ืืึทืืืึธืืข
ื ืืืื ืืขืืขืจ! ืืืึทื ื ืึธืืขื ืืื ืกืึทืฉืึท, ืืื ืืื ืืึธืื ืืขืกืืขื ืืึทืงืขื ื (ืืื ืืงืก ืืึทืืื ืื ืืก ืืื ืึทืคึผื) ืคึฟืึทืจ ืืขืจ ืืื ืืขืงืก ืืึธืจ. ืืขืจ ืืขืืึทื ืง ืคึฟืึทืจ ืืขื ืึทืจืืืงื ืืขืงืืืขื ืฆื ืืืจ ื ืึธื ืื ืื ืืขืจ ืืงืฉื ืคืื ืึท ืืขืกืืขืจ ืคืจืืึทื ื ืฆื ืืึธืื ืืื ืืืึธืก ืขืจ ืงืขื ืืืืขื ืขื ืืืขืื ืืื ืืงืก ืงืึทืืึทื ืื ืืืืืขืจ ืึทื ืืื ืืขืจืืืื. ืืืคึผืืงืึทืืื, ืึท ืงืึทื ืืืืึทื ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึท ืงืึท ืื ืืฉืขื ืืจ ืฉืืขืืข ืืื ืคืืจืืื ืื ืฆื ืืืืกื ืื ืืงืขืจืืืง ืงืึทืืึทื ืื (ืืืื, ืคืื ืงืืจืก, ืืื ืึทืจืืึทื ืฆืืขื ืืจืืขืื ืืื ืืื ืืงืก), ืึธืืขืจ ืืื ืืึธื ืืืจ ืืืืกื ืืืึธืก ืงืึทืืึทื ืื ืืขื ืขื ืืืขืจื ืืืืขื ืขื ืืืืฃ ืืฉืขืช ืคึผืจืืคึผืขืจืื ื ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึทื ืืื ืืขืจืืืื ืืืื ืืืจ ืืึธืื ืงืืืื. ืึธืืขืจ ืงืืื ืืขืจืคืึทืจืื ื ืืื ืืื ืืงืก?
ืืขืจืืืขืจ, ืืึธืืฉ ืขืก ืืื ืฉืืื ืืขืฉืจืืื ืืืขืื ืืขื ืคืืืข ืืึธื, ืืื ื ืึธื ืืึทืฉืืึธืกื ืฆื ืฉืจืืึทืื ืื ืื ืืขืจ ืึทืจืืืงื "ืืื ืืงืก ืคึฟืึทืจ ืืืืื ืขืจื" ืืื ืจืฉืืื ืืึธ ืื ืืงืขืจืืืง ืงืึทืืึทื ืื ืืืึธืก ืืืจ ืืึทืจืคึฟื ืฆื ืืืืกื ืืืืืขืจ ืงืืื ืืื ืืขืจืืืื ืืื ืึท ืึธืคึผืืืืืื ื (ืึธืืขืจ ืคืืจืืข) ืืืึธืก ื ืืฆื ืืื ืืงืก. ืืื ืืขืืึทื ืง ืืืขืื ืืืึธืก ืงืึทืืึทื ืื ืืื ืืืืืืึทืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืึธืก ืคึผืึทืจืึทืืขืืขืจืก ืืื ื ืืฆื ืจืืึฟ ืึธืคื, ืืขืืืืื ืืึทืืขืจืงืื ืืขื ืคืื ืืืื ืืืจืื ืืื ืฆืื ืืืคืืขืฉืืขืื ืขืก ืึทืืข ืืื ืืืื ืึทืจืืืงื. ืืขืจ ืึทืจืืืงื ืืื ืฆืขืืืืื ืืื 3 ืคึผืึทืจืฅ: ืขืจืฉืืขืจ, ืงืืจืฅ ืืื ืคึฟืึธืจืืึทืฆืืข ืืืขืื ืื ืืึทืกืืงืก ืคืื ื / ืึธ ืืื ืื ืืื ืืงืก ืืืึธืงืืึทื, ืืขืจื ืึธื ืึทื ืืืืขืจืืืืง ืคืื ืื ืืขืจืกื ืืงืขืจืืืง ืงืึทืืึทื ืื, ืืื ืืขืจ ืืจืื ืืืื ืืืฉืจืืืื ืืื ืฆื ืกืึธืืืืข ืคึผืจืึธืกื ืคึผืจืึธืืืขืืก ืืื ืืื ืืงืก.
ืืขืืขืจ ืืึทืคึฟืขื ืืื ืคืืืข ืึธืคึผืฆืืขืก, ืึทืืข ืคืื โโืืื ืืืขื ื ืืฉื ืืืื ืืืกืืขื ืืึธ. ืืืจ ืงืขื ื ืฉืืขื ืืืง ืึทืจืืึทื `ืืขื ืืฉ <ืืึทืคืขื>` ืึธืืขืจ `<ืืึทืคืขื> --ืืืืฃ`ืฆื ืืขืจื ืขื ืืขืจ ืืืขืื ืื ืืึทื ืฉืึทืคึฟื.
ืืืึทืฉืคึผืื:
[user@testhost ~]$ mkdir --help Usage: mkdir [OPTION]... DIRECTORY... Create the DIRECTORY(ies), if they do not already exist. Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. -m, --mode=MODE set file mode (as in chmod), not a=rwx - umask -p, --parents no error if existing, make parent directories as needed -v, --verbose print a message for each created directory -Z set SELinux security context of each created directory to the default type --context[=CTX] like -Z, or if CTX is specified then set the SELinux or SMACK security context to CTX --help display this help and exit --version output version information and exit GNU coreutils online help: <http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/> For complete documentation, run: info coreutils 'mkdir invocation'
ืืืื ืึท ืืึทืคึฟืขื ื ืขืื ืฆื ืืึทื ื ืฆื ืคืึทืจืขื ืืืงื, ืืืจ ืงืขื ืขื ืคืึทืจืขื ืืืงื ืขืก ืืืจื ืืขืื ืึท ืงืืืง ืืื ืื ืงืึทื ืกืึธืื Ctrl + C (ืึท ืกืืื ืึทื ืืื ืืขืฉืืงื ืฆื ืืขื ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก SIGINT).
ื ืืืกื ืืืขืื ืืึทืคึฟืขื ืจืขืืืืืึทื
ืืืขื ืึท ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก ืกืืึทืจืฅ ืืื ืืื ืืงืก, 3 ื ืึธืจืืึทื ืืึทืื ืกืืจืืื ืืขื ืขื ืืืฉืืคื ืคึฟืึทืจ ืืขื ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก: ืกืืื, ืกืืืึธืื ะธ ืกืืืขืจืจ. ืืื ืืขื ืขื ืืขืฆืืืื 0, 1 ืืื 2 ืจืืกืคึผืขืงืืืืืื. ืืืขืจ ืืืฆื ืืืจ ืืขื ืขื ืืื ืืขืจืขืกืืจื ืกืืืึธืื ืืื, ืืื ืึท ืืืืื ืืงืขืจ ืืึธืก, ืกืืืขืจืจ. ืคืื ืื ื ืขืืขื ืขืก ืืื ืืจืื ื ืฆื ืืจืขืคื ืึทื ืกืืืึธืื ืืื ืืขื ืืฆื ืฆื ืจืขืืืืืึทื ืืึทืื, ืืื ืกืืืขืจืจ - ืฆื ืืืืึทืื ืืขืืช ืึทืจืืืงืืขื. ืืืจื ืคืขืืืงืืึทื ืืืขื ืคืืืกื ืืืง ืึท ืืึทืคึฟืขื ืืืืฃ ืืื ืืงืก ืกืืืึธืื ะธ ืกืืืขืจืจ ืจืขืืืืืึทื ืึทืืข ืืื ืคึฟืึธืจืืึทืฆืืข ืฆื ืื ืงืึทื ืกืึธืื, ืึธืืขืจ, ืืืื ืื ืืึทืคึฟืขื ืจืขืืืืืึทื ืืื ืืจืืืก, ืขืก ืงืขื ืืืื ืืึทืงืืืขื ืฆื ืจืืืขืจืขืงื ืขืก ืฆื ืึท ืืขืงืข. ืืึธืก ืงืขื ืืืื ืืขืืื, ืืืฉื, ืืื ืืึธืก:
[user@testhost ~]$ man signal > man_signal
ืืืื ืืืจ ืจืขืืืืืึทื ืื ืืื ืืึทืื ืคืื ืืขืจ ืืขืงืข ืืขื ืืฉ_ืกืืื ืื, ืืขืืึธืื ืืืจ ืืืขืื ืืขื ืึทื ืขืก ืืื ืืืืขื ืืงืึทื ืฆื ืืืึธืก ืขืก ืืืึธืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืืจ ื ืึธืจ ืืืืคื ืื ืืึทืคึฟืขื `ืืขื ืืฉ ืกืืื ืึทื`.
ืจืืืขืจืขืงื ืึธืคึผืขืจืึทืฆืืข `>` ืืืคืึธืืฅ ืฆื ืกืืืึธืื. ืืืจ ืงืขื ืขื ืกืคึผืขืฆืืคืืฆืืจื ืึท ืจืืืขืจืขืงื ืกืืืึธืื ืืคืืจืืฉ: `1>`. ืกืืืืืึทืจืื, ืืืจ ืงืขื ืขื ืกืคึผืขืฆืืคืืฆืืจื ืจืืืขืจืขืงืฉืึทื ืกืืืขืจืจ:`2>`. ืืืจ ืงืขื ืขื ืคืึทืจืืื ืื ืื ืึทืคึผืขืจืืืฉืึทื ื ืืื ืึทืืื ืืึทืืื ืืขืจ ืื ื ืึธืจืืึทื ืืึทืคึฟืขื ืจืขืืืืืึทื ืืื ืืขืืช ืึธื ืืึธื ืจืขืืืืืึทื:
[user@testhost ~]$ man signal 1> man_signal 2> man_signal_error_log
ืจืืืืจืขืงื ืืื ืกืืืึธืืืืื ืกืืืขืจืจ ืืื ืืืื ืืขืงืข ืืื ืืืื:
[user@testhost ~]$ man signal > man_signal 2>&1
ืจืืืขืจืขืงื ืึธืคึผืขืจืึทืฆืืข `2> & 1` ืืืื ืจืืืขืจืขืงื ืกืืืขืจืจ ืฆื ืื ืืขืืืข ืึธืจื ืืื ืืืจืขืงืืขื ืกืืืึธืื.
ืื ืื ืืขืจ ืืึทืงืืืขื ืืขืฆืืึทื ืคึฟืึทืจ ืืจืืขืื ืืื ืืื / ืึธ (ืึธืืขืจ ืืึทื ืฅ, ืขืก ืืื ืึท ืืึทืงืืืขื ืืขืฆืืึทื ืคึฟืึทืจ ืื ืืขืจืคึผืจืึธืกืขืกืก ืงืึธืืื ืืงืึทืฆืืข) ืืื ืจืขืจ (ืึธืืขืจ ืงืึทื ืืืืืขืจ). ืคึผืืืคึผืืืื ื ืืขื ืขื ืึธืคื ืืขื ืืฆื ืฆื ืืืขืจืืขืื ืงืืืคื ืงืึทืืึทื ืื: ืกืืืึธืื ืงืึทืืึทื ืื ืืขื ืขื ืจืืืขืจืขืงืืื ืฆื ืกืืื ืืืืึทืืขืจ, ืืื ืึทืืื ืืืืฃ ืืื ืื ืงืืื:
[user@testhost ~]$ ps aux | grep docker | tail -n 2
root 1045894 0.0 0.0 7512 3704 ? Sl 16:04 0:00 docker-containerd-shim -namespace moby -workdir /var/lib/docker/containerd/daemon/io.containerd.runtime.v1.linux/moby/2fbfddaf91c1bb7b9a0a6f788f3505dd7266f1139ad381d5b51ec1f47e1e7b28 -address /var/run/docker/containerd/docker-containerd.sock -containerd-binary /usr/bin/docker-containerd -runtime-root /var/run/docker/runtime-runc
531 1048313 0.0 0.0 110520 2084 pts/2 S+ 16:12 0:00 grep --color=auto docker
ืืงืขืจืืืง ืืื ืืงืก ืงืึทืืึทื ืื
pwd
ืืืืึทื ืื ืงืจืึทื ื (ืืจืืขืื) ืืืขืืืืืึทืืขืจ.
[user@testhost ~]$ pwd
/home/user
ืืึทืืข
ืืืืึทื ืื ืงืจืึทื ื ืกืืกืืขื ืืึทืืข ืืื ืฆืืื.
[user@testhost ~]$ date
Mon Dec 16 13:37:07 UTC 2019
[user@testhost ~]$ date +%s
1576503430
w
ืืขืจ ืืึทืคึฟืขื ืืืืืื ืืืขืจ ืืื ืืึธืื ืืื ืื ืกืืกืืขื. ืืื ืึทืืืฉืึทื, ืืคึผืืืืข ืืื ืืึท (ืืึทืกืข ืืืจืืฉื ืืืืขื) ืืขื ืขื ืืืื ืืขืืืืื ืืืืฃ ืืขื ืขืงืจืึทื.
[user@testhost ~]$ w
05:47:17 up 377 days, 17:57, 1 user, load average: 0,00, 0,01, 0,05
USER TTY FROM LOGIN@ IDLE JCPU PCPU WHAT
user pts/0 32.175.94.241 05:47 2.00s 0.01s 0.00s w
ls
ืืจืืง ืืขื ืืื ืืึทืื ืคืื ืึท ืืืขืืืืืึทืืขืจ. ืืืื ืืืจ ืืึธื ื ืื ืคืึธืจื ืืขื ืืจื, ืื ืืื ืืึทืื ืคืื ืื ืงืจืึทื ื ืืืขืืืืืึทืืขืจ ืืืขื ืืืื ืืขืืืืื.
[user@testhost ~]$ pwd
/home/user
[user@testhost ~]$ ls
qqq
[user@testhost ~]$ ls /home/user
qqq
[user@testhost ~]$ ls /
bin boot cgroup dev etc home lib lib64 local lost+found media mnt opt proc root run sbin selinux srv swap sys tmp usr var
ืคึผืขืจืกื ืึทืื, ืืื ืึธืคื ื ืืฆื ืื ืึธืคึผืฆืืขืก -l (ืืึทื ื ืืืกืืื ื ืคึฟืึธืจืืึทื - ืจืขืืืืืึทื ืฆื ืึท ืืืึทื ืืื ื ืึธื ืืื ืคึฟืึธืจืืึทืฆืืข ืืืขืื ืืขืงืขืก), -t (ืกืึธืจืืื ื ืืืจื ืืขืงืข / ืืืขืืืืืึทืืขืจ ืืึธืืืคืืงืึทืืืึธื ืฆืืื) ืืื -r (ืคืึทืจืงืขืจื ืกืึธืจืืื ื - ืืื ืงืึธืืืื ืึทืฆืืข ืืื -t ืื ืืขืฆืืข ืืขืงืขืก ืืืขื ืืืื ืืื ืื ืื ืึธ):
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -ltr /
total 4194416
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Jan 6 2012 srv
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Jan 6 2012 selinux
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Jan 6 2012 mnt
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Jan 6 2012 media
drwx------ 2 root root 16384 Oct 1 2017 lost+found
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Oct 1 2017 local
drwxr-xr-x 13 root root 4096 Oct 1 2017 usr
drwxr-xr-x 11 root root 4096 Apr 10 2018 cgroup
drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 Apr 10 2018 run
-rw------- 1 root root 4294967296 Sep 10 2018 swap
dr-xr-xr-x 10 root root 4096 Dec 13 2018 lib
drwxr-xr-x 6 root root 4096 Mar 7 2019 opt
drwxr-xr-x 20 root root 4096 Mar 19 2019 var
dr-xr-xr-x 10 root root 12288 Apr 9 2019 lib64
dr-xr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Apr 9 2019 bin
dr-xr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 Apr 9 2019 boot
dr-xr-xr-x 2 root root 12288 Apr 9 2019 sbin
dr-xr-xr-x 3229 root root 0 Jul 2 10:19 proc
drwxr-xr-x 34 root root 4096 Oct 28 13:27 home
drwxr-xr-x 93 root root 4096 Oct 30 16:00 etc
dr-xr-x--- 11 root root 4096 Nov 1 13:02 root
dr-xr-xr-x 13 root root 0 Nov 13 20:28 sys
drwxr-xr-x 16 root root 2740 Nov 26 08:55 dev
drwxrwxrwt 3 root root 4096 Nov 26 08:57 tmp
ืขืก ืืขื ืขื 2 ืกืคึผืขืฆืืขืืข ืืืขืืืืืึทืืขืจ ื ืขืืขื: "."ืืื"..". ืืขืจ ืขืจืฉืืขืจ ืืืื ืื ืงืจืึทื ื ืืืขืืืืืึทืืขืจ, ืื ืจืืข ืืืื ืื ืคืึธืืขืจ ืืืขืืืืืึทืืขืจ. ืืื ืงืขื ืขื ืืืื ืืึทืงืืืขื ืฆื ื ืืฆื ืืื ืคืึทืจืฉืืื ืืืื, ืกืคึผืขืฆืืขื ls:
[user@testhost home]$ pwd
/home
[user@testhost home]$ ls ..
bin boot cgroup dev etc home lib lib64 local lost+found media mnt opt proc root run sbin selinux srv swap sys tmp usr var
[user@testhost home]$ ls ../home/user/
qqq
ืขืก ืืื ืืืื ืึท ื ืืฆืืง ืึธืคึผืฆืืข ืฆื ืืืืึทืื ืคืึทืจืืึธืจืื ืืขืงืขืก (ืกืืึทืจืืื ื ืืื ".") โ -a:
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -a
. .. 1 .bash_history .bash_logout .bash_profile .bashrc .lesshst man_signal man_signal_error_log .mongorc.js .ssh temp test .viminfo
ืืืจ ืงืขื ื ืืืื ื ืืฆื ืื ืึธืคึผืฆืืข -h - ืจืขืืืืืึทื ืืื ืืขื ืืฉืืขื ืืืื ืขืืืืืง ืคึฟืึธืจืืึทื (ืฆืืงืืงื ืฆื ืืขืงืข ืกืืืขืก):
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -ltrh
total 16K
-rwxrwx--x 1 user user 31 Nov 26 11:09 temp
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 6.0K Dec 3 16:02 1
drwxrwxr-x 2 user user 4.0K Dec 4 10:39 test
cd
ืืืืฉื ืงืจืึทื ื ืืืขืืืืืึทืืขืจ.
[user@testhost ~]$ pwd
/home/user
[user@testhost ~]$ cd /home/
[user@testhost home]$ pwd
/home
ืืืื ืืืจ ืืึธื ื ืื ืคืึธืจื ืื ืืืขืืืืืึทืืขืจ ื ืึธืืขื ืืื ืึท ืึทืจืืืืขื ื, ืื ืกืืืืืืข ืืืึทืืขืืืืืง ืืืขื ืืืื ืืขืืืืื ื $ HOME, ืืึธืก ืืื, ืืขืจ ืืืื ืืืขืืืืืึทืืขืจ. ืขืก ืงืขื ืืืื ืืืื ืืึทืงืืืขื ืฆื ื ืืฆื `~` ืืื ืึท ืกืคึผืขืฆืืขื ืืึทืจืึทืงืืขืจ ืืืึทืืฉ $ HOME:
[user@testhost etc]$ pwd
/etc
[user@testhost etc]$ cd ~/test/
[user@testhost test]$ pwd
/home/user/test
mkdir
ืฉืึทืคึฟื ืึท ืืืขืืืืืึทืืขืจ.
[user@testhost ~]$ mkdir test
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -ltr
total 38184
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 39091284 Nov 22 14:14 qqq
drwxrwxr-x 2 user user 4096 Nov 26 10:29 test
ืืื ืืืจ ืืึทืจืคึฟื ืฆื ืฉืึทืคึฟื ืึท ืกืคึผืขืฆืืคืืฉ ืืืขืืืืืึทืืขืจ ืกืืจืืงืืืจ: ืคึฟืึทืจ ืืืึทืฉืคึผืื, ืึท ืืืขืืืืืึทืืขืจ ืืื ืึท ืืืขืืืืืึทืืขืจ ืืืึธืก ืืื ื ืืฉื ืขืงืกืืกืืืจื. ืฆื ืืืกืืืืื ืึทืจืืึทื ืขืืืขืืข ืืื ืืื ืึท ืจืืืขืจื mkdir, ืืืจ ืงืขื ืขื ื ืืฆื ืื ืึธืคึผืฆืืข -p - ืขืก ืึทืืึทืื ืืืจ ืฆื ืฉืึทืคึฟื ืึทืืข ืื ืคืขืื ืืืง ืืืจืขืงืืขืจืื ืืื ืื ืืืืขืจืึทืจืงื. ืืืื ืืื ืืขื ืึธืคึผืฆืืข mkdir ืืืขื ื ืืฉื ืฆืืจืืงืงืืืขื ืึท ืืขืืช ืืืื ืืขืจ ืืืขืืืืืึทืืขืจ ืืืืืกืฅ.
[user@testhost ~]$ ls
qqq test
[user@testhost ~]$ mkdir test2/subtest
mkdir: cannot create directory โtest2/subtestโ: No such file or directory
[user@testhost ~]$ mkdir -p test2/subtest
[user@testhost ~]$ ls
qqq test test2
[user@testhost ~]$ ls test2/
subtest
[user@testhost ~]$ mkdir test2/subtest
mkdir: cannot create directory โtest2/subtestโ: File exists
[user@testhost ~]$ mkdir -p test2/subtest
[user@testhost ~]$ ls test2/
subtest
rm
ืืืกืืขืงื ืึท ืืขืงืข.
[user@testhost ~]$ ls
qqq test test2
[user@testhost ~]$ rm qqq
[user@testhost ~]$ ls
test test2
ืึธืคึผืฆืืข -r ืึทืืึทืื ืืืจ ืฆื ืจืขืงืืจืกืืืืื ืืืกืืขืงื ืืืืจืขืงืืขืจืื ืืื ืึทืืข ืืืืขืจ ืืื ืืึทืื, ืึธืคึผืฆืืข -f ืึทืืึทืื ืืืจ ืฆื ืืืื ืึธืจืืจื ืขืจืจืึธืจืก ืืืขื ืืืืืืื ื (ืืืฉื, ืืืขืื ืึท ื ืื-ืขืืืืกืืึทื ื ืืขืงืข). ืื ืึธืคึผืฆืืขืก ืืึธืื, ืืขืขืจืขื ืืขืจืขืื, ืึท ืืขืจืึทื ืืื ืืืืืฉืึทื ืคืื ืื ืืื ืฆืข ืืืืขืจืึทืจืงื ืคืื ืืขืงืขืก ืืื ืืืืจืขืงืืขืจืื (ืืืื ืืขืจ ืืึทื ืืฆืขืจ ืืื ืจืขืื ืฆื ืืึธื ืืึธืก), ืืขืจืืืขืจ ืืื ืืึธื ืืืื ืืขืืืืื ื ืืื ืืืึธืจืขื ืขื (ืึท ืงืืึทืกืืฉ ืืืืฅ ืืืืฉืคึผืื ืืื "rm-rf /", ืืื ืืขืจ ืืืืขืจ ืฆืืฉืืื ืื, ืืืขื ืืืกืืขืงื ืืืจ, ืืืื ื ืืฉื ืื ืืื ืฆืข ืกืืกืืขื, ืึท ืคึผืืึทืฅ ืคืื ืืขืงืขืก ืืืืืืืง ืคึฟืึทืจ ืืืึทื ืคืึธืจืฉืืขืืื ื).
[user@testhost ~]$ ls
test test2
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -ltr test2/
total 4
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 0 Nov 26 10:40 temp
drwxrwxr-x 2 user user 4096 Nov 26 10:40 temp_dir
[user@testhost ~]$ rm -rf test2
[user@testhost ~]$ ls
test
cp
ื ืึธืืืึทืื ืึท ืืขืงืข ืึธืืขืจ ืืืขืืืืืึทืืขืจ.
[user@testhost ~]$ ls
temp test
[user@testhost ~]$ cp temp temp_clone
[user@testhost ~]$ ls
temp temp_clone test
ืืขื ืืึทืคึฟืขื ืืืื ืืื ืึธืคึผืฆืืขืก -r ะธ -f, ืืื ืงืขื ืขื ืืืื ืืขืืืืื ื ืฆื ืขื ืฉืืจ ืึทื ืื ืืืืขืจืึทืจืงื ืคืื ืืืจืขืงืืขืจืื ืืื ืคืึธืืืขืจืก ืืื ืงืึทืคึผืื ืฆื ืื ืื ืืขืจ ืึธืจื.
mv
ืืึทื ืึธืืขืจ ืจืขื ืึทืืข ืึท ืืขืงืข ืึธืืขืจ ืืืขืืืืืึทืืขืจ.
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -ltr
total 4
drwxrwxr-x 2 user user 4096 Nov 26 10:29 test
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 0 Nov 26 10:45 temp
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 0 Nov 26 10:46 temp_clone
[user@testhost ~]$ ls test
[user@testhost ~]$ mv test test_renamed
[user@testhost ~]$ mv temp_clone test_renamed/
[user@testhost ~]$ ls
temp test_renamed
[user@testhost ~]$ ls test_renamed/
temp_clone
ืงืึทืฅ
ืืจืืง ืืขื ืืื ืืึทืื ืคืื ืึท ืืขืงืข (ืึธืืขืจ ืืขืงืขืก).
[user@testhost ~]$ cat temp
Content of a file.
Lalalala...
ืขืก ืืื ืืืื ืืืขืจื ืฆื ืืึทืฆืึธืื ืืคืืขืจืงืืึทืืงืืึทื ืฆื ืื ืงืึทืืึทื ืื ืงืึธืคึผ (ืจืขืืืืืึทื n ืขืจืฉืืขืจ ืฉืืจืืช ืึธืืขืจ ืืืืขืก ืคืื ืืขืจ ืืขืงืข) ืืื ืขืง (ืืขืจ ืืืขืื ืืืจ ืฉืคึผืขืืขืจ).
ืขืง
ืฆืืจืืงืฆืืขื n ืืขืฆืืข ืฉืืจืืช ืึธืืขืจ ืืืืขืก ืคืื ืืขืจ ืืขืงืข.
[user@testhost ~]$ tail -1 temp
Lalalala...
ืื ืึธืคึผืฆืืข ืืื ืืืืขืจ ื ืืฆืืง -f - ืขืก ืึทืืึทืื ืืืจ ืฆื ืืืืึทืื ื ืืึทืข ืืึทืื ืืื ืึท ืืขืงืข ืืื ืคืึทืงืืืฉ ืฆืืื.
ืืืืื ืืงืขืจ
ืืื ืื ืืขืงืกื ืืขืงืข ืืื ืืืื ืืจืืืก ืืื ืขืก ืืื ืืืืึทืงืืืขื ืฆื ืืืืึทืื ืขืก ืืื ืื ืืึทืคึฟืขื ืงืึทืฅ. ืืขืจื ืึธื ืืืจ ืงืขื ืขื ืขืคึฟืขื ืขื ืขืก ืืื ืื ืืึทืคึฟืขื ืืืืื ืืงืขืจ: ืืขืจ ืืขืงืข ืืืขื ืืืื ืคึผืจืึธืืืงืฆืืข ืืื ืคึผืึทืจืฅ; ื ืึทืืืืืึทืฆืืข ืืืจื ืื ืคึผืึทืจืฅ, ืืืื ืืื ืื ืืขืจืข ืคึผืฉืื ืคืึทื ืืงืฉืึทื ืึทืืืื ืืขื ืขื ืื ืืืฆื.
[user@testhost ~]$ less temp
ืขืก ืงืขื ืืืื ืืืื ืืึทืงืืืขื ืฆื ื ืืฆื ืืืืื ืืงืขืจ ืืื ืงืึทื ืืืืืขืจ (ืจืขืจ):
[user@testhost ~]$ grep "ERROR" /tmp/some.log | less
ps
ืจืฉืืื ืคึผืจืึทืกืขืกืึทื.
[user@testhost ~]$ ps
PID TTY TIME CMD
761020 pts/2 00:00:00 bash
809720 pts/2 00:00:00 ps
ืืื ืืื ืืืืฉืึทืืืึทืื ื ืืฆื ืื BSD ืึธืคึผืฆืืขืก "ืฆื" - ืืืืึทืื ืึทืืข ืคึผืจืึทืกืขืกืึทื ืืื ืื ืกืืกืืขื (ืืืืึทื ืขืก ืงืขื ืขื ืืืื ืคืืืข ืคึผืจืึทืกืขืกืึทื, ืืื ืืขืืืืื ืืืืื ืื ืขืจืฉืืขืจ 5 ืคืื ืืื ืืื ืื ืจืขืจื - ืืื ืืข (ืจืขืจ) ืืื ืืึทื ืฉืึทืคึฟื ืงืึธืคึผ):
[user@testhost ~]$ ps aux | head -5
USER PID %CPU %MEM VSZ RSS TTY STAT START TIME COMMAND
root 1 0.0 0.0 19692 2600 ? Ss Jul02 0:10 /sbin/init
root 2 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S Jul02 0:03 [kthreadd]
root 4 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? I< Jul02 0:00 [kworker/0:0H]
root 6 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? I< Jul02 0:00 [mm_percpu_wq]
ืคืืืข ืืืื ื ืืฆื BSD ืึธืคึผืฆืืขืก "axjf", ืืืึธืก ืึทืืึทืื ืืืจ ืฆื ืืืืึทืื ืืขื ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก ืืืื (ืืึธ ืืื ืึทืืืขืงืืขื ืืืขื ืืืื ืคืื ืืขืจ ืจืขืืืืืึทื ืคึฟืึทืจ ืืขืืึทื ืกืืจืืืฉืึทื):
[user@testhost ~]$ ps axjf
PPID PID PGID SID TTY TPGID STAT UID TIME COMMAND
0 2 0 0 ? -1 S 0 0:03 [kthreadd]
2 4 0 0 ? -1 I< 0 0:00 _ [kworker/0:0H]
2 6 0 0 ? -1 I< 0 0:00 _ [mm_percpu_wq]
2 7 0 0 ? -1 S 0 4:08 _ [ksoftirqd/0]
...
...
...
1 4293 4293 4293 tty6 4293 Ss+ 0 0:00 /sbin/mingetty /dev/tty6
1 532967 532964 532964 ? -1 Sl 495 0:00 /opt/td-agent/embedded/bin/ruby /usr/sbin/td-agent --log /var/log/td-agent/td-agent.log --use-v1-config --group td-agent --daemon /var/run/td-agent/td-agent.pid
532967 532970 532964 532964 ? -1 Sl 495 803:06 _ /opt/td-agent/embedded/bin/ruby /usr/sbin/td-agent --log /var/log/td-agent/td-agent.log --use-v1-config --group td-agent --daemon /var/run/td-agent/td-agent.pid
1 537162 533357 532322 ? -1 Sl 0 5067:43 /usr/bin/dockerd --default-ulimit nofile=262144:262144 --dns=172.17.0.1
537162 537177 537177 537177 ? -1 Ssl 0 4649:28 _ docker-containerd --config /var/run/docker/containerd/containerd.toml
537177 537579 537579 537177 ? -1 Sl 0 4:48 | _ docker-containerd-shim -namespace moby -workdir /var/lib/docker/containerd/daemon/io.containerd.runtime.v1.linux/moby/0ee89b20deb3cf08648cd92e1f3e3c661ccffef7a0971
537579 537642 537642 537642 ? -1 Ss 1000 32:11 | | _ /usr/bin/python /usr/bin/supervisord -c /etc/supervisord/api.conf
537642 539764 539764 537642 ? -1 S 1000 0:00 | | _ sh -c echo "READY"; while read -r line; do echo "$line"; supervisorctl shutdown; done
537642 539767 539767 537642 ? -1 S 1000 5:09 | | _ php-fpm: master process (/etc/php73/php-fpm.conf)
539767 783097 539767 537642 ? -1 S 1000 0:00 | | | _ php-fpm: pool test
539767 783131 539767 537642 ? -1 S 1000 0:00 | | | _ php-fpm: pool test
539767 783185 539767 537642 ? -1 S 1000 0:00 | | | _ php-fpm: pool test
...
...
...
ืืขืจ ืืึทืคึฟืขื ืืื ืคืืืข ืคืึทืจืฉืืืขื ืข ืึธืคึผืฆืืขืก, ืึทืืื ืืืื ืืืจ ืึทืงืืืืืื ื ืืฆื ืขืก, ืืื ืจืขืงืึธืืขื ืืืจื ืืืจ ืืืืขื ืขื ืื ืืึทืงืืืืขื ืืืืฉืึทื. ืคึฟืึทืจ ืจืืึฟ ืงืึทืกืขืก, ืขืก ืืื ืืขื ืื ื ืึธืจ ืฆื ืืืืกื "ืคึผืก ืฆื".
ืืืืื
ืฉืืงื ืึท ืกืืื ืึทื ืฆื ืึท ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก. ืืืจื ืคืขืืืงืืึทื ืืขืจ ืกืืื ืึทื ืืื ืืขืฉืืงื ืฆืื ืืขืจืืื, ืืืึธืก ืืขืจืืึทื ืืืฅ ืืขื ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก.
[user@testhost ~]$ ps ux
USER PID %CPU %MEM VSZ RSS TTY STAT START TIME COMMAND
531 1027147 0.0 0.0 119956 4260 ? S 14:51 0:00 sshd: user@pts/1
531 1027149 0.0 0.0 115408 3396 pts/1 Ss 14:51 0:00 -bash
531 1027170 0.0 0.0 119956 4136 ? R 14:51 0:00 sshd: user@pts/2
531 1027180 0.0 0.0 115408 3564 pts/2 Ss 14:51 0:00 -bash
531 1033727 0.0 0.0 107960 708 pts/1 S+ 15:17 0:00 sleep 300
531 1033752 0.0 0.0 117264 2604 pts/2 R+ 15:17 0:00 ps ux
[user@testhost ~]$ kill 1033727
[user@testhost ~]$ ps ux
USER PID %CPU %MEM VSZ RSS TTY STAT START TIME COMMAND
531 1027147 0.0 0.0 119956 4260 ? S 14:51 0:00 sshd: user@pts/1
531 1027149 0.0 0.0 115408 3396 pts/1 Ss+ 14:51 0:00 -bash
531 1027170 0.0 0.0 119956 4136 ? R 14:51 0:00 sshd: user@pts/2
531 1027180 0.0 0.0 115408 3564 pts/2 Ss 14:51 0:00 -bash
531 1033808 0.0 0.0 117268 2492 pts/2 R+ 15:17 0:00 ps ux
ืืื ื ืึท ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก ืงืขื ืขื ืืึธืื ืกืืื ืึทื ืืึทื ืืืขืจืก, ืืืืื ืืื ื ืื ืฉืืขื ืืืง ืคืืจื ืฆื ืืขืจ ืืขืจืืืึทืจื ืจืขืืืืืึทื - ืืึทืืืืง ืงืึทืืคึผืืืฉืึทื ืคืื ืืขื ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก. ืฆื "ืืืืื" ืึท ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก ืคึฟืึทืจ ืืืืขืจ, ืืืจ ืืึทืจืคึฟื ืฆื ืฉืืงื ืึท ืกืืื ืึทื ืฆื ืืขื ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก SIGKILL. ืึธืืขืจ, ืืึธืก ืงืขื ืคืืจื ืฆื ืืึทืื ืึธื ืืืขืจ (ืืืฉื, ืืืื ืืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก ืืึทืจืฃ ืฆื ืจืึทืืขืืืขื ืขืืืขืืข ืืื ืคึฟืึธืจืืึทืฆืืข ืืืืฃ ืื ืืืกืง ืืืืืขืจ ืืขืจืืึทื ืืืืื ื), ืึทืืื ืืืจ ืืึทืจืคึฟื ืฆื ื ืืฆื ืืขื ืืึทืคึฟืขื ืืื ืืืึธืจืขื ืขื. ืกืืื ืึทื ื ืืืขืจ SIGKILL - 9, ืึทืืื ืื ืงืืจืฅ ืืืขืจืกืืข ืคืื โโืื ืืึทืคึฟืขื ืงืืงื ืืื ืืึธืก:
[user@testhost ~]$ ps ux | grep sleep
531 1034930 0.0 0.0 107960 636 pts/1 S+ 15:21 0:00 sleep 300
531 1034953 0.0 0.0 110516 2104 pts/2 S+ 15:21 0:00 grep --color=auto sleep
[user@testhost ~]$ kill -9 1034930
[user@testhost ~]$ ps ux | grep sleep
531 1035004 0.0 0.0 110516 2092 pts/2 S+ 15:22 0:00 grep --color=auto sleep
ืืื ืืขืจืฆื ืฆื ืื ืืขืจืืื ื ืฆืื ืืขืจืืื ะธ SIGKILL ืขืก ืืขื ืขื ืคืืืข ืืขืจ ืคืึทืจืฉืืืขื ืข ืกืืื ืึทืื; ืึท ืจืฉืืื ืคืื ืืื ืงืขื ืขื ืืืื ืืืืื ืืขืคึฟืื ืขื ืืืืฃ ืืขืจ ืืื ืืขืจื ืขืฅ. ืืื ืืึธื ื ืื ืคืึทืจืืขืกื ืึทื ืื ืกืืื ืึทืื SIGKILL ะธ NEXTSTOP ืงืขื ืขื ื ืื ืืืื ืื ืืขืจืกืขืคึผืืึทื ืึธืืขืจ ืืืื ืึธืจืืจื.
ืคึผืื ื
ืฉืืงื ืึท ICMP ืคึผืึทืงืึทื ืฆื ืืขืจ ืืึทืืขืืึธืก ECHO_REQUEST.
[user@testhost ~]$ ping google.com
PING google.com (172.217.15.78) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from iad23s63-in-f14.1e100.net (172.217.15.78): icmp_seq=1 ttl=47 time=1.85 ms
64 bytes from iad23s63-in-f14.1e100.net (172.217.15.78): icmp_seq=2 ttl=47 time=1.48 ms
64 bytes from iad23s63-in-f14.1e100.net (172.217.15.78): icmp_seq=3 ttl=47 time=1.45 ms
64 bytes from iad23s63-in-f14.1e100.net (172.217.15.78): icmp_seq=4 ttl=47 time=1.46 ms
64 bytes from iad23s63-in-f14.1e100.net (172.217.15.78): icmp_seq=5 ttl=47 time=1.45 ms
^C
--- google.com ping statistics ---
5 packets transmitted, 5 received, 0% packet loss, time 4006ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 1.453/1.541/1.850/0.156 ms
ืืืจื ืคืขืืืงืืึทื ืคึผืื ื ืึทืจืืขื ืืื ืขืก ืืื ืืขืจืืึทื ืืืืื ืืึทื ืืืึทืื. ืืขืจืืืขืจ ืื ืึธืคึผืฆืืข ืงืขื ืืืื ื ืืฆืืง -c - ืื ื ืืืขืจ ืคืื ืคึผืึทืงืึทืฅ ื ืึธื ืฉืืงื ืคึผืื ื ืืืขื ืคืึทืจืขื ืืืงื ืืืืฃ ืืื. ืื ืื ืืขืจ ืึธืคึผืฆืืข ืืื ืืื ื ืืฆื ืืื -i, ืื ืืขืืึทืืขื ืฆืืืืฉื ืฉืืงื ืคึผืึทืงืืฅ.
[user@testhost ~]$ ping -c 3 -i 5 google.com
PING google.com (172.217.5.238) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from iad30s07-in-f238.1e100.net (172.217.5.238): icmp_seq=1 ttl=47 time=1.55 ms
64 bytes from iad30s07-in-f14.1e100.net (172.217.5.238): icmp_seq=2 ttl=47 time=1.17 ms
64 bytes from iad30s07-in-f14.1e100.net (172.217.5.238): icmp_seq=3 ttl=47 time=1.16 ms
--- google.com ping statistics ---
3 packets transmitted, 3 received, 0% packet loss, time 10006ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 1.162/1.295/1.551/0.181 ms
ืกืฉ
OpenSSH SSH ืงืืืขื ื ืึทืืึทืื ืืืจ ืฆื ืคืึทืจืืื ืื ืฆื ืึท ืืืืึทื ืืึทืืขืืึธืก.
MacBook-Pro-User:~ user$ ssh [email protected]
Last login: Tue Nov 26 11:27:39 2019 from another_host
[user@testhost ~]$ hostname
testhost
ืขืก ืืขื ืขื ืคืืืข ื ืืึทื ืกืื ืืื ื ืืฆื SSH, ืืื ืืขืจ ืงืืืขื ื ืืืื ืืื ืึท ืคึผืืึทืฅ ืคืื ืงืืืคึผืึทืืืืึทืืื, ืึทืืื ืืืื ืืืจ ืืืืื (ืึธืืขืจ ืืึทืจืคึฟื) ืืืจ ืงืขื ืขื ืืืืขื ืขื ืืืขืื ืืื .
scp
ืงืึธืคึผื ืืขืงืขืก ืฆืืืืฉื ืืื ืืช (ืคึฟืึทืจ ืืขื ื ืืฆื ืกืฉ).
[user@testhost ~]$ pwd
/home/user
[user@testhost ~]$ ls
temp test_renamed
[user@testhost ~]$ exit
logout
Connection to 11.11.22.22 closed.
MacBook-Pro-Aleksandr:~ user$ scp [email protected]:/home/user/temp Downloads/
temp 100% 31 0.2KB/s 00:00
MacBook-Pro-Aleksandr:~ user$ cat Downloads/temp
Content of a file.
Lalalala...
rsync
ืืืจ ืงืขื ืขื ืืืื ืกืื ืืงืจืึทื ืืื ืืืืจืขืงืืขืจืื ืฆืืืืฉื ืืื ืืช rsync (-a - ืึทืจืงืืืื ืืึธืืข, ืึทืืึทืื ืืืจ ืฆื ื ืึธืืืึทืื ืื ืืื ืฆืข ืืื ืืึทืื ืคืื ืื ืืืขืืืืืึทืืขืจ "ืืื ืืื", -v - ืจืขืืืืืึทื ืฆื ืื ืงืึทื ืกืึธืื ืคืื ื ืึธื ืืื ืคึฟืึธืจืืึทืฆืืข):
MacBook-Pro-User:~ user$ ls Downloads/user
ls: Downloads/user: No such file or directory
MacBook-Pro-User:~ user$ rsync -av user@testhost:/home/user Downloads
receiving file list ... done
user/
user/.bash_history
user/.bash_logout
user/.bash_profile
user/.bashrc
user/.lesshst
user/.mongorc.js
user/.viminfo
user/1
user/man_signal
user/man_signal_error_log
user/temp
user/.ssh/
user/.ssh/authorized_keys
user/test/
user/test/created_today
user/test/temp_clone
sent 346 bytes received 29210 bytes 11822.40 bytes/sec
total size is 28079 speedup is 0.95
MacBook-Pro-User:~ user$ ls -a Downloads/user
. .bash_history .bash_profile .lesshst .ssh 1 man_signal_error_log test
.. .bash_logout .bashrc .mongorc.js .viminfo man_signal temp
ืคืขืื
ืืืืึทื ืึท ืฉืืจื ืคืื ืืขืงืกื.
[user@testhost ~]$ echo "Hello"
Hello
ืึธืคึผืฆืืขืก ืืืขืจื ืืึทืืจืึทืืื ืืึธ -n - ืืึธื ื ืื ืฆืืืขืื ืื ืฉืืจื ืืื ืึท ืฉืืจื ืืจืขืื ืืื ืื ืกืืฃ, ืืื -e - ืืขืื ืขืกืงืืืคึผืื ื ืื ืืขืจืคึผืจืืืืืฉืึทื ื ืืฆื "".
[user@testhost ~]$ echo "tHellon"
tHellon
[user@testhost ~]$ echo -n "tHellon"
tHellon[user@testhost ~]$
[user@testhost ~]$ echo -ne "tHellon"
Hello
ืืืจ ืงืขื ืขื ืืืื ืืืืึทืื ืื ืืืึทืืืขืก ืคืื ืืืขืจืืึทืืึทืื ื ืืฆื ืืขื ืืึทืคึฟืขื. ืคึฟืึทืจ ืืืึทืฉืคึผืื, ืืื ืืื ืืงืก ืื ืึทืจืืืกืืึทื ื ืงืึธื ืคืื ืื ืืขืฆืืข ืืขืขื ืืืงื ืืึทืคึฟืขื ืืื ืกืืึธืจื ืืื ืึท ืกืคึผืขืฆืืขื ืืืึทืืขืืืืืง $?, ืืื ืึทืืื ืืืจ ืงืขื ืขื ืืขืคึฟืื ืขื ืคึผืื ืงื ืืืึธืก ืืขืืช ืืื ืคืืจืืขืงืืืขื ืืื ืื ืืขืฆืืข ืคืืืกื ืืืง ืึทืคึผืืึทืงืืืฉืึทื:
[user@testhost ~]$ ls # ะพัะธะฑะบะธ ะฝะต ะฑัะดะตั
1 man_signal man_signal_error_log temp test
[user@testhost ~]$ echo $? # ะฟะพะปััะธะผ 0 โ ะพัะธะฑะบะธ ะฝะต ะฑัะปะพ
0
[user@testhost ~]$ ls qwerty # ะฑัะดะตั ะพัะธะฑะบะฐ
ls: cannot access qwerty: No such file or directory
[user@testhost ~]$ echo $? # ะฟะพะปััะธะผ 2 โ Misuse of shell builtins (according to Bash documentation)
2
[user@testhost ~]$ echo $? # ะฟะพัะปะตะดะฝะธะน echo ะพััะฐะฑะพัะฐะป ะฑะตะท ะพัะธะฑะพะบ, ะฟะพะปััะธะผ 0
0
telnet
ืงืืืขื ื ืคึฟืึทืจ ืื TELNET ืคึผืจืึธืืึธืงืึธื. ืืขืืืืื ื ืฆื ืืืขืจืืขืื ืืื ืื ืื ืืขืจ ืืึทืืขืืึธืก.
[user@testhost ~]$ telnet example.com 80
Trying 93.184.216.34...
Connected to example.com.
Escape character is '^]'.
GET / HTTP/1.1
Host: example.com
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Cache-Control: max-age=604800
Content-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8
Date: Tue, 26 Nov 2019 11:59:18 GMT
Etag: "3147526947+gzip+ident"
Expires: Tue, 03 Dec 2019 11:59:18 GMT
Last-Modified: Thu, 17 Oct 2019 07:18:26 GMT
Server: ECS (dcb/7F3B)
Vary: Accept-Encoding
X-Cache: HIT
Content-Length: 1256
... ะทะดะตัั ะฑัะปะพ ัะตะปะพ ะพัะฒะตัะฐ, ะบะพัะพัะพะต ั ะฒััะตะทะฐะป ััะบะฐะผะธ ...
ืืืื ืืืจ ืืึทืจืคึฟื ืฆื ื ืืฆื ืื TLS ืคึผืจืึธืืึธืงืึธื (ืืึธืื ืืืจ ืืขืจืืึธื ืขื ืืืจ ืึทื SSL ืืื ืืึทื ื ืฉืืื ืึทืืืืืืืื), ืืขืืึธืื telnet ื ืื ืคึผืึทืกืืง ืคึฟืึทืจ ืื ืฆืืืขืงื. ืืืขืจ ืืขืจ ืงืืืขื ื ืืืขื ืงืืืขื ืึธืคึผืขื ืกืกื:
ืึท ืืืืฉืคึผืื ืคืื ื ืืฆื ืึธืคึผืขื ืกืกื ืืื ืึท ืจืขืืืืืึทื ืคืื ืึท ืขื ืืคืขืจ ืฆื ืึท GET ืืขืื
[user@testhost ~]$ openssl s_client -connect example.com:443
CONNECTED(00000003)
depth=2 C = US, O = DigiCert Inc, OU = www.digicert.com, CN = DigiCert Global Root CA
verify return:1
depth=1 C = US, O = DigiCert Inc, CN = DigiCert SHA2 Secure Server CA
verify return:1
depth=0 C = US, ST = California, L = Los Angeles, O = Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers, OU = Technology, CN = www.example.org
verify return:1
---
Certificate chain
0 s:/C=US/ST=California/L=Los Angeles/O=Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers/OU=Technology/CN=www.example.org
i:/C=US/O=DigiCert Inc/CN=DigiCert SHA2 Secure Server CA
1 s:/C=US/O=DigiCert Inc/CN=DigiCert SHA2 Secure Server CA
i:/C=US/O=DigiCert Inc/OU=www.digicert.com/CN=DigiCert Global Root CA
2 s:/C=US/O=DigiCert Inc/OU=www.digicert.com/CN=DigiCert Global Root CA
i:/C=US/O=DigiCert Inc/OU=www.digicert.com/CN=DigiCert Global Root CA
---
Server certificate
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----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-----END CERTIFICATE-----
subject=/C=US/ST=California/L=Los Angeles/O=Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers/OU=Technology/CN=www.example.org
issuer=/C=US/O=DigiCert Inc/CN=DigiCert SHA2 Secure Server CA
---
No client certificate CA names sent
Peer signing digest: SHA256
Server Temp Key: ECDH, P-256, 256 bits
---
SSL handshake has read 4643 bytes and written 415 bytes
---
New, TLSv1/SSLv3, Cipher is ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256
Server public key is 2048 bit
Secure Renegotiation IS supported
Compression: NONE
Expansion: NONE
No ALPN negotiated
SSL-Session:
Protocol : TLSv1.2
Cipher : ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256
Session-ID: 91950DC50FADB57BF026D2661E6CFAA1F522E5CA60D2310E106EE0E0FD6E70BD
Session-ID-ctx:
Master-Key: 704E9145253EEB4E9DC47E3DC6725D296D4A470EA296D54F71D65E74EAC09EB096EA1305CBEDD9E7020B8F72FD2B68A5
Key-Arg : None
Krb5 Principal: None
PSK identity: None
PSK identity hint: None
TLS session ticket lifetime hint: 7200 (seconds)
TLS session ticket:
0000 - 68 84 4e 77 be e3 f5 00-49 c5 44 40 53 4d b9 61 [email protected]
0010 - c9 fe df e4 05 51 d0 53-ae cf 89 4c b6 ef 6c 9e .....Q.S...L..l.
0020 - fe 12 9a f0 e8 e5 4e 87-42 89 ac af ca e5 4a 85 ......N.B.....J.
0030 - 38 08 26 e3 22 89 08 b5-62 c0 8b 7e b8 05 d3 54 8.&."...b..~...T
0040 - 8c 24 91 a7 b4 4f 79 ad-36 59 7c 69 2d e5 7f 62 .$...Oy.6Y|i-..b
0050 - f6 73 a3 8b 92 63 c1 e3-df 78 ba 8c 5a cc 82 50 .s...c...x..Z..P
0060 - 33 4e 13 4b 10 e4 97 31-cc b4 13 65 45 60 3e 13 3N.K...1...eE`>.
0070 - ac 9e b1 bb 4b 18 d9 16-ea ce f0 9b 5b 0c 8b bf ....K.......[...
0080 - fd 78 74 a0 1a ef c2 15-2a 0a 14 8d d1 3f 52 7a .xt.....*....?Rz
0090 - 12 6b c7 81 15 c4 c4 af-7e df c2 20 a8 dd 4b 93 .k......~.. ..K.
Start Time: 1574769867
Timeout : 300 (sec)
Verify return code: 0 (ok)
---
GET / HTTP/1.1
Host: example.com
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Cache-Control: max-age=604800
Content-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8
Date: Tue, 26 Nov 2019 12:04:38 GMT
Etag: "3147526947+ident"
Expires: Tue, 03 Dec 2019 12:04:38 GMT
Last-Modified: Thu, 17 Oct 2019 07:18:26 GMT
Server: ECS (dcb/7EC8)
Vary: Accept-Encoding
X-Cache: HIT
Content-Length: 1256
<!doctype html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Example Domain</title>
<meta charset="utf-8" />
<meta http-equiv="Content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" />
<style type="text/css">
body {
background-color: #f0f0f2;
margin: 0;
padding: 0;
font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", "Open Sans", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
}
div {
width: 600px;
margin: 5em auto;
padding: 2em;
background-color: #fdfdff;
border-radius: 0.5em;
box-shadow: 2px 3px 7px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);
}
a:link, a:visited {
color: #38488f;
text-decoration: none;
}
@media (max-width: 700px) {
div {
margin: 0 auto;
width: auto;
}
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<div>
<h1>Example Domain</h1>
<p>This domain is for use in illustrative examples in documents. You may use this
domain in literature without prior coordination or asking for permission.</p>
<p><a href="https://www.iana.org/domains/example">More information...</a></p>
</div>
</body>
</html>
ืกืึทืืืืื ื ืคึผืจืึธืกื ืคึผืจืึธืืืขืืก ืืื ืืื ืืงืก
ืืืืฉื ืืขืงืข ืืึทืืืฆืขืจ
ืืืจ ืงืขื ืขื ืืืืฉื ืื ืืึทืืืฆืขืจ ืคืื ืึท ืืขืงืข ืึธืืขืจ ืืืขืืืืืึทืืขืจ ืืื ืืขื ืืึทืคึฟืขื ืืฉืึทืื:
[user@testhost ~]$ chown user:user temp
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -l temp
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 31 Nov 26 11:09 temp
ืืขืจ ืคึผืึทืจืึทืืขืืขืจ ืฆื ืืขื ืืึทืคึฟืขื ืืืื ืืืื ืืขืืขืื ืื ื ืืึทืข ืืึทืืืฆืขืจ ืืื ืืจืืคึผืข (ืึทืคึผืฉืึทื ืึทื), ืืคืืขืฉืืืื ืืืจื ืึท ืฆืืืืืคึผืื ืื. ืืืื, ืืืขื ืืฉืึทื ืืื ื ืื ืืึทืืืฆืขืจ ืคืื ืึท ืืืขืืืืืึทืืขืจ, ืื ืึธืคึผืฆืืข ืงืขื ืืืื ื ืืฆืืง -R - ืืขืืึธืื ืื ืึธืื ืขืจื ืืืขื ืืืืฉื ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึทืืข ืื ืืื ืืึทืื ืคืื ืื ืืืขืืืืืึทืืขืจ.
ืืืืฉื ืืขืงืข ืคึผืขืจืืืฉืึทื ื
ืืขื ืคึผืจืึธืืืขื ืงืขื ืขื ืืืื ืกืึทืืืื ืืื ืื ืืึทืคึฟืขื ืืฉืืึธื. ืืื ืึท ืืืืฉืคึผืื, ืืื ืืืขื ืืขืื ืื ืืขืจืืืืืขื ืืฉ ืืึทืฉืืขืืืงื "ืื ืืึทืืืฆืขืจ ืืื ืขืจืืืืื ืฆื ืืืืขื ืขื, ืฉืจืืึทืื ืืื ืืืกืคืืจื, ืื ืืจืืคึผืข ืืื ืขืจืืืืื ืฆื ืืืืขื ืขื ืืื ืฉืจืืึทืื, ืึทืืขืืขื ืึทื ืืขืจืฉ ืืื ืขืจืืืืื ืืึธืจื ืืฉื":
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -l temp
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 31 Nov 26 11:09 temp
[user@testhost ~]$ chmod 760 temp
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -l temp
-rwxrw---- 1 user user 31 Nov 26 11:09 temp
ืืขืจ ืขืจืฉืืขืจ 7 (ืืึธืก ืืื 0b111 ืืื ืื ืืืกื ืคืึทืจืืจืขืืื ื) ืืื ืืขื ืคึผืึทืจืึทืืขืืขืจ ืืืื "ืึทืืข ืจืขืื ืคึฟืึทืจ ืื ืืึทืืืฆืขืจ", ืื ืจืืข 6 (ืืึธืก ืืื 0b110 ืืื ืื ืืืกื ืคืึทืจืืจืขืืื ื) ืืืื "ืืืืขื ืขื ืืื ืฉืจืืึทืื", ืืื 0 ืืืื ืืึธืจื ืืฉื ืคึฟืึทืจ ืื ืื ืืื . ื ืืืืืึทืกืง ืืืฉืืืื ืคืื ืืจืื ืืืื: ืืขืจ ืงืืขื ืกืืขืจ ืืึทืืืึทืืืง ("ืจืขืื") ืืืกื ืืื ืคืึทืจืึทื ืืืืึธืจืืืขื ืคึฟืึทืจ ืืืจืืคืืจืื ื, ืืขืจ ืืืืึทืืขืจ ("ืืืื") ืืืกื ืืื ืคึฟืึทืจ ืฉืจืืืื, ืืื ืื ืืขืจืกื ืืึทืืืึทืืืง ("ืืื ืงืก") ืืืกื ืืื ืคึฟืึทืจ ืืืืขื ืขื.
ืืืจ ืงืขื ื ืืืื ืฉืืขืื ืคึผืขืจืืืฉืึทื ื ื ืืฆื ืกืคึผืขืฆืืขืืข ืืืชืืืช (ืื ืขืืึธื ืืง ืกืื ืืึทืงืก). ืคึฟืึทืจ ืืืึทืฉืคึผืื, ืื ืคืืืืขื ืืข ืืืืฉืคึผืื ืขืจืฉืืขืจ ืจืืืืืื ืืืจืืคืืจืื ื ืจืขืื ืคึฟืึทืจ ืืขื ืงืจืึทื ื ืืึทื ืืฆืขืจ ืืื ืืขืืึธืื ืขื ืืขืจืื ืืขื ืืื ืฆืืจืืง:
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -l temp
-rwxrw---- 1 user user 31 Nov 26 11:09 temp
[user@testhost ~]$ chmod -x temp
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -l temp
-rw-rw---- 1 user user 31 Nov 26 11:09 temp
[user@testhost ~]$ chmod +x temp
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -l temp
-rwxrwx--x 1 user user 31 Nov 26 11:09 temp
ืืขืจ ืืึทืคึฟืขื ืืื ืคืืืข ื ืืฆื, ืึทืืื ืืื ืจืขืงืึธืืขื ืืืจื ืืืจ ืฆื ืืืืขื ืขื ืืขืจ ืืืขืื ืืื (ืกืคึผืขืฆืืขื ืืืขืื ืื ืื ืขืืึทื ืืง ืกืื ืืึทืงืก, ืืืฉื, ).
ืืจืืง ืืขื ืืื ืืึทืื ืคืื ืึท ืืืื ืขืจื ืืขืงืข
ืืขื ืงืขื ืขื ืืืื ืืขืืื ืืื ืื ื ืืฆื ืืขืงืกืืึทืืคึผ. ืื ืืขืจ ืืขื ืขื ืืืืฉืคืืื ืคืื ืืืึทื ื ืืฆื.
[user@testhost ~]$ cat temp
Content of a file.
Lalalala...
[user@testhost ~]$ hexdump -c temp
0000000 C o n t e n t o f a f i l
0000010 e . n L a l a l a l a . . . n
000001f
[user@testhost ~]$ hexdump -x temp
0000000 6f43 746e 6e65 2074 666f 6120 6620 6c69
0000010 2e65 4c0a 6c61 6c61 6c61 2e61 2e2e 000a
000001f
[user@testhost ~]$ hexdump -C temp
00000000 43 6f 6e 74 65 6e 74 20 6f 66 20 61 20 66 69 6c |Content of a fil|
00000010 65 2e 0a 4c 61 6c 61 6c 61 6c 61 2e 2e 2e 0a |e..Lalalala....|
0000001f
ืืื ืืขื ื ืืฆื, ืืืจ ืงืขื ืขื ืึทืจืืืกืคืืจื ืืึทืื ืืื ืื ืืขืจืข ืคึฟืึธืจืืึทืืืจืื ืืขื, ืึธืืขืจ ืืึธืก ืืขื ืขื ืื ืืขืจืกื ื ืืฆืืง ืึธืคึผืฆืืขืก ืคึฟืึทืจ ื ืืฆื ืขืก.
ืืืื ืืขืงืขืก
ืืืจ ืงืขื ืขื ืืขืคึฟืื ืขื ืึท ืืขืงืข ืืืจื ืืืื ืคืื ืืืึทื ื ืึธืืขื ืืื ืื ืืืขืืืืืึทืืขืจ ืืืื ื ืืฆื ืื ืืึทืคึฟืขื ืืขืคืื ืขื:
[user@testhost ~]$ find test_dir/ -name "*le*"
test_dir/file_1
test_dir/file_2
test_dir/subdir/file_3
ืื ืืขืจืข ืืืื ืึธืคึผืฆืืขืก ืืื ืคืืืืขืจืก ืืขื ืขื ืืืื ืื ืืืฆื. ืคึฟืึทืจ ืืืึทืฉืคึผืื, ืืึธืก ืืื ืืื ืืืจ ืงืขื ืขื ืืขืคึฟืื ืขื ืืขืงืขืก ืืื ืึท ืืขืงืข ืคึผืจืึธืืขืืืฉืืคื ืืขืจ ืืื 5 ืืขื ืฆืืจืืง:
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -ltr test
total 0
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 0 Nov 26 10:46 temp_clone
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 0 Dec 4 10:39 created_today
[user@testhost ~]$ find test/ -type f -ctime +5
test/temp_clone
ืืืื ืืขืงืกื ืืื ืืขืงืขืก
ืื ืืึทื ืฉืึทืคึฟื ืืืขื ืืขืืคื ืืืจ ืงืึธืคึผืข ืืื ืืขื ืึทืจืืขื grep. ืขืก ืืื ืคืืืข ื ืืฆื, ืื ืกืืืคึผืืึทืกื ืืืื ืขืจ ืืื ืืขืืขืื ืืึธ ืืื ืึท ืืืึทืฉืคึผืื.
[user@testhost ~]$ grep -nr "content" test_dir/
test_dir/file_1:1:test content for file_1
test_dir/file_2:1:test content for file_2
test_dir/subdir/file_3:1:test content for file_3
ืืืื ืขืจ ืคืื ืื ืคืึธืืงืก ืืืขืื ืฆื ื ืืฆื ืืขื ืืึทืคึฟืขื grep - ื ืืฆื ืขืก ืืื ืึท ืจืขืจื - ืืื ืืข (ืจืขืจ):
[user@testhost ~]$ sudo tail -f /var/log/test.log | grep "ERROR"
ืึธืคึผืฆืืข -v ืึทืืึทืื ืืืจ ืฆื ืืึทืื ืึท ืืืืจืงืื ื grep'ืืื ืื ืคืึทืจืงืขืจื - ืืืืื ืฉืืจืืช ืืืึธืก ืืึธื ื ืื ืึทื ืืืึทืืื ืืขื ืืืกืืขืจ ืืืจืืืขืืื ืืขื ืฆื grep.
ืงืืง ืืื ืกืืึทืืืจื ืคึผืึทืงืึทืืืฉืึทื
ืขืก ืืื ืงืืื ืื ืืืืขืจืกืึทื ืืึทืคึฟืขื, ืืืืึทื ืึทืืฅ ืืขืคึผืขื ืืก ืืืืฃ ืื ืืื ืืงืก ืคืึทืจืฉืคึผืจืืืืื ื ืืื ืื ืคึผืขืงื ืคืึทืจืืืึทืืืขืจ ืืขื ืืฆื. ืจืืึฟ ืืกืชึผืื ืืืื ืขืจ ืคืื ืื ืคืืืืขื ืืข ืงืึทืืึทื ืื ืืืขื ืืขืืคื ืืืจ:
yum list installed
apt list --installed
zypper se โinstalled-only
pacman -Qqe
dpkg -l
rpm -qa
ืืขื ืืื ืคืื ืคึผืืึทืฅ ืื ืืืขืืืืืึทืืขืจ ืืืื ื ืขืื
ืืืื ืขืจ ืคืื ืื ืึธืคึผืฆืืขืก ืคึฟืึทืจ ื ืืฆื ืืขื ืืึทืคึฟืขื du:
[user@testhost ~]$ du -h -d 1 test_dir/
8,0K test_dir/subdir
20K test_dir/
ืืืจ ืงืขื ืขื ืืืืฉื ืื ืคึผืึทืจืึทืืขืืขืจ ืืืขืจื -dืฆื ืืึทืงืืืขื ืืขืจ ืืืืืืื ืืื ืคึฟืึธืจืืึทืฆืืข ืืืขืื ืืขื ืืืขืืืืืึทืืขืจ ืืืื. ืืืจ ืงืขื ืขื ืืืื ื ืืฆื ืืขื ืืึทืคึฟืขื ืืื ืงืึธืืืื ืึทืฆืืข ืืื ืกืึธืจื:
[user@testhost ~]$ du -h -d 1 test_dir/ | sort -h
8,0K test_dir/subdir
16K test_dir/subdir_2
36K test_dir/
[user@testhost ~]$ du -h -d 1 test_dir/ | sort -h -r
36K test_dir/
16K test_dir/subdir_2
8,0K test_dir/subdir
ืึธืคึผืฆืืข -h ืื ืืึทื ืฉืึทืคึฟื ืกืึธืจื ืึทืืึทืื ืืืจ ืฆื ืกืึธืจื ืกืืืขืก ืืขืฉืจืืื ืืื ืืขื ืืฉ ืืืื ืขืืืืืง ืคึฟืึธืจืืึทื (ืืืฉื, 1K, 2G), ืึธืคึผืฆืืข -r ืึทืืึทืื ืืืจ ืฆื ืกืึธืจื ืืึทืื ืืื ืคืึทืจืงืขืจื ืกืืจ.
"ืืขืคึฟืื ืขื ืืื ืคืึทืจืืืึทืื" ืืื ืึท ืืขืงืข, ืืื ืืขืงืขืก ืืื ืึท ืืืขืืืืืึทืืขืจ
ืืขื ืึธืคึผืขืจืึทืฆืืข ืืื ืืืจืืืขืงืึธืื ืืื ืื ื ืืฆื ืืึธืจืฉื (ืงืืื ืคืึธื g ืืื ืื ืกืืฃ, ืืืืื ืืขืจ ืขืจืฉืืขืจ ืคึผืึทืกืืจืื ื ืคืื "ืึทืื ืืขืงืกื" ืืื ืื ืฉืืจื ืืืขื ืืืื ืจืืคึผืืืืกื):
sed -i 's/old-text/new-text/g' input.txt
ืืืจ ืงืขื ืขื ื ืืฆื ืขืก ืคึฟืึทืจ ืขืืืขืืข ืืขืงืขืก ืืื ืึทืืึธื:
[user@testhost ~]$ cat test_dir/file_*
test content for file_1
test content for file_2
[user@testhost ~]$ sed -i 's/test/edited/g' test_dir/file_*
[user@testhost ~]$ cat test_dir/file_*
edited content for file_1
edited content for file_2
ืฆืืขื ืึท ืืืึทื ืคึฟืื ืืขืจ ืจืขืืืืืึทื
ืขืก ืืืขื ืืขืืคื ืฆื ืงืึธืคึผืข ืืื ืืขื ืึทืจืืขื ืืืึทื. ืืขื ืืืึทืฉืคึผืื ืืืกืคึผืืืื ืื ืจืืข ืืืึทื ืคืื ืื ืืึทืคึฟืขื ืจืขืืืืืึทื `ps ux`:
[user@testhost ~]$ ps ux | awk '{print $2}'
PID
11023
25870
25871
25908
25909
ืืื ืืขืจ ืืขืืืืงืขืจ ืฆืืึทื, ืขืก ืืืื ืืืื ืืขืืืืื ืืื ืืื ืขื ืึทื ืืืึทื ืืื ืคืื ืจืืืฉืขืจ ืคืึทื ืืงืฉืึทื ืึทืืืื, ืึทืืื ืืืื ืืืจ ืืึทืจืคึฟื ืฆื ืึทืจืืขืื ืืื ืืขืงืกื ืืืืฃ ืื ืืึทืคึฟืขืื ืฉืืจื, ืืืจ ืืึธื ืืืืขื ืขื ืืขืจ ืืืขืื ืืขื ืืึทืคึฟืขื.
ืืขืคึฟืื ืขื IP ืึทืืจืขืก ืืืจื ืืึธืกืื ืึทืืข
ืืืื ืขืจ ืคืื ืื ืคืืืืขื ืืข ืงืึทืืึทื ืื ืืืขื ืืขืืคื ืืื ืืขื:
[user@testhost ~]$ host ya.ru
ya.ru has address 87.250.250.242
ya.ru has IPv6 address 2a02:6b8::2:242
ya.ru mail is handled by 10 mx.yandex.ru.
[user@testhost ~]$ dig +short ya.ru
87.250.250.242
[user@testhost ~]$ nslookup ya.ru
Server: 8.8.8.8
Address: 8.8.8.8#53
Non-authoritative answer:
Name: ya.ru
Address: 87.250.250.242
ื ืขืฅ ืืื ืคึฟืึธืจืืึทืฆืืข
ืงืขื ืขื ื ืืฆื ifconfig:
[user@testhost ~]$ ifconfig
eth0: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
inet 47.89.93.67 netmask 255.255.224.0 broadcast 47.89.95.255
inet6 fd90::302:57ff:fe79:1 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x20<link>
ether 04:01:57:79:00:01 txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)
RX packets 11912135 bytes 9307046034 (8.6 GiB)
RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 14696632 bytes 2809191835 (2.6 GiB)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
lo: flags=73<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING> mtu 65536
inet 127.0.0.1 netmask 255.0.0.0
inet6 ::1 prefixlen 128 scopeid 0x10<host>
loop txqueuelen 0 (Local Loopback)
RX packets 10 bytes 866 (866.0 B)
RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 10 bytes 866 (866.0 B)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
ืึธืืขืจ ืืคึฟืฉืจ ip:
[user@testhost ~]$ ip a
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 ::1/128 scope host
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: eth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP group default qlen 1000
link/ether 04:01:57:79:00:01 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 47.89.93.67/19 brd 47.89.95.255 scope global eth0
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 fd90::302:57ff:fe79:1/64 scope link
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
3: ip_vti0: <NOARP> mtu 1500 qdisc noop state DOWN group default
link/ipip 0.0.0.0 brd 0.0.0.0
ืืขืจืฆื, ืืืื, ืคึฟืึทืจ ืืืึทืฉืคึผืื, ืืืจ ืืขื ื ืืืืื ืืื ืืขืจืขืกืืจื ืืื IPv4, ืืืจ ืงืขื ืขื ืืืืื ืืขื ืึธืคึผืฆืืข -4:
[user@testhost ~]$ ip -4 a
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default
inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: eth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP group default qlen 1000
inet 47.89.93.67/19 brd 47.89.95.255 scope global eth0
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
ืืขื ืขืคืขื ืขื ืคึผืึธืจืฅ
ืฆื ืืึธื ืืึธืก, ื ืืฆื ืื ืึทืคึผืืึทืงืืืฉืึทื netstat. ืคึฟืึทืจ ืืืึทืฉืคึผืื, ืฆื ืืขื ืึทืืข TCP ืืื UDP ืฆืืืขืืขืจื ืคึผืึธืจืฅ ืืื ืึท ืึทืจืืืกืืืืึทืื ืคืื ืื PID ืคืื ืืขื ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก ืฆืืืขืืขืจื ืืืืฃ ืื ืคึผืึธืจื ืืื ืึท ื ืืืขืจืืง ืคืึทืจืืจืขืืื ื ืคืื ืื ืคึผืึธืจื, ืืืจ ืืึทืจืคึฟื ืฆื ื ืืฆื ืขืก ืืื ืื ืคืืืืขื ืืข ืึธืคึผืฆืืขืก:
[user@testhost ~]$ netstat -lptnu
ืกืืกืืขื ืืื ืคึฟืึธืจืืึทืฆืืข
ืืืจ ืงืขื ืขื ืืึทืงืืืขื ืืขื ืืื ืคึฟืึธืจืืึทืฆืืข ื ืืฆื ืื ืืึทืคึฟืขื uname.
[user@testhost ~]$ uname -a
Linux alexander 3.10.0-123.8.1.el7.x86_64 #1 SMP Mon Sep 22 19:06:58 UTC 2014 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux
ืฆื ืคึฟืึทืจืฉืืืื ืืื ืืืึธืก ืคึฟืึธืจืืึทื ืืขืจ ืจืขืืืืืึทื ืืื ืืขืฉืืคื, ืืืจ ืงืขื ืขื ืึธืคึผืฉืืงื ืฆื ืืืืฃ'ืคึฟืึทืจ ืืขื ืืึทืคึฟืขื:
[user@testhost ~]$ uname --help
ะัะฟะพะปัะทะพะฒะฐะฝะธะต: uname [ะะะฎะง]โฆ
ะะตัะฐัะฐะตั ะพะฟัะตะดะตะปะตะฝะฝัะต ัะฒะตะดะตะฝะธั ะพ ัะธััะตะผะต. ะัะปะธ ะะะฎะง ะฝะต ะทะฐะดะฐะฝ,
ะฟะพะดัะฐะทัะผะตะฒะฐะตััั -s.
-a, --all ะฝะฐะฟะตัะฐัะฐัั ะฒัั ะธะฝัะพัะผะฐัะธั, ะฒ ัะปะตะดัััะตะผ ะฟะพััะดะบะต,
ะบัะพะผะต -p ะธ -i, ะตัะปะธ ะพะฝะธ ะฝะตะธะทะฒะตััะฝั:
-s, --kernel-name ะฝะฐะฟะตัะฐัะฐัั ะธะผั ัะดัะฐ
-n, --nodename ะฝะฐะฟะตัะฐัะฐัั ะธะผั ะผะฐัะธะฝั ะฒ ัะตัะธ
-r, --release ะฝะฐะฟะตัะฐัะฐัั ะฝะพะผะตั ะฒัะฟััะบะฐ ะพะฟะตัะฐัะธะพะฝะฝะพะน ัะธััะตะผั
-v, --kernel-version ะฝะฐะฟะตัะฐัะฐัั ะฒะตััะธั ัะดัะฐ
-m, --machine ะฝะฐะฟะตัะฐัะฐัั ัะธะฟ ะพะฑะพััะดะพะฒะฐะฝะธั ะผะฐัะธะฝั
-p, --processor ะฝะฐะฟะตัะฐัะฐัั ัะธะฟ ะฟัะพัะตััะพัะฐ ะธะปะธ ยซะฝะตะธะทะฒะตััะฝะพยป
-i, --hardware-platform ะฝะฐะฟะตัะฐัะฐัั ัะธะฟ ะฐะฟะฟะฐัะฐัะฝะพะน ะฟะปะฐััะพัะผั ะธะปะธ ยซะฝะตะธะทะฒะตััะฝะพยป
-o, --operating-system ะฝะฐะฟะตัะฐัะฐัั ะธะผั ะพะฟะตัะฐัะธะพะฝะฝะพะน ัะธััะตะผั
--help ะฟะพะบะฐะทะฐัั ััั ัะฟัะฐะฒะบั ะธ ะฒัะนัะธ
--version ะฟะพะบะฐะทะฐัั ะธะฝัะพัะผะฐัะธั ะพ ะฒะตััะธะธ ะธ ะฒัะนัะธ
ืืึผืจืื ืืื ืคึฟืึธืจืืึทืฆืืข
ืฆื ืคึฟืึทืจืฉืืืื ืืื ืคืื ืืึทืจืึทื ืืื ืคืึทืจื ืืืขื ืึธืืขืจ ืคืจืื, ืืืจ ืงืขื ืขื ื ืืฆื ืืขื ืืึทืคึฟืขื ืคืจืืึท.
[user@testhost ~]$ free -h
total used free shared buff/cache available
Mem: 3,9G 555M 143M 56M 3,2G 3,0G
Swap: 0B 0B 0B
ืืื ืคึฟืึธืจืืึทืฆืืข ืืืขืื ืืขืงืข ืกืืกืืขืืขื (ืคืจืื ืืืกืง ืคึผืืึทืฅ)
ืงืึธืืขืงืืืื df ืึทืืึทืื ืืืจ ืฆื ืืขื ืืื ืคืื ืคึผืืึทืฅ ืืื ืคืจืื ืืื ืคืึทืจื ืืืขื ืืืืฃ ืืึธืื ืืขื ืืขืงืข ืกืืกืืขืืขื.
[user@testhost ~]$ df -hT
ะคะฐะนะปะพะฒะฐั ัะธััะตะผะฐ ะขะธะฟ ะ ะฐะทะผะตั ะัะฟะพะปัะทะพะฒะฐะฝะพ ะะพัั ะัะฟะพะปัะทะพะฒะฐะฝะพ% Cะผะพะฝัะธัะพะฒะฐะฝะพ ะฒ
/dev/vda1 ext4 79G 21G 55G 27% /
devtmpfs devtmpfs 2,0G 0 2,0G 0% /dev
tmpfs tmpfs 2,0G 0 2,0G 0% /dev/shm
tmpfs tmpfs 2,0G 57M 1,9G 3% /run
tmpfs tmpfs 2,0G 0 2,0G 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
tmpfs tmpfs 396M 0 396M 0% /run/user/1001
ืึธืคึผืฆืืข -T ืกืคึผืขืฆืืคืืฆืืจื ืึทื ืืขืจ ืืขืงืข ืกืืกืืขื ืืืคึผ ืืึธื ืืืื ืื ืคืขืจื.
ืืื ืคึฟืึธืจืืึทืฆืืข ืืืขืื ืืึทืกืงืก ืืื ืคืึทืจืฉืืื ืกืืึทืืืกืืืง ืืืืฃ ืื ืกืืกืืขื
ืฆื ืืึธื ืืึธืก, ื ืืฆื ืื ืืึทืคึฟืขื ืฉืคึผืืฅ. ืขืก ืืื ืืืืืขืืืืืง ืฆื ืืืืึทืื ืคืึทืจืฉืืื ืืื ืคึฟืึธืจืืึทืฆืืข: ืคึฟืึทืจ ืืืึทืฉืคึผืื, ืฉืคึผืืฅ ืคึผืจืึทืกืขืกืึทื ืืืจื ืืึทืจืึทื ืืึทื ืืฅ ืึธืืขืจ ืฉืคึผืืฅ ืคึผืจืึทืกืขืกืึทื ืืืจื ืงืคึผื ืฆืืื ืืึทื ืืฅ. ืขืก ืืืื ืืืกืคึผืืืื ืืื ืคึฟืึธืจืืึทืฆืืข ืืืขืื ืืึผืจืื, ืงืคึผื, ืืคึผืืืืข ืืื ืืึท (ืืึทืกืข ืืืจืืฉื ืืืืขื).
[user@testhost ~]$ top | head -10
top - 17:19:13 up 154 days, 6:59, 3 users, load average: 0.21, 0.21, 0.27
Tasks: 2169 total, 2 running, 2080 sleeping, 0 stopped, 0 zombie
Cpu(s): 1.7%us, 0.7%sy, 0.0%ni, 97.5%id, 0.0%wa, 0.0%hi, 0.1%si, 0.0%st
Mem: 125889960k total, 82423048k used, 43466912k free, 16026020k buffers
Swap: 0k total, 0k used, 0k free, 31094516k cached
PID USER PR NI VIRT RES SHR S %CPU %MEM TIME+ COMMAND
25282 user 20 0 16988 3936 1964 R 7.3 0.0 0:00.04 top
4264 telegraf 20 0 2740m 240m 22m S 1.8 0.2 23409:39 telegraf
6718 root 20 0 35404 4768 3024 S 1.8 0.0 0:01.49 redis-server
ืืขื ื ืืฆื ืืื ืจืืึทื ืคืึทื ืืงืฉืึทื ืึทืืืื, ืึทืืื ืืืื ืืืจ ืืึทืจืคึฟื ืฆื ื ืืฆื ืขืก ืึธืคื, ืขืก ืืื ืืขืกืขืจ ืฆื ืืืืขื ืขื ืื ืืึทืงืืืืขื ืืืืฉืึทื.
ื ืขืฅ ืคืึทืจืงืขืจ ืืึทืืคึผ
ืฆื ืื ืืขืจืกืขืคึผื ื ืขืฅ ืคืึทืจืงืขืจ ืืื ืืื ืืงืก, ืึท ื ืืฆื ืืื ืืขื ืืฆื ืืงืคึผืืืืคึผ. ืฆื ืืึทืืคึผ ืคืึทืจืงืขืจ ืืืืฃ ืคึผืึธืจื 12345, ืืืจ ืงืขื ืขื ื ืืฆื ืื ืคืืืืขื ืืข ืืึทืคึฟืขื:
[user@testhost ~]$ sudo tcpdump -i any -A port 12345
ืึธืคึผืฆืืข -A ืืืื ืึทื ืืืจ ืืืืื ืฆื ืืขื ืื ืจืขืืืืืึทื ืืื ASCII (ืึทืืื ืขืก ืืื ืืื ืคึฟืึทืจ ืืขืงืกื ืคึผืจืึธืืึธืงืึธืืก), - ืืื ืงืืื ืื ืืืงืืืฅ ืึทื ืืืจ ืืขื ืขื ื ืืฉื ืืื ืืขืจืขืกืืจื ืืื ืื ื ืขืฅ ืฆืืืื ื, ืคึผืึธืจื - ืืืึธืก ืคึผืึธืจื ืคืึทืจืงืขืจ ืฆื ืืึทืืคึผ. ืื ืฉืืื ืคึผืึธืจื ืงืขื ืขื ืืืขืจื ืืขื ืืฆื ืืึทืืขืืึธืก, ืึธืืขืจ ืึท ืงืึธืืืื ืึทืฆืืข ืืึทืืขืืึธืก ะธ ืคึผืึธืจื (ืืึทืืขืืึธืก ื ืืื ืคึผืึธืจื X). ืื ืื ืืขืจ ื ืืฆืืง ืึธืคึผืฆืืข ืงืขื ืืืื -n - ืืึธื ื ืื ืืขืจ ืึทืืจืขืกืขืก ืฆื ืืึธืกืื ืึทืืขืก ืืื ืืขืจ ืจืขืืืืืึทื.
ืืืึธืก ืืืื ืืขืจ ืคืึทืจืงืขืจ ืืื ืืืื ืขืจื? ืืขืืึธืื ืืขืจ ืึธืคึผืฆืืข ืืืขื ืืขืืคื ืืื ืื -X - ืจืขืืืืืึทื ืืึทืื ืืื ืืขืงืก ืืื ASCII:
[user@testhost ~]$ sudo tcpdump -i any -X port 12345
ืขืก ืืึธื ืืืื ืืขื ืืืขื ืืื ืืฉืืื ืึทื ืืื ืืืืืข ื ืืฆื ืงืึทืกืขืก, IP ืคึผืึทืงืืฅ ืืืขื ืืืื ืคึผืจืึธืืืงืฆืืข, ืึทืืื ืืื ืื ืึธื ืืืื ืคืื ืืขืืขืจ ืคืื ืืื ืขืก ืืืขื ืืืื ืืืื ืขืจื IP ืืื TCP ืืขืืขืจื. ืืึธ ืืื ืึท ืืืืฉืคึผืื ืจืขืืืืืึทื ืคึฟืึทืจ ืื ืึธื ืคึฟืจืขื "123" ืืขืฉืืงื ืฆื ืื ืกืขืจืืืขืจ ืฆืืืขืืขืจื ืืืืฃ ืคึผืึธืจื 12345:
[user@testhost ~]$ sudo tcpdump -i any -X port 12345
tcpdump: verbose output suppressed, use -v or -vv for full protocol decode
listening on any, link-type LINUX_SLL (Linux cooked), capture size 262144 bytes
14:27:13.224762 IP localhost.49794 > localhost.italk: Flags [P.], seq 2262177478:2262177483, ack 3317210845, win 342, options [nop,nop,TS val 3196604972 ecr 3196590131], length 5
0x0000: 4510 0039 dfb6 4000 4006 5cf6 7f00 0001 E..9..@.@......
0x0010: 7f00 0001 c282 3039 86d6 16c6 c5b8 9edd ......09........
0x0020: 8018 0156 fe2d 0000 0101 080a be88 522c ...V.-........R,
0x0030: be88 1833 3132 330d 0a00 0000 0000 0000 ...3123.........
0x0040: 0000 0000 0000 0000 00 .........
ืึทื ืฉืืึธื ืจืขืืืืืึทื
ืืึธื, ืขืก ืืขื ืขื ืคืืืข ืืขืจ ืืฉืืงืึทืืืข ืืื ืื ืืื ืืื ืืงืก ืืืึธืก ืืืจ ืงืขื ืขื ืืืืขื ืขื ืืืืฃ Habrรฉ, StackOverflow ืืื ืื ืืขืจืข ืืืืืืขื (ืืื ืืืขื ืืขืื ืืืจ ืึท ืืืืฉืคึผืื , ืืืึธืก ืืื ืืืื ). ืกืืกืืขื ืึทืืืื ืืกืืจืึทืืึธืจืก ืืื DevOps ื ืืฆื ืคืืืข ืืขืจ ืงืึทืืึทื ืื ืืื ืืืืืืึทืืื ืฆื ืงืึทื ืคืืืืขืจ ืกืขืจืืืขืจืก, ืึธืืขืจ ืืคืืื ืืขืกืืขืจืก ืงืขื ื ืืฉื ืืึธืื ืืขื ืื ืคืื ืื ืืืกืืขื ืงืึทืืึทื ืื. ืืืจ ืงืขื ืืึทืจืคึฟื ืฆื ืงืึธื ืืจืึธืืืจื ืื ืงืขืจืขืงืื ืึทืก ืคืื ืขืืืขืืข ืืจืืงื ืืืืืึทืื ืฆืืืืฉื ืืขื ืงืืืขื ื ืืื ืื ืกืขืจืืืขืจ, ืึธืืขืจ ืื ืึธืคึผืขืจืึทืฆืืข ืคืื โโโโืื ืกืขืจืืืขืจ ืืืขื ืขืก ืืื ืงืืื ืคืจืื ืืืกืง ืคึผืืึทืฅ. ืืื ืจืขื ืืคืืื ื ืืฉื ืืืขืื, ืืืฉื, ืืึธืงืขืจ, ืืืึธืก ืืื ืืืฆื ืึทืงืืืืืื ืืขื ืืฆื ืืืจื ืคืืืข ืงืึธืืคึผืึทื ืืขืก. ืืืึธืื ืขืก ืืืื ืืฉืืงืึทืืืข, ืืื ืึท ืืืื ืคืื ืื ืงืึทื ืืื ืืืืืฉืึทื ืคืื ืืขื ืจืขืคึฟืขืจืขื ืฅ ืึทืจืืืงื, ืฆื ืงืืงื ืืื ืขืืืขืืข ืืืืฉืคืืื ืคืื ื ืืฆื ืคืึทืจืฉืืื ืืื ืืงืก ืงืึทื ืกืึธืื ืืืืืืึทืืื ืืื ืืขื ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก ืคืื ืืขืกืืื ื ืืึทืืื ืื ืืก? ืืืื ืืืืื ืืืื ืืขืกืืขืจ ืืืื ืืื ืื ืืึทืืขืจืงืื ืืขื :)
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