ืืขืจ ืขืจืฉืืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธืืืึทืืืืคึผ ืคืื ืึท ืืื - ืกืขืจืืืขืจ ืืื ืึท ืึธืคึผืฆืึธื ืงืึธื ืืจืึธืืืขืจ. ืคืึธืืึธ:
ืืื ืกืขืคืืขืืืขืจ 2018, ืึทื ืขื ืืืืืึทืกื ืคืื ืืึธื-ืืขืง ืืึทืืึทืืื . ืืขืจ ืฆืื ืืื ืืขืืืขื ืฆื ืจืขืืืฆืืจื ืขื ืขืจืืืข ืงืึทื ืกืึทืืฉืึทื ืึทืืื ืคืื ืึทื ืืืื ืืื - ืืึทืคืืืข ืืืึธืื ืืืื ืืขื ืื ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึท ืืืื ืืื-ืืึธืืกืืื ืกืขืจืืืขืจ. ืืึธืก ืืื ื ืืฉื ืืจืื ื, ืืืืึทื ืื ืคึผืืึทืฅ ืืืื ืึทืจืืขืื 24 ืฉืขื ืึท ืืึธื. ืืื ืก ืืขื ืืืึธืก ืืขืืจืืคื ืืื ืื ืกืืฃ.
ืืืจ ืงืขื ืขื ืืืื ืฆื ืื ืกืขืจืืืขืจ , ืงืึธื ืืจืึธืืืจื ืื ืงืจืึทื ื ืืึทืื ืงืึทื ืกืึทืืฉืึทื ืืื ืืึทืืึทืจืืืข ืึธืคึผืฆืึธื ืืืจืื. ืืขืจ ืคึผืืึทืฅ ืืื ืึธืคึผืืืืืืขื ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึท ืืื ืืืื ื ืืืขืจ ืคืื ืจืืงืืืขืก ืคืื ืื ืืืึทื ืืื ืืื ืืืึทื ืคืึทืจืงืขืจ, ืึทืืื ืขืก ืืึธื ืืืืืกืืึทื ื ืึท ืกืขืจืืืฉ ืืื ืคืึทืจืงืขืจ ืคึฟืื Habr. ืืืื ืื ืืฉืืื ืืช ืคืื ืื ืืขืืืขืืึธืคึผืขืจ, ืขื ืขืจืืืข ืงืึทื ืกืึทืืฉืึทื ืคึผืขืจ ืืื ืฆืืง ืืึทืกื ืืื 0,021 ืืื.
ืคึผืื ืงื ืืืืืขืจ ืคืึทืจืืึธื ืืืืฃ 31 ืืื ืืืจ 2020, ืขืก ืืื 42% ืืึทืืึทืจืืืข ืจื. ืคืึทืจืืึธื ืืื ืืึทืจืกืขืืึธื ืึท ืืืึท 8:04 ืืืืข ืฆืืื, ื ืึธื ืืืึธืก ืงืจืึทื ื ืืึธื ืืืืคื ืคืื ืื ืืื ืืึทืคืืืข.
ืคืืจืืืืก?
ืฆืขื ืืืจ ืฆืืจืืง ืขืงืกืคึผืขืจืฅ ืึทื ืื ืึทื ืืืืืงืืื ื ืคืื ืืขืจ ืืื ืืขืจื ืขืฅ ืงืึทื ืืจืืืืืฅ ืฆื ืื "ืืขืืึทืืขืจืืึทืืืืืืฉืึทื" ืคืื ืืขืืขืืฉืึทืคื, ืื ืืืืขืจืกืึทื ืืืืืืึทืืืืึทืืืึธื - ืืื, ืืื ืึท ืจืขืืืืืึทื, ืึท ืจืขืืืงืฆืืข ืืื ืงืืืืขืืืืง ืขื ืขืจืืืข ืงืึทื ืกืึทืืฉืึทื. ืืื ืืขื ืขื ืคืึทืืฉ. ืืื ืคืึทืงื, ืื ืืื ืืขืจื ืขื ืืื ืคืืจืืื ืื , ืืื ืื ืืืึทืืืืื ืคืึธืจืืขืฆื ืฆื ืืืึทืงืกื.
IT ืงืึธืืคึผืึทื ืืขืก ืืึธืื ืืึธื ืืฉื ืื ืืฉืึทืืืืื ืฆื ืืึทืฉืืืืขื ืฆื ืึธืืืขืจื ืึทืืืื ืืึทืื ืงืืืืื, ืึธืืขืจ ืืึธืก ืืื ืืืฆื ืืืืืขืืืขื. ืึทืืข ืืึทืื ืกืขื ืืขืจืก ืคืึทืจื ืืฆื ืืจืื ืืึธื ืืขืจ ืขื ืขืจืืืข ืืื ืึทืืข ืื ืืื - ืืื ืืืื ื ืื ืกืืึทืืืืฉืึทื ื ืืื ืืขืจ ืืืขืื ืืืฉืขื ืขืจืืื. ืืคืืื ืขืจืืขืจ, ืื ืคึผืจืึธืืืงืฆืืข ืืื ืจืขืืืืขืจ ืคืึทืจืืืึทื ืคืื ืืื - ืคึผืึทื ืึทืื ืืื ืืืื ื ืืขืจืืืื ื , ืืขืจืืืขืจ, ืขืก ืืื ืคึผืฉืื ืืืืืขืืืขื ืืืึทื ื ืฆื ืคืึทืจืืึธืื ืคืึทืกืึทื ืคืืืึทืื (ืืืื, ืืึทื, ืืขืจืืื ืืึทื). ืืืขืจ ืื ืจืืืขืจืืื ืืืขื ื ืืฉื ืืืืขืจื ืืึทื ื, ืึทืืื ืืืจ ืืืขืื ืื ืขืืืึทืืึทืืื ืืึธืื ืฆื ืืจืึทืืื ืืืขืื ืืื ืฆื ืืขืื ืืืืฃ ืจืื ืืึทืืึทื ืงืืืืื. ืึทืจืืึทื ืืขืจืขืื ื ืื ืึธืคึผืขืจืึทืฆืืข ืคืื โโืงืึธืืคึผืืืืขืจ ืื ืคืจืึทืกืืจืึทืงืืฉืขืจ, ืึทืจืืึทื ืืขืจืขืื ื ืืืขื ืกืขืจืืืขืจืก.
ื ืืืขืจืืง-ืืขืง ืืึทืืึทืืื ืืืขื ืืืขืืขืจ ืืืึธืื ืฆื ืืขืฉืืืื ื. ืืืจืืฉื ืืืืขื ืืืึทื ืืจืืืก ืืขืืืืงืกื ืคืื 2010 ืฆื 2018 , ืืื ืคึฟืึทืจ ืจืืจืขืืืืืง ืืืืืืขื - ืคึฟืื 0,15 ืืขืืืืืืื ืฆื 1,6 ืืขืืืืืืื, ืึท ืงืึธื ืกืขืจืืืึทืืืืืข ืึธืคึผืฉืึทืฆืื ื.
ืคืึทืจืืจืขืกืขืจื ืืื ืคืึทืจืงืขืจ ืืืึทืืืืื (ืื ืขื ืขืจืืืข ืคืืจืืื ืื ืฆื ืืืขืจืฉืืงื 1 ืืขืืืืืื ืคืื ืืื ืคึฟืึธืจืืึทืฆืืข), ืืืึธืก ื ืึท ืงืขืกืืืืขืจืืืง ืคืึทืจืืจืขืกืขืจื ืืื ืืื ืืขืจื ืขื ืขื ืขืจืืืข ืงืึทื ืกืึทืืฉืึทื. ืืขืืืืขืจ ืืื ืืขืจ ืืึธืืืื ืืืืืืขื ื ืื ืืืืื ืคืึทืจืืจืขืกืขืจื ืื ืืึทืกืข ืืืืฃ ืื ื ืขืฅ ืื ืคืจืึทืกืืจืึทืงืืฉืขืจ, ืึธืืขืจ ืืืื ืคืึทืจืงืืจืฆื ืื "ืืขืื ืฆืืงื" ืคืื ืงืึธืืคึผืืืืขืจืก ืืื ืกืืึทืจืืคืึธื ืขืก, ืืืึธืก ืืึธืื ืฆื ืืืื ืืจืื ืืขืืืืจืคื ืืขืจ ืึธืคื ืืื ื ืืึทืข ืืขืฉืืคื, ืืืึธืก ืืืื .
ืืื ืคืื ืงืืจืก, ืื ืืขืืืืงืกื ืืืขืจืงืืึธืื ืืื ืืืฉืืคื ืืืจื ืื ืืืืคืกืืืื ืืื: ืืขื ืืฉื ืคืึทืจืืจืขื ืืขื ืึผืืขื ืึทืืข ืืืืขืจ ืฆืืื ืืืืฃ ืื ืืื ืืขืจื ืขื ืืื ืคืึทืจืืึธืื ืืื ืฉืืืขืจ ืืืืฃ ืคืึทืจืฉืืื ืืืขื ืืึทืืื ืื ืืก. ืขืก ืืื ืฉืืื ืฉืืืขืจ ืฆื ืืืึทืืืฉืึทื ืืึธืืขืจื ืืขืืขืืฉืึทืคื ืึธื ืืืึธืืงื IT ืื ืคืจืึทืกืืจืึทืงืืฉืขืจ (ืืขืืขืืฉืึทืคืืืขื ื ืขืืืืึธืจืงืก, ืจืขืืข ืฉืืืืื, ืคึผืึธืกื, ืืื"ื ื)
ืกืขืจืืืืจืขืจ ืืื ืืืขืืืืืื ืงืึทื ืคืืืืขืจืืืฉืึทื
ะ ืื ืืึทืื ืืืึทืจื ืงืึทื ืคืืืืขืจืืืฉืึทื ืืื ืืืืืืืืืจื ืึธื ืืืืื ืคืื ืื ืืืขื ืกืขืจืืืขืจ ืืขื ืขื ืืืกืงืจืืืื ืืื ืืขืืึทื.
ืืืื ืืจืขื ืงืึธืืคึผืืืืขืจ ืืืืกืืขืจืืืืืื ืคึฟืึทืจ ื ืืืขืจืืง ืืึทืื ืงืึทื ืกืึทืืฉืึทื ืืื ื ืืฆืืง ื ืึธื ืคึฟืขืึดืงืืืื ืึทืืึท ืืื ืืึทืื ืคืึทืจืืืึทืืืื ื ืฉืคึผืึธื . ืขืก ืึทืืึทืื ืืืจ ืฆื ืืขืื ืกืืึทืืืกืืืง ืืืืฃ ืื ืงืจืึทื ื ืืืึธืืืืืืืฉ ืืื ืงืจืึทื ื ืคืื ืื ืืจืขื ืืื ืืึทืืึทืจืืืข. ืื ืืืงืจืึธืกืืจืงืืื ืืืืืึธืืึทืืืฉ ืกืืืืืฉืื ืืึทืื ืฆืืืืฉื ืื ืืึทืืึทืจืืืข ืืื ืื ืืง ืงืึทื ืขืงืืขืจ, ืืื ืงืจืึทื ื ืคืืึธืื ืคืื ืื ืืื - ืืึทืคืืืข. ืืืื, ืึทื ืื ืขืจืึทืคึผืืื ืืึทืื ืฆืืฉืืขืื ืฆื ืื ืกืขืจืืืขืจ ืืื ืืึทืืึทืจืืืข ืฉืืืฆื ืืื ืืขืืืขื.
Olimex Olinuxino A20 Lime 2
ืืืืืขืก, ืึท ืืืืืืื-ืคึผืึธืืืืขืจ ืืึทืืึทืจืืืข ืืื ืึท ืงืึทืคึผืึทืฆืืืขื ืคืื 6600 ืืึทื (ืืืขืื 24 ืืื) ืืื ืืืืกืืขืจืืืืืื ืืื ืึท ืืึทืืึทืจืืืข, ืืขืืึธืื ืึท ืคืืจื-ืืืืขืจ ืืึทืืึทืจืืืข ืืื ืึท ืงืึทืคึผืึทืฆืืืขื ืคืื 84,4 ืืื ืืื ืืขืืืขื ืืื ืกืืึทืืืจื.
ืื ืึธืคึผืขืจืืืืื ื ืกืืกืืขื ืฉืื ืคึฟืื ืื ืกื ืงืึธืจื. ืืึธืืฉ ืื ืึทืก ื ืขืื ื ืืฉื ืืขืจ ืืื 1 ืืืืืืืื ืืื ืื ืกืืึทืืืง ืืืขืืืืืื ืืื ืืืขืื 30 ืื, ืขืก ืืื ืงืืื ืขืงืึธื ืึธืืืฉ ืืื ืขื ืืื ืืืืื ื ืึท ืงืึธืจื ืงืืขื ืขืจืขืจ ืืื ืึท ืงืืึทืก 10 16 ืืืืืืืื.
ืืขืจ ืกืขืจืืืขืจ ืงืึทื ืขืงืฅ ืฆื ืื ืืื ืืขืจื ืขื ืืืจื ืึท 100Mbps ืืืื ืงืฉืจ ืืื ืืึทืจืกืขืืึธื ืึท ืืื ืึท ื ืึธืจืืึทื ืงืึทื ืกืืืขืจ ืจืึทืืืขืจ. ื ืกืืึทืืืง IP ืึทืืจืขืก ืืื ืจืขืืขืจืืืืจื ืคึฟืึทืจ ืขืก. ืึผืืขื ืืืขืจ ืขืก ืื ืงืขื ืขื ืฉืืขืื ืึทืจืืืฃ ืึทืืึท ืึท ืคึผืืึทืฅ ืืื ืืืืขืจ ืืืืื ืื ื; ืืืจ ืืึทืจืคึฟื ืึท ืืืกื ืืืืฉื ืื ืคืืืจืืืึทื ืกืขืืืื ืืก ืฆื ืคืึธืจืืืก ืคึผืึธืจืฅ ืฆื ืืืืข IP:
ืคึผืึธืจื 80 ืฆื 80 ืคึฟืึทืจ ืืืืคึผ ืคึผืึธืจื 443 ืฆื 443 ืคึฟืึทืจ ืืืืคึผืก ืคึผืึธืจื 22 ืฆื 22 ืคึฟืึทืจ ืกืฉ
ืึทืคึผืขืจืืืืื ื ืกืืกืืขื ืืืืืจื ืืืืฃ ืืขืืืึทื ืคืึทืจืฉืคึผืจืืืืื ื ืืื ืงืขืจื , ืืืึธืก ืืื ืืืืืื ื ืคึฟืึทืจ ืืืื ืืึธืจืื ืืื AllWinner ืืฉืืคึผืก.
ื 50 ืืืื ืืื ืืึทืคืืืข ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึท ืืืขื ืกืขืจืืืขืจ ืืื ืึท 10 ืืืื ืืื ืืึทืคืืืข ืคึฟืึทืจ ืืืืืื ื ืื ืืขืืขืืืง ืฆืืืขืจ ืืื ืืขืจ ืืืืจ 'ืก ืืืืื ืื ื
ืกืืึทืืืง ืคึผืืึทืฅ ืืืฉืขื ืขืจืืืืึทื ืืืจื ืื ืกืืกืืขื (ืคึผืืึทืฅ ืืขื ืขืจืึทืืึธืจ ืืื ืคึผืืืืึธื). ืกืืึทืืืง ืืืืืืขื ืืึธืื ืคืึทืกืืขืจ ืืื ืืขื ืขื ืืืืื ืืงืขืจ ืงืคึผื ืืื ืืขื ืกืืืืข, ืึทืืื ืืื ืืขื ืขื ืคืื ืืขืจ ืขื ืขืจืืืข ืขืคืขืงืืืื ืืื ืืื ืึทืืืงืึทืืื ืืืฉืขื ืขืจืืืืึทื ืืืขืืขืจ. ืืขื ืื ืืงืืจ ืงืึธื ืคึฟืึทืจ ืื ืืขืืข. .
ื ืืืืขืจ ืืืืืืืง ืคืื ื ืืื ืืืื ืงืึทืืคึผืจืขืฉืึทื, ืืืืึทื ืึธื ืืขื ืึทืคึผืืึทืืึทืืืืฉืึทื ืขืก ืืื ืึผืืขื ืืืืืขืืืขื ืฆื ืืึทืื ืืืขื ืืืึทืืืขื ืงืืขื ืขืจืขืจ ืืื 1 ืืขืืืืืื. ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึทืคึผืืึทืืึทืืืืฉืึทื, ืขืก ืืื ืืึทืฉืืึธืกื ืฆื ืืืึทืื ืื ืคืึธืืืึทืืจืึทืคืก ืืื ืืึทืื-ืืึธื ืืืืืขืจ. ืคึฟืึทืจ ืืืึทืฉืคึผืื, ืืึธ ืืื ืึท ืคืึธืืึธืืจืึทืคืืข ืคืื โโโโืืืืึทืืืขื ืืขืืขืคืึธื ืึธืคึผืขืจืืืืขืจื ืืืืฃ ืึท ืกืืืืืืฉืืึธืจื ืืื ืื ืืขืฆืืข ืืึธืจืืื ืืขืจื, .
ืืื ืืึธ ืืื ืึท ืึธืคึผืืืืืืขื ืืจืืืกืงืึทืืข ืืืื ืคืื ืืจืืืก ืืื ืืจืื ืคืืจืื (ืฉืืืึทืจืฅ, ืืืืึทืก, ืืจืื). ืจืขืื ืฆื ืืขืจ ืึธืคึผืืืฉ ืืืืืืืข, ืขืก ืืืื ื ืฆื ืื ืฆืืงืืงืขืจ ืึทื ืขืก ืืขื ืขื ืืขืจ ืืื ืืจืืึท ืคืืจืื.
ืืึทืืคืืึธื ืข ืคืึธืืืึทืืจืึทืคืก ืืขื ืขื ืืืืกืืขืจืืืืืื ื ืื ืืืืื ืฆื ืึทืคึผืืึทืืืื ืืจืืืก (ืึท ืืึทื ืฅ ืกืึธืคืขืงืืืง ืืึทืฉืืืก), ืึธืืขืจ ืืืื ืคึฟืึทืจ ืขืกืืขืืืฉ ืกืืืืช. ืืขืจ ืึทืื ืืืื ืคึผืจืึทืกืขืกืื ื ืืขืื ืืง ืืื ืืืืขืจ ืกืืืืืกืืืง ืคึฟืขืึดืงืืืื, ืึทืืื ืื ืคึผืืึทืฅ ืืื ืึท ืขืคึผืขืก ืืื ืฆืืง ืคึผืืึทื.
ื ืึธื ืึทืคึผืืึทืืึทืืืืฉืึทื, 623 ืืืืืกืืจืืฆืืขืก ืืืืฃ ืื ืืึธื-ืืขืง ืืึทืืึทืืื ืืืขืืืืืื ืืืงืจืืกื ืืื ืืจืืืก ืคืื 194,2 ืืขืืืืืืื ืฆื 21,3 ืืขืืืืืืื, ืืึธืก ืืื, ืืื 89%.
ืึทืืข ืึทืื ืึทืจืืืงืืขื ืืขื ืขื ืงืึธื ืืืขืจืืขื ืฆื Markdown ืคึฟืึทืจ ืื ืคืื ืฉืจืืืื ื ืืึทืข ืึทืจืืืงืืขื, ืืื ืืขืืื ื ืืื ืคึฟืึทืจ ืื ืคืื ืืึทืงืึทืคึผ ืืืจื . ืึทืืข ืกืงืจืืคึผืก ืืื ืืจืึทืงืขืจื, ืืื ืืขืืื ื ืืื ืืึธืืึธืก, ืืขื ืขื ืึทืืืขืงืืขื ืืืขื ืคืื ืืขื ืคึผืืึทืฅ. ืื ืคืขืืืงืืึทื ืฉืจืืคึฟื ืืื ืืขื ืงืืืขื ื ืก ืืืขืืขืจืขืจ ืืื ืืขื ืืฆื. ืืื ืึท "ืืึธืืึธ" - ืืขืจ ื ืึธืืขื ืคืื ืืขื ืืฉืืจื ืึทื ืืื ืืืืคึผื ืืืชืืืช ืืื ืึท ืคืืึทื ืฆื ืื ืืื ืงืก: LOWโTECH MAGAZINE. ืืืืื 16 ืืืืขืก ืึทื ืฉืืึธื ืคืื ืึท ืืืื.
ืืื ืคืึทื ืคืื ืืึทืื ืืืื, ืื ืืขืืืขืืงืืื ืคืื "ืึธืคืคืืื ืข ืืืืขื ืขื" ืืื ืึธืจืืึทื ืืืืจื: ืืขืงืกืื ืืื ืืืืืขืจ ืืขื ืขื ืืงืกืคึผืึธืจืืึทื ืฆื ืึท RSS ืคืืืขืจ. ืงืึทืืฉืื ื ืคืื 100% ืืื ืืึทืื ืืื ืขื ืืืืึทืื, ืึทืจืืึทื ืืขืจืขืื ื HTML.
ืื ืื ืืขืจ ืึทืคึผืืึทืืึทืืืืฉืึทื ืืื ืขื ืืืืึทืืื ื HTTP2 ืกืขืืืื ืืก ืืื nginx, ืืืึธืก ืึท ืืืกื ืจืึทืืืกืึทื ืคืึทืจืงืขืจ ืืื ืจืึทืืืกืึทื ืืืึทื ืืึธืืืื ื ืฆืืื ืงืึทืืคึผืขืจื ืืื HTTP / 1.1. ืืขืจ ืืืฉ ืงืึทืืคึผืขืจื ืื ืจืขืืืืืึทืื ืคึฟืึทืจ ืคืื ืฃ ืคืึทืจืฉืืืขื ืข ืืืขืืขืจ.
| | FP | ืืืจ | HS | FW | CW | |--------|-------|-------|-------| -| | ืืืืคึผ/1.1 | 1.46s | 1.87s | 1.54s | 1.86s | 1.89s | | ืืืืคึผ2 | 1.30ืก | 1.49s | 1.54s | 1.79s | 1.55s | | ืืืืืขืจ | 9 | 21 | 11 | 19 | 23 | | ืกืืืืืื ืื | 11% | 21% | 0% | 4% | 18% |
ืืึทื ืฅ nginx ืงืึทื ืคืืืืขืจืืืฉืึทื:
root@solarserver:/var/log/nginx# cat /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/solar.lowtechmagazine.com
# Expires map
map $sent_http_content_type $expires {
default off;
text/html 7d;
text/css max;
application/javascript max;
~image/ max;
}
server {
listen 80;
server_name solar.lowtechmagazine.com;
location / {
return 301 https://$server_name$request_uri;
}
}
server{
listen 443 ssl http2;
server_name solar.lowtechmagazine.com;
charset UTF-8; #improve page speed by sending the charset with the first response.
location / {
root /var/www/html/;
index index.html;
autoindex off;
}
#Caching (save html pages for 7 days, rest as long as possible, no caching on frontpage)
expires $expires;
location @index {
add_header Last-Modified $date_gmt;
add_header Cache-Control 'no-cache, no-store';
etag off;
expires off;
}
#error_page 404 /404.html;
# redirect server error pages to the static page /50x.html
#error_page 500 502 503 504 /50x.html;
#location = /50x.html {
# root /var/www/;
#}
#Compression
gzip on;
gzip_disable "msie6";
gzip_vary on;
gzip_comp_level 6;
gzip_buffers 16 8k;
gzip_http_version 1.1;
gzip_types text/plain text/css application/json application/javascript text/xml application/xml application/xml+rss text/javascript;
#Caching (save html page for 7 days, rest as long as possible)
expires $expires;
# Logs
access_log /var/log/nginx/solar.lowtechmagazine.com_ssl.access.log;
error_log /var/log/nginx/solar.lowtechmagazine.com_ssl.error.log;
# SSL Settings:
ssl_certificate /etc/letsencrypt/live/solar.lowtechmagazine.com/fullchain.pem;
ssl_certificate_key /etc/letsencrypt/live/solar.lowtechmagazine.com/privkey.pem;
# Improve HTTPS performance with session resumption
ssl_session_cache shared:SSL:10m;
ssl_session_timeout 5m;
# Enable server-side protection against BEAST attacks
ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on;
ssl_ciphers ECDH+AESGCM:ECDH+AES256:ECDH+AES128:DH+3DES:!ADH:!AECDH:!MD5;
# Disable SSLv3
ssl_protocols TLSv1 TLSv1.1 TLSv1.2;
# Lower the buffer size to increase TTFB
ssl_buffer_size 4k;
# Diffie-Hellman parameter for DHE ciphersuites
# $ sudo openssl dhparam -out /etc/ssl/certs/dhparam.pem 4096
ssl_dhparam /etc/ssl/certs/dhparam.pem;
# Enable HSTS (https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Security/HTTP_Strict_Transport_Security)
add_header Strict-Transport-Security "max-age=63072000; includeSubdomains";
# Enable OCSP stapling (http://blog.mozilla.org/security/2013/07/29/ocsp-stapling-in-firefox)
ssl_stapling on;
ssl_stapling_verify on;
ssl_trusted_certificate /etc/letsencrypt/live/solar.lowtechmagazine.com/fullchain.pem;
resolver 87.98.175.85 193.183.98.66 valid=300s;
resolver_timeout 5s;
}ืจืขืืืืืึทืื ืคืื 15 ืืืฉืื ืคืื ืึทืจืืขื
ืคึฟืึทืจ ืื ืฆืืื ืคืื 12 ืืขืฆืขืืืขืจ 2018 ืฆื 28 ื ืืืืขืืืขืจ 2019, ืืขืจ ืกืขืจืืืขืจ ืืขืืืืื . ืืขื ืืืื ืึทื ืจืขืื ืฆื ืฉืืขืื ืืืขืืขืจ ืื ืืึทืื ืืืื ืคึฟืึทืจ ืื ืืึธืจ ืืื ืืขืืืขื 399 ืฉืขื.
ืึธืืขืจ ืืืื ืืืจ ืืึธื ื ืื ื ืขืืขื ืืื ืืฉืืื ืื ืืขืฆืืข ืฆืืืื ืืืฉืื, ืื ืืคึผืืืืข ืืื ืืขืืืขื 98,2%, ืืื ืื ืืึทืื ืืืื ืืื ืืขืืืขื ืืืืื 152 ืฉืขื, ืื ืืขืืืขืืึธืคึผืขืจืก ืฉืจืืึทืื. ืืคึผืืืืข ืืื ืืขืคืืื ืฆื 80% ืืื ืื ืืขืฆืืข ืฆืืืื ืืืฉืื ืืืขื ืืึทืื ืงืึทื ืกืึทืืฉืึทื ืืขืืืืงืกื ืจืขืื ืฆื ืึท ืืืืืืืืืจื ืืขืจืืืึทื ืืืงื. ืืขืืขืจ ื ืึทืื ืื ืคึผืืึทืฅ ืืื ืึทืจืึธืคึผ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืขืืืขืืข ืฉืขื.
ืืืื ืกืืึทืืืกืืืง, ืคึฟืึทืจ ืื ืืึธืจ (ืคืื 3 ืืขืฆืขืืืขืจ 2018 ืฆื 24 ื ืืืืขืืืขืจ 2019), ืื ืขืืขืงืืจืข ืงืึทื ืกืึทืืฉืึทื ืคืื ืื ืกืขืจืืืขืจ ืืื ืืขืืืขื 9,53 ืงืืื. ืืึทืืืืืืง ืืึธืกืกืขืก ืืื ืื ืคืึธืืึธืืืึธืืืึทืืง ืกืืกืืขื ืจืขืื ืฆื ืืืึธืืืืืืืฉ ืงืึทื ืืืขืจืืฉืึทื ืืื ืืึทืืึทืจืืืข ืึธืคึผืืึธืื ืืขื ืขื ืจืขืงืึธืจืืขื. ืื ืืื ืงืึธื ืืจืึธืืืขืจ ืืขืืืืื ืึท ืืขืจืืขื ืงืึทื ืกืึทืืฉืึทื ืคืื 18,10 ืงืืื, ืืืึธืก ืืืื ืึทื ืื ืกืืกืืขื ืขืคืขืงืืืืืงืืึทื ืืื ืืืขืื 50%.
ืกืืืคึผืืืคืืขื ืืืึทืืจืึทืืข. ืขืก ืืื ื ืืฉื ืืืืึทืื ืึท ืืืึธืืืืืืืฉ ืงืึทื ืืืขืจืืขืจ ืคืื 12 ืฆื 5 ืืืืืืก ืืื ืึท ืืึทืืึทืจืืืข ืึทืืคึผืขืจ-ืฉืขื ืืขืืขืจ
ืืขืฉืึทืก ืื ืืขืจื ืขื ืฆืืึทื, 865 ืืื ืฆืืง ืืืืืึทืืขืจื ืืืืืื ืืขื ืคึผืืึทืฅ. ืึทืจืืึทื ืืขืจืขืื ื ืึทืืข ืขื ืขืจืืืข ืืึธืกืกืขืก ืืื ืื ืืื - ืืึทื ืืึธื ืืืจืื ื, ืื ืขื ืขืจืืืข ืงืึทื ืกืึทืืฉืึทื ืคึผืขืจ ืืื ืฆืืง ืืึทืกื ืืื ืืขืืืขื 000 ืืื. ืืืื, ืืืื ืงืืืืืืื-ืฉืขื ืคืื ืืื ืขื ืขืจืืืข ืืืฉืขื ืขืจืืืืึทื ืืื ืืขื ืื ืฆื ืืื ืขื ืึผืืขื 0,021 ืืื ืฆืืง ืืืืืึทืืขืจื.
ืืขืฉืึทืก ืืขืจ ืขืงืกืคึผืขืจืืืขื ื, ืืื - ืคึผืึทื ืึทืื ืคืื ืคืึทืจืฉืืืขื ืข ืกืืืขืก ืืขื ืขื ืืขืกืืขื. ืืขืจ ืืืฉ ืืืืืื ืืฉืืื ืืช ืคืื ืืื ืืึทื ื ืขืก ืืืขื ื ืขืืขื ืฆื ืืึทืฉืืืืืงื ืืึทืืขืจืื ืคืื ืคืึทืจืฉืืืขื ืข ืงืึทืคึผืึทืกืึทืืื ืืืขื ื ืืฆื ืืื - ืคึผืึทื ืึทืื ืคืื ืคืึทืจืฉืืืขื ืข ืกืืืขืก.
ืื ืืืจืืฉื ืืืืขื ืืึทืื ืงืึทื ืกืึทืืฉืึทื ืคืื ืื ืืืขื ืกืขืจืืืขืจ ืืขืฉืึทืก ืืขืจ ืขืจืฉืืขืจ ืืึธืจ, ืึทืจืืึทื ืืขืจืขืื ื ืึทืืข ืขื ืขืจืืืข ืืึธืกืกืขืก, ืืื ืืขืืืขื 1,97 ืืืืืก. ืืขืจ ืืฉืืื ืืืืืื ืื ืืืืคื ื ืืืขืืกืืื ืืืืขืจื ืึทืื ืืื ืื ืฉืึธืจืืืกื ื ืึทืื ืคืื ืื ืืึธืจ (8 ืฉืขื 50 ืืื ืื, 21 ืืื ื) ืจืืงืืืืืขืจื 17,40 ืืืื-ืฉืขื ืคืื ืกืืึธืจืืืืฉ ืืึทืื, ืืื ืืื ืื ืืึธื ืืขืกื ื ืึทืื (14 ืฉืขื 49 ืืื ืื, 21 ืืขืฆืขืืืขืจ) ืืืจ ืืึทืจืคึฟื 29,19 .XNUMX ืืื.
ืืื ื ืืืืึท-ืืืืขืจ ืืึทืืขืจืื ืืึธื ื ืืฉื ืึธืคึผืืึธืื ืืื ืืขืจ ืืึทืื ืงืึทืคึผืึทืฆืืืขื, ืืขืจ ืกืขืจืืืขืจ ืจืืงืืืืืขืจื ืึท 60 ืืื ืืึทืืึทืจืืืข ืฆื ืืืืึทืื ืืขืื ืื ืืึธื ืืขืกื ื ืึทืื ืืื ืึธืคึผืืืืึทื ืืืืืืื ืืืื (2 ืงืก 29,19 ืืื). ืจืืึฟ ืคืื ืื ืืึธืจ, ืื ืกืืกืืขื ืืขืืจืืขื ืืื ืึท 86,4 ืืื ืืึทืืึทืจืืืข ืืื ืึท 50-ืืืื ืืื - ืืึทืคืืืข, ืืื ืืขืจื ืึธื ืื ืึทืคืึธืจืืขื ืฉืึทื ื 95-98% ืืคึผืืืืข ืืื ืึทืืฉืืืื.
ืืคึผืืืืข 100%
ืคึฟืึทืจ 100% ืืคึผืืืืข, ืขืก ืืื ื ืืืืืง ืฆื ืคืึทืจืืจืขืกืขืจื ืื ืืึทืืึทืจืืืข ืงืึทืคึผืึทืฆืืืขื. ืฆื ืคืึทืจืืืืืงื ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึท ืืึธื ืคืื ืืืืขืจ ืฉืืขืื ืืืขืืขืจ (ืึธื ืืึทืืืืืืง ืืึทืื ืืืจ), 47,28 ืืืื-ืฉืขื (24 ืฉืขื ร 1,97 ืืืืืก) ืคืื ืกืืึธืจืืืืฉ ืืขื ืขื ืืืจืฃ.
ืคืื 1 ืืขืฆืขืืืขืจ 2019 ืฆื 12 ืืื ืืืจ 2020, ืึท 168 ืืืื ืืึทืืึทืจืืืข ืืื ืืื ืกืืึทืืืจื ืืื ืื ืกืืกืืขื, ืืืึธืก ืืื ืึท ืคึผืจืึทืงืืืฉ ืกืืึธืจืืืืฉ ืงืึทืคึผืึทืฆืืืขื ืคืื 84 ืืืื ืฉืขื. ืืึธืก ืืื ืืขื ืื ืกืืึธืจืืืืฉ ืฆื ืืึทืืื ืื ืคึผืืึทืฅ ืคืืืกื ืืืง ืคึฟืึทืจ ืฆืืืื ื ืขืื ืืื ืืืื ืืึธื. ืื ืงืึทื ืคืืืืขืจืืืฉืึทื ืืื ืืขืกืืขื ืืื ืื ืืึทืจืงืึทืกื ืฆืืื ืคืื ืื ืืึธืจ, ืึธืืขืจ ืื ืืืขืืขืจ ืืื ืืขืืืขื ืืขืคืืขืจืขื ืืื - ืืื ืืืืขืจ ืื ืกืคึผืขืกืืคืืขื ืฆืืื ืื ืืคึผืืืืข ืืื ืืขืืืขื 100%.
ืึธืืขืจ ืืื ืกืืจ ืฆื ืืึทืจืึทื ืืืจื 100% ืืคึผืืืืข ืคึฟืึทืจ ืขืืืขืืข ืืึธืจื, ืืืจ ืืืขื ืืึธืื ืฆื ืฆืืฉืืขืื ืื ืขืจืืกื-ืคืึทื ืกืฆืขื ืึทืจ, ืืืขื ืฉืืขืื ืืืขืืขืจ ืืืืึทืื ืคึฟืึทืจ ืขืืืขืืข ืืขื. ืืขืจ ืืขืืฉืื ืืืืืื ืึทื ืฆื ืืึทืืื ืึท ืืืขืืืืืื ืึธื ืืืื ืคึฟืึทืจ ืคืืจ ืืขื ืืื ื ืืืขืจืืง ืึธืืขืจ ืงืืื ืขื ืขืจืืืข ืืืฉืขื ืขืจืืืฉืึทื, ืืืจ ืืืึธืื ืืึทืจืคึฟื ืึท ืืืืึท-ืืืืขืจ ืืึทืืึทืจืืืข ืืื ืึท ืงืึทืคึผืึทืฆืืืขื ืคืื 440 ืืืื-ืฉืขื, ืืืึธืก ืืื ืื ืืจืืืก ืคืื ืึท ืืึทืฉืื ืืึทืืึทืจืืืข.
ืืื ืคืืจ, ืืื ืืื ืืืขืืขืจ ืื ืึธืื, ืึท 48 ืืื ืคืืจื-ืืืืขืจ ืืึทืืึทืจืืืข ืืืขื ืืึทืืื ืื ืกืขืจืืืขืจ ืคืืืกื ืืืง ืืืขืจื ืึทืืืืง ืคืื ืืึทืจืฅ-ืกืขืคืืขืืืขืจ. ื 24 ืืื ืืึทืืึทืจืืืข ืืืขื ืืขืฆืืข ืื ืกืขืจืืืขืจ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึท ืืึทืงืกืืืื ืคืื 6 ืฉืขื, ืืืึทืืฉ ืขืก ืืืขื ืคืึทืจืืึทืื ืึทืจืึธืคึผ ืืขืืขืจ ื ืึทืื, ืืึธืืฉ ืืื ืคืึทืจืฉืืืขื ืข ืฆืืื ืืืคึผืขื ืืื ื ืืืืฃ ืื ืืืืฉ.
ืืืจื ืืื ืืจืืืก, ืขืืืขืืข ืืืืืืขื ืืึธื ื ืื ืืึทืจืคึฟื ืฆื ืึทืจืืขืื ืืืึท ื ืึทืื, ืืืขื ืื ื ืืืขืจ ืคืื ืืืืืึทืืขืจื ืืื ืืื ืืืึทื, ืืึธืื ืื ืืืื ืคืื ืืึธื-ืืขืง ืืึทืืึทืืื. ืคึฟืึทืจ ืืืึทืฉืคึผืื, ืืืื ืืึธืก ืืื ืึท ืจืขืืืึธื ืึทื ืฉืืึธื ืืืกืืึทืืข, ืืื ืืืืืึทืืขืจื ืคืื ืื ืืขืจืข ืฆืืื ืืึธื ืขืก ืืึธื ื ืื ืงืืืขื, ืึธืืขืจ ืืืืื ืืืืข ืจืขืืืืึทื ืฅ.
ืึทื ืืื, ืคึฟืึทืจ ืืืืืืขื ืืื ืคืึทืจืฉืืืขื ืข ืคืึทืจืงืขืจ ืืื ืคืึทืจืฉืืืขื ืข ืืคึผืืืืข, ืืึทืืขืจืื ืคืื ืคืึทืจืฉืืืขื ืข ืงืึทืคึผืึทืกืึทืืื ืืื ืืื - ืคึผืึทื ืึทืื ืคืื ืคืึทืจืฉืืืขื ืข ืกืืืขืก ืืขื ืขื ืืืจืฃ.
ืืขืจ ืืืืจ ืืื ืึท ืืขืืฉืื ืคืื ืืื ืคืื ืขื ืขืจืืืข ืืื ืคืืจืืื ืื ืคึฟืึทืจ ืคึผืจืึธืืืงืฆืืข ืื ืืื - ืคึผืึทื ืึทืื ืืื (ืืืืึทืืื ืขื ืขืจืืืข) ืืื ืืื ืคืื ืขืก ืืืจื ืก ืืืืก ืืืื ืืืจ ืืืืื ืืขื ืกืืืข ืืืจื ืื ืืขืจืืืึทืจื ืืื ืกื ืืขืื ืคืื 10 ืืืจ.
ืืื ืืขื ืืืขื, ืขืก ืืื ืืขืืืขื ืฆื ืจืขืืขื ืขื ืื ืขืงืืืืืืึทืืขื ื ืคืื ืคืึทืกืึทื ืคืืืึทืื ืืืึธืก ืืขื ืขื ืงืึทื ืกืืื ืืื ืื ืคึผืจืึธืืืงืฆืืข ืืื ืึธืคึผืขืจืึทืฆืืข ืคืื โโืื ืคึผืึทื ืึทืื. ื ืืืขืจืืง-ืืขืง ืืึทืืึทืืื ืืขืคืื ืขื ืึทื ืืื ืืขืจ ืขืจืฉืืขืจ ืืึธืจ ืคืื ืึธืคึผืขืจืึทืฆืืข, ืืืืขืจ ืกืืกืืขื (50 ืื ืืึทืคืืืข, 86,4 ืืื ืืึทืืึทืจืืืข) "ืืืฉืขื ืขืจืืืืึทื" ืืขืขืจืขื 9 ืงื ืคืื ืืืืฉืึทื ื, ืึธืืขืจ ืืขืจ ืขืงืืืืืืึทืืขื ื ืคืื ืืจืขื ืขื 3 ืืืืขืจ ืคืื ืืึทืืึธืืื: ืืืขืื ืื ืืขืืืข ืืื ืึท 50- ืืึธืจ-ืึทืื ืคึผืึทืกืึทืืฉืืจ ืืึทืฉืื ืงืืืืืขืืขืจ ืึทืจืืืคืึธืจื.
ืืืื ืืขืจ ืกืขืจืืืขืจ ืืื ืคึผืึทืืขืจื ื ืืฉื ืคึฟืื ืืื - ืคึผืึทื ืึทืื, ืึธืืขืจ ืคึฟืื ืื ืึทืืืขืืืื ืข ืืึทืื ืืจืื, ืื ืขืงืืืืืืึทืืขื ื ืืืืฉืึทื ื ืืืกืงืืืขื ืฆื ืืืื ืืขืงืก ืืึธื ื ืืืขืจืืงืขืจ: 1,54 ืงื (ืื ืฉืคึผืึทื ืืฉ ืขื ืขืจืืืข ืกืขืงืืึธืจ ืืื ืึท ืืืื ืืืืื ืคืื ืึธืืืขืจื ืึทืืืื ืขื ืขืจืืืข ืืื ืืึธืืขืจ ืืึทืื ืคึผืืึทื ืฅ). ืืืขืจ ืืึธืก ืืื ื ืืฉื ืึท ืืึธืจ ืจืืืืืง ืคืึทืจืืืืึทื, ืืขืจ ืืืืจ ืฉืจืืืื, ืืืืึทื ืขืก ื ืขืื ืืื ืืฉืืื ืื ืืืืึทืืื ืขื ืขืจืืืข ืคืื โโืื ืืื ืื ืคืจืึทืกืืจืึทืงืืฉืขืจ, ืึธืืขืจ ืืื ื ืืฉื ื ืขืืขื ืืื ืืฉืืื ืืขื ืืจืืื ืคึฟืึทืจ ืื ืึทืืืขืืืื ืข ืขื ืขืจืืืข ื ืขืฅ, ืืึธืก ืืื ืื ืงืึธืก ืคืื ืืืึทื ืงืึทื ืกืืจืึทืงืฉืึทื ืืื ืฉืืืฆื. .
ืืืืึทืืขืจ ืืืคึผืจืืืืืึทื ืฅ
ืืื ืืขืจ ืคืึทืจืืึทื ืืขื ืืืื, ืึท ื ืืืขืจ ืคืื ืึทืคึผืืึทืืึทืืืืฉืึทื ื ืืขื ืขื ืืืจืืืขืงืึธืื ืืืึธืก ืืึธืื ืจืืืืกื ืื ืกืขืจืืืขืจ ืืึทืื ืงืึทื ืกืึทืืฉืึทื. ืฆืื ืืืืฉืคึผืื, ืืื ืืืื ืคืื ื ืื ืืขืืืขืืึธืคึผืขืจ ืืืืขืจืงื ืึทื 6,63 ืื ืคืื ืื ืืึทื ืฅ 11,15 ืื ืคืื ืคืึทืจืงืขืจ ืืื ืืืฉืขื ืขืจืืืืึทื ืืืจื ืืืื ืคืึทืืฉ ืืืคึผืืึทืืขื ืืืืฉืึทื ืคืื RSS ืคืืืขืจ ืืืึธืก ืคึผืืื ืืื ืืึทืื ืืขืืขืจ ืืืกื ืืื ืื. ื ืึธื ืคืืงืกืืจ ืืขื ืืฉืืง, ืื ืืึทืื ืงืึทื ืกืึทืืฉืึทื ืคืื ืื ืกืขืจืืืขืจ (ืขืงืกืงืืืืื ื ืขื ืขืจืืืข ืืึธืกืกืขืก) ืืืงืจืืกื ืคืื 1,14 ืื ืฆื ืืขืขืจืขื 0,95 ืื. ืืขืจ ืืขืืืื ืก ืงืขื ืืืกืงืืืขื ืงืืืื, ืึธืืขืจ ืึท ืืืืืง ืคืื 0,19 ืื ืืืื 4,56 ืืืื-ืฉืขื ืคึผืขืจ ืืึธื, ืืืึธืก ืงืึธืจืึทืกืคึผืึทื ืื ืฆื ืืขืจ ืืื 2,5 ืฉืขื ืคืื ืืึทืืึทืจืืืข ืืขืื ืคึฟืึทืจ ืื ืกืขืจืืืขืจ.
ืืขืฉืึทืก ืืขืจ ืขืจืฉืืขืจ ืืึธืจ ืื ืขืคืขืงืืืืืงืืึทื ืืื ืืขืืืขื ืืืืื 50%. ืืึธืกืกืขืก ืืขื ืขื ืืืืขืจืงื ืืืขื ืืฉืึทืจืืืฉืื ื ืืื ืืืกืืฉืึทืจืืืฉืื ื ืื ืืึทืืึทืจืืืข (22%), ืืื ืืขืืื ื ืืื ืืืขื ืงืึทื ืืืขืจืืื ื ืื ืืืึธืืืืืืืฉ ืคืื 12 ืื (ืืื ืคึผืื ืกืืกืืขื) ืฆื 5 ืื (ืืกื), ืืื ืืึธืกืกืขืก ืืขื ืขื ืึทืจืืืฃ ืฆื 28%. ืืขืจ ืืขืืืขืืึธืคึผืขืจ ืึทืืืืฅ ืึทื ืขืจ ืืื ืึท ืกืืืึธืคึผืืืืึทื ืืืึธืืืืืืืฉ ืงืึทื ืืืขืจืืขืจ (ืงืึธื ืืจืึธืืืขืจ ืึธื ืึท ืืขืืืื-ืืื ืืกื), ืึทืืื ืืืจ ืงืขื ืขื ืึทืคึผืืึทืืืื ืืขื ืคืื ื ืึธืืขืจ ืืึทืฉืืืืขื ืฆื ืึท 5 ืื ืืื - ืื ืกืืึทืืืจืื ื.
ืฆื ืคึฟืึทืจืืขืกืขืจื ืขื ืขืจืืืข ืกืืึธืจืืืืฉ ืขืคืขืงืืืืืงืืึทื, ืคืืจื-ืืืืขืจ ืืึทืืขืจืื ืงืขื ืขื ืืืื ืจืืคึผืืืืกื ืืื ืืขืจ ืืืึทืขืจ ืืืืืืื-ืืึธื ืืึทืืขืจืื, ืืืึธืก ืืึธืื ื ืืืขืจืืงืขืจ ืึธืคึผืฆืึธื / ืึธืคึผืืึธืื ืืึธืกืกืขืก (<10%). ืืืฆื ืืขืจ ืืืืืื ืขืจ ืืื ืงืึทื ืกืืืขืจืื ื ืึท ืกืึธืืื (CAES), ืืืึธืก ืืื ืึท ืืขืื ืคืื ืืขืงืึทืืขืก, ืืืึธืก ืืืื ืึท ืงืืขื ืขืจืขืจ ืืฉืึทื ืฉืคึผืืจ ืืืืฃ ืืืึทื ืคึผืจืึธืืืงืฆืืข.
ืกืึธืืื ืงืึทืืคึผืจืขืกื ืืืคื ืขื ืขืจืืืข ืึทืงืืืืืึทืืึทืืึธืจ,
ืืึทื ืืึธื ืืืจืื ื ืคืื ืึทื ื ืึธื ืืืื ื ืืขืจืืืื ืืื ืงืึทื ืกืืืขืจื (ืขืก ืงืขื ืืืื ) ืืื ืื ืกืืึทืืืจื ืึท ืืื - ืืจืึทืงืขืจ ืฆื ืืืขื ืื ืื ืคึผืึทื ืึทืื ืฆื ืื ืืื. ืื ืืจืึทืงืขืจ ืึทืืึทืื ืืืจ ืฆื ืคืึทืจืืจืขืกืขืจื ืขืืขืงืืจืข ืคึผืจืึธืืืงืฆืืข ืืื 30%.
ืื ืื ืืขืจ ืืืขื ืฆื ืคืึทืจืืจืขืกืขืจื ืื ืขืคืขืงืืืืืงืืึทื ืคืื ืื ืกืืกืืขื ืืื ืฆื ืคืึทืจืืจืขืกืขืจื ืขืก. ืืึทืคึผื ืืขืจ ืืืขืืกืืืขืก ืืืืฃ ืื ืกืขืจืืืขืจ ืืื ืงืึทืืขืจ ืืขืจ ืกืขืจืืืขืจืก. ืืขืจื ืึธื ืื ืขื ืขืจืืืข ืงืึทื ืกืึทืืฉืึทื ืคึผืขืจ ืคึผืืึทืฅ ืืืขื ืคืึทืจืืื ืขืจื.
ืืื ืืึธืกืืื ื ืคืืจืืข. ืืืืืกืืจืืฆืืข: ืืืขืืึธ ืืึทืจืืึธืืขืืืฉืึธ
ืืืื ืืืจ ืืขืงื ืืืื ืืื ืฆืข ืืืืื ืื ื ืืึทืืงืึธื ืืื ืืื - ืคึผืึทื ืึทืื ืืื ืขืคืขื ืขื ืึท ืืื - ืืืขื ืืึธืกืืื ื ืคืืจืืข, ืื ืคึผืจืืึทื ืคึผืขืจ ืงืื ื ืืืขื ืืืื ืืืืืืืืง ื ืืืขืจืืงืขืจ ืืื ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึท ืืืื ืืืขืืืืืื: ืืืึธื ืขืงืึธื ืึธืืืขืก.
ืงืืืืขืืืืง, ืืขืจ ืขืงืกืคึผืขืจืืืขื ื ืืขืืึทื ืกืืจืืืฅ ืึทื, ืืขืืขืื ืืืืขืจ ืืืืืืืืฉืึทื ื, ืขืก ืืื ืืึธืจ ืืขืืืขื ืคึฟืึทืจ ืงืึธืืคึผืืืืขืจ ืื ืคืจืึทืกืืจืึทืงืืฉืขืจ ืฆื ืืืืคื ืืืืฃ ืจืื ืืึทืืึทื ืขื ืขืจืืืข ืงืืืืื.
ืืืขืึธืจืขืืืงืึทืืื, ืึทืืึท ืึท ืกืขืจืืืขืจ ืงืขื ืืคืืื ืืึธื ืึธื ืึท ืืึทืืึทืจืืืข ืืืื ืืืจ ืฉืคึผืืื ืืื ืื ืืขืจืข ืืืืื ืคืื ืืขืจ ืืืขืื. ืคึฟืึทืจ ืืืึทืฉืคึผืื, ืื ืกืืึทืืืจื ืืืจืขืจื ืืื ื ืื ืืืืึทื ื ืืื ืืฉืืืข. ืขืก ืืื - ืคึผืึทื ืึทืื ืืืขื ืึทืจืืขืื ืืืขื ืขืก ืืื ื ืึทืื ืืื ืืึทืจืกืขืืึธื ืึท.
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