ืคึผืจืึธื”ืึธืกื˜ืขืจ > ื‘ืœืึธื’ > ืึทื“ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืจืึทืฆื™ืข > ื•ื•ืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึธืจื’ืึทื–ืึทืžื– ืื•ืŸ Wi-Fi ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธืกื˜?

ื•ื•ืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึธืจื’ืึทื–ืึทืžื– ืื•ืŸ Wi-Fi ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธืกื˜?

Hedy Lamarr ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืฆื• ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ ื ืึทืงืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืคึฟื™ืœื ืื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื“ืœ ืึทืŸ ืึธืจื’ืึทื–ื ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทืคึผืึทืจืึทื˜, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื–ื™ ืื•ื™ืš ื™ื ื•ื•ืขื ื˜ืึทื“ ืึท ืจืึทื“ื™ืึธ ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืงืึทืฆื™ืข ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื•ืฅ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื™ื ื˜ืขืจืกืขืคึผืฉืึทืŸ.

ื•ื•ืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึธืจื’ืึทื–ืึทืžื– ืื•ืŸ Wi-Fi ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธืกื˜?

ืื™ืš ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืื– ื“ื™ ืžื•ื— ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืื™ื– ืžืขืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืื ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื–ืขืŸ.

- ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขื–ืื’ื˜ ื”ืึธืœืœื™ื•ื•ืึธืึธื“ ืึทืงื˜ืจื™ืกืข ืื•ืŸ ื™ื ื•ื•ืขื ื˜ืึธืจ Hedy Lamarr ืื™ืŸ 1990, 10 ื™ืืจ ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืจ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜.

Hedy Lamarr ืื™ื– ืึท ื›ื™ื™ื ืขื•ื•ื“ื™ืง ืึทืงื˜ืจื™ืกืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื“ื™ 40 ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื™ืึธืจื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืŸ ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืจืขื›ื˜ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืœ ืื•ื™ืกื–ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžืฆืœื™ื— ืึทืงื˜ื™ื ื’ ืงืึทืจื™ืขืจืข, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื‘ืืžืช ื‘ื•ื™ืœืขื˜ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืœืขืงื˜ื•ืึทืœ ืึทื‘ื™ืœืึทื˜ื™ื–.

Hedy, ืึธืคื˜ ืฆืขืžื™ืฉื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคืึธื•ื˜ืึทื’ืจืึทืคืก ืžื™ื˜ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ 20 ื™ืึธืจื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืกื™ื ืึทืžืึทื˜ื™ืง ืฉื™ื™ื ืงื™ื™ื˜, Vivien Leigh (Scarlett, Gone with the Wind), ื”ืื˜ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืึทื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉืคึผืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืจื•ื ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืงืึทืฆื™ืข (ื•ื•ืึธืก ืึทืœืึทื•ื– ืื•ื ื“ื– ืฆื• ื ื•ืฆืŸ ืจื™ืจืขื•ื•ื“ื™ืง ืคืึธื ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™-ืคื™ ื”ื™ื™ึทื ื˜).

ื•ื•ืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึธืจื’ืึทื–ืึทืžื– ืื•ืŸ Wi-Fi ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธืกื˜?
Vivien Leih ืื•ืŸ Hedy Lamarr

ื“ืึธืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงืึทืจื™ืขืจืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื“ืขื ื•ื™ืกืขืจื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขืš ืคืจื•ื™ ืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืจื™ื ื’, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ื™ืงืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ึทื˜ ื™ืงืกื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืจืงื•ื•ื™ืจื“ื™ืง.

ื•ื•ืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึธืจื’ืึทื–ืึทืžื– ืื•ืŸ Wi-Fi ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธืกื˜?

ื”ืขื“ื™ ืœืึทืžืึทืจ, ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ื”ืขื“ื•ื•ื™ื’ ื™ื™ื•ื•ืึท ืžืึทืจื™ืึท ืงื™ืขืกืœืขืจ, ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืึธืจืŸ ื“ืขื 9ื˜ืŸ ื ืึธื•ื•ืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1914 ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืŸ, ืขืกื˜ืจื™ื™ืš, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžืฉืคึผื—ื” ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผื™ืึทื ื™ืกื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืจื•ื“ ืœื™ื›ื˜ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทื ืงึพื“ื™ืจืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ืขืžื™ืœ ืงื™ืขืกืœืขืจ. ืื™ืจ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ื“ืึทืคึผืขืกื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื˜ืึทื˜ืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืึท ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžืฉืคึผื—ื”, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืื•ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืœืขืžื‘ืขืจื’.

ื–ื™ื ื˜ ืงื™ื ื“ืฉืึทืคื˜, ื“ื™ ืžื™ื™ื“ืœ ืงืึทืคึผื˜ื™ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื“ ืึทืœืขืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืึทื‘ื™ืœืึทื˜ื™ื– ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืึทืœืึทื ื˜. ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ ื‘ืึทืœืขื˜, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจืึทืžืขึพืฉื•ืœ, ื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ืœื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคึผื™ืึทื ืข, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ืžื™ื™ื“ืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืึทื’ื™ื™ืกื˜ืขืจื•ื ื’ ืฉื˜ื•ื“ื™ืจื˜ ืžืื˜ืขืžืื˜ื™ืง. ื–ื™ื ื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืฉืคึผื—ื” ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืจื™ื™ืš, ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืึทืจืคึฟืŸ ืฆื• ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืคืจื™ ืขืœื˜ืขืจ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื˜ืจืึธืฅ ื“ืขื, ื”ืขื“ื™ ืคืืจืœืื–ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸ 'ืก ื”ื™ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืœื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 16 ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจืึทืžืข ืฉื•ืœืข. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ื™ืงืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืœื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 17, ื–ื™ ืื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืึทืงื˜ื™ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ืœืžืก, ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื“ืขื‘ื•ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 1930 ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ื™ื™ึทื˜ืฉ ืคื™ืœื "ืžื™ื™ื“ื– ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื ื™ื™ื˜ืงืœืึทื‘." ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืคึฟื™ืœืึพืงืึทืจื™ืขืจืข, ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืฉืขื›ืึธืกืœืึธื•ื•ืึทืงื™ืฉืข ืคึฟื™ืœืžืขืŸ.

ื“ืขืจ ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืงืึทืจื™ืขืจืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืขืจืึธื˜ืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื˜ืขืจ ื“ืจื™ื™ ื™ืึธืจ ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœืข: ื“ื™ ื˜ืฉืขื›ืึธืกืœืึธื•ื•ืึทืงื™ืฉ-ืขืกื˜ืจื™ื™ึทืš ืคื™ืœื "ืขืงืกื˜ืึทืกื™" ืคื•ืŸ ื’ื•ืกื˜ืึทื•ื• ืžืึทื˜ืฉืึทื˜ื™ ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืจืœื“ื•ื•ื™ื™ื“ ืจื•ื. ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ืœื ืคึฟืึทืจ 1933 ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคึผืจืึธื•ื•ืึธืงืึทื˜ื™ื•ื•ืข ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธื ื˜ืจืึธื•ื•ืขืจืกื™ืึทืœ.

ื“ื™ ืฆืขืŸ ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ื™ื’ืข ืกืฆืขื ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื ืืงืขื˜ ืฉื•ื•ื™ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื•ื•ืืœื“ ืื–ืขืจืข ืื™ื– ื’ืื ืฅ ืื•ืžืฉื•ืœื“ื™ื’ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืกื˜ืื ื“ืืจื˜ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื XNUMXืกื˜ืŸ ื™ืืจื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜, ืื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ื™ืืจืŸ ื”ืื˜ ืขืก ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ืจืขื ื’ื˜ ื ืฉื˜ื•ืจืขื ืคื•ืŸ ืขืžืืฆื™ืขืก. ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืข ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ืœื ืืคื™ืœื• ืคืืจื‘ืื˜ืŸ ืฆื• ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืืจื•ื™ืก ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืขื˜ืœื™ื›ืข ื™ืืจ ืฉืคืขื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืฆืขื ื–ื•ืจ.

ื•ื•ืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึธืจื’ืึทื–ืึทืžื– ืื•ืŸ Wi-Fi ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธืกื˜?
Hedy Lamarr ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคื™ืœื ืขืงืกื˜ืึทืกื™, 1933

ื“ืขืจ ื›ื™ื™ืคึผ ืึทืจื•ื ื“ืขื ืคื™ืœื ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ืคื’ืขืงืึธื›ื˜ ืฆืืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงื™ืจืš ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืคื™ืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืงื˜ืจื™ืกืข, ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ื“ืึทื ืง ื“ืขื ื–ื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืŸ ื ืึธื•ื˜ืึธืจื™ืึทืก. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜, ื“ืขืจ ืกืงืึทื ื“ืึทืœ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืคึฟื™ืจื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ื ื•ื“ืึทื˜ื™ ื–ื™ืš, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ืกืฆืขื ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืกื™ืžื™ืึทืœื™ื™ื˜ื™ื“ ืึธืจื’ืึทื–ื ืื™ืŸ ืกื™ื ืขืžืึท ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข, ืงืึทื ื•ื•ื™ื ืกื™ื ื’ืœื™ ืคึผืœื™ื™ึทืขื“ ื“ื•ืจืš ืึท ืžื™ื™ื“ืœ, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื’ืขืคึฟื™ืจื˜ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืคืœืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืžืึธื•ืฉืึทื ื–. ื“ื™ ืึทืงื˜ืจื™ืกืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ืจืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ืกืคึผืึทืกื™ืคื™ืงืœื™ ืคึผืจื™ืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื–ื™ื›ืขืจืงื™ื™ึทื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ืคื˜ ื‘ืขืฉืึทืก ื“ื™ ืคื™ืœืžื™ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืขืจืึธื˜ื™ืฉ ืกืฆืขื ืข ืึทื–ื•ื™ ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืกืึธื•ื ื“ืก ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื•ื•ืึธืœื˜ ื•ื™ืกืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ื™ืง.

ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ืกืงืึทื ื“ืึทืœื™ืขื– ืคื™ืœื, ื“ื™ ืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืึทืœืข ืžื™ ืฆื• ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื“ ื—ืชื•ื ื” ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ. ื”ืขื“ื™'ืก ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืžืืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืกื˜ืจื™ื™ื›ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคืจื™ืฅ ืžืื ื“ืœ, ื ืžื™ืœื™ืื ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืจ ืคืื‘ืจื™ืงืื ื˜, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขืฉื˜ื™ืฆื˜ ื“ื™ ื ืืฆื™ืก ืื•ืŸ ืคืจืื“ื•ืฆื™ืจื˜ ื•ื•ืืคืŸ ืคืืจืŸ ื“ืจื™ื˜ืŸ ืจื™ื™ืš. ื‘ืขืช ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžืึทืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ืฆื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธื ืคึฟืขืจืขื ืฆืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื”ืขื“ื™ ื’ื•ื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜ ืึทืœืฅ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื“ื™ ืžืขื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ - ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืฉืžื•ืขืกืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืึทื ื˜, ื•ื•ืฒึทืœ ื“ื™ ืžืึทื ื“ืœึพืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงืฆื™ืขึพืœืึทื‘ืึธืจืึทื˜ืึธืจื™ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฉืืคืŸ ืจืึทื“ื™ืึธ-ืงืึทื ื˜ืจืึธื•ืœื“ืข ื•ื•ืึธืคืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ ื ืึทืฆื™ืก. ืื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืคืึทืงื˜ "ืฉืึธืก" ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ.

ื“ืขืจ ืžืืŸ ื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืืœืก ื ืฉืจืขืงืœื™ื›ืข ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืช, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ืžืงื ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื•ื•ืืก ืขืจ ื”ืื˜ ื‘ืื’ืขื’ื ื˜. ืขืก ื’ืขืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื ื’ ืคืจื•ื™ ืื™ื– ืžืžืฉ ืคืืจืฉืคืืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ "ื’ืึธืœื“ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ึทื’", ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืฆื• ืฉืคึผื™ืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ืœืžืก, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืจื™ื™ื ื˜. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืคึผืจื•ึผื•ื•ื˜ ืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ืึทืœืข ืขืงื–ืขืžืคืœืืจืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ "ืขืงืกื˜ืึทืกื™" ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธืงืึทื˜. ื“ื™ ื ื™ื™ื˜ืžืขืจ ื—ืชื•ื ื” ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขื“ื•ื™ืขืจื˜ ืคื™ืจ ื™ืืจ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ, ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืฆื• ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ืึท ืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’ ืฆื• ื–ื™ืš, ื“ื™ ื•ืžื’ืœื™ืงืœืขืš ืคืจื•ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืจื™ื™ึทืš ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ืฉื™ืกื•ื•ืึทืจื’ ืคืึทื‘ืจื™ืงืึทื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึทื›ื˜, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืคืจื™ืขืจ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ื™ื ืกื˜ ืฉืœืึธืคืŸ ืคึผื™ืœื– ืื•ืŸ ืึธื ื˜ืึธืŸ ืื™ืจ ืงืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจ, ืึทื ื˜ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ. ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื™ื– ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ื•ื•ืขืœืึธืกื™ืคึผืขื“ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึธืจื“ื– ื“ื™ ื ืึธืจืžืึทื ื“ื™ ื“ืึทืžืคืขืจ.

ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืžื™ื’ืจื™ืจื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข ืขืจื‘ึฟ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ึพืžืœื—ืžื” ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜, ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ืฉื™ืฃ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืคึฟืึธืจืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืœืึธื ื“ืึธืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื•ึพื™ืึธืจืง, ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืึทืงืขื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ MGM (ืžืขื˜ืจืึธึพื’ืึธืœื“ื•ื•ื™ืŸึพืžืื™ืขืจ) ืกื˜ื•ื“ื™ืข, ืœื•ืื™ ืžืื™ืจ. ืœืึทืžืึทืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉ, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ื’ื•ื˜ืข ื–ืึทืš, ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืœ ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฆื• ืฆื™ื™ื›ืŸ ืึท ืœื•ืงืจืึทื˜ื™ื•ื• ืงืึธื ื˜ืจืึทืงื˜ ืฆื• ืฉืคึผื™ืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืึธืœืœื™ื•ื•ืึธืึธื“ ืคื™ืœืžืก.

ื›ึผื“ื™ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืฆื• ืคืึทืจืฉืึทืคืŸ ื•ืžื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืึทืกืึธื•ืกื™ื™ื™ืฉืึทื ื– ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืื ืขืจ ืคึผื•ืจื™ื˜ืึทื ื™ืงืึทืœ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ื–ื™ ื ืขืžื˜ ืึท ืคึผืกืขื•ื•ื“ืึธื ื™ื, ื‘ืึทืจืึธื•ื™ื ื’ ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ MGM ืึทืงื˜ืจื™ืกืข ื‘ืึทืจื‘ืึทืจืึท ืœืึท ืžืึทืจ, ืžื™ื™ืขืจ ืก ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื‘ืึทืœื™ื‘ื˜, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืืจื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1926 ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืฆืขื‘ืจืื›ืŸ ื”ืึทืจืฅ ืจืขื›ื˜ ืฆื• ืžืขื“ื™ืฆื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื“ืœืขืŸ.

ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื™ึทืข ื‘ื™ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึทืจื™ืขืจืข ืื™ื– ืึทื ืคืึธื•ืœื“ื™ื ื’ ื”ืฆืœื—ื”. ื‘ืขืฉืึทืก ืื™ืจ ืงืึทืจื™ืขืจืข ืื™ืŸ ื”ืึธืœืœื™ื•ื•ืึธืึธื“, ื“ื™ ืึทืงื˜ืจื™ืกืข ืคึผืœื™ื™ึทืขื“ ืื™ืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ืคืึธืœืงืก ืคื™ืœืžืก ื•ื•ื™ "ืึทืœื“ื–ืฉื™ืขืจื–" (1938, ื“ื™ ืจืึธืœืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹โ€‹โ€‹ื’ืึทื‘ื™), "ื“ืึทืžืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืจืึทืคึผื™ืงืก" (1939, ื“ื™ ืจืึธืœืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ืžืึทื ืึธืŸ ื“ืข ื•ื•ืขืจื ืขื˜), ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืœื ืึทื“ืึทืคึผื˜ื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™. ืกื˜ืขื™ื ื‘ืขืงืก "ื˜ืึธืจื˜ื™ืœืœืึท ืคืœืึทื˜" (1942, ื“ื™ืจืขืงื˜ืึธืจ. ื•ื•ื™ืงื˜ืึธืจ ืคืœืขืžื™ื ื’, ื“ื™ ืจืึธืœืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื“ืึธืœืึธืจืขืก ืจืึทืžื™ืจืขื–), "ืจื™ื–ื™ืงื™ ืขืงืกืคึผืขืจื™ืžืขื ื˜" (1944), "ืžืึธื“ื ืข ืคืจื•ื™" (1946) ืื•ืŸ ืกืขืกื™ืœ ื“ืข ืžื™ืœืก ืขืคึผืึธืก ืคื™ืœื "ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืœื™ืœื”" (1949). ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืื•ื™ืกื–ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ืขืงืจืึทืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืœื "ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื‘ืœืขืš ื›ื™ื™ึทืข" (1958, ื“ื™ ืจืึธืœืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื•ื•ืึทื ืขืกืกืึท ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ืกืึธืจ).

ืืคื™ืœื• ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืงื˜ ืึทื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืขืจื™ืึธื“ ืœืึทืžืึทืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืจื™ื™ึท ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื”ืื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืึทืจื™ื™ึทื ืžื™ืฉื  ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืึทืงื˜ื™ื ื’ ืึทืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืขื˜ืŸ. ืืžืช, ื“ื™ ืื™ื ืคึฟืึธืจืžืึทืฆื™ืข ืื™ื– ืงืึทื ื˜ืจืึทื“ื™ืงื˜ืขืจื™ ืื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื“ืขื ืข ืงื•ื•ืืœืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืœ ื˜ืึธืžืขืจ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ ืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืŸ ื–ื•ืŸ.

ื”ืขื“ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจืœืึธื–ื˜ ืžืขื˜ืจืึธ-ื’ืึธืœื“ื•ื•ื™ืŸ-ืžืื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ 1945. ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฅ, Hedy Lamarr ืขืจื ื“ $ 30 ืžื™ืœื™ืึธืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœืžื™ื ื’.

ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฉื™ื™ื ืงื™ื™ื˜ ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื•ื•ืขืจืœื™ ื”ื™ืœืœืก ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืœื ื‘ื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืจื•ืืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ื“ื–ืฉืืŸ ืขืฃ ืงืขื ืขื“ื™ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืื•ื•ืืจื“ ื™ื•ื–, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืื‘ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืขืงื•ื•ื™ืคึผืžืขื ื˜ ืฆื• ืคื™ืจืŸ ืขืงืกืคืขืจื™ืžืขื ื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื˜ืจื™ื™ืœืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ ื”ืื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืกื•ื•ื™ื•ื•ืข ืึทื– ืœืึทืžืึทืจ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ืืžืช ืคืึทืš.

Hedy Lamarr ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ืœืึทื•ื•ื™ื ื’, ืœื™ื™ึทื“ื ืฉืึทืคื˜ืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ืงืึทืคึผืจื™ื–ื™ืง ืคืจื•ื™ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืคึผื™ืจื™ืึทื“ื™ืงืœื™ ืคึผืขืœืฅ ื“ื™ ื ื•ื™ื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื ื™ื™ึทืงื™ื™ึทื˜. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ืึทื– ืื™ืŸ ืึทื“ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืฆื• ืื™ืจ ืœืขื’ืึทืœ ืกืคึผืึทื•ืกืึทื–, ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ืขืงืก ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืจ ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ื“ื™ ืึทืงื˜ืจื™ืกืข ื”ืื˜ ืคื™ืœืข ืœื™ื‘ื”ืื‘ืขืจืก.

ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื™ืึธืจ ื ืึธืš ืึทื ื˜ืœืึธืคืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืžืึทืŸ, Lamarr ื”ืึธื˜ ื—ืชื•ื ื” ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ. ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืžืึทืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืกืงืจืขืขื ืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืฆื™ืจืขืจ Gene Macri, ืขืจ ืœื™ื‘ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจื•ื™ ืžืึทื“ืœื™, ืึธื‘ืขืจ Hedy ืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืข ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื. ื˜ืจืึธืฅ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืึธืก ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ืึท ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืžืึทืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื’ืœืฒื›ืฆืฒื˜ื™ืง ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืึท ืฉื™ื“ื•ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืึทืงื˜ื™ืึธืจ ื“ื–ืฉืืŸ ืœืึทื•ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืคึฟื™ืœื• ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ืึท ืงื™ื ื“ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื (ื•ื•ื™ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืžืงื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืึทืจื™ื›ื˜ืŸ). ืžืึทืงืจื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืกื›ื™ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืึธื ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ื•ืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืœ ืขืจ ืงืขืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื™ืžืึทื“ื–ืฉืึทืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืึธืŸ ื“ืขื ืœื•ืงืกื•ืก ืคืจื•ื™. ืึธื‘ืขืจ, ื ืึธืš ืึท ืคึผืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืึธืจืŸ, ื–ื™ ื ืึธืš ื“ื™ื•ื•ืึธืจืกื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืœืึทืžืึทืจ ืื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืคืื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืงื™ื ื“, ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ืœืึธื“ืขืจ, ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื‘ืึทืœื“ ืคืึธืจืžืึทืœื™ื™ื–ื“ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช.

ื“ื™ ื“ืจื™ื˜ ื—ืชื•ื ื” ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืงื˜ืจื™ืกืข ืœืึทืกื˜ื™ื“ 4 ื™ืืจ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ืœืึธื“ืขืจ ื ืึธืš ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ: ืึท ื–ื•ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึท ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ. ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1947 ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื“ืจื™ืงื˜ ืึท ืคืึทืจืœืึทื ื’ ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึท ื’ื˜. ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš, ื“ืจื™ื™ ืžืขืจ ื‘ืึทืึทืžื˜ืขืจ ืžืขืจื™ื“ื–ืฉื™ื– ื ืื›ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ: ืžื™ื˜ ืจืขืกื˜ืจืึทื˜ืึธืจ ืื•ืŸ ืงืœืขื–ืžืขืจ ื˜ืขื“ื™ ืกื˜ื•ืคืขืจ (1951-1952), ืึธื™ืœืžืึทืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ืื ื”ืึธื•ื•ืึทืจื“ ืœื™ (1953-1960) ืื•ืŸ ืึทื“ื•ื•ืึธืงืึทื˜ ืœื•ื™ืก ื‘ื•ื™ืขืก (1963-1965).

ื•ื•ื™ ืžื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ืขืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ื’ื•ืจืœ ืคื•ืŸ Hedy Lamarr ืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืœื™ืงืœืขืš. ื–ืขืงืก ื—ืชื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืจืขื ื’ื˜ ื’ืœื™ืง. ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทืฆื™ึดื•ื ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืจืฒึท ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืื™ื“ืขืึทืœ.

ืึธืคื˜ ืจื™ืคืขืจื“ ืฆื• ื•ื•ื™ "ื“ื™ ืžืขืจืกื˜ ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจื•ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ื ืึธ", Hedy Lamarr ืก ืฉื™ื™ื ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ึทื–ื™ื™ึทืŸ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขืจืกื˜ ืคืึธืœืงืก ืึทืงื˜ืจื™ืกืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜.

ืคื•ืŸ ืงื•ืจืก, ืœืึทืžืึทืจ ืก ืึทืงื˜ื™ื ื’ ืงืึทืจื™ืขืจืข ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื‘ืึทืจื™ืžื˜, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืคืึทืงื˜ื™ืฉ ื™ืžืึธืจื˜ืึทืœื™ื˜ื™.

ื•ื•ื™ ืื•ื™ื‘ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืึท ืฉื™ื™ืŸ, ื˜ืึทืœืึทื ื˜ื™ืจื˜ ืึทืงื˜ืจื™ืกืข ืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ื’, Hedy ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืึธืจ ื™ื ื˜ืขืœื™ื’ืขื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืขืคืขืจื™ืฉ. ื–ื™ ื”ืื˜ ื’ื•ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืžืื˜ืขืžืื˜ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ, ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ื‘ืืžื™ืื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืžืืŸ, ืื™ื– ื–ื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ ื‘ืื•ื•ืื•ืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืคืŸ.

ืื™ืจ ืึทื‘ื™ืœืึทื˜ื™ื– ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึทืคึผืœืึทืงื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืกื˜ื™ืžื™ืึทืœื™ื™ื˜ืึทื“ ื“ื•ืจืš ืึท ื‘ืึทื’ืขื’ืขื ื™ืฉ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทื•ื•ืึทื ื˜-ื’ืึทืจื“ ืงืึทืžืคึผืึธื•ื–ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื™ื ื•ื•ืขื ื˜ืึธืจ ื“ื–ืฉืืจื–ืฉ ืึทื ื˜ื”ื™ืœ. ื ืึธืš ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืึทืงื˜ืจื™ืกืข ืื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’, ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืึทื– ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื ื˜ืขืจืœืึทืงื™ืึทื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืคื™ืœ ืกืžืึทืจื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ ื–ื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ.

ืœืึทืžืึทืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทื“ืžื™ื™ืขืจื“ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขื’ ื•ื•ื™ ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜ ืžืึธื“ื ืข ื™ื ืกื˜ืจืึทืžืึทื ืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจื™ื™ื ื“ื–ืฉืžืึทื ืฅ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื–ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืฆื• ื˜ื™ื ืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ืŸ ืคื™ืœ, ื•ื•ื™ ื–ื™. Hedy ืื™ื– ื™ื ืกืคึผื™ื™ืขืจื“ ื“ื•ืจืš ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ืฆืŸ ืงื™ื™ืคืœ ืคึผืึทื ื˜ืฉื˜ ื˜ื™ื™ืคึผืก ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึท ืžืึทืงืึทื ื™ืงืึทืœ ืคึผื™ืึทื ืข, ืึทืœืึทื•ื™ื ื’ ืคึผืœื™ื™ื‘ืึทืง ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืกื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืœืข ืฆื• ืื ื“ืขืจืŸ ืึธืŸ ืึทืคืขืงื˜ื™ื ื’ ื“ื™ ืžื•ื–ื™ืง (ืžืžืฉ, "ืึธืŸ ืœื•ื–ื™ื ื’ ืึท ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ"). ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ, ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืคึผืึทื˜ืึทื ื˜ืึทื“ ื“ื™ ื™ื ื“ื–ืฉื™ื ื™ืึทืก ื˜ืขื›ื ืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ืคึผืกืขื•ื•ื“ืึธ-ืจืึทื ื“ืึธื ืึธืคื˜ืงื™ื™ึทื˜ ื›ืึทืคึผื™ื ื’ (PRFC), ื™ืžื‘ืึทื“ื™ ื“ื™ ื“ืขืจืžืื ื˜ ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ืฆืŸ ืคึผืึทื ื˜ืฉื˜ ืคึผืึทืคึผื™ืจ ื˜ื™ื™ืคึผืก ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืฉื™ืฆืŸ ืจืึทื“ื™ืึธ ื›ื•ื•ืืœื™ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื–ืฉืึทืžื™ื ื’. ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื”ื™ื˜ ืกื™ื ื’ืงืจืึทื ืึทื–ื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืึทื ื˜ืฉื˜ ื˜ื™ื™ืคึผืก ื™ื ืฉื•ืจื– ืงืึทื ื˜ื™ื ื™ื•ื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื•ื–ื™ืง ืคึผืœื™ื™ึทืขื“ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื“ืขื ืข ืคึผื™ืึทื ืึธื•ื–, ืึท ืจืึทื“ื™ืึธ ืกื™ื’ื ืึทืœ ืกื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึทื ืึทืœ ืฆื• ืื ื“ืขืจืŸ.

ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืขืจื™ืฉ ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืงืึทืฆื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืจื™ืจืขื•ื•ื“ื™ืง ื˜ืขืœืขืคืึธืŸ ื˜ืขื›ื ืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืข. ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1942, ื–ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธืžืคึผืึธื–ื™ื˜ืึธืจ ื“ื–ืฉืืจื–ืฉ ืึทื ื˜ื”ื™ืœ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคึผืึทื˜ืขื ื˜ ื ื•ืžืขืจ 2, "ืกืขืงืจืขื˜ ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืงืึทืฆื™ืข ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื," ืึทืœืึทื•ื™ื ื’ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื˜ ืงืึธื ื˜ืจืึธืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืึธืจืคึผื™ื“ืึธื•ื–. ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธืคื˜ืงื™ื™ึทื˜ ื›ืึทืคึผื™ื ื’ ื˜ืขื›ื ืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืข ืื™ื– ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืึทืคึผืจื™ืฉื™ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื“ ืคื™ืœืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ. ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืžืคืขื˜ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืคื™ื ื“ื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืžืขืกืขื“ื–ืฉ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขื•ื•ืืงื•ืืฆื™ืข ืฉื™ืฃ ื•ื•ืืก ืื™ื– ืคืืจื–ื•ื ืงืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืŸ ื“ืขื 292ื˜ืŸ ืกืขืคื˜ืขืžื‘ืขืจ 387, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ 17 ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ืื™ืจ ื•ื™ืกืขืจื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขืš ืึทื‘ื™ืœืึทื˜ื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผื™ื ื˜ืœืขืš ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืฆื• ืจืขืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืฆื™ืจืŸ ืคื™ืœืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื“ื™ ื˜ืขื›ื ื™ืฉ ื“ืขื˜ืึทื™ืœืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืžื•ืขืกืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืคืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืžืึทืŸ ื”ืื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื.

ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื–ืฉืึธืจื“ื–ืฉ, ื–ื™ื™ ืื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ืื•ื™ืกื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ืŸ ืึท ืจืึทื“ื™ืึธ-ืงืึทื ื˜ืจืึธื•ืœื“ ื˜ืึธืจืคึผืขื“ืข, ื“ื™ ืงืึธื ื˜ืจืึธืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืงืขืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื ื˜ืขืจืกืขืคึผื˜ืึทื“ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ื–ืฉืึทืžื“. Lamarr ืฉืขืจื“ ืึท ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง ืžื™ื˜ Antheil: ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ืจื™ืžืึธื•ื˜ืœื™ ื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึธื•ืึธืจื“ืึทื ืึทืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืฆื™ืœ ืฆื• ืึท ืงืึทื ื˜ืจืึธื•ืœื“ ื˜ืึธืจืคึผืขื“ืข ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืึธืคื˜ืงื™ื™ึทื˜, ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ื™ึทื ื˜ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื™ื ื˜ืขืจืกืขืคึผื˜ ื“ื™ ืกื™ื’ื ืึทืœ, ืึทืจื™ื™ึทื ืฉื˜ื•ืคึผืŸ ืขืก ืึธื“ืขืจ ืจื™ื“ืขืจืขืงื˜ ื“ื™ ื˜ืึธืจืคึผืขื“ืข ืฆื• ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ืœ, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ื ื•ืฆืŸ ืึท ื˜ืจืึทืค - ืงืึธื“ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื˜ืจืึทื ืกืžื™ื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื˜ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืจืึทื ืกืžื™ืกื™ืข ืงืึทื ืึทืœ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืกื™ื ื’ืงืจืึทื ื™ื™ื– ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ืึธืคื˜ืงื™ื™ึทื˜ ื˜ืจืึทื ื–ื™ืฉืึทื ื– ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื•ืคื ืขืžืขืจ. ื“ืขื ืขื ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืงืึทืฆื™ืข ื˜ืฉืึทื ืึทืœื– ื’ืขืจืึทื ื˜ื™ื– ื“ื™ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ืึทืจื™ื‘ืขืจืคื™ืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืคึฟืึธืจืžืึทืฆื™ืข. ื‘ื™ื– ืึทื– ืžืึธืœ, ืคึผืกืขื•ื•ื“ืึธ-ืจืึทื ื“ืึธื ืงืึธื•ื“ื– ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื ื™ืฆื˜ ืฆื• ืขื ืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ ืื™ื ืคึฟืึธืจืžืึทืฆื™ืข ื˜ืจืึทื ืกืžื™ื˜ื˜ืขื“ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืึทื ื˜ืฉื™ื™ื ื“ื–ืฉื“ ืึธืคึฟืŸ ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืงืึทืฆื™ืข ื˜ืฉืึทื ืึทืœื–. ื“ืึธ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ืฉืจื™ื˜ ืคืึธืจื•ื™ืก: ื“ื™ ืกื•ื“ ืฉืœื™ืกืœ ืื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜ ืฆื• ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื“ ื˜ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืื™ื ืคึฟืึธืจืžืึทืฆื™ืข ื˜ืจืึทื ืกืžื™ืกื™ืข ื˜ืฉืึทื ืึทืœื–.

ื•ื•ืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึธืจื’ืึทื–ืึทืžื– ืื•ืŸ Wi-Fi ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธืกื˜?
ืคึผืœืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท 1942 ืคึผืึทื˜ืขื ื˜. ื‘ื™ืœื“: ืคืœื™ืงืจ / ืคืœืึธืจ, ืœื™ื™ืกืึทื ืกื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ CC BY-SA 2.0. (ื ืคื™ื’ื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืึทื˜ืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 1942. ื‘ื™ืœื“: ืคืœื™ืงืจ/ืคืœืืจ, ืคืืจืฉืคืจื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื CC BY-SA 2.0 ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ืขื ื™ืฉ.)

ื“ืขืจ ืึธืจื™ื’ื™ื ืขืœ ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง, ื‘ื“ืขื” ืฆื• ืกืึธืœื•ื•ืข ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืœืขื ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™ื™ึทื ื˜ ื“ื–ืฉืึทืžื™ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืจืึทื“ื™ืึธ-ืงืึทื ื˜ืจืึธื•ืœื“ ืžื™ืกืึทืœื– ื‘ืขืฉืึทืก ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื™ื ื•ื•ืึทืœื•ื•ื“ ืกื™ื™ืžืึทืœื˜ื™ื™ื ื™ืึทืกืœื™ ื˜ืฉืึทื ื’ื™ื ื’ ืจืึทื“ื™ืึธ ืคืจื™ืงื•ื•ืึทื ืกื™ื– ืฆื• ืคืึทืจืžื™ื™ึทื“ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื˜ืขืงื˜ื™ื ื’ ื“ืขื ืกื™ื’ื ืึทืœ. ื–ื™ ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืœื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืœืึทื ื“ ืึท ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืขืจื™ืฉ ืžื™ื™ึทืœืข. ื‘ืฉืขืช ื“ื™ ื˜ืขื›ื ืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื˜ื›ื™ืœืขืก ืคึผืจื™ื•ื•ืขื ื˜ื™ื“ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ, ื“ื™ ืึทื“ื•ื•ืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืจืึทื ื–ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืกืึทื‘ืกืึทืงื•ื•ืึทื ื˜ ืฉืจื™ื ื’ืงื™ื“ื–ืฉ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ Hedy ืก ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืคึฟืึทืจ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืขืจื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืกืขืœื™ืึทืœืขืจ ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืงืึทืฆื™ืข.

ืึธื‘ืขืจ, ื“ื™ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืื ืขืจ ื ืึทื•ื•ื™ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ืืคื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืคืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจื•ื™ืขืงื˜ ืจืขื›ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืงืึทืžืคึผืœืขืงืกื™ื˜ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ึทืŸ ื™ืžืคึผืœืึทืžืขื ื˜ื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื™ืžื™ื˜ืขื“ ื ื•ืฆืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืขืก ืื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืื™ืŸ 1962, ืึทื–ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ื™ื ื•ื•ืขื ื˜ืึธืจืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืžืึทืœื›ืขืก ืคึฟืึทืจ ืื™ื. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืึท ื”ืึทืœื‘ ื™ืึธืจื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ, ื“ืขื ืคึผืึทื˜ืขื ื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ืงืขืจ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืคืึทืจืฉืคึผืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืจื•ื ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืงืึทืฆื™ืข, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื ื™ืฆื˜ ื”ื™ื™ึทื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืœืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึธื‘ื™ืœ ืคืึธื ืขืก ืฆื• ื•ื•ื™-ืคื™.

"ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืจื™ื ื’ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืžื™ืจ ืฆื• ืื•ื™ืกื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ืŸ," ื”ืึธื˜ ืœืึทืžืึทืจ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ืŸ "ื‘ืึธืžื‘ืข." "ืื™ืš ื˜ืึธืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื’ืขื“ืื ืงืขืŸ, ื–ื™ื™ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ."

ื•ื•ืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึธืจื’ืึทื–ืึทืžื– ืื•ืŸ Wi-Fi ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธืกื˜?

ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ืึท ื ื™ื™ึทืข ื“ืึทืงื™ื•ืžืขื ื˜ืขืจื™ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ื˜ืขื›ื ื™ืฉ ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืŸ ืื™ื– ืื™ืจ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข ื™ืจื•ืฉื”. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ Bombshell: The Hedy Lamarr Story. ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ืœื ื˜ืฉืจืึธื ื™ืงืœืขืก ื“ืขื ืคึผืึทื˜ืขื ื˜ Lamarr ืคื™ื™ืœื“ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึธืคื˜ืงื™ื™ึทื˜ ื›ืึทืคึผื™ื ื’ ื˜ืขื›ื ืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืข ืื™ืŸ 1941, ืึท ืคึผืจื™ืงืขืจืกืขืจ ืฆื• ื‘ืึทื•ื•ืึธืจืขื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™-ืคื™, ื’ืคึผืก ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ืขื˜ืึธืึธื˜ื”. ืึธืคื˜ืงื™ื™ึทื˜ ื›ืึทืคึผื™ื ื’ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืจื•ื ืื™ื– ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขืจืกื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืึทืกืคึผืขืงืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึธื“ ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื–ืฉืึทืŸ ืงื™ื™ืคืœ ืึทืงืกืขืก (CDMA), ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื ื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ืœืข ื˜ืขืงื ืึทืœืึทื“ื–ืฉื™ื– ื•ื•ืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ื ื•ืฆืŸ ื”ื™ื™ึทื ื˜. ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืคึผืก, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื ื•ืฆืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืžืึธืœ ืื™ืจ ืงืึธื ื˜ืจืึธืœื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืžืึทืคึผืข ืึทืคึผ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืกืžืึทืจื˜ืคืึธื ืข. ืžืึธื‘ื™ืœ ืคืึธื ืขืก ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื ื™ืฆื˜ CDMA ืคึฟืึทืจ ื˜ืขืœืขืคืึธืŸ ืกื™ื’ื ืึทืœื–, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืœืฅ ื“ืึทื•ื ืœืึธื•ื“ื™ื“ ืขืคึผืขืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืึท 3G ื ืขืฅ, ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜ ื˜ืขื›ื ืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืข ื‘ืื–ื™ืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื”ืžืฆืื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ืœืึทืžืึทืจ ืื•ืŸ ืึทื ื˜ื”ื™ืœ. ืึธืคื˜ืงื™ื™ึทื˜ ื›ืึทืคึผื™ื ื’ ื˜ืขื›ื ืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืข ืื™ื– ืึทืœืข ืึทืจื•ื ืื•ื ื“ื–, ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืจื™ื ื’ ืฆื• ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื“ืขืจืคื™ื ื“ื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื“ืžืขืจื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืจืขืกืคึผืขืงื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื–ื™ื™ึทืขื ื“ื™ืง ืึทื–ื•ื™ ืฉืขืคืขืจื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื™ื ื•ื•ืขื ื˜ื™ื•ื•.

ืึธื‘ืขืจ, ืœืึทืžืึทืจ ื”ืื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืจื•ื ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจื’ื™ื˜ื™ืงื•ื ื’ ื–ื™ ืคืืจื“ื™ื ื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขื“ืื ืงืขืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึทื˜ืขื ื˜, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืคื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื“ื–ืฉืืจื–ืฉ ืึทื ื˜ื”ื™ืœ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื–ื•ื›ื˜ ืฆื• ื‘ืืฉื™ืฆืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ ื“ืขืจืคื™ื ื“ื•ื ื’ ืคืืจ ืจืื“ื™ื ืงืืžื™ื•ื ื™ืงืืฆื™ืขืก, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืงืขื ืขืŸ "ื”ืึธืคึผืงืขืŸ" ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืึธืคื˜ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ, ื›ื“ื™ ืฆื• ืคืืจืžื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืืฆื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื˜ืขืงื˜ืŸ ืืœื™ืื™ืจื˜ืข ื˜ืืจืคืขื“ืขืก. ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื ื˜ื™ื’ืŸ ื˜ืื’ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืœืืžืืจืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืื™ืจ ืคืืจืžืขื’ืŸ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ืคืขื ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ื“ื•ืกื˜ืจื™ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื•ืœื˜ื™-ื‘ื™ืœื™ืืŸ ื“ืืœืืจ ืคืืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืื™ื“ืขืข ื”ืื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืขื’, ื”ื’ื ื“ื™ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืื ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืื˜ ืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืง ืื ืขืจืงืขื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืคืจืืงื•ื•ืขื ืก-ื”ืืคึผื™ื ื’ ืคึผืึทื˜ืขื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืจืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขื›ื ืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืข.

ืœืึทืžืึทืจ ืก ื•ื•ืขืจืง ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ื™ื ื•ื•ืขื ื˜ืึธืจ ืื™ื– ืงื•ื™ื ืคึผืึทื‘ืœื™ืฉืึทื ื“ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 1940 ืก. ืขืก ืื™ื– ืึทืŸ ืคืึทืจื–ืข ืึทื– ื‘ืึธืžื‘ืฉืขืœืœ ื“ื™ืจืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ืื•ืŸ ืจืขืคืจืึทืžืขื“ ืคึผื™ืงื˜ื•ืจืขืก ืงืึธ-ื’ืจื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืึทืœืขืงืกืึทื ื“ืจืึท ื“ื™ืŸ ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ืึทื– ืขืก ืื™ื– ืคึผืึทืกื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืžืึธืœ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึฟื™ืœื ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ื˜ืขื’.

ืคึผืจืึธืคืขืกืึธืจ Jan-Christopher Horak, ื“ื™ืจืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ UCLA ืคื™ืœื ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืขืœืขื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ืข ืึทืจื˜ืฉื™ื•ื•ืขืก, ื–ืื’ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืึธืžื‘ืฉืขืœืœ ืึทื– MGM ืกื˜ื•ื“ื™ืข ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ ืœื•ื™ ื‘ื™ ืžืื™ืจ, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขื—ืชืžืขื˜ ืœืึทืžืึทืจืจ ืฆื• ืึท ื”ืึธืœืœื™ื•ื•ืึธืึธื“ ืงืึธื ื˜ืจืึทืงื˜, ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ื“ื™ืคื™ื™ื ื“ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื˜ื™ื™ืคึผืก: ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืคื™ืจืขืจื™ืฉ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ืคึผืขื“ืขืกื˜ืึทืœ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ. ืคึผืจืึธืคืขืกืึธืจ ื”ืึธืจืึทืง ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ืึทื– ืึท ืคืจื•ื™ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืกืขืงืกื™ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืžืึทืง ืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืžืื™ืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืึธื ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื•ื™ืœืขื.

ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื™ืžืคึผืจืขืกื™ื•ื• ื˜ืขืงื ืึทืœืึทื“ื–ืฉื™ืงืึทืœ ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื”, ืงืึทืžื‘ื™ื™ื ื“ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืึทืงื˜ื™ื ื’ ื˜ืึทืœืึทื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ ืงื•ื•ืึทืœื™ื˜ืขื˜, ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื“ื™ "ืฉืขื ืกื˜ืข ืคืจื•ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคื™ืœื" ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขืจืกื˜ ื˜ืฉื™ืงืึทื•ื•ืข ืื•ืŸ ื™ื ื˜ืขืœื™ื’ืขื ื˜ ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ืœื ืื™ื ื“ื•ืกื˜ืจื™ืข.

โ€œืœื•ื™ ื‘ื™ ืžืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆืขื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื˜ื™ื™ืคึผืก ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ: ื“ื™ ืžืึทื“ืึทื ืึท ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ื•ื ื”. ืื™ืš ื˜ืึธืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืœืฅ ื’ืขื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ืึทื– ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ืขืคึผืขืก ืึทื ื“ืขืจืฉ ื•ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข, "ื”ืึธืจืึทืง ื–ืื’ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคื™ืœื, ืจื™ืคืขืจื™ื ื’ ืฆื• ืœืึทืžืึทืจ.

ื“"ืจ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื ืึทื™ืง, ื˜ืฉืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืึทื ื“ื™ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ESSEC ื‘ื™ื–ื ืขืก ืฉื•ืœืข ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืึทืจื™ื– ืื•ืŸ ืึท ืคืจื™ืขืจื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจืžืึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืึทืจื•ื•ืึทืจื“ ื‘ื™ื–ื ืขืก ืฉื•ืœืข, ืฉื˜ื™ืžืขืŸ ืึทื– ื”ืึธืœืœื™ื•ื•ืึธืึธื“ ืคึผื™ื“ื–ืฉืึธื ื›ืึธื•ืœื– ื•ื•ืึธืžืขืŸ. ื“"ืจ ื ืึทื™ืง ืœืขืจื ื˜ ืคึผืึธื•ื•ืขืจ ื‘ืจืึทื ื“ ืึทื ื˜ื”ืจืึธืคึผืึธืœืึธื’ื™ ืื™ืŸ ESSEC ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืึท ืžื•ืžื—ื” ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื ื•ืฆืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื‘ืœืขืš ืึทืจื˜ืฉืขื˜ื™ืคึผืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื“ื™ืึท.
ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“"ืจ ื ืึทื™ืง, ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ ืคึผืึทื–ื™ืฉืึทื ื“ ื•ื•ื™ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืจื™ื™ึท ืึทืจื˜ืฉืขื˜ื™ืคึผืก: ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ืื•ืŸ ื™ื ื˜ืขืœื™ื’ืขื ื˜ ืžืœื›ึผื”, ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจืคื™ืจืขืจื™ืฉ ืคึผืจื™ื ืกืขืก, ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืคืขืžืข ืคืึทื˜ืึทืœืข, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึท ืงืึธืžื‘ื™ื ืึทืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข. ืขืจ ื–ืื’ื˜ ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืึทืจื˜ืฉืขื˜ื™ืคึผืขืก ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืฆื• ื’ืจื™ื›ื™ืฉ ืžืึทื˜ืึทืœืึทื“ื–ืฉื™ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื’ืขื ื™ืฆื˜ ืฆื• ืฉื™ืœื“ืขืจืŸ ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื“ื™ืึท ืื•ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืข. ื“ืดืจ ื ื™ืง ื–ืื’ื˜, ืื– ืดืคืขืžืข ืคืื˜ืืœืด ืื™ื– ื ืงืื˜ืขื’ืืจื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืก ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ื™ื ืขืจ, ื‘ืจื™ืœื™ืื ื˜ืขืจ ืขืจืคื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืœืืžืืจ ืคืืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื– ืžื•ืœื˜ื™ื“ื™ืžืขื ืกื™ืื ืขืœืข ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืืคื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืืœืก ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืžืขื ืืกื™ื ื’.

"ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง, ืกืขืงืกื™, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืงืœื•ื’ ืคืจื•ื™ ... ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื˜ืึทืงืข ืกืงืขืจื™ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืจื•ื‘ึฟ ื’ื™ื™ื–," ื–ืื’ื˜ ื“"ืจ ื ืึทื™ืง. โ€” ืื™ืจ ืฐืฒื–ื˜ ื ืืจ ืฐื™ ืฉื•ื•ืืš ืžื™ืจ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ.

ื“"ืจ ื ืึทื™ืง ื‘ืืžืขืจืงื˜ ืึทื– ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉ, ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืคึผืึทื–ื™ืฉืึทื ื“ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื“ื™ืึท ืื™ืŸ ืึทื•ื˜ื“ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื“, ืื™ื™ืŸ-ื“ื™ืžืขื ืฉืึทื ืึทืœ ืจืึธืžืขืŸ ื‘ืืฉืืคืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืึท ื–ื›ืจ ืคึผืขืจืกืคึผืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืจื™ื™ืžื•ื•ืขืจืง, ืžืึทืœื˜ื™-ื˜ืึทืœืึทื ื˜ื™ืจื˜ ื•ื•ืึธืžืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ืœืึทืžืึทืจ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืึธืคื˜ ื•ื•ืึทืœื™ื•ื“ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืคึฟืึทืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืœื™ ืืœื ื•ื•ื™ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคื™ื™ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ืŸ, ืื•ื™ืกื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืึทืคึฟืŸ. ื“ื™ ืื™ื ืคึฟืึธืจืžืึทืฆื™ืข ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ ืก ื“ื™ืกืึทื‘ื™ืœื™ื˜ื™ื– ืื™ื– ื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ืŸ ืึทืŸ ื™ืžืคึผืจืขืกื™ื•ื• ื•ื™ืœืขื ืึทืจื•ื ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜.

"ื“ื™ ืกื™ื˜ื•ืึทืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹โ€‹โ€‹ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื›ึผืžืขื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื“ื™ืฉ," ื–ืื’ื˜ ื“"ืจ ื ืึทื™ืง. "ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื“ื™ ืจืขื›ื˜ ืฆื• ืฉื˜ื™ืžืขืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืœืขื. โ€

ื“ืขืจืคึฟืึทืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืดืจ ื ื™ืง ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืจืึทืฉื˜, ืึทื– ืœืึทืžืึทืจ'ืก ืึทื ื˜ืจืึทืคึผืจืึทื ืขืจื™ืฉืข ืึทืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืขื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืฆื™ืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืจืขื–ืฉื™ืกื™ืจืŸ ืคึฟื™ืœืžืขืŸ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขืฉื˜ื™ืฆื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 1940ืขืจ ื™ืึธืจืŸ. ืึธื“ืขืจ ืึทื– ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื“ื•ื™ืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืงืึทื“ืขืก ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืœืึทืžืึทืจ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ืฆื• ื™ื•ื•ืึทืœื•ื• ืฆื• ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื“ื™ ืงืจืขื“ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ ื“ื™ื–ืขืจื•ื•ื“ ื•ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ื™ื ื•ื•ืขื ื˜ืึธืจ ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ.

Lamarr's ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ, Denise Loder, ืื™ื– ืฉื˜ืึธืœืฅ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ 'ืก ื™ื ื•ื•ืขื ื˜ื™ื•ื• ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื–ื™ ื”ืื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืงืึธื›ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืจ ืงืึทืจื™ืขืจืข ืฆื• ืฉื˜ื•ืคึผืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจืขื ืขืฆืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื‘ืืžืขืจืงื˜. ื–ื™ ื‘ืืžืขืจืงื˜ ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืคืึทืจืžืึธื’ืŸ ืึท ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงืฆื™ืข ืคื™ืจืžืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ืžืขืฉื™ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื‘ืœืขืš ืคึผืขืจืกืคึผืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•.

"ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึทื–ื•ื™ ืคืึธืจื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืŸ ืึท ืคืขืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜," ื–ืื’ื˜ ืœืึธื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืึธืžื‘ืข.
("ื‘ืึธืžื‘ืข"). "ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ืึทื–, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื–ื™ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ."

ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื“ื•ื™ืขืจื˜ ืึท ืœืึทื ื’ืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜, ืึธื‘ืขืจ Lamarr ืื•ืŸ Antheil ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื“ืœื™ ืื ืขืจืงืขื ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ื™ื ื•ื•ืขื ื˜ืึธืจืก ืคื•ืŸ ืึธืคื˜ืงื™ื™ึทื˜ ื›ืึทืคึผื™ื ื’, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืึทื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™-ืคื™, ื‘ืœื•ืขื˜ืึธืึธื˜ื” ืื•ืŸ ื’ืคึผืก. ืื™ืŸ 1997, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืœืึทืžืึทืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 82 ื™ืึธืจ ืึทืœื˜, ื“ื™ ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจืึธื ื™ืฉ ืคืจืึธื ื˜ื™ืขืจ ืคืึธื•ื ื“ืึทื˜ื™ืึธืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ืึทื ืขืจื“ ืžื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื” ืึทื•ื•ืึทืจื“ืก.

ืœืืžืืจ ื”ืื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ ืคืืจ ืงืœื•ื’ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ืืจื•ื ืื™ืจ. ืึทื ืฉื˜ืึธื˜, ืขืก ืื™ื– ืื™ืจ ืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืึทื•ื˜ืœื•ืง ืื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื“ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืกื™ื˜ื•ืึทื˜ื™ืึธื ืก ื•ื•ืึธืก ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข. ื–ื™ ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜ ืฉืืœื•ืช. ื–ื™ ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขืฐืืœื˜ ืคืืจื‘ืขืกืขืจืŸ. ื–ื™ ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืœืขืžืก ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืื•ืกื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืึทืจืคึฟืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืกืึทืœื•ื•ื“. ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืึทื– ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืคืึทืœืฉ ืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ืึธืคื˜ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืงื™ืจื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึท ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ. ืื‘ืขืจ ืœืึทืžืึทืจ ื”ืื˜ ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื–ื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืœื˜, ืึทื–ื•ื™ ื–ื™ ืงืœืืจ ื•ื•ืึทืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื ืขืŸ? ื•ื•ื™ ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืึธืคึผืงืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืŸ ืขื“ืŸ: ืื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืœ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื•ื•ืืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจืฉืจืึธืงืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืœื™ืจืŸ ื’ืขืœื˜, ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืคืึทืจืคืึทืœืŸ. ืขืก ื’ืฒื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืึธืŸ, ื“ืขืจืคึฟืึทืจ ื’ืขืฐื™ืŸ ืื™ืš.

ื“ืจืฒึท ื™ืึธืจ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึธืจื‘ืŸ.

ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื™ืึธืจ, ื“ื™ ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืึทืœ ืคึฟืึทืจื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืœื•ื ื’ ื’ืจื•ืคืข, ืึทืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืื ืขืจ ืคืึทืจื‘ืึทื ื“ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืฉื˜ื™ืฆื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืึทืžืึธื•ืฅ ืคืึทืจื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืœื•ื ื’ ืคึผืœืึทื˜ืคืึธืจืžืก, ืึทื•ื•ืึธืจื“ื™ื“ Geena Davis ื“ื™ Hedy Lamarr ืึทื•ื•ืึทืจื“ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื›ื™ื“ืขืฉ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืœื•ื ื’ ืื™ื ื“ื•ืกื˜ืจื™ืข ืคึฟืึทืจ ืื™ืจ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื–ืฉืขื ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžืขื“ื™ืข ื™ืฉื•ื–. ื“ื™ ืึทื•ื•ืึธืจื“ ืื ืขืจืงืขื ื˜ ื•ื•ืึธืžืขืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื‘ืึทื˜ื™ื™ึทื˜ื™ืง ืงืึทื ื˜ืจืึทื‘ื™ื•ืฉืึทื ื– ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืœื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืขื›ื ืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืข ื™ื ื“ืึทืกื˜ืจื™ื–.

ืžื™ื˜ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื™ืึธืจ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง, Lamarr ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขืžืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹โ€‹โ€‹ืึท Google ื“ืึธืึธื“ืœืข.

ืึทื–ื•ื™ ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืขืœืขืคืึธืŸ, ื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืจื•ื™ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื’ืขื”ืึธืœืคึฟืŸ ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืขืก ืคึผืึทืกื™ืจืŸ.

Hedy ืก ืงืจื™ื’ืขืจื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืงืึทื˜ืึทื’ืึธืจื™ืงืึทืœ ื›ืึทืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืึทื ืกืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืœืข ื”ืึธืœืœื™ื•ื•ืึธืึธื“ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืคึผืขืจืกืึธื ืึท ื ื™ื˜-ื’ืจืึทื˜ืึท ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ืœื ืงืจื™ื™ื–ืŸ. ืœืึทืžืึทืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืคื™ืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ืœืžืก ื‘ื™ื– 1958, ื ืึธืš ื•ื•ืึธืก ื–ื™ ื‘ืึทืฉืœืึธืกืŸ ืฆื• ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืึท ืœืึทื ื’ ื‘ืจืขื›ืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜, ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืึทื•ื˜ืึธื‘ื™ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™, ืขืงืกื˜ืึทืกื™ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ, ืžื™ื˜ ืกืงืจื™ื ืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืœืขืึธ ื’ื™ืœื“ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ ืกื™ ืจื™ื™ืก. ื“ืึธืก ื‘ื•ืš, ืืจื•ื™ืก ืื™ืŸ 1966, ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ืงืœืึทืคึผ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืงืึทืจื™ืขืจืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื“ื™ ืึทืงื˜ืจื™ืกืข.

ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจืง ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขื–ืื’ื˜ ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืžื™ื™ื“ืœ ืœื™ื™ึทื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ืžืคืึธืžืึทื ื™ืึท ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขืฉืœืขื›ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ. ื“ื™ ื“ืขื˜ืึทื™ืœืก ื’ืขืคึฟื™ืจื˜ ื•ืคื’ืขืงืึธื›ื˜ ืžืฉืคื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืึธืœืœื™ื•ื•ืึธืึธื“ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ. ื“ื™ ืขืจืคื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืœื™ื™ืงื ื˜ ืึทืœืข ืกืงืึทื ื“ืึทืœื™ืขื– ืคืจืึทื’ืžืึทื ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ื•ืš, ื˜ืขื ื”ื ื“ื™ืง ืึทื– ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื‘ืขืกืึธื“ ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ืงืึธ-ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ืกืงืึทื ื“ืึทืœ ืื™ืจ ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื’ืขืคึฟื™ื ื˜ ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ ืจืึธืœืขืก.

ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื, ื“ื™ 52-ื™ืึธืจ-ืึทืœื˜ ืึทืงื˜ืจื™ืกืข ื’ืขืคืจื•ื•ื•ื˜ ืฆื• ืฆื•ืจื™ืงืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคึผืจื™ื•ื•ืขื ื˜ื™ื“ ื“ื•ืจืš ืึท ื›ืขืจืึทืกืžืึทื ื˜ ืงืืžืคืื ื™ืข ืœืึธื ื˜ืฉื˜ ืงืขื’ืŸ ืื™ืจ. ืื™ืจ ืงืจื™ื’ืขืจื™ืฉ, ื”ืึทืจื‘ ื›ืึทืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื•ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธืคืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจื™ืงืŸ ืึทื ืคืœืึทื˜ืขืจื™ื ื’ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื”ืึธืœืœื™ื•ื•ืึธืึธื“ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ึทืŸ ืžืึธืจืึทืœื™ืฉ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืœื˜ ืคื™ืœืข ื™ื ืคืœื•ืขื ื˜ืฉืึทืœ ืฉื•ื ืื™ื ืึทืจื•ื ื“ื™ ืึทืงื˜ืจื™ืกืข.

ืื™ืŸ 1997, Lamarr ืื™ื– ืึทืคื™ืฉืึทืœื™ ืึทื•ื•ืึธืจื“ื™ื“ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืื™ืจ ื•ืคื“ืขืงื•ื ื’, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืึทืงื˜ืจื™ืกืข ื”ืื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืึธื ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืขืจืขืžืึธื ื™ืข, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื˜ืจืึทื ืกืžื™ื˜ื˜ืขื“ ืึทืŸ ืึทื•ื“ื™ืึธ ืจืขืงืึธืจื“ื™ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืงืึทืžื™ื ื’ ืจืขื“ืข.

ื•ื•ืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึธืจื’ืึทื–ืึทืžื– ืื•ืŸ Wi-Fi ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธืกื˜?

ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืขืœื˜ืขืจ, ื”ืขื“ื™ ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืึท ืื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืึทืงื˜ืึทืงืœื™ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจ ืขืก ื™ื– ื’ืœื™ื™ึทืš, ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ื˜ืขืœืขืคืึธืŸ ืฉืžื•ืขืกืŸ.

ืื™ืŸ ืึทืœื’ืขืžื™ื™ืŸ, ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืขื“ื™ ืœืึทืžืึทืจ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคืจื™ื™ื“ื™ืง, ืึธื ื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืกืงืึทื ื“ืึทืœื– ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื–ืข ืจื›ื™ืœื•ืช, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืขืœื ื˜.

ื–ื™ ื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืคืืจื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ืฉื•ื•ืขืกื˜ืขืจื™ื™, ื•ื•ืื• ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืืจื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืขืœื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 86 ื™ืืจ.

ื“ื™ ืึทืงื˜ืจื™ืกืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึธืจื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึทืกืกืขืœื‘ืขืจืจื™, ืคืœืึธืจื™ื“ืึท ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ืื ื•ืืจ 19, 2000. ืœืึทืžืึทืจ ืก ืกื™ื‘ื” ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ ืื™ื– ื”ืึทืจืฅ ืงืจืขื ืง. ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ืื”, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ ืึทื ื˜ืึทื ื™ ืœืึธื“ืขืจ ืฆืขื•ื•ืึธืจืคืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจืก ืึทืฉ ืื™ืŸ ืขืกื˜ืจื™ื™ืš, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ืขืจ ื•ื•ืึทืœื“.

ื“ื™ ืžืขืจื™ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ Hedy Lamarr ืื•ืŸ George Antheil ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืึทืคื™ืฉืึทืœื™ ืื ืขืจืงืขื ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืื™ืŸ 2014: ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืึทืจื™ื™ึทื ื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื•. ืขืก. ื ืึทืฉืึทื ืึทืœ ื™ื ื•ื•ืขื ื˜ืึธืจืก ื”ืึทืœืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึทืžืข.

ืคึฟืึทืจ ืื™ืจ ืงืึทื ื˜ืจืึทื‘ื™ื•ืฉืึทื ื– ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืกื™ื ืขืžืึท, Hedy Lamarr ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึทื•ื•ืึธืจื“ื™ื“ ืึท ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื”ืึธืœืœื™ื•ื•ืึธืึธื“ ื•ื•ืึทืœืง ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึทืžืข.

ื•ื•ืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึธืจื’ืึทื–ืึทืžื– ืื•ืŸ Wi-Fi ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธืกื˜?

ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื•ืจืกื˜ืึธื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืงื˜ืจื™ืกืข, 9 ื ืื•ื•ืขืžื‘ืขืจ, ื“ื™ ื™ื ื•ื•ืขื ื˜ืึธืจ ืก ื˜ืึธื’ ืื™ื– ืกืขืœืึทื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ื™ื“ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ึทื˜ืฉ-ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ.

ืงื•ื•ืืœืŸ:
www.lady-4-lady.ru/2018/07/26/hedi-lamarr-aktrisa-soblazn
ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr#cite_note-13
www.egalochkina.ru/hedi-lamarr
www.vokrug.tv/person/show/hedy_lamarr/#galleryperson20-10
hochu.ua/cat-fashion/ikony-stilya/article-62536-aktrisa-kotoraya-pridumala-wi-fi-kultovyie-obrazyi-seks-divyi-hedi-lamarr
medium.com/@GeneticJen/women-in-tech-history-hedy-lamarr-hitler-hollywood-and-wi-fi-6bf688719eb6

ื“ืื ืง ืื™ืจ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืกื˜ื™ื™ื™ื ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–. ืฆื™ ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœืขืŸ? ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ ืฆื• ื–ืขืŸ ืžืขืจ ื˜ืฉื™ืงืึทื•ื•ืข ืื™ื ื”ืึทืœื˜? ืฉื˜ื™ืฆืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื“ื•ืจืš ืคึผืœื™ื™ืกื™ื ื’ ืึท ืกื“ืจ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืจืขืงืึทืžืขื ื“ื™ื“ ืฆื• ืคืจืขื ื“ื–, 30% ืึทืจืึธืคึผืจืขื›ืขื ืขืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ Habr ื™ื•ื–ืขืจื– ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืง ืึทื ืึทืœืึธื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืึธื–ื™ืฆื™ืข-ืžื“ืจื’ื” ืกืขืจื•ื•ืขืจืก, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื™ื ื•ื•ืขื ื˜ืึทื“ ื“ื•ืจืš ืื•ื ื“ื– ืคึฟืึทืจ ืื™ืจ: ื“ืขืจ ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ ืืžืช ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ VPS (KVM) E5-2650 v4 (6 ืงืึธืจืขืก) 10GB DDR4 240GB SSD 1Gbps ืคึฟื•ืŸ $20 ืึธื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ ืฆื• ื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ ืึท ืกืขืจื•ื•ืขืจ? (ื‘ื ื™ืžืฆื ืžื™ื˜ RAID1 ืื•ืŸ RAID10, ืึทืจื•ื™ืฃ ืฆื• 24 ืงืึธืจืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืึทืจื•ื™ืฃ ืฆื• 40GB DDR4).

Dell R730xd 2 ืžืืœ ื˜ืฉื™ืคึผืขืจ? ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึธ 2 x Intel TetraDeca-Core Xeon 2x E5-2697v3 2.6GHz 14C 64GB DDR4 4x960GB SSD 1Gbps 100 TV ืคึฟื•ืŸ $199 ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืขื˜ื”ืขืจืœืึทื ื“ืก! Dell R420 - 2x E5-2430 2.2Ghz 6C 128GB DDR3 2x960GB SSD 1Gbps 100TB - ืคึฟื•ืŸ $99! ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ืฆื• ื‘ื•ื™ืขืŸ ื™ื ืคืจืึทืกื˜ืจืึทืงื˜ืฉืขืจ ืงืึธืจืคึผ. ืงืœืึทืก ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื ื•ืฆืŸ ืคื•ืŸ Dell R730xd E5-2650 v4 ืกืขืจื•ื•ืขืจืก ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ 9000 ืขื•ืจืึธืก ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึท ืคึผืขื ื™?

ืžืงื•ืจ: www.habr.com