ืืืื ืขืจ ืคืื ืื ืฉืคึผืืฅ Alexa ืืืืืืขื (ืฆืขื ืืจืื ืงืจืืึทื), ืคึผืจืึธืืขืงืืขื ืืืจื ืืืืคึผืก, ืืื ืกืืืืึธืืึทืื ืก (ืืจืื) ืืื ืืืคึผืขื ืืึทื ืกืื (ืืืืึทืก), ืฆืืืืฉื ืืืึธืก ืขืก ืืขื ืขื ืฉืคึผืืจืขืืืืืง ืึธื ืขืก (ืฉืึทืืึทื)
ื ืึธืืืึทืืืึทืก, ืื HTTPS ืืืืขืจ ืงืฉืจ ืืืงืึทื ืืื ืืขืืืืจื ืึท ื ืึธืจืืึทื ืืื ืืคืืื ื ืืืืืง ืึทืืจืืืืื ืคืื ืงืืื ืขืจื ืกื ืืืขืืืืืื. ืืืื ืคืขืื ืืืง, ืึผืืขื ืึทืืข ืคืจืืฉ ืืจืึทืืืขืจื ืืืืึทืื ืึท ืืืืจืขื ืื ื ืึทื ืืื ืืึธื ื ืื ืจืขืงืึธืืขื ืืืจื ืืจืึทื ืกืืืืื ื ืงืึทื ืคืึทืืขื ืฉืึทื ืืื ืคึฟืึธืจืืึทืฆืืข ืฆื ืขืก.
ืืืขืจ ืขืก ืืืจื ืก ืืืืก ืึทื ืื ืืืึทืืืึทื ืคืื ืึท "ืฉืืึธืก" ืืื ืื ืึทืืจืขืก ืืึทืจ ืืื ื ืืฉื ืฉืืขื ืืืง ืืึทืจืึทื ืืืจื ืฉืืฅ. ืคึฟืื ืื Alexa ืจืึทื ื ืืขืืืืื: ืคืืืข ืคืื โโโโืืื ืืขื ืขื ืืงืกืคึผืึธืืื ืฆื ืงืจืืืืฉ ืืืึทืื ืขืจืึทืืืืืืื ืคืื SSL / TLS ืคึผืจืึธืืึธืงืึธื, ืืืืฉืึทืืืึทืื ืืืจื ืกืืืืึธืืึทืื ืก ืึธืืขืจ ืืืคึผืขื ืืึทื ืกืื. ืืืื ืื ืืืืจืื ืคืื ืืขื ืืขืจื ืขื, ืื ืงืึทืืคึผืืขืงืกืืื ืคืื ืืึธืืขืจื ืืืขื ืึทืคึผืืึทืงืืืฉืึทื ื ืื ืงืจืืกืื ืื ืืึทืคืึทืื ืืืืขืจืคืืึทื ืืืืขืจ.
ืคืึธืจืฉืื ื ืจืขืืืืืึทืื
ืื ืืขืจื ืขื ืืื ืืืจืืืขืงืึธืื ืืืจื ืกืคึผืขืฉืึทืืึทืกืฅ ืคืื ืื Ca' Foscari ืืื ืืืืขืจืกืืืขื ืคืื ืืืขื ืืก (ืืืืืืืข) ืืื ืื ืืืื ืืขืื ืืฉืข ืืื ืืืืขืจืกืืืขื. ืืื ืืืขืื ืคืึธืจืฉืืขืื ืึท ืืืืืืื ืืึทืจืืื ืืื ืื 40th IEEE ืกืืืคึผืึธืกืืื ืืืืฃ ืืืืขืจืืืื ืืื ืคึผืจืืืืึทืืงืืื, ืืืึธืก ืืืขื ืืืื ืคืืจื ืืืขื ืืื 20-22, 2019 ืืื ืกืึทื ืคึฟืจืึทื ืกืืกืงืึธ.
ืื ืฉืคึผืืฅ 10 ืืืืคึผืก ืืืืืืขื ืืืืฃ Alexa ืก ืจืฉืืื ืืื 000 ืคึฟืึทืจืืื ืื ืืื ืืช ืืขื ืขื ืึธืคึผืืขืฉืืขืื. ืฉืคึผืืจืขืืืืืง ืงืจืืคึผืืึธืืจืึทืคืืง ืงืึทื ืคืืืืขืจืืืฉืึทื ื ืืขื ืขื ืืืืขื ืึทืคืืื ืืืืฃ 90 ืืื ืืช, ืืึธืก ืืื ืืขืขืจืขื 816% ืคืื ืื ืืึทื ืฅ:
- 4818 ืฉืคึผืืจืขืืืืืง ืฆื ืืืื
- 733 ืฉืคึผืืจืขืืืืืง ืฆื ืคืื TLS ืืขืงืจืืคึผืืืึธื
- 912 ืฉืคึผืืจืขืืืืืง ืฆื ืคึผืึทืจืืืืืฉ TLS ืืขืงืจืืคึผืืืึธื
898 ืืืืืืขื ืืขื ืขื ืืึธืจ ืึธืคื ืคึฟืึทืจ ืืึทืงืื ื, ืืึธืก ืืื, ืืื ืืึธืื ืื ืื ืืืฉืขืงืฉืึทื ืคืื ืืจืื-ืคึผืึทืจืืื ืกืงืจืืคึผืก, ืืื 977 ืืืืืืขื ืืจืืคืงืืคืืข ืืื ืืึทืื ืคืื ืฉืืืึทื ืคึผืจืึธืืขืงืืขื ืืืขืืขืจ ืืื ืืืึธืก ืึท ืึทืืึทืงืขืจ ืงืขื ืขื ืื ืืขืจืึทืงื.
ืจืขืกืขืึทืจืืฉืขืจืก ืื ืืขืจืฉืืจืืึทืื ืึทื ืฆืืืืฉื ืื 898 "ืืึธืจ ืงืึทืืคึผืจืึทืืืืื" ืจืขืกืืจืกื ืืขื ืขื ืึธื ืืืื ืกืืึธืจื, ืคืื ืึทื ืฆืืขื ืืึทืืื ืื ืืก ืืื ืื ืืขืจืข ืืจืืืก ืืืืืืขื. 660 ืคืื 898 ืืืืืืขื ืืจืืคืงืืคืืข ืคืื ืืจืืืกื ืืืง ืกืงืจืืคึผืก ืคืื ืฉืคึผืืจืขืืืืืง ืืื ืืช: ืืึธืก ืืื ืืขืจ ืืืืคึผื ืืงืืจ ืคืื ืืขืคืึทืจ. ืืืื ืื ืืืืจืื, ืื ืงืึทืืคึผืืขืงืกืืื ืคืื ืืึธืืขืจื ืืืขื ืึทืคึผืืึทืงืืืฉืึทื ื ืื ืงืจืืกืื ืื ืืึทืคืึทืื ืืืืขืจืคืืึทื ืืืืขืจ.
ืื ืืขืจืข ืคึผืจืึธืืืขืืก ืืขื ืขื ืืืื ืืืกืงืึทืืืขืจื: 10% ืคืื ืืขืจืืืืืขื ืืฉ ืคืืจืืขื ืืึธืื ืคึผืจืึธืืืขืืก ืืื ืื ืืืืขืจ ืืจืึทื ืกืืืกืืข ืคืื โโืืื ืคึฟืึธืจืืึทืฆืืข, ืืืึธืก ืืจืขืืึทื ื ืคึผืึทืจืึธื ืืืงืึทืืืฉ, 412 ืืืืืืขื ืืึธืื ืื ืืขืจืกืขืคึผืฉืึทื ืคืื ืงืืืืขื ืืื "ืกืขืกืืข ืืืืืืฉืึทืงืื ื," ืืื 543 ืืืืืืขื ืืขื ืขื ืกืึทืกืขืคึผืืึทืืึทื ืฆื ืื ืคืืื ืืืืฃ ืงืืื ืึธืจื ืืืขืืงืืึทื (ืืืจื ืกืืืืึธืืึทืื ืก). ).
ืื ืคึผืจืึธืืืขื ืืื ืึทื ืืื ืื ืืขืฆืืข ืืึธืจื, SSL / TLS ืคึผืจืึธืืึธืงืึธืืก ืืื ืืืืืืืืืจื : ืคึผืืื (CVE-2014-3566), BEAST (CVE-2011-3389), CRIME (CVE-2012-4929), BREACH (CVE-2013-3587) ืืื ืืขืึทืจืืืืขืขื (CVE-2014-0160). ืฆื ืืึทืฉืืฆื ืงืขืื ืืื, ืึท ื ืืืขืจ ืคืื ืกืขืืืื ืืก ืืขื ืขื ืคืืจืืื ืื ืืืืฃ ืื ืกืขืจืืืขืจ ืืื ืงืืืขื ื ืืืืื ืฆื ืืืกืืืืื ืื ื ืืฆื ืคืื ืึทืื ืฉืคึผืืจืขืืืืืง ืืืขืจืกืืขืก. ืึธืืขืจ ืืึธืก ืืื ืึท ืืึทื ืฅ ื ืื-ื ืืืืืืึทื ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืืืจ, ืืืืึทื ืึทืืึท ืกืขืืืื ืืก ืึทืจืืึทื ืฆืืขื ืื ืืจืืจื ืคืื ืึท ืืจืืื ืืึทื ื ืคืื ืกืืคืขืจืก ืืื ืคึผืจืึธืืึธืงืึธืืก, ืืืึธืก ืืขื ืขื ืืึทื ืฅ ืฉืืืขืจ ืฆื ืคึฟืึทืจืฉืืืื. ืขืก ืืื ื ืื ืฉืืขื ืืืง ืงืืึธืจ ืืืึธืก ืกืืคืขืจ ืกืืืืฅ ืืื ืคึผืจืึธืืึธืงืึธืืก ืืขื ืขื ืืขืจืขืื ื ืืื "ืืืืขืจ ืืขื ืื."
ืจืขืงืึทืืขื ืืื ืกืขืืืื ืืก
ืขืก ืืื ืงืืื ืืืื ืขืจ ืึทืคืืฉืึทืื ืืืืืืืืงื ืืื ืืกืืื ืืืืฃ ืจืฉืืื ืคืื ืจืขืงืึทืืขื ืืื HTTPS ืกืขืืืื ืืก. ืืืื, ืึธืคืคืขืจืก ืขืืืขืืข ืงืึทื ืคืืืืขืจืืืฉืึทื ืึธืคึผืฆืืขืก, ืืืคึผืขื ืืื ื ืืืืฃ ืื ืคืืจืืื ืื ืืืจืื ืคืื ืฉืืฅ. ืคึฟืึทืจ ืืืึทืฉืคึผืื, ืืึธ ืืขื ืขื ืื ืจืขืงืึทืืขื ืืื ืกืขืืืื ืืก ืคึฟืึทืจ nginx 1.14.0 ืกืขืจืืืขืจ:
ืืึธืืขืจื ืืึธืืข
ืึธืืืืึทืกื ืฉืืืฆื ืงืืืืึทื ืฅ: Firefox 27, Chrome 30, IE 11 ืืืืฃ Windows 7, Edge, Opera 17, Safari 9, Android 5.0 ืืื Java 8
server {
listen 80 default_server;
listen [::]:80 default_server;
# Redirect all HTTP requests to HTTPS with a 301 Moved Permanently response.
return 301 https://$host$request_uri;
}
server {
listen 443 ssl http2;
listen [::]:443 ssl http2;
# certs sent to the client in SERVER HELLO are concatenated in ssl_certificate
ssl_certificate /path/to/signed_cert_plus_intermediates;
ssl_certificate_key /path/to/private_key;
ssl_session_timeout 1d;
ssl_session_cache shared:SSL:50m;
ssl_session_tickets off;
# modern configuration. tweak to your needs.
ssl_protocols TLSv1.2;
ssl_ciphers 'ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384:ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384:ECDHE-ECDSA-CHACHA20-POLY1305:ECDHE-RSA-CHACHA20-POLY1305:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-SHA384:ECDHE-RSA-AES256-SHA384:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-SHA256:ECDHE-RSA-AES128-SHA256';
ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on;
# HSTS (ngx_http_headers_module is required) (15768000 seconds = 6 months)
add_header Strict-Transport-Security max-age=15768000;
# OCSP Stapling ---
# fetch OCSP records from URL in ssl_certificate and cache them
ssl_stapling on;
ssl_stapling_verify on;
## verify chain of trust of OCSP response using Root CA and Intermediate certs
ssl_trusted_certificate /path/to/root_CA_cert_plus_intermediates;
resolver <IP DNS resolver>;
....
}ืืืจืืฉื ืืืืขื ืฉืืืฆื
ืึธืืืืึทืกื ืฉืืืฆื ืงืืืืึทื ืฅ: Firefox 1, Chrome 1, IE 7, Opera 5, Safari 1, Windows XP IE8, Android 2.3, Java 7
server {
listen 80 default_server;
listen [::]:80 default_server;
# Redirect all HTTP requests to HTTPS with a 301 Moved Permanently response.
return 301 https://$host$request_uri;
}
server {
listen 443 ssl http2;
listen [::]:443 ssl http2;
# certs sent to the client in SERVER HELLO are concatenated in ssl_certificate
ssl_certificate /path/to/signed_cert_plus_intermediates;
ssl_certificate_key /path/to/private_key;
ssl_session_timeout 1d;
ssl_session_cache shared:SSL:50m;
ssl_session_tickets off;
# Diffie-Hellman parameter for DHE ciphersuites, recommended 2048 bits
ssl_dhparam /path/to/dhparam.pem;
# intermediate configuration. tweak to your needs.
ssl_protocols TLSv1 TLSv1.1 TLSv1.2;
ssl_ciphers 'ECDHE-ECDSA-CHACHA20-POLY1305:ECDHE-RSA-CHACHA20-POLY1305:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384:ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384:DHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:DHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-SHA256:ECDHE-RSA-AES128-SHA256:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-SHA:ECDHE-RSA-AES256-SHA384:ECDHE-RSA-AES128-SHA:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-SHA384:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-SHA:ECDHE-RSA-AES256-SHA:DHE-RSA-AES128-SHA256:DHE-RSA-AES128-SHA:DHE-RSA-AES256-SHA256:DHE-RSA-AES256-SHA:ECDHE-ECDSA-DES-CBC3-SHA:ECDHE-RSA-DES-CBC3-SHA:EDH-RSA-DES-CBC3-SHA:AES128-GCM-SHA256:AES256-GCM-SHA384:AES128-SHA256:AES256-SHA256:AES128-SHA:AES256-SHA:DES-CBC3-SHA:!DSS';
ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on;
# HSTS (ngx_http_headers_module is required) (15768000 seconds = 6 months)
add_header Strict-Transport-Security max-age=15768000;
# OCSP Stapling ---
# fetch OCSP records from URL in ssl_certificate and cache them
ssl_stapling on;
ssl_stapling_verify on;
## verify chain of trust of OCSP response using Root CA and Intermediate certs
ssl_trusted_certificate /path/to/root_CA_cert_plus_intermediates;
resolver <IP DNS resolver>;
....
}ืึทืื ืฉืืืฆื
ืึธืืืืึทืกื ืฉืืืฆื ืงืืืืึทื ืฅ: Windows XP IE6, Java 6
server {
listen 80 default_server;
listen [::]:80 default_server;
# Redirect all HTTP requests to HTTPS with a 301 Moved Permanently response.
return 301 https://$host$request_uri;
}
server {
listen 443 ssl http2;
listen [::]:443 ssl http2;
# certs sent to the client in SERVER HELLO are concatenated in ssl_certificate
ssl_certificate /path/to/signed_cert_plus_intermediates;
ssl_certificate_key /path/to/private_key;
ssl_session_timeout 1d;
ssl_session_cache shared:SSL:50m;
ssl_session_tickets off;
# Diffie-Hellman parameter for DHE ciphersuites, recommended 2048 bits
ssl_dhparam /path/to/dhparam.pem;
# old configuration. tweak to your needs.
ssl_protocols SSLv3 TLSv1 TLSv1.1 TLSv1.2;
ssl_ciphers 'ECDHE-ECDSA-CHACHA20-POLY1305:ECDHE-RSA-CHACHA20-POLY1305:ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384:DHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:DHE-DSS-AES128-GCM-SHA256:kEDH+AESGCM:ECDHE-RSA-AES128-SHA256:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-SHA256:ECDHE-RSA-AES128-SHA:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-SHA:ECDHE-RSA-AES256-SHA384:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-SHA384:ECDHE-RSA-AES256-SHA:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-SHA:DHE-RSA-AES128-SHA256:DHE-RSA-AES128-SHA:DHE-DSS-AES128-SHA256:DHE-RSA-AES256-SHA256:DHE-DSS-AES256-SHA:DHE-RSA-AES256-SHA:ECDHE-RSA-DES-CBC3-SHA:ECDHE-ECDSA-DES-CBC3-SHA:EDH-RSA-DES-CBC3-SHA:AES128-GCM-SHA256:AES256-GCM-SHA384:AES128-SHA256:AES256-SHA256:AES128-SHA:AES256-SHA:AES:DES-CBC3-SHA:HIGH:SEED:!aNULL:!eNULL:!EXPORT:!DES:!RC4:!MD5:!PSK:!RSAPSK:!aDH:!aECDH:!EDH-DSS-DES-CBC3-SHA:!KRB5-DES-CBC3-SHA:!SRP';
ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on;
# HSTS (ngx_http_headers_module is required) (15768000 seconds = 6 months)
add_header Strict-Transport-Security max-age=15768000;
# OCSP Stapling ---
# fetch OCSP records from URL in ssl_certificate and cache them
ssl_stapling on;
ssl_stapling_verify on;
## verify chain of trust of OCSP response using Root CA and Intermediate certs
ssl_trusted_certificate /path/to/root_CA_cert_plus_intermediates;
resolver <IP DNS resolver>;
....
}ืขืก ืืื ืจืขืงืึทืืขื ืืื ืฆื ืฉืืขื ืืืง ื ืืฆื ืื ืคืื ืกืืคืขืจ ืกืืืื ืืื ืื ืืขืฆืืข ืืืขืจืกืืข ืคืื โโโโOpenSSL. ืืขืจ ืืึทื ื ืคืื ืกืืคืขืจืก ืืื ืื ืกืขืจืืืขืจ ืกืขืืืื ืืก ืื ืืืงืืืฅ ืื ืืืืืขืจืงืืึทื ืืื ืืืึธืก ืืื ืืืขืื ืืืื ืืขืืืืื ื, ืืืคึผืขื ืืื ื ืืืืฃ ืื ืงืืืขื ื ืกืขืืืื ืืก.
ืคืึธืจืฉืื ื ืืืืืื ืึทื ืคืฉืื ืื ืกืืึธืืื ื ืึท HTTPS ืืึทืืืืึทืื ืืื ื ืืฉื ืืขื ืื. "ืืึธืืฉ ืืืจ ืืึธื ื ืื ืฉืขืคึผื ืงืืืืขื ืืื ืืืจ ืืืื ืืื 2005, ืืื 'ืืืึทืืืฉ TLS' ืืื ืืขืืืืจื ืืขืืืืื ืืืขื, ืขืก ืืืจื ืก ืืืืก ืึทื ืื ืืงืขืจืืืง ืืื ืื ืืขื ืขื ื ืืฉื ืืขื ืื ืฆื ืืึทืืืึธืจืขื ืขื ืึท ืกืึทืคึผืจืืืืื ืืื ืืจืืืก ื ืืืขืจ ืคืื ืืืืขืจ ืคืึธืืงืก ืืืืืืขื," ืืืืจืื ืคืื ืืขืจ ืืืขืจืง. ืฆื ืจืืืืืึทืืื ืืึทืฉืืฆื ืื ืงืึทื ืึทื ืฆืืืืฉื ืื ืกืขืจืืืขืจ ืืื ืืขื ืงืืืขื ื, ืืืจ ืืึทืจืคึฟื ืฆื ืืึธื ืืืึธืจ ืื ืื ืคืจืึทืกืืจืึทืงืืฉืขืจ ืคืื ืืืื ืืืืืขื ืข ืกืืืืึธืืึทืื ืก ืืื ืืจืื-ืคึผืึทืจืืื ืืึธืกืฅ ืคืื ืืืึธืก ืื ืืื ืืึทืื ืคึฟืึทืจ ืื ืคึผืืึทืฅ ืืื ืกืึทืคึผืืืื. ืขืก ืงืขื ืืืื ืืื ืขื ืฆื ืกืืจ ืึท ืงืึธื ืืจืึธืืืจื ืคืื ืขืืืขืืข ืืจืื-ืคึผืึทืจืืื ืคืืจืืข ืืืึธืก ืกืคึผืขืฉืึทืืืืืื ืืื ืืื ืคึฟืึธืจืืึทืฆืืข ืืืืขืจืืืื.
ืืงืืจ: www.habr.com