื™ืคึผืก: ื’ืขื˜ื™ื ื’ ืกื˜ืึทืจื˜ืขื“
ืžืึทื˜ ืึทืคึผืขืจื™ื™ืฉืึทื ื– ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืฉืจื™ืคื˜

ืื•ื™ื‘-ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ืงืึธื ื˜ืจืึธืœ ืกื˜ืจื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ

ืื™ืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืกื™ื ืขืจื™ืึธื•ื–, ืขืก ืื™ื– ืคืืจืœืื ื’ื˜ ืฆื• ืงืึธื ื˜ืจืึธืœื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทืคึฟืขืœ ื“ื•ืจื›ืคื™ืจื•ื ื’. ืคึฟืึทืจ ื‘ื™ื™ึทืฉืคึผื™ืœ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืึท ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืจืขืกืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ ืคื™ื ืฃ, ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืงืึทืžืฃ ืžื•ื–ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืืŸ, ืึทื ื“ืขืจืฉ ืื ื“ืขืจืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึธื ื•ื•ืขื ื“ืœืขืš ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคื™ืœืข ืกื™ื˜ื•ืึทื˜ื™ืึธื ืก, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธ ื“ื™ ืงืึธื ื˜ืจืึธืœ ืกื˜ืจื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื”ืขืœืคึฟืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– if-then. ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืกื™ืžืคึผืœืึทืกื˜ ืคืึธืจืขื, ืขืก ืงื•ืงื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ื“ืึธืก:

if ะบะพะผะฐะฝะดะฐ
then
ะบะพะผะฐะฝะดั‹
fi

ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธ ืื™ื– ืึท ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ึทืฉืคึผื™ืœ:

#!/bin/bash
if pwd
then
echo "It works"
fi

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืึทืœ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ื™ ื“ื•ืจื›ืคื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทืคึฟืขืœ pwdืงืึทืžืคึผืœื™ืฅ ื”ืฆืœื—ื”, ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขืงืกื˜ "ืขืก ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜" ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึทื ืกืึธื•ืœ.

ืœืึธืžื™ืจ ื ื•ืฆืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจื™ื™ึทื‘ืŸ ืึท ืžืขืจ ืงืึธืžืคึผืœื™ืฆื™ืจื˜ ืกืฆืขื ืึทืจ. ื–ืืœ ืก ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืึทืจืคึฟืŸ ืฆื• ื’ืขืคึฟื™ื ืขืŸ ืึท ื‘ืึทื ื™ืฆืขืจ ืื™ืŸ /etc/passwd, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ, ื‘ืึทืจื™ื›ื˜ ืึทื– ืขืก ื™ื’ื–ื™ืกืฅ.

#!/bin/bash
user=likegeeks
if grep $user /etc/passwd
then
echo "The user $user Exists"
fi

ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื•ื•ืึธืก ื›ืึทืคึผืึทื ื– ื ืึธืš ืคืœื™ืกื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืขื ืฉืจื™ืคื˜.

ื‘ืึทืฉ ืกืงืจื™ืคึผืก: ื’ืขื˜ื™ื ื’ ืกื˜ืึทืจื˜ืขื“
ื‘ืึทื ื™ืฆืขืจ ื–ื•ื›ืŸ

ื“ืึธ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜ ื“ืขื ื‘ืึทืคึฟืขืœ grepืฆื• ื–ื•ื›ืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึท ื‘ืึทื ื™ืฆืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื˜ืขืงืข /etc/passwd. ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ื™ ืžืึทื ืฉืึทืคึฟื˜ grepื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืึทืงืึทื ื˜ ืฆื• ืื™ืจ, ื–ื™ื™ึทืŸ ื‘ืึทืฉืจื™ื™ึทื‘ื•ื ื’ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืคึฟื•ื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธ.

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ื™ื™ึทืฉืคึผื™ืœ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึทื ื™ืฆืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืคึฟื•ื ืขืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื–ืŸ ืึท ืฆื•ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืึธื ื–ืึธื’. ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึทื ื™ืฆืขืจ ืงืขืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืคึฟื•ื ืขืŸ? ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืึทืœ, ื“ื™ ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืคืึทืจืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ื•ืจื›ืคื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืึธืŸ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืขืคึผืขืก. ืื™ืš ื•ื•ืึธืœื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ืึทื– ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืึทื–ื•ื™ ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืคึฟืึทืจื‘ืขืกืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึธื“.

ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื‘-ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜-ืึทื ื“ืขืจืฉ ืงืึธื ื˜ืจืึธืœ ืงืึทื ืกื˜ืจืึทืงืฉืึทืŸ

ื›ึผื“ื™ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืึทื ื–ืึธืœ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื‘ืึทืจื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ืกืฒึท ื“ื™ ืจืขื–ื•ืœื˜ืื˜ืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืึท ื’ืขืจืึธื˜ืŸ ื–ื•ื›ืŸ, ืกืฒึท ืึท ื“ื•ืจื›ืคึฟืึทืœ, ื ื•ืฆืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ื™ ืงืึทื ืกื˜ืจืึทืงืฉืึทืŸ if-then-else. ื“ืึธ ืก ื•ื•ื™ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืึทืจื•ื™ืฃ:

if ะบะพะผะฐะฝะดะฐ
then
ะบะพะผะฐะฝะดั‹
else
ะบะพะผะฐะฝะดั‹
fi

ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืึทืคึฟืขืœ ืงืขืจื˜ ื ื•ืœ, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืžื™ื˜ืœ ืึทื– ืขืก ืื™ื– ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืขืงืกืึทืงื™ื•ื˜ืึทื“, ื“ื™ ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืืžืช ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ื•ืจื›ืคื™ืจื•ื ื’ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื’ else. ืึทื ื“ืขืจืฉ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืคึผืขืก ืึทื ื“ืขืจืฉ ื•ื•ื™ ื ื•ืœ ืื™ื– ืื•ืžื’ืขืงืขืจื˜, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืžื™ื˜ืœ ื“ื•ืจื›ืคืึทืœ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืึท ืคืึทืœืฉ ืจืขื–ื•ืœื˜ืึทื˜, ื“ื™ ืงืึทืžืึทื ื“ื– ื ืึธืš else.

ืœืืžื™ืจ ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืœื’ืขื ื“ืข ืฉืจื™ืคื˜:

#!/bin/bash
user=anotherUser
if grep $user /etc/passwd
then
echo "The user $user Exists"
else
echo "The user $user doesnโ€™t exist"
fi

ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ืคื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ืึทืจืึธืคึผ ื“ื™ ืฉื•ืจื” else.

ื‘ืึทืฉ ืกืงืจื™ืคึผืก: ื’ืขื˜ื™ื ื’ ืกื˜ืึทืจื˜ืขื“
ืคืœื™ืกื ื“ื™ืง ืึท ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืื•ื™ื‘-ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜-ืึทื ื“ืขืจืฉ ื‘ื•ื™ืขืŸ

ื ื•, ืœืึธืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืฒืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคึฟืจืขื’ืŸ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืฉืฐืขืจืขืจ ื‘ืึทื“ื™ื ื’ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ื“ืึทืจืคึฟืŸ ืฆื• ืงืึธื ื˜ืจืึธืœื™ืจืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืึทื ื“, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข? ืคึฟืึทืจ ื‘ื™ื™ึทืฉืคึผื™ืœ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจืœืื ื’ื˜ ื‘ืึทื ื™ืฆืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืคึฟื•ื ืขืŸ, ืื™ื™ืŸ ืึธื ื–ืึธื’ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ ืื™ื– ื‘ืื’ืขื’ื ื˜, ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ืึธื ื–ืึธื’ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืึทื–ื•ื™ ืื•ื™ืฃ. ืื™ืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ืึท ืกื™ื˜ื•ืึทืฆื™ืข, ื ืขืกื˜ืขื“ ื˜ื ืึธื™ื ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื”ืขืœืคึฟืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–. ืขืก ืงื•ืงื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ื“ืึธืก:

if ะบะพะผะฐะฝะดะฐ1
then
ะบะพะผะฐะฝะดั‹
elif ะบะพะผะฐะฝะดะฐ2
then
ะบะพะผะฐะฝะดั‹
fi

ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืึทืคึฟืขืœ ืงืขืจื˜ ื ื•ืœ, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื™ื ื“ื™ืงื™ื™ืฅ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืจืึธื˜ืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ืคื™ืจื•ื ื’, ื“ื™ ืงืึทืžืึทื ื“ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืœืึธืง ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืงืกืึทืงื™ื•ื˜ืึทื“ then, ืึทื ื“ืขืจืฉ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ ืื™ื– ืคืึทืœืฉ, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ื™ ืจื’ืข ื‘ืึทืคึฟืขืœ ืงืขืจื˜ ื ื•ืœ, ื“ื™ ืจื’ืข ื‘ืœืึธืง ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึธื“ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืงืกืึทืงื™ื•ื˜ืึทื“.

#!/bin/bash
user=anotherUser
if grep $user /etc/passwd
then
echo "The user $user Exists"
elif ls /home
then
echo "The user doesnโ€™t exist but anyway there is a directory under /home"
fi

ืื™ืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ืึท ืฉืจื™ืคื˜, ืื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืฉืึทืคึฟืŸ ืึท ื ื™ื™ึทืข ื‘ืึทื ื™ืฆืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื‘ืึทืคึฟืขืœ useradd, ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ื™ ื–ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืจืขื–ื•ืœื˜ืึทื˜ืŸ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึธืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ืึทื ื“ืขืจืฉ ื ื•ืฆื™ืง.

ื ื•ืžืขืจ ืคืึทืจื’ืœื™ื™ึทืš

ืื™ืŸ ืกืงืจื™ืคึผืก, ืื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจื’ืœื™ื™ึทื›ืŸ ื ื•ืžืขืจื™ืง ื•ื•ืึทืœื•ืขืก. ื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืึท ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทื˜ื™ื™ึทื˜ื™ืง ืงืึทืžืึทื ื“ื–.

n1 -eq n2ืงืขืจื˜ ืืžืช ืื•ื™ื‘ n1 equals n2.
n1 -ge n2 ืงืขืจื˜ ืืžืช ืื•ื™ื‘ n1ืžืขืจ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื’ืœื™ื™ึทืš n2.
n1 -gt n2ืงืขืจื˜ ืืžืช ืื•ื™ื‘ n1 ื‘ืขืกืขืจ n2.
n1 -le n2ืงืขืจื˜ ืืžืช ืื•ื™ื‘ n1ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืงืขืจ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื’ืœื™ื™ึทืš n2.
n1 -lt n2ืงืขืจื˜ ืืžืช ืื•ื™ื‘ n1 ืื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืงืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ n2.
n1 -ne n2ืงืขืจื˜ ืืžืช ืื•ื™ื‘ n1ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืœื™ื™ืš n2.

ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ื‘ื™ื™ึทืฉืคึผื™ืœ, ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืคึผืจื•ื‘ื™ืจืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจื’ืœื™ื™ึทืš ืึธืคึผืขืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืจื–. ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’ ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจื•ืง ืื™ื– ืขื ืงืœืึธื•ื–ื“ ืื™ืŸ ืงื•ื•ืึทื“ืจืึทื˜ ื‘ืจืึทืงืึทืฅ.

#!/bin/bash
val1=6
if [ $val1 -gt 5 ]
then
echo "The test value $val1 is greater than 5"
else
echo "The test value $val1 is not greater than 5"
fi

ื“ืึธ ืื™ื– ื•ื•ืึธืก ื“ืขื ื‘ืึทืคึฟืขืœ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืจืขื–ื•ืœื˜ืึทื˜.

ื‘ืึทืฉ ืกืงืจื™ืคึผืก: ื’ืขื˜ื™ื ื’ ืกื˜ืึทืจื˜ืขื“
ืงืึทืžืคึผืขืจื™ื ื’ ื ื•ืžืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืกืงืจื™ืคึผืก

ื•ื•ืึทืจื™ืึทื‘ืœืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ val1ื’ืจืขืกืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ 5, ื™ื•ื•ืขื ื˜ืฉืึทื•ื•ืึทืœื™ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื’ ืื™ื– ืขืงืกืึทืงื™ื•ื˜ืึทื“ thenืคืึทืจื’ืœื™ื™ึทืš ืึธืคึผืขืจืึทื˜ืึธืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืจืึทืกืคึผืึทื ื“ื™ื ื’ ืึธื ื–ืึธื’ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึทื ืกืึธื•ืœ.

ืฉื˜ืจื™ืงืœ ืคืึทืจื’ืœื™ื™ึทืš

ืกืงืจื™ืคึผืก ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืคืึทืจื’ืœื™ื™ึทื›ืŸ ืฉื˜ืจื™ืงืœ ื•ื•ืึทืœื•ืขืก. ืคืึทืจื’ืœื™ื™ึทืš ืึธืคึผืขืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืจื– ืงื•ืงืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืคึผืฉื•ื˜, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืจื™ืงืœ ืคืึทืจื’ืœื™ื™ึทืš ืึธืคึผืขืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืจื– ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ืคึผื™ืงื™ื•ืœื™ืขืจืึทื˜ื™ื–, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ืึธื ืจื™ืจืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืŸ. ื“ืึธ ืื™ื– ืึท ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืคื•ืŸ ืึธืคึผืขืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืจื–.

str1 = str2 ื˜ืขืกื˜ ืกื˜ืจื™ื ื’ืก ืคึฟืึทืจ ื™ืงื•ื•ืึทืœืึทื˜ื™, ืงืขืจื˜ ืืžืช ืื•ื™ื‘ ืกื˜ืจื™ื ื’ืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื™ื™ื“ืขื ื™ืงืึทืœ.
str1 != str2ืงืขืจื˜ ืืžืช ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ื™ ืกื˜ืจื™ื ื’ืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื™ื™ื“ืขื ื™ืงืึทืœ.
str1 < str2ืงืขืจื˜ ืืžืช ืื•ื™ื‘ str1ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื’ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ str2.
str1 > str2 ืงืขืจื˜ ืืžืช ืื•ื™ื‘ str1ืžืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ str2.
-n str1 ืงืขืจื˜ ืืžืช ืื•ื™ื‘ ืœืขื ื’ str1ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ื ื•ืœ.
-z str1ืงืขืจื˜ ืืžืช ืื•ื™ื‘ ืœืขื ื’ str1ืื™ื– ื’ืœื™ื™ึทืš ื ื•ืœ.

ื“ืึธ ืื™ื– ืึท ื‘ื™ื™ืฉืคึผื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืฉื˜ืจื™ืงืœ ืคืึทืจื’ืœื™ื™ึทืš ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืฉืจื™ืคื˜:

#!/bin/bash
user ="likegeeks"
if [$user = $USER]
then
echo "The user $user  is the current logged in user"
fi

ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ืจืขื–ื•ืœื˜ืึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ืคื™ืจื•ื ื’, ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืœื’ืขื ื“ืข.

ื‘ืึทืฉ ืกืงืจื™ืคึผืก: ื’ืขื˜ื™ื ื’ ืกื˜ืึทืจื˜ืขื“
ืฉื˜ืจื™ืงืœ ืคืึทืจื’ืœื™ื™ึทืš ืื™ืŸ ืกืงืจื™ืคึผืก

ื“ืึธ ืื™ื– ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืจื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืจื™ืงืœ ืคืึทืจื’ืœื™ื™ึทืš ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืจืžืื ื˜. ื ืขืžืœืขืš, ื“ื™ ">" ืื•ืŸ "<" ืึธืคึผืขืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืจื– ืžื•ื–ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื ื˜ืจื•ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื‘ืึทืงืฉืœืึทืฉ, ืึทื ื“ืขืจืฉ ื“ื™ ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืขื•ืช ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื™ึทื ืขืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ ื™ื ื˜ืขืจืคึผืจืึทืฅ ื“ื™ ">" ืฆื™ื™ื›ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ื‘ืึทืคึฟืขืœ ืฆื• ืจื™ื“ืขืจืขืงื˜ ืจืขื–ื•ืœื˜ืึทื˜.

ื“ืึธ ืื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืึธืคึผืขืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืจื– ืงื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธื“:

#!/bin/bash
val1=text
val2="another text"
if [ $val1 > $val2 ]
then
echo "$val1 is greater than $val2"
else
echo "$val1 is less than $val2"
fi

ื“ืึธ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืขื–ื•ืœื˜ืึทื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืจื™ืคื˜.

ื‘ืึทืฉ ืกืงืจื™ืคึผืก: ื’ืขื˜ื™ื ื’ ืกื˜ืึทืจื˜ืขื“
ืฉื˜ืจื™ืงืœ ืคืึทืจื’ืœื™ื™ึทืš, ื•ื•ืืจืขื ื•ื ื’ ืืจืœื ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืคืŸ

ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’ ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ืฉืจื™ืคื˜, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืขืงืกืึทืงื™ื•ื˜ื™ื ื’, ื’ื™ื˜ ืึท ื•ื•ืืจืขื ื•ื ื’:

./myscript: line 5: [: too many arguments

ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืึทืคืจื™ื™ึทืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืืจืขื ื•ื ื’, ืžื™ืจ ืคืึทืจืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ $val2 ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืฆื™ื˜ืื˜ืŸ:

#!/bin/bash
val1=text
val2="another text"
if [ $val1 > "$val2" ]
then
echo "$val1 is greater than $val2"
else
echo "$val1 is less than $val2"
fi

ืื™ืฆื˜ ืึทืœืฅ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ืขืก ื–ืึธืœ.

ื‘ืึทืฉ ืกืงืจื™ืคึผืก: ื’ืขื˜ื™ื ื’ ืกื˜ืึทืจื˜ืขื“
ืฉื˜ืจื™ืงืœ ืคืึทืจื’ืœื™ื™ึทืš

ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืจื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ">" ืื•ืŸ "<" ืึธืคึผืขืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืจื– ืื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ ื–ื™ื™ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื•ืคึผืคึผืขืจืงืึทืกืข ืื•ืŸ ืœืึธื•ื•ืขืจืงืึทืกืข ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช. ืื™ืŸ ืกื“ืจ ืฆื• ืคึฟืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ืจื™ืš, ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืฆื•ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืึท ื˜ืขืงืกื˜ ื˜ืขืงืข ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืืœื’ืขื ื“ืข ืื™ื ื”ืึทืœื˜:

Likegeeks
likegeeks

ื”ื™ื˜ ืขืก ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื ืึธืžืขืŸ myfileืื•ืŸ ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืœื’ืขื ื“ืข ื‘ืึทืคึฟืขืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืึธืงื–ืึทืœ:

sort myfile

ืขืก ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืกืึธืจื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขืงืข ื•ื•ื™ ืึทื–ื•ื™:

likegeeks
Likegeeks

ืงืึธืœืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื• sort, ื“ื•ืจืš ืคืขืœื™ืงื™ื™ึทื˜, ืกืึธืจื˜ ืกื˜ืจื™ื ื’ืก ืื™ืŸ ืึทืกืขื ื“ื™ื ื’ ืกื“ืจ, ื˜ื™ื™ึทื˜ืฉ ื“ื™ ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื™ึทืฉืคึผื™ืœ ืื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืงืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ื•ืคึผืคึผืขืจืงืึทืกืข ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•. ืื™ืฆื˜ ืœืึธืžื™ืจ ืฆื•ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืึท ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืคืึทืจื’ืœื™ื™ึทื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ืกื˜ืจื™ื ื’ืก:

#!/bin/bash
val1=Likegeeks
val2=likegeeks
if [ $val1 > $val2 ]
then
echo "$val1 is greater than $val2"
else
echo "$val1 is less than $val2"
fi

ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ ืขืก, ืขืก ืงื•ืžื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืงืขืจื˜ ืื™ื– ืืžืช - ื“ืขืจ ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืช ืื™ื– ืื™ืฆื˜ ื’ืจืขืกืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜.

ื‘ืึทืฉ ืกืงืจื™ืคึผืก: ื’ืขื˜ื™ื ื’ ืกื˜ืึทืจื˜ืขื“
ืกืึธืจื˜ ื‘ืึทืคึฟืขืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืจื™ืงืœ ืคืึทืจื’ืœื™ื™ึทืš ืื™ืŸ ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ ื˜ืขืงืข

ืื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจื’ืœื™ื™ึทืš ืงืึทืžืึทื ื“ื–, ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืงืœืขื ืขืจืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช. ืฉื˜ืจื™ืงืœ ืคืึทืจื’ืœื™ื™ึทืš ื“ืึธ ืื™ื– ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืงืึธื›ื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ืงืึทืžืคึผืขืจื™ื ื’ ื“ื™ ASCII ื›ืึทืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจ ืงืึธื•ื“ื–, ื“ืขืจ ืกืึธืจื˜ ืกื“ืจ ืื™ื– ืึทื–ื•ื™ ืึธืคืขื ื’ื™ืง ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื›ืึทืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจ ืงืึธื•ื“ื–.

ืงืึธืœืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื• sort, ืื™ืŸ ืงืขืจ, ื ื™ืฆื˜ ื“ื™ ืกืึธืจื˜ ืกื“ืจ ืกืคึผืขืกื™ืคื™ืขื“ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš ืกืขื˜ื˜ื™ื ื’ืก.

ื˜ืขืงืข ื˜ืฉืขืงืก

ื˜ืึธืžืขืจ ื“ื™ ืงืึทืžืึทื ื“ื– ืื•ื ื˜ืŸ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืžืขืจืกื˜ ืึธืคื˜ ื’ืขื ื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทืฉ ืกืงืจื™ืคึผืก. ื–ื™ื™ ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฆื• ืงืึธื ื˜ืจืึธืœื™ืจืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื“ืŸ ื˜ื ืึธื™ื ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื˜ืขืงืขืก. ื“ืึธ ืื™ื– ืึท ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึทืžืึทื ื“ื–.

-d fileื˜ืฉืขืง ืื•ื™ื‘ ืึท ื˜ืขืงืข ื™ื’ื–ื™ืกืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืึท ื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื–ืขืจ.
-e fileื˜ืฉืขืง ืื•ื™ื‘ ืึท ื˜ืขืงืข ื™ื’ื–ื™ืกืฅ.
-f file ื˜ืฉืขืง ืื•ื™ื‘ ืึท ื˜ืขืงืข ื™ื’ื–ื™ืกืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืึท ื˜ืขืงืข.
-r fileื˜ืฉืขืง ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขืงืข ื™ื’ื–ื™ืกืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืœื™ื™ื ืขื•ื•ื“ื™ืง.
-s file ะŸื˜ืฉืขืง ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขืงืข ื™ื’ื–ื™ืกืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืœื™ื™ื“ื™ืง.
-w fileื˜ืฉืขืง ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขืงืข ื™ื’ื–ื™ืกืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืจื™ื™ื˜ืึทื‘ืึทืœ.
-x fileื˜ืฉืขืง ืื•ื™ื‘ ืึท ื˜ืขืงืข ื™ื’ื–ื™ืกืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืขืงืกืขืงื•ื˜ืึทื‘ืœืข.
file1 -nt file2 ื˜ืฉืขืง ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ื™ึทืขืจ file1ื•ื•ื™ file2.
file1 -ot file2ื˜ืฉืขืงืก ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืœื˜ืขืจ file1ื•ื•ื™ file2.
-O file ื˜ืฉืขืง ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขืงืข ื™ื’ื–ื™ืกืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืึธื•ื ื“ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ืงืจืึทื ื˜ ื‘ืึทื ื™ืฆืขืจ.
-G fileื˜ืฉืขืง ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขืงืข ื™ื’ื–ื™ืกืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ ื–ื™ื™ึทืŸ ื’ืจื•ืคึผืข ืฉื™ื™ึทืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขื‘ืขืœืขืš ื“ื™ ืงืจืึทื ื˜ ื‘ืึทื ื™ืฆืขืจ ืก ื’ืจื•ืคึผืข ืฉื™ื™ึทืŸ.

ื“ื™ ืงืึทืžืึทื ื“ื–, ื•ื•ื™ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ืคื™ืœืข ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื“ื™ืกืงืึทืกื˜ ื”ื™ื™ึทื ื˜, ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืจื™ื ื’ ืฆื• ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงืขืŸ. ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื ืขืžืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืึทื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ื™ื™ื™ืฉืึทื ื– ืคึฟืึทืจ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื“ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ืึธื ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื–ืŸ ื’ืœื™ื™ึทืš ื“ื™ ื˜ืฉืขืงืก ื–ื™ื™ ื“ื•ืจื›ืคื™ืจืŸ.

ืœืึธืžื™ืจ ืคึผืจื•ื‘ื™ืจืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึทืžืึทื ื“ื– ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ืจ:

#!/bin/bash
mydir=/home/likegeeks
if [ -d $mydir ]
then
echo "The $mydir directory exists"
cd $ mydir
ls
else
echo "The $mydir directory does not exist"
fi

ื“ืขืจ ืฉืจื™ืคื˜, ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึท ื™ื’ื–ื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื’ ื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื–ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื–ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื”ืึทืœื˜.

ื‘ืึทืฉ ืกืงืจื™ืคึผืก: ื’ืขื˜ื™ื ื’ ืกื˜ืึทืจื˜ืขื“
ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื’ ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื–ืขืจ

ืžื™ืจ ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืขืงืกืคึผืขืจื™ืžืขื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืจืขืฉื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึทืžืึทื ื“ื– ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืŸ, ื–ื™ื™ ืึทืœืข ืฆื•ืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ืคึผืจื™ื ืฆื™ืคึผ.

ืจืขื–ื•ืœื˜ืึทื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ

ื”ื™ื™ึทื ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ืฆื• ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืึทืฉ ืกืงืจื™ืคึผืก ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืื“ืขืงื˜ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื™ืงืขืจื“ื™ืง ื˜ื™ื ื’ื–. ืื™ืŸ ืคืึทืงื˜, ื“ื™ ื˜ืขืžืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื‘ืึทืฉ ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืึทืžืžื™ื ื’ ืื™ื– ืจื™ื–ื™ืง. ื“ืขืจ ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœ ืื™ื– ืึทืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืกืขืจื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹11 ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืึทืœืก. ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ ืฆื• ืคืึธืจื–ืขืฆืŸ ืจืขื›ื˜ ืื™ืฆื˜, ื“ืึธ ืื™ื– ืึท ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธืจื™ื’ื™ื ืึทืœืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืึทืœืก. ืคึฟืึทืจ ืงืึทื ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ืึทื ืก, ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืžืขื ืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืึทืจื™ื™ึทื ื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ ื“ืึธ.

  1. Bash ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ ืฉืจื™ื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ืฉืจื™ื˜ - ื“ืึธ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ืฆื• ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืงืจื™ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ ื‘ืึทืฉ ืกืงืจื™ืคึผืก, ื“ื™ ื ื•ืฆืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจื™ืึทื‘ืึทืœื– ืื™ื– ืงืึทื ืกื™ื“ืขืจื“, ืงืึทื ื“ื™ืฉืึทื ืึทืœ ืงืึทื ืกื˜ืจืึทืงืฉืึทื ื–, ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช, ืงืึทืžืคึผืขืจืึทืกืึทื ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื ื•ืžืขืจืŸ, ืกื˜ืจื™ื ื’ืก, ื“ืขืจื’ื™ื™ื•ื ื’ ืื™ื ืคึฟืึธืจืžืึทืฆื™ืข ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื˜ืขืงืขืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ืกืงืจื™ื™ื‘ื“.
  2. Bash Scripting Part 2, Bash the awesome - ื“ืึธ ื“ื™ ืคึฟืขื™ึดืงื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉืขืช ืœื•ืคึผืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ื™ืœื•ื™.
  3. Bash ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ื™ื ื’ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ 3, ืคึผืึทืจืึทืžืขื˜ืขืจืก ืื•ืŸ ืึธืคึผืฆื™ืขืก - ื“ืขื ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืึทืœ ืื™ื– ื“ืขื“ืึทืงื™ื™ื˜ืึทื“ ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืคึฟืขืœืŸ ืฉื•ืจื” ืคึผืึทืจืึทืžืขื˜ืขืจืก ืื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™ืกืœืขืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืกืงืจื™ืคึผืก, ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึทื ื™ืฆืขืจ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืืจื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื˜ืขืงืขืก.
  4. ื‘ืึทืฉ ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ื™ื ื’ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ 4, ืึทืจื™ื™ึทื ืฉืจื™ื™ึทื‘ ืื•ืŸ ืจืขื–ื•ืœื˜ืึทื˜ - ื“ืึธ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื˜ืขืงืข ื“ื™ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ืึธืจืก ืื•ืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™, ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืึทืจื™ื™ึทื ืฉืจื™ื™ึทื‘, ืจืขื–ื•ืœื˜ืึทื˜, ืขืจืจืึธืจืก, ืจืขื–ื•ืœื˜ืึทื˜ ืจื™ื“ืขืจืขืงืฉืึทืŸ ืกื˜ืจื™ืžื–.
  5. ื‘ืึทืฉ ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ื™ื ื’ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ 5, ืกื™ื›ืึทืœื– ืื•ืŸ ื“ื–ืฉืึธื‘ืก - ื“ืขื ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืึทืœ ืื™ื– ื“ืขื“ืึทืงื™ื™ื˜ืึทื“ ืฆื• ืœื™ื ื•ืงืก ืกื™ื’ื ืึทืœื–, ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึทืกืขืกื™ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ืกืงืจื™ืคึผืก, ืกืงืขื“ื–ืฉื•ืœื“ ืงืึทื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืจื™ืคื˜.
  6. ื‘ืึทืฉ ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ื™ื ื’ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ 6, ืคืึทื ื’ืงืฉืึทื ื– - ื“ืึธ ืื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืงืจื™ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื ื•ืฆืŸ ืคืึทื ื’ืงืฉืึทื ื– ืื™ืŸ ืกืงืจื™ืคึผืก, ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื•ื•ืขืœืึธืคึผื™ื ื’ ืœื™ื™ื‘ืจืขืจื™ื–.
  7. Bash ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ื™ื ื’ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ 7, ื ื™ืฆืŸ ืกืขื“ - ื“ืขืจ ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœ ืื™ื– ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืกืขื“ ืกื˜ืจื™ื ื˜ืขืงืกื˜ ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ืึธืจ.
  8. Bash ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ื™ื ื’ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ 8, ื ื™ืฆืŸ awk - ื“ืขื ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืึทืœ ืื™ื– ื“ืขื“ืึทืงื™ื™ื˜ืึทื“ ืฆื• ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืึทืžืžื™ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ AWK ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ ืคึผืจืึทืกืขืกื™ื ื’ ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš.
  9. ื‘ืึทืฉ ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ื™ื ื’ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ 9, ืจืขื’ื•ืœืขืจ ืขืงืกืคึผืจืขืกืกื™ืึธื ืก - ื“ืึธ ืื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ื•ืฆืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืจืขื’ื•ืœืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทืฉ ืกืงืจื™ืคึผืก.
  10. ื‘ืึทืฉ ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ื™ื ื’ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ 10, ืคึผืจืึทืงื˜ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื™ืฉืคื™ืœืŸ - ื“ืึธ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืžืขื˜ื”ืึธื“ืก ืคึฟืึทืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœืขืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืฆื• ื™ื•ื–ืขืจื–, ื•ื•ื™ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ืื•ืคึฟืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืžืึธื ื™ื˜ืึธืจื™ื ื’ ื“ื™ ื“ื™ืกืง.
  11. Bash ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ื™ื ื’ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ 11, ื“ืขืจื•ื•ืึทืจื˜ืŸ ื‘ืึทืคึฟืขืœ - ื“ืขื ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืึทืœ ืื™ื– ื“ืขื“ืึทืงื™ื™ื˜ืึทื“ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืขืงืกืคึผืขืงื˜ ื’ืขืฆื™ื™ึทื’, ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืึธื˜ืึทืžื™ื™ื˜ ื™ื ื˜ืขืจืึทืงืฉืึทืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื™ื ื˜ืขืจืึทืงื˜ื™ื•ื• ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืœืึทื˜ื™ื–. ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ, ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจื•ื•ืึทืจื˜ืŸ ืกืงืจื™ืคึผืก ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ื–ื™ื™ ื™ื ื˜ืขืจืึทืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืึทืฉ ืกืงืจื™ืคึผืก ืื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืžื’ื™ืœื”.

ืžื™ืจ ื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ืŸ ืึทื– ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื˜ื™ื ื’ื– ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืกืขืจื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹โ€‹โ€‹ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืึทื– ืขืก ืกื˜ืึทืจืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขืจืกื˜ ื™ืงืขืจื“ื™ืง, ืคึผืึทืกื™ืง ืคึฟืึทืจ ื ื™ืฆืขืจืก ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžื“ืจื’ื”, ื‘ื™ืกืœืขื›ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื– ืคื™ืจื˜ ืฆื• ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืขืจื ืกื˜ ื˜ืขืžืขืก, ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึทืœืขืžืขืŸ ืึท ื’ืขืœืขื’ื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืฉื˜ื™ื™ึทื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ื ื•ืงืก ื‘ืึทืคึฟืขืœืŸ ืฉื•ืจื” ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ื™ื ื’.

ื˜ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ! ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื‘ืึทืฉ-ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืึทืžืžื™ื ื’ ื’ื•ืจื•ืก ืฆื• ืจืขื“ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืึทื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื›ื™ื™ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึทืกื˜ืขืจื™, ื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ ืกื™ืงืจื™ืฅ, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืึทืจื˜ืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื™ืžืคึผืจืขืกืกื™ืึธื ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืฉืจื™ืคื˜.

ื‘ืึทืฉ ืกืงืจื™ืคึผืก: ื’ืขื˜ื™ื ื’ ืกื˜ืึทืจื˜ืขื“

ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืจืขื’ื™ืกื˜ืจื™ืจื˜ ื ื™ืฆืขืจืก ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืึธื ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื‘ืขืจื‘ืœื™ืง. ืกื™ื™ืŸ ืืจื™ื™ืŸื‘ื™ื˜ืข.

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