×× ×עךע ×ך××ק××¢× ××× ×עך סעך××¢:
- ×עש××××¢ ×€×× ââ×× ×š×¢××¢
×××€Ö¿× ×€×× "×©× ×¢× ×ַך××עך׀××š× ×€×× ××× ×€Ö¿×֞ך××ַ׊××¢", ×Öž×עך ×עך ×Öž× ×××× ×€×× ×× ×š×¢××¢ ×€×ךשך××€× ××Ö·××××Ö·× ×××Ö·× ×¢× ××š×¢×€ÖŒ×š×¢× ×¢×ךס ××× ×Š×× ×¡××£, ×× ×š×¢××¢ ×עךע×× ××¢××¢×ך×Ö·×£ × ×֞ך ×€×ַך××× ×× ×× ×€×ך××¢×¡× ××ך ×€×× ×š×¢××¢ ק×Öž××€ÖŒ×××עךס ×¢×עק×ך×Öž× ×ש תק××€×
- ×עש××××¢ ×€×× ââ×¢×עק×ך×Öž× ×ש ק×Öž××€ÖŒ×××עךס
- ×עש××××¢ ×€×× ââ×× ×ך×Ö·× ××ס××֞ך
- ×עש××××¢ ×€×× ââ×עך ××× ××¢×š× ×¢×¥
×š×¢×€×¢×š×¢× ×¥ × ×¢×¥ ׊ע××Öž××, ×××× 1 ׊ע××Öž××, ×××× 2 ×Ö·× ×××¢×§× ×× ×עך×ַק××××××× ×קס׀֌×Ö·× ××× × ×× ×עך×ַק××××××× ×ַך׀֌×Ö·× ×¢× - ×× ××¢×××š× ARPANET - ×€ÖŒ×¢×§× ARPANET - ס××× ×¢× ×§×Öž××€ÖŒ×××עך ××× ×Ö· ק×Öž××× ×ק×ַ׊××¢ ×××× ×עש××××¢ ×€×× ââ×עך ××× ××¢×š× ×¢×¥: ×× ×עך××עךק×× ×
×עש×ַס ×עך עךש×עך ××¢××€× ×€×× ×× 1970 ס, ×× ×ק×Ö·××Ö·×××©× ×€×× ×§×Öž××€ÖŒ×××עך × ×¢××××֞ךקס ×ך××עך××¢×€××š× ×Ö·××עק ×€×× ×××Ö·× ×֞ך×××× ×¢× ARPANET ×Öž××עס ××× ×קס׀֌×Ö·× ××× ××× ×¢×××¢××¢ ×€×ַךש×××¢× ×¢ ××××¢× ×©×Ö·× ×. ARPANET ××××¢×š× ××סק×Ö·×××¢×š× ×Ö· × ××Ö·×¢ ×Ö·×€ÖŒ××ַק××ש×Ö·×, E- ×ך×××, ×××֞ס ××× ××¢××××š× ×Ö· ××××€ÖŒ× ××¢××ק××× ××××£ ×עך × ×¢×¥. ×Ö·× ×ך×ַ׀֌ך×Ö·× ×¢×š× ××׀ך××× ×××עך ×××××¢× ×¢ ××עך××Ö·× ×¥ ×€×× ARPANET ×Š× ××× ×¢× ××¢×©×¢×€× ×××עך×. ךעסע×ַך×שעךס ×ַך×× ×× ×××¢××, ×€×× ××Ö·×××Ö·×× ×Š× ×××ך×֞׀֌ע, ××Öž×× ××¢×××¢××Öž×€ÖŒ×× × × ××Ö·×¢ ×××׀֌ס ×€×× × ×¢××××֞ךקס ×Š× ××š×¢×€× ××××¢×š×€×¢× ××©× ×Öž×עך ך××××ק ××Ö·×× ×××֞ס ××¢× ×¢× × ××©× ×עךע×× ×××š× ARPANET.
×ÖŒ××¢× ×Ö·××¢××¢× ×× ×××Ö·×××× ××× ××¢× ×€ÖŒ×š×֞׊עס ×ך××עך××¢×€××š× ×Ö·××עק ×€×× ARPANET ס ×֞ך×××× ×¢× ×Š×× ×€×× ×€ÖŒ×š×Ö·××××××× × ×©×¢×š× ×§×Ö·××€ÖŒ××××× × ××Ö·×× ××× ×××××××××š× ×ַך××עך ×Ö· ×ך××× ×€×ַךש×××× ×§××Ö·× ×€×× ×€×֞ךש×× × ×¡×¢× ×עךס, ××¢×עך ××× ×××× ×××××¢× ×¢ ××¢××ַק××××Ö·× ×š×¢×¡×ךס×. ק×××€×××עך × ×¢××××֞ךקס ××¢××××š× ××€Ö¿×š× ×Ö· ×××× ×€×× ×§×Ö·× ×¢×§××× × ××¢× ××©× ××× ××¢×עך ×× ×עךעך ×Öž×עך ××× ××××Ö·× ×¡×ס××¢××¢× ×××֞ס ××¢××× × ××× ×Ö· ×ק×ך ×Öž×עך ××Ö·××€ÖŒ ×€×× ××¢× ×ש-××××¢× ×¢× ××× ×€Ö¿×֞ך××ַ׊××¢, ×€Ö¿×ַך ×××ַש׀֌××, ××× ××× ×€Ö¿×֞ך××ַ׊××¢ ××Ö·××Ö·×××ס×× ×Öž×עך ׀֌ך×× ×עךס.
××קק×××עך ××× ×š×××¢×š× ××××עך ×××× ×€×ך×××ס××¢××¢× ××¢× ××¢××××ק×××, ××× ××ס ××× × ××©× ××¢×××¢× ×עך ׊×× ×××ס ××× ×××× ×€×š××××š× ×Š× ×עך×ך×××× ×××¢× ××× ×××× ×ך××ס××¢××š×¢× ×× ×× ×¢×š×©××¢ × ×¢×¥ עקס׀עך×××¢× ××. ×××עך 1968 ×ַך×××§× "×עך ק×Öž××€ÖŒ×××עך ××× ×Ö· ק×Öž××× ×ק×ַ׊××¢ ××××" ×€×¢×× ×× ×¢× ×¢×š×××¢ ××× ××××ק ק×××Ö·××××¢× ×€×× ×Ö· ׀֌ך×Ö·×€×¢××ק ××××ס××Öž×× ××× ×עך ×עש××××¢ ×€×× ââק×Öž××€ÖŒ×××עךס ××¢×€Ö¿×× ×¢× ××× ×××Ö·× ×¢×××ַך ××ש ס ×ַך××ק××¢× "
××ך ×××¢× × ×× ×©××§× ×ך××× ×Öž×עך ××¢××¢×ך×Ö·××¢×; ××ך ×××¢× ×€×©×× ×××¢× ×××€×׊××š× ×× ××¢× ××©× ×××¢××¢× ×¡ ×עקעס ××Ö·×š×€Ö¿× ×Š× ×××× ××× ××§× ×Š× ×××Ö·×, ××× ×××֞ס ×€ÖŒ×ַךץ ×€×× ×× ×עקעס ××× ××Öž× ×××× ××× ××§× ×Š×, ××× ××Öž×עך ××ַש××××¢× ×× ×¢×š××ש×Ö·× ×¡× ×€×ַק××֞ך. ××ך ×××¢× ×š×ַךע×× ××Ö·×× ××¢××¢×€×Öž× ×§×Ö·××ס; ××ך ×××¢× ×€×š×¢×× ×× × ×¢×¥ ×Š× ×€×ַך××× ×× ×××× ×§×Ö·× ×¡×Öž×××.
×× × ×¢×¥ ×××¢× ×Š×ש××¢×× ×€Ö¿×¢×֎ק×××× ××× ××Ö·××× ×× ×ס ×××֞ס ××ך ×××¢× ×Ö·××Öž× ××š× ×Š× ××× ×× ×עךע ××Ö·××× ×× ×ס ×××֞ס ××ך ×××¢× × ××Š× ××× ××ךף. ×עך עךש×עך ×ך×׀֌ע ×××¢× ×ַך××Ö·× × ×¢××¢× ×× ××עס××Ö·× × ××× ×©×××עך ע׊×, סע×עק׊××¢ ×€×× ââ××× ×€Ö¿×֞ך××ַ׊××¢ ×€×× ââââ×××× ×€×¢×× ×€×× ××¢××ק×××, ×Ö·× ×Ö·×× ×¡×× ×€×× ×§××××ך, ס׀֌×֞ך××× × ××× ×€×ַך××××Ö·××× × ××¢×©×¢×¢× ××©× ×××֞ס ××××Ö·×× ×××× ××× ×עךעס×, ×××"× ×.
(×Öž×עך, ×××עך ×ַך×××§× ×××× ××סקך×××× ××× ×ַך××¢×××Öž××ק××Ö·× ×××¢× ×€×ַךש×××× ×× ××××£ ××¢× ×€ÖŒ××Ö·× ×¢×, ××××Ö·× ××××¢× ×ש×Ö·×××Ö·×× ×Ö·××¢ ××¢× ××©× ×××¢×× ×××¢×š× ×€ÖŒ×š×Öž××ך×Ö·××¢×š× ×××֞ס ××× ×¢× ×× ××××¢×š×€×¢× ××©× ×€×× ×× × ×¢×¥ ××× ×××¢× ×××× ×€×Ö·×š×§× ×Ö·×¡× ××× ×× ×עך×ַק×××× ××××Ö·××× × ×€×× ×××××.)
×עך עךש×עך ××× ××¢×š×¡× ××××××ק ק×Öž××€ÖŒ×Öž× ×¢× × ×€×× ××¢× ×§×Öž××€ÖŒ×××עך-××¢×ך××× ×Š×ק×× ×€Ö¿×, email, ×€×ַךש׀֌ך×××× ××× ×Ö· ×××ך×ס ×ַך××עך ×× ARPANET ××× ×× 1970 ס, ×Öž× ×××× ×Š× × ×¢××¢× ×××עך ×× ×××¢××.
×××׊׀֌×֞ס×
×Š× ×€Ö¿×ַךש×××× ××× ×××׊׀֌×Öž×¡× ××××Ö·×××× ××××£ ×× ARPANET, ××ך עךש×עך ××Ö·×š×€Ö¿× ×Š× ×€Ö¿×ַךש×××× ×× ××××€ÖŒ× ×¢× ×עך×× ××¢× ×××֞ס ××Öž×× ××¢× ×××¢× ×§×Ö·××€ÖŒ××××× × ×¡×ס××¢××¢× ×××עך ×× × ×¢×¥ ××× ×× ×€×š× 1970 ס. ×××¢× ARPANET ××× ××¢×××¢× ×¢×š×©×עך ק×Ö·× ×¡×××× ××× ×× ×××× 1960 ס, ×× ××Ö·×× ×××Ö·×š× ××× ×§×Öž× ×ך×Öž× ×××××××××š× ××××£ ××¢×עך ×€ÖŒ××Ö·×¥ ××× ×ÖŒ××¢× ××Öž×š× ××©× ××× ×€ÖŒ×š×֞ס×. ×€×××¢ ×€×× ×§×× ×§×Ö·× ×¡×Ö·× ×ך××××Ö·× ××××£ ס׀֌ע׊××¢×, ××××-×Ö·××עק ס×ס××¢××¢×, ××ש×, Multics ××× MIT, TX-2 ××× Lincoln Laboratory, ILLIAC IV, ××¢×××× ××× ××× ×××עךס×××¢× ×€×× ××××× ×Öž×ס.
×Öž×עך ××× 1973, ×× ××Ö·× ×ש×Ö·×€× ×€×× × ×¢××××֞ךק ק×Öž××€ÖŒ×××עך ס×ס××¢××¢× ××× ×§×× × ××׀֌ש ××× ×Ö·×€×֞ך××Ö·××, ××Ö·× ×§ ×Š× ×× ××××× ×׊××× ×€×× ××××××Ö·× ×¢×§××××€ÖŒ××¢× × ×§×֞ך׀֌×֞ך×Ö·×××Öž× (DEC) ××× ×××Ö·× ××ך××ך×× × ×€×× ×× ××××¡× ×©××€×××¢××¢ ק×Ö·××€ÖŒ××××× × ××ַךק (עס ××× ××¢×××¢× ×× ×ך××× ×ש×××× ×€×× Ken Olsen ××× Harlan Anderson, ×××××š× ××××£ ×××עך ××××¡× ×©××€×××¢××¢ ק×Ö·××€ÖŒ××××× × ××ַךק). ×עך׀×ַך×× × ××× TX-2 ××× Lincoln Laboratory). DEC ××¢×××¢××Öž×€ÖŒ×¢× ×× ×××× ×€×š×××
ק×ק ××× ×€×××¢ ×€ÖŒ×׀֌ס עס ××¢× ×¢×!
BBN, ×××֞ס ××× ××¢×××¢× ×€×ַך×Ö·× ××××֞ך×××¢× ×€Ö¿×ַך ש×××Š× ×× ARPANET, ××¢×××× ××¢× ×§×× ××€××× ×עך ×Ö·×ך×ַק×××× ×××š× ×§×š×××××× × ×× Tenex ×֞׀֌עך××××× × ×¡×ס××¢×, ×××֞ס ××Öž× ×Š×××¢××¢×× ×€ÖŒ×××××©× ×××ך×××Ö·× ××֌ך×× ×Š× ×× PDP-10. ××¢× ×××עך ס×××€ÖŒ××Ö·×€××× ×× ×€×ַך×××Ö·×××× × ××× × ××Š× ×€×× ×× ×¡×ס××¢×, ××××Ö·× ×¢×¡ ××× × ×× ×עך × ××××ק ×Š× ×¡×ך×××¢×š× ×× ××Ö·× × ×€×× ×€×××¡× ××ק ××××× ×Š× ×× ×× ×××Š× ×¡×××¢ ×€×× ââ××֌ך××. BNN ש××€ÖŒ× Tenex ׀ך×× ×Š× ×× ×עךע ARPA × ×Öž×××, ××× ×¢×¡ ××× ××Ö·×× ××¢××××š× ×× ××Öž××× ×Ö·× × ×ַס ××××£ ×עך × ×¢×¥.
×Öž×עך ×××֞ס ××× ×Ö·××¢ ××¢× ××Öž×× ×Š× ××Öž× ××× E- ×ך×××? × ×׊עךס ×€×× ×Š×××-××Ö·× ×××××× × ×¡×ס××¢××¢× ××¢× ×¢× ×©××× ××ַק×Ö·× × ××× ×¢×עק×ך×Öž× ×ש ×עס×××ש×× ×, ××××Ö·× ×š××Ö¿ ×€×× ×× ×¡×ס××¢××¢× ××Öž×× ×Š××עש××¢×× ××××××ַקס×× ×€×× ×¢×××¢××¢ ס×Öž×š× ××× ×× ×©×€ÖŒ×¢× 1960 ס. ××× ××Öž×× ×Š××עש××¢×× ×Ö· ס×Öž×š× ×€×× ××× ×¢×š××¢×עך ×€ÖŒ×֞ס×, ××× ×ך××× ×§×¢× × ×֞ך ×××× ×€×ך×××× ×Š××××©× ×× × ×׊עךס ×€×× ×× ××¢×××¢ ס×ס××¢×. ×עך עךש×עך ××¢× ×ש ×Š× × ××Š× ×Ö· × ×¢×¥ ×Š× ×ַך××עך׀××š× ×€ÖŒ×Öž×¡× ×€×× ×××× ××ַש×× ×Š× ×× ××¢×š× ××× ××¢×××¢× Ray Tomlinson, ×Ö·× ×× ××©×¢× ×ך ××× BBN ××× ×××× ×¢×š ×€×× ×× ×××ך×× ×€×× Tenex. עך ××× ×©××× ×עשך××× × ×€×š××ך×× ×××× × ×××¢× SNDMSG ×Š× ×©××§× ×€××¡× ×Š× ×× ×× ×עך ××× ×׊עך ××××€× ××¢××× ××¢× ×¢×§×¡ ס×ס××¢×, ××× × ×€×š××ך×× ×××× × ×××¢× CPYNET ×Š× ×©××§× ×עקעס ×××עך ×עך × ×¢×¥. ×Ö·××¢ ×××֞ס עך ××× ×Š× ××Öž× ××× ××¢×××¢× ×Ö· ×××¡× × ××Š× ×××× ×€×Ö·× ××Ö·×××¢, ××× ×¢×š ×§×¢× ××¢× ××× ×Š× ×€×ַך××× ×× ×× ×Š×××× ××××× ×Š× ×©×Ö·×€Ö¿× × ×¢×¥ ×€ÖŒ×֞ס×. ××× ×€×š×עך××קע ×××××, ××××× ×× × ×××¢× ××× ×€×ך××× ×× ×Š× ×××¢× ×××€×׊××š× ×× ××ַק××עך, ×Ö·××× ××Öž×××× ×¡×Öž× ××× ××¢×××¢× ×עך ××¢××Ö·× ×§ ×€×× ×§×Ö·××××× ×× × ×× ××××¢ × ×××¢× ××× ×× × ×Öž××¢× ×€×× ×עך ××Ö·××¢××֞ס (××××¢ ×Öž×עך ××××Ö·×), ק×Ö·× ×¢×§××× × ××× ××× ×× @ ס××××Öž× ××× ××ַק×××¢× ×Ö·× ×××׊׀֌×Öž×¡× ×Ö·×ךעס ××× ×Š×ק ×€Ö¿×ַך ×× ××× ×Š×¢ × ×¢×¥ (׀ך×עך ×× @ ס××××Öž× ××× ×š×ַךע×× ××¢× ×׊×, ×עך ××××€ÖŒ× ×€Ö¿×ַך ׀֌ך××Ö·× ×× ××ק×Ö·×××Öž× ×¡: 4 ק××קס @ $ 2 ××¢×עך).
Ray Tomlinson ××× ×××× ×©×€ÖŒ×¢×עך ××֞ך×, ××× ×××× ×ס×××¢ @ ׊×××× ××× ×עך ××× ×עך×ך×× ×
××Öž×××× ×¡×Öž× ××Öž× ×Öž× ××¢××××× ×עס×××š× ×××× × ×××¢ ׀֌ך×Öž×ך×Ö·× ××Öž×ק×Ö·×× ××× 1971, ××× ××× 1972 ××× ×××× × ×¢×¥ ××עךס××¢ ×€×× ââSNDMSG ×ַך××Ö·× ×עךע×× × ××× ×Ö· × ××Ö·×¢ ××¢× ×¢×§×¡ ××¢×××× ×, ×Ö·××Ö·××× × ××¢× ×¢×§×¡ ×€ÖŒ×Öž×¡× ×Š× ×קס׀֌×Ö·× × ×××עך ×Ö· ×××× × ×Öž××¢ ××× ×€×ַךש׀֌ך×××× ×××עך ×× ××× ×Š×¢ × ×¢×¥. ×עך שע׀ע ×€×× ââ××ש×× ×¢× ××× Tenex ××× ××¢××¢×× ××Öž×××× ×¡×Öž× ×¡ ××××ך×× ×€ÖŒ×š×Öž×ך×Ö·× ××××× ×ַקסעס ×Š× ×š××Ö¿ ARPANET ×××עך×, ××× ×× E- ×ך××× ××× ××¢×××¢× ×Ö· ××Ö·×××ק ×׊×××. ××Ö·× ×¥ ×עש×××× ×, ARPA ×€×ךעך ×× ×§×֞ך׀֌עך××××× ×× × ××Š× ×€×× E- ×ך××× ××× ×××Öž××¢××ק ××¢××. ס×××××¢× ××ק×ַס×ק, ××ךעק××֞ך ×€×× ARPA, ××× ××¢×××¢× ×Ö· ×€×š× ×Ö·××Öž×€ÖŒ×עך, ××× ××× ××¢×××¢× ××¢×š× ×š×Öž×עךץ, × ×Öž× ××××€ÖŒ× ×€×× ×× ×Ö·××¢× ××ך ס ק×Öž××€ÖŒ×××עך ××××¡× ×©×Ö·×€Ö¿× ×Öž×€ÖŒ××××. ×× ××¢××××× ××××× ×× ×¢×××Ö·××Ö·××× ××ך×××¢××× ××¢× ×Š× ×××עך ס×Ö·××֞ך××Ö·× ×××¥, ××× ××Ö·×× E- ×ך××× ××× ××¢××××š× ×××× ×¢×š ×€×× ×× ×קעך××ק ×€×ק×× ×€×× ARPANET ××¢×× ××× ×§××××ך.
××Öž×××× ×¡×Öž× ×¡ E- ×ך××× ×€ÖŒ×š×Öž×ך×Ö·× ××× ××¢×€Ö¿××š× ×€×××¢ ×€×ַךש×××¢× ×¢ ××××××ש×Ö·× × ××× × ××Ö·×¢ ×××××¢××Ö·×€ÖŒ××Ö·× ×¥ ××× ××××¢×š× ×××× ×××¢×× ×Š× ×€Ö¿×ַך××¢×¡×¢×š× ×× ×š×××Ö·××¢× ××¢×š× ×€×Ö·× ×קש×Ö·× ×Ö·××××. ×€×× ×€×× ×× ×€×š× ×××עש ×€×Öž×ק××¡× ××××£ קעךעק××× × ×× ×©×֞ך×ק×Öž××× ×ס ×€×× ×× ×ך××× ××××¢× ×¢×š. ××× ×€ÖŒ×Öž×¡× ×ך××עך××¢×€××š× ××××Ö·×עך ×€×× ×× ×§×Ö·× ×€××× × ×€×× ×Ö· ×××× ×§×Öž××€ÖŒ×××עך, ×× ××Ö·× × ×€×× ×××××× ××ק×××¢× ×××š× ×ַק×××× × ×׊עךס ×× ××¢××××× ×Š× ×××Ö·×§×¡× ×Š×××××¢× ××× ××¢× ×××֌קס ×€×× ×× × ×¢×¥, ××× ×× ×ך×××׊××× ×¢×× ×Š×××Ö·× × ×Š× ×× ×§×Ö·××× × ×××××× ××× ×§××֞ך ××¢×§×¡× ××× × ×× ×עך ע׀עק××××. ××¢×š× ×š×Öž×עךץ ×××, × ×× ××¢×§×¢× × ×Š× ×§×֞׀֌ע ××× ×× ×עך×Ö·×ש ×€×× ×× ×§×Ö·××× × ×ַך××ק××¢×, ×עשך××× ×××× ×××××¢× ×¢ ׀֌ך×Öž×ך×Ö·× ×€Ö¿×ַך ×ך××¢×× ××× ×× ×× ××֞קס ×עך××€× RD. ×Öž×עך ××× ×× ×××× 1970 ס, ×× MSG ׀֌ך×Öž×ך×Ö·×, ×עשך××× ×××š× John Vittal ×€×× ×× ××× ×××עךס×××¢× ×€×× ×¡×Öž××××¢×š× ×§×Ö·×××€×Öž×š× ××Ö·, ××× ××¢×××¢× ××××× × ××× ×Ö· ×ך××× ××š×¢× ×¢×¥ ××× ×€ÖŒ×Öž×€ÖŒ×××ַך×××¢×. ××ך × ×¢××¢× ×× ×€×××ק××× ×Š× ×××××Öž××Ö·××ש ×€ÖŒ××Öž××××š× ×× × ×Öž××¢× ××× ××ַק××עך ×€×¢××עך ×€×× ×Ö· ×Ö·××××Öž××× × ×Öž× ××Öž× ×××××š× ××××£ ×× ×× ×§×Ö·××× × ×××× ×¢×š ××× ×Ö· ק××ק ×€×× ×Ö· ×§× ×¢×€ÖŒ×. ×Öž×עך, עס ××× ××¢×××¢× ×××××Ö·× ×¡ MSG ׀֌ך×Öž×ך×Ö·× ×××֞ס עךש×עך ××Ö·×§×¢× ×¢× ×× ×Ö·×××××× × ××¢××¢×× ×××× ×Š× "×¢× ×׀עך×" ×Ö· ×ך××× ××× 1975; ××× ×¢×¡ ××× ×××× ×ַך××Ö·× ×עךע×× × ××× ×× ××Ö·× × ×€×× ××××× ×€Ö¿×ַך ××¢× ×¢×§×¡.
×× ×€×ַךש×××× ×§××Ö·× ×€×× ×Ö·××Ö· ׀ך×××× ×€×ך××× ×× ×× ×ק××× ×€×× ×¡××Ö·× ××ַך×ס. ××× ××֞ס ××× ××¢×××¢× ×עך עךש×עך, ×Öž×עך × ××©× ×× ×ע׊××¢ ××Öž× ×××֞ס ×× × ×¢××××¢×š×§× ×§×Öž××€ÖŒ×××עך ק×× ××× ×Š× ×Ö·× ××××ק××¢× ×¡××Ö·× ××ַך×ס ךע×ך×Öž×ַק×××××¢. × ×× ×¢× ××¢× ×× ×קעך××ק ARPANET ׀֌ך×Öž××֞ק×Öž×ס, ××××עך ק××× E- ×ך××× ×¡××Ö·× ××ַך×ס ××עך××ש×, עס ××¢× ×¢× ×©××× ×€×××¢ ××עך×××ש×Ö·× × ××× ×× ×××××. ×× ×¢×××Ö·××Ö·×××, ס×××¡×¢× ××× ×€ÖŒ×Öž××××ש ש׀֌×Ö·× ×× × ××× ××××€×עש××× ×¢×, ×¡×¢× ××¢×š× ××××£ ×× ××××€ÖŒ× ××֞ק×××¢× ×× ××סקך××××× × ×× ×××׊׀֌×Öž×¡× × ×֞ך××Ö·×, RFC 680 ××× 720. ××××× ×עך, × ×׊עךס ×€×× × ××-××¢× ×¢×§×¡ ×֞׀֌עך××××× × ×¡×ס××¢××¢× ××¢××××š× ×Ö·× ××× ×Ö·× ×× ×ַס×Ö·×׀֌ש×Ö·× × ××¢×€×× ×¢× ××× ×× ×€ÖŒ×š×Ö·×€ÖŒ×Öž×××Ö·×× ××¢× ×¢× ×××× ×Š× ××¢× ×¢×§×¡ ×€Ö¿×¢×֎ק××××. ×עך ק×Öž× ×€×××§× ×§××× ××Öž× ×¢×¡×§×Ö·×××××× ×Š× ×€×× - ×Ö·××¢ ARPANET ××××¢×š× ××× ×× 1970 ס ××¢× ×¢× × ×Öž× ×××× ×€×× ×עך ××¢×××קעך, ××¢×€××¢×š×¢× ×§×××× ××××¡× ×©××€×××¢××¢ ק××, ××× ×× ××ס×Ö·×ך×××Ö·× ×¥ ××¢× ×¢× × ××©× ×Ö·××× ×ך××ס. ×Öž×עך, ××֞ס ××× ××¢×××¢× ×Ö· ×××ש׀֌×× ×€×× ×Š×ק×× ×€Ö¿× ××Ö·××Ö·××.
×× ××××עך××× ×׊××× ×€×× E- ×ך××× ××× ××¢×××¢× ×× ××¢×š×¡× ××××××ק ××¢×©×¢×¢× ×ש ××× ×עך ×Ö·× ××××ק××× × ×€×× ×× ×××××××××š× ×©××××¢ ×€×× ââ×× × ×¢×¥ ××× ×× 1970 ס - ×× ×©××××¢ ××¢×š×¡× ×Ö·×ס×ך×Ö·×§× ×€×× ×× ×ש×××ת ××¢××Ö·××ס ×€×× ×× × ×¢×¥. ××× ×עך ××¢×××קעך ׊×××, ×× ×עךע ××¢× ××©× ××ַש××Öž×¡× ×Š× ×š××××€××× ×× ×Ö·× ×עך××××× × "ק×Öž××× ×ק×ַ׊××¢" ש××××¢ ××× ×××֞ס ×××× ×€××Öž×× ×€×× ×××× ××ַש×× ×Š× ×× ×עך×.
ALOHA
××× 1968, × ×֞ך××Ö· ×Ö·×ך×Ö·×ס×Öž× ××× ×× ×עק×××¢× ××× ××¢× ××× ×××עךס×××¢× ×€×× ××Ö·×××Ö·×× ×€Ö¿×× ×§×Ö·×××€×Öž×š× ××Ö· ×Š× × ×¢××¢× ×Ö· ק×Ö·××××× × ×©××¢××¢ ××× ×€ÖŒ×š×֞׀עס×֞ך ×€×× ×¢×עק×ך×ק×Ö·× ××× ××©×¢× ×ך××¢ ××× ×§×Öž××€ÖŒ×××עך ××××¡× ×©×Ö·×€Ö¿×. ×××× ××× ×××עךס×××¢× ××× ×Ö· ××××€ÖŒ× ×§×Ö·××€ÖŒ×ַס ××××£ ×Öž×Ö·×× ××× ×Ö· ס×Ö·××¢××× ×§×Ö·××€ÖŒ×ַס ××× ××××Öž, ××× ××¢××× × ××× ×¢×××¢××¢ ק×× ×§×Ö·××××ש×× ××× ×€×֞ךש×× × ×¡×¢× ×עךס ׊ע×××Öž×š×€× ×××עך ×× ××× ×××¢× ×€×× ×Öž×Ö·××, ק×Ö·×Ö·×, ××Ö·×× ××× ××Ö·×××Ö·××. ׊××××©× ××× ××¢× ×¢× ××¢××¢×× ××× ×עך×עך ק×××Öž××¢×עך ×××ַסעך ××× ×עך×××¢× ×עך×××. ×עך ××××€ÖŒ× ×§×Ö·××€ÖŒ×ַס ××× ×Ö· ש××ַךק ××× 360/65, ×Öž×עך ×֞ך×עך×× × ×Ö· ×××¡× ×©××š× ×€×× AT&T ×Š× ×€×ַך××× ×× ×Š× ×Ö· ×××֞ק××Ö·× ××× ×××× ×¢×š ×€×× ×× ×§×× ×§×Ö·××××ש×× ××× × ××©× ×Ö·××× ×ך×× × ××× ××××£ ×× ××Ö·××֞שע.
××ך××ס×× ××× ××¢×××¢× ×× ×¢×§×¡×€×¢×š× ××× ×š×××ך ס×ס××¢××¢× ××× ××× ×€×ך××׊××¢ ××¢×ך××¢, ××× ××× ×××× ××¢×ך××¢× ××ס ××× ××©×¢× ×ך ×€×ך ××× ×¢×š×§×š×Ö·×€× ××× ××ס ×× ××שע×עס. ××× ×××× × ××Ö·×¢ ס××××××¢, ××× ×Ö·××¢ ×××Ö·× ×ש×××ת ׀֌ך×Öž×××¢×ס ×€Ö¿×ַך××× ×× ××× ×××××¢×š× ××Ö·×× ×ך×Ö·× ×¡××ס××¢, ×× ×¡×€ÖŒ×××¢×š× ×Ö·×ך×Ö·×ס×Öž× ×Š× ×§×××¢× ×ַך×××£ ××× ×Ö· × ××Ö·×¢ ××¢××Ö·× ×§ - ×××֞ס ×××× ×š×Ö·×××Öž ××× ××¢×××¢× ×Ö· ×עסעך ×××¢× ×Š× ×€×ַך××× ×× ×§×Öž××€ÖŒ×××עךס ××× ×× ××¢××¢×€×Öž× ×¡×ס××¢×, ×××֞ס, × ×Öž× ×Ö·××¢, ××× ×××××× × ×Š× ×€×ך×. ק×× ××× ××× ××Ö·××?
×Š× ×€ÖŒ×š××××š× ×××× ××¢××Ö·× ×§ ××× ×©×Ö·×€Ö¿× ×Ö· ס×ס××¢× ×¢×š ×עך××€× ALOHAnet, Abramson ××ק×××¢× ×€×Ö·× ××× × ×€×× Bob Taylor ×€×× ARPA. ××× ×××× ×֞ך×××× ×¢× ×€×֞ךע×, עס ××× × ××©× ×Ö· ק×Öž××€ÖŒ×××עך × ×¢×¥, ×Öž×עך ×Ö· ×××× ×€Ö¿×ַך ק×Ö·×××× ×ַק××××× × ××××Ö·× ×עך××× ×Ö·×ס ××× ×Ö· ×××× ×Š×××-××Ö·× ×××××× × ×¡×ס××¢× ×××××× × ×€Ö¿×ַך ×Ö· IBM ק×Öž××€ÖŒ×××עך ××Öž×ק××××Ö·× ××××£ ×× ×Öž×Ö·×× ×§×Ö·××€ÖŒ×ַס. ××× ARPANET, עס ××× ×Ö· ××¢××ַק××××Ö·× ××× ×ק×Öž××€ÖŒ×××עך ×Š× ×€ÖŒ×š×֞׊עס ×€ÖŒ×ַק××¥ ××ק×××¢× ××× ×עש××§× ×××š× ×× 360/65 ××ַש×× - Menehune, ×× ××Ö·×××Ö·×××Ö·× ×¢×§××××××Ö·××¢× × ×€×× IMP. ×Öž×עך, ALOHAnet ××× × ××©× ××Ö·×× ××¢×× ×Ö·××× ×§×Öž××€ÖŒ××׊××š× ××× ×× ARPANET ×××š× ×š×××× × ×€ÖŒ×ַק××¥ ׊××××©× ×€×ַךש×××¢× ×¢ ×€×× ×§××. ×Ö·× ×©××Öž×, ××¢×עך ×××֞ק××Ö·× ×××֞ס ××¢××××× ×Š× ×©××§× ×Ö· ×Öž× ××Öž× ×€×©×× ×עש××§× ×¢×¡ ×××עך ×× ×××€× ××××£ ×Ö· ××¢××ַק××××Ö·× ×Öž×€×ק××Ö·×.
××֞ך ×××€ÖŒ×××× ALOHAnet ××× ×× ×©×€ÖŒ×¢× 1970 ס, ××× ×¢×××¢××¢ ק×Öž××€ÖŒ×××עךס ××××£ ×× × ×¢×¥
×× ×עק×Ö·××Öž××¢××ק ×× ××©×¢× ×עך××¢ ×××¢× ×Š× ×©×¢×€ÖŒ× ×Ö·××Ö· ×Ö· ׀֌ך×Öž×¡× ×ך×Ö·× ×¡××ס××¢ ××Ö·× ×××××× ××× ××¢×××¢× ×Š× ×©× ××Ö·×× ×¢×¡ ××× ×¡×¢×§×©×Ö·× × ××× ×Ö· ×××× ×€×× ×ך×Öž×ק×Ö·×¡× ×Š××× ×Öž×עך ׀ך×ק×××Ö·× ×¡××, ××× ×Ö·××ַק××× ×Ö· ×Öž×€ÖŒ×××××× × ×Š× ××¢×עך ×××֞ק××Ö·×. ×Öž×עך ×Š× ×€ÖŒ×š×֞׊עס ×ַך××ק××¢× ×€×× ××× ×עך×עך ×€×× ×עך××× ×Ö·×ס ××× ××¢× ×¡××¢××¢, עס ×××Öž×× ×××× × ××××ק ×Š× ××Ö·××š×¢× ×¢×Š× ××¢×עך ×€×× ××× ×Š× ×Ö· ק×××× ×ך×Öž×׊×Öž× ×€×× ×× ×× ×××Š× ××Ö·× ××××××, ×ך×Öž×¥ ×עך ×€×Ö·×§× ×Ö·× ××××× ×Ö· ×××¡× ×€×× ××× ×§×¢× ×××× ××× ×֞׀֌עך×ַ׊××¢. ××עך ×× ×©××× ××× ××ך××ס×× ××ש×××¡× × ××©× ×Š× ×€×ך××××× ×× ×עך××× ××× ×€×× ×©××§× ×עסע××שעס ××× ×עך ××¢××עך ׊×××. ×××× ×Š×××× ×Öž×עך ×עך ×ַך××ק××¢× ×Öž×××עך××Ö·×€ÖŒ× ××¢×עך ×× ×עךע, ×× ××××€× ×§×Öž××€ÖŒ×××עך ×××עק××Ö·× ××¢× ×××š× ××¢×ת קעךעקש×Ö·× ×§×Öž××× ××× ×€×©×× ××× × ××©× ×Öž× × ×¢××¢× ×× ×€ÖŒ×ַק××¥. × ××××¢× ×××ס ××× ×××× × ××©× ××ק×××¢× ×§××× ××ש××¢××××× × ×× ×× ×€×¢×§××¢× ××¢× ×¢× ××ק×××¢×, ×××× ×× ×¡×¢× ×עךס ××× × ×××××× ×ע׀ך××××× ×©××§× × ××××¢× ×××ס עס ××× ××ך×××¢××× ××¢× × ×Š××€×¢××××¢ ׊×××. ××ך××ס×× ××× ×עש××Š× ×× ××× ×€×©××עך ×׀עך×׊××¢ ׀ך×××ק×× ×§×¢× ×©×××Š× ××× ×¢×××××¢ ××× ××¢×š× ×¡××××Ö·×××× ×׀עך××š× ×עך××× ×××, ××× ×Š×××× × ×¡× ×¡××× ×× ×Öž×××עך××ַ׀֌ס, 15% ×€×× ×× ××Ö·× ×××××× ×××Öž×× ×××× ××××Ö·×××××. ×Öž×עך ×××× ××²Ö·× ×¢ ×ש××× ×ת ××Öž× ××× ×ַך××ס××¢×××××, ×Ö·× ××× ×Ö· ×€×ַך××š×¢×¡×¢×š× ××× ×עך × ×¢×¥ ×××¢× ×עך ××Ö·× ×Š×¢×š ס×ס××¢× ×Ö·×š×²Ö·× ×€Ö¿×Ö·×× ××× ×Ö· ××Ö·×֞ס ×€Ö¿×× ×š×ַש.
×Öž×€×ס ×€×× ×עך ׊×ק×× ×€Ö¿×
×עך ××Ö·×ך××£ ×€Ö¿×× "×€ÖŒ×Ö·×§×¢× ×ך×Öž×ק×ַס×" ×€Ö¿×× ×Ö·×ך×Ö·×ס×Öž× ××Öž× ××ת×××× × ××©× ×עש×Ö·×€Ö¿× ×Ö· ×¡× ×ש×××¢×. ××עך ××¢××Öž×× ×× ××× ××¢××××š× ××××עך - ×Ö· ×××¡× ××Öž×š× ×©×€ÖŒ×¢×עך, ××× ×©××× ××××£ ×× ××Ö·××֞שע. ××֞ס ××× ××¢×××¢× ×š×¢×× ×Š× Xerox ס × ××Ö· ×€ÖŒ×Ö·××Öž ×Ö·×××Öž ×€Ö¿×֞ךש ×Š×¢× ×עך (PARC), ×××֞ס ××× ××¢×¢×€× × ××¢××××š× ××× 1970 ךע×× ××¢×× ×¡××Ö·× ×€Ö¿×Öž×š× ××× ×××עךס×××¢×, ××× ×Ö· ××¢×× × ×××֞ס ××× ×ע׊×× ×¡ ××¢×××¢× × ××§× ×××× "ס×××׊××× ×××Ö·××." ×¢×××¢××¢ ×€×× ââXerox ס קסעך×Öž×ך×Ö·×€× ×€ÖŒ×Ö·××¢× ×¥ ××¢× ×¢× ×××¢×× ×Š× ××ס××××, ×Ö·××× ×× ×€×ך××¢ ך×××ק××š× ×Š× ×××× ×ך×Ö·×€ÖŒ× ×××š× ×××× ×××××¢× ×¢ ×׊××× ×××š× × ×× ××××× ×Öž×עך × ×× ××¢×§×¢× × ×Š× ×Ö·××Ö·×€ÖŒ× ×Š× ×× ××¢×עך×× × ×€×× ×§×Ö·××€ÖŒ××××× × ××× ×× ×Ö·×ך××××× ×¡×¢×š×§×Ö·×¥. ××ש×ַק ××Öž××××Ö·×, ××××€ÖŒ× ×€×× Xerox ס ×€×֞ךש×× × ×Öž×€ÖŒ×××××× ×, ק×Ö·× ×××× ×¡× ×× ×ך××ס ××֞ססעס ×Ö·× ×× × ××Ö·×¢ ××Ö·××֞ך×Ö·××֞ך××¢ - ××Ö·××× ×עך ×€×× ×עך ××©×€ÖŒ×¢× ×€×× ××××€ÖŒ×ק×××ַך××ך, ××× ×Ö· ××ַק×××¢× ×§××××Ö·×, ××× ××× ×¡×Ö·×עך×× - ×××Öž×× ×Š×׊××¢× ×× ××Ö·××Ö·× × ×××֞ס ××× ××ךף ×Š× ××Ö·××× ×× ×€×ך××¢ ××× ×× ×€×š×Öž× × ×€×× ××× ×€Ö¿×֞ך××ַ׊××¢ ×ַךק×Ö·×עק×שעך ×Ö·× ××××ק××× ×. ׊×ק×× ×€×.
PARC ××× ×××עך ×עך×Öž×× ×Š× ×Š×׊××¢× ×× ×עס×עך ק×Öž××€ÖŒ×××עך ××××¡× ×©×Ö·×€Ö¿× ××Ö·××Ö·× ×, × ×× ××××× ××××Ö·× ×€×× ×× ×ַך××¢× ×× ×Öž×× ××× ×ך×××××ַך׊×ק ס×Ö·×עך××, ×Öž×עך ×××× ××××Ö·× ×€×× ×× ×××Ö·×××Ö·× ×€×× Robert Taylor, ×××֞ס ××Öž× ××©× ×× ARPANET ׀֌ך×××¢×§× ××× 1966 ××× ××××€ÖŒ× ×€×× ARPA ס ××× ×€Ö¿×֞ך××ַ׊××¢ ׀֌ך×ַסעס×× × ××¢×× ×Öž××Öž×××¢ ××××××ש×Ö·×.
׊××××©× ×× ×€×š××עק×× ×××֞ס ×€××Öž×××× × ×ַך×× PARC ×××¢× ××¢×ק×Ö·××£ ××× ×× ×עק×××¢× ××× ××××עך ס ×€×ך××¢××××× ×€ÖŒ××Ö·× ×Š× ×€×ַך××× ×× ××Ö·××Ö·× × ×Öž×עך ××€××× ××× ×עך×עך ×€×× ×§×××× ×§×Öž××€ÖŒ×××עךס ×Š× ×Ö· × ×¢×¥. ××֞ך × ×Öž× ××֞ך, ×× ×€ÖŒ×š××Ö·× ××× ×ך××ס ×€×× ×§×Öž××€ÖŒ×××עךס ××¢×€×××, ×€×Öž××× ×Ö· ×× ××Öž××××Ö·×××¢ ×××¢×
×Ö·×××Öž. ×עך ק×Öž××€ÖŒ×××עך ××× ××× ×××× ××× ××, ××× ×Ö· ק×Ö·××× ×¢× ×× ×ך××ס ×€×× ×Ö· ××× × ×€×š×××ש.
עך×××××× × ××× PARC, ××¢×ק×Ö·××£ ××¢× ×××¢× ×× ×ַך××¢× ×€×× ×§×Ö·× ×¢×§××× × ×× ××Ö·××֞ך×Ö·××֞ך××¢ PDP-10 ק××Öž×× ×Š× ×× ARPANET, ××× ×עש×××× × ×¢×š× × ×Ö· ×©×¢× ××× ×Ö· "× ×¢××××֞ךקעך." ×Ö·××× ×××¢× ××××עך ××ךף ×Ö· × ×¢×¥ ×€×× ×Ö·×××Öž, ×××× ×ַס×ס××Ö·× ×¥ ×××¢× ×× ×Š× ××¢×ק×Ö·××£. ×××× ××× ×× ×§×××€×××עךס ××××€× ×ך׀×× ×¢× ×××× ×× ×××× ×§×××€×××עךס ××××£ PARC ×××¢× ×××š× ××©× ××¢××× ×Š× ×××× ×××× ×¢×š ××¢× ×× ×עך×. ×עך××עך, ×Ö· ×ש×ק×Ö·×××¢ ×Ö·×€ÖŒ××ַק××ש×Ö·× ×€×× ×× × ×¢×¥ ××× ××××עך ××¢××××š× ×× ×ַך××¢× ×€×× ×§×Ö·×××× ×ַק××××× × ×Š××××©× ××¢× ××©× - ××× ××¢× ×€×Ö·×, ××× ×× ×€×Öž×š×¢× ×€×× ××Ö·×עך-××¢×ך××§× ××עך×עך ××× ××××עך.
×עך ש×××¡× ××¢××Ö·× ×§ ×€Ö¿×ַך ×× ××Ö·×עך ×ך×קעך ××× ×¢×š×××ש×Ö·× ××××Ö·× × ×× ××× PARC, ×Öž×עך ××××£ ×× ×××š× ×ךע×, ××× ×עך ×֞ך×××× ×¢× Xerox ××Ö·××֞ך×Ö·××֞ך××¢ ××× ×××¢×ס×עך, × ×× ××ךק. ××ק×××¢ ×€×××קעך ××¢×š× ×¡××ַךק×××¢×Ö·××עך ××Öž× ×€ÖŒ×š×××× ×Ö·× ×Ö· ק×Öž×××ך×Ö·× × ××Ö·×עך ש×ך×Ö·× ×§×¢× ×××× ××¢× ××Š× ×Š× ×××ַק××××××× ×× ×¢×עק×ך×ק×Ö·× ×֞׀֌׊×Öž× ×€×× ×Ö· קסעך×Öž×ך×Ö·×€×ק ×€ÖŒ××ק, ×€ÖŒ×× ×§× ××× ×× ×Š×¢×××Öž×š×€× ×××× ××¢× ××Š× ××× ×€×Öž××֞ק×Öž×€ÖŒ××× × ××× ××¢× ×€×× ×. ×עך ש×ך×Ö·×, ×××¢× ×š×¢×× ××Ö·××ש×Ö·××××××, ×§×¢× ×¢× ××Öž×× ×Ö· ×××× ×€×× ×ַך×××ך×ַך×ש ××¢××Ö·× ××××£ ×× ×€ÖŒ××ק, ×××֞ס ×§×¢× ×¢× ×××× ×ך×Ö·× ×¡×€×¢×š× ×Š× ×€ÖŒ×Ö·×€ÖŒ×ך (××××Ö·× ××××× ×× ×Ö·× ×ש×ַך×××©× ××××× ×€×× ×× ×€ÖŒ××ק × ×¢××¢× ×× ××Öž×× ×¢×š). ×Ö·××Ö· ×Ö· ק×Öž××€ÖŒ×××עך-ק×Ö·× ×ך×Öž××× ××ַש×× ×××Öž×× ×××× ×××××ת ×Š× ×€ÖŒ×š×Öž××׊××š× ×§××× ×§×Öž×××× ×ַ׊××¢ ×€×× ââ××××עך ××× ××¢×§×¡× ×××֞ס ×Ö· ××¢× ×ש ×§×¢× ×ך×Ö·××× ×€××, ××× ××× ×€×©×× ×š×¢×€ÖŒ×š×Öž××׊××š× ××××ס××× × ××֞ק×××¢× ××, ××× ×Ö· ×€×Öž××֞ק×Öž×€ÖŒ×עך. ×Öž×עך, ס××ַךק×××¢×Ö·××עך ס ××××× ××¢××× ×§×¢× ××¢× ×¢× × ××©× ×עש×××Š× ×××š× ×××× ×§×Öž××¢×עס ×Öž×עך ×××× ×¡××€ÖŒ×ך××¢×š× ××× ×××¢×ס×עך, ×Ö·××× ×¢×š ×ך×Ö·× ×¡×€×¢×š× ×Š× PARC ××× 1971, ××× ×¢×š ××××¢×× × ×Ö· ×€×× ×עך ××× ×עךעס××š× ××××¢×. ×× ×€×××ק××× ×€×× ×× ××Ö·×עך ×ך×קעך ×Š× ×ַך××ס׀××š× ×ַך×××ך×ַך×ש ××××עך ×€×× × ×€Ö¿×ַך ×€×× × ××¢×××× ×¢×¡ ×Ö·× ××××¢×× ×©×××¢×£ ×€Ö¿×ַך ×× ×Ö·×××Öž ××עךקס×××ש×Ö·×, ××× ×××× ×€ÖŒ×קסע××Ö·××¢× ××Ö·× ×ַקך×Öž×× ×ך×Ö·×€×קס. × ××Š× ×Ö· ××Ö·×עך ×ך×קעך, ×Ö· ××Ö·×× ×××××Öž× ××××׊ע×× ××××£ ×עך ××Ö·× ×׊עך ס ×ַך××ס××××Ö·×× ×§×¢× ×××× ××¢×ך××§× ××××Ö·× ××××£ ×€ÖŒ×Ö·×€ÖŒ×ך ××× ××× ×¥ ק×עך×××.
×××××Ö·×€ÖŒ ××××£ ×Ö·×××Öž. ק××× ×××× ×¢×š ××× ×××¥ ××¢××¢× ×¢×€ÖŒ×¢×¡ ××× ××¢× ××××£ ק×Öž××€ÖŒ×××עך ××ס׀֌×××× ×€×š×עך.
××× ××¢×š× ×Ö· ××֞ך ××Öž× ×¡××ַךק×××¢×Ö·××עך, ××× ×עך ××××£ ×€×× ×¢×××¢××¢ ×Ö·× ×עךע ××× ××©×¢× ×ך ×€×× PARC, ×××ס××¢××¢×§× ×× ××××€ÖŒ× ××¢×× ×שע ׀֌ך×Öž×××¢××¢×, ××× ××¢×××× ×Ö· ×ך××¢×× ×€ÖŒ×š×Öž×××Ö·××××€ÖŒ ×€×× ×Ö· ××Ö·×עך ×ך×קעך ××××€× ×©×Ö·×¡× ×€×× ×× ×××֞ךק××֞ךס קסעך×֞קס 7000. עס ××Öž× ×עש××€× ×××¢×עך ××× ×עך ××¢×××קעך ×××ק××Ö·× - ×××× ×××Ö·× ×€ÖŒ×¢×š סעק×× ××¢ - ××× ××× ×Ö· ××Ö·×××Öž××¢ ×€×× ââ500 ××Ö·×¥ ׀֌עך ××× ×ש. ×עך ××ַך×ַק×עך ××¢× ×¢×š×Ö·××֞ך ××× ××¢×××× ××× ×× ×ך×קעך ××¢×ך××§× ××¢×§×¡× ××× ×€ÖŒ×š××¡×¢× ×€×Ö·× ×¥. ×ַך×××ך×ַך×ש ××××עך (×× ×עךע ××× ×× ×××֞ס ×§×¢× ×××× ××ש××€× ×€×× ×€×Ö·× ×¥) ××¢× ×¢× × ×Öž× × ××©× ×עש××׊×, ×Ö·××× ×× × ×¢×¥ ××× × ××©× ××Ö·×š×€Ö¿× ×Š× ×ַך××עך׀××š× 25 ×××××Öž× ×××× ×€ÖŒ×¢×š סעק×× ××¢ ×Š× ×× ×ך×קעך. ×Öž×עך, ××× ×¡×ך ×Š× ××֞ך ×€×Ö·×š× ×¢××¢× ×× ×ך×קעך, עס ×××Öž×× ××Öž×× ×€×ך××× ×× ×××××× × ×¢×¥ ××Ö·× ×××××× ×€Ö¿×ַך ××¢× ×¢ ׊××× - ×××¢× 50 ×××¥ ׀֌עך סעק×× ××¢ ××× ××¢×××¢× ×× ×©××¢×ך ×€×× ARPANET ס ק×××€ÖŒ×Ö·××××Ö·×××.
׊××××××¢ ××ך PARC ××Ö·×עך ×ך×קעך, ××Öž××עך (1976)
×Ö·×××Öž ×Ö·××Öž××Ö· × ×¢××××֞ךק
××× ×Ö·××× ××Öž× Metcalf ×Öž× ××¢×€××× ××¢× ×××ק××Ö·× ×š×ס? ×Ö·××× ××ך ×××××¢×§×¢×š× ×Š× ALOHAnet - עס ×€××š×§×¢×š× ×××ס ×Ö·× Metcalf ×€Ö¿×ַךש××Ö·× ×¢× ×€ÖŒ×ַק×Ö·× ×ך×Öž×ק×ַס××× × ×עסעך ××× ××עך עס ×× ×Ö·× ×עךש. ×× ××֞ך ׀ך×עך, ×עש×ַס ×× ×××עך, ×שעת ××× ×××ַש×× ×××Öž× ××× ×¡×××× ×§×š×ַקעך ××××£ ARPA ×עשע׀×, ××¢×ק×Ö·××€×¢ ××× ××¢××¢×š× × ×× ×€×ַך××Ö·× ×××× × ×€×× ×× ×Ö·×××¢×××× ×¢ ××ַך××¡× ×§×Öž××€ÖŒ×××עך ××׊×× × ××× ××¢×€Ö¿×× ×¢× ×Ö·×ך×Ö·×ס×Öž× ×¡ ×ַך××¢× ××××£ ALOHAnet. ×¢ ך ×× × ××ײ × ×עך××¢ × ××¢ × ×××× × × ×€× × ××¢ ך ×ך×× ×ÖŸ××××¢×¢ , ×× × × × ×× ×š ××ך××€×ך × ×× × × ×ש × ××¢× × × ××× . ×××š× ××Ö·×× ×¢×××¢××¢ ×¢× ×עך×× ××¢× ×Š× ×× ×Ö·××עך×××Ö·× ××× ×××× ×ַס×Ö·×׀֌ש×Ö·× × - ××ש×, ××Ö·×× ×¡×¢× ×עךס ××¢×š× ×¢×š×©×עך ×Š× ×××ַך×× ×€Ö¿×ַך ×× ×§×Ö·× ×Ö·× ×Š× ××ס××¢×§× ××××עך ׀֌ך×××× ×Š× ×©××§× ×ַך××ק××¢×, ××× ×××× ×¢×§×¡×€ÖŒ×Öž×× ×¢× ×©×Ö·×× ×€×ַך××š×¢×¡×¢×š× ×× ×š×¢×ך×Ö·× ×¡××סס××Öž× ××¢××Ö·××¢× ××× ×× ××¢×©×¢×¢× ×ש ×€×× ×Ö· ק××Öž×× ×§×Ö·× ×Ö·× - עך ×§×¢× ×עך×ך×××× ××Ö·× ××××××. ××××Ö·××Ö·×××ש×Ö·× ×¡×ך×׀֌ס ××× 90%, ××× × ××©× ××× 15%, ××× ×× ××¢××××× ×××š× Abramson ס ×ש××× ×ת. ××¢×ק×Ö·××€×¢ ××Öž× ××¢× ×××¢× ×¢×××¢××¢ ××Öž× ×Ö·××עק ×Š× ×ַך×××€×Öž×š× ×Š× ××Ö·×××Ö·××, ××× ×¢×š ×× ×§×֞ך׀֌עך××××× ×××× ××¢××× ×§×¢× ×××¢×× ALOHAnet ××× ×Ö· ך××××××× ××עךס××¢ ×€×× ââââ×××× ××ַק×עך×Ö·× ××¢××ס × ×Öž× ××ַך×××Ö·×š× ×€×ך××××š×€× ×× ×֞ך×××× ×¢× ××עךס××¢ ×€Ö¿×ַך ×€×¢×× ×€×× ××¢×֞ךע××ש ×קעך.
××¢×ק×Ö·××€×¢ ××Öž× ××××עס ×עך××€× ×××× ×€ÖŒ××Ö·× ×Š× ××Ö·×§×¢× ×¢× ×€ÖŒ×ַק×Ö·× ×ך×Öž×ק×ַס××× × ×Š× PARC ×× "ALTO ALOHA × ×¢×¥." ××¢×š× ×Öž×, ××× ×Ö· ××¢××Öž× ×€×× ××× 1973, עך ך×× ×××× ×¢×¡ ×× ××עך × ×¢×, ×Ö· ×š×¢×€Ö¿×¢×š×¢× ×¥ ×Š× ×× ×××××ק ××עך, ×Ö· XNUMX ××֞ך××× ××¢×š× ×€×××ש ××¢××Ö·× ×§ ×€×× ×Ö· ××Ö·×עך××¢ ×××֞ס ק×ַך×× ××עק×ך×Öž×××Ö·×× ×¢××ק ך×Ö·×××ַ׊××¢. "××֞ס ×××¢× ××¢××¢×š× ×× ×€×ַךש׀֌ך×××× ×€×× ×× × ×¢×¥," עך ×עשך×××, "××× ××עך ×××××¡× ×××֞ס ×× ×עךע ××¢×××Öž×ס ×€×× ×¡××× ×Ö·× ×ך×Ö·× ×¡××ס××¢ ×××¢× ×××× ×עסעך ××× ×§×Ö·×××¢ ×€Ö¿×ַך ×Ö· ×ך×Öž×ק×Ö·×¡× × ×¢×¥; ××Öž×עך עס ×××¢× ×××× ×š×Ö·×××Öž ××××××עס, ×Öž×עך ××¢××¢×€×Öž× ×××ךעס, ×Öž×עך ××Ö·××, ×Öž×עך ×Öž×€×ק××Ö·× ××××××€ÖŒ×עקס ק×Ö·×××¢ ××¢××¢××××××¢, ×Öž×עך ×××קך×Ö·××××××, ×Öž×עך ק×Ö·×××Ö·× ××ש×Ö·× × ×עך׀××.
סק×׊ע ×€×× ââMetcalf ס 1973 ××¢××Öž×
×Öž× ×××× ××× ××× × 1973, ××¢×ק×Ö·××£ ××¢×ך××¢× ××× ×× ×× ×עך ×€ÖŒ×ַךק ×× ××©×¢× ×ך, David Boggs, ×Š× ×××עך××¢×Š× ×××× ××¢×֞ךע××ש ××Ö·×ך××£ ×€Ö¿×ַך ×Ö· × ××Ö· ××××-×××ק××Ö·× × ×¢×¥ ××× ×Ö· ×ך××¢×× ×¡×ס××¢×. ×Ö·× ×©××Öž× ×ך×Ö·× ×¡××××× × ×¡××× ×Ö·×× ×××עך ×× ×××€× ××× ALOHA, עס ××××××¢× ×× ×š×Ö·×××Öž ס׀֌עק×ך×× ×Š× ×§×Öž××ַקס××Ö·× ×§×Ö·×××¢, ×××֞ס ×ך×Ö·××Ö·××ק×× ××¢××××§×¡× ×§×Ö·×€ÖŒ×ַ׊×××¢× ×§×Ö·××€ÖŒ×¢×š× ××× Menehune ס ××××××¢× ×š×Ö·×××Öž ×Öž×€×ק××Ö·× ××Ö·× ××××××. ×× ×ך×Ö·× ×¡××ס××¢ ×××× ××× ××× ××¢×××¢× ××֞ך ×€ÖŒ×ַס×××, ××× ××× × ××©× ××Ö·×š×€× ×§××× ×š×Öž××עךס ×Š× ××ַךשך×× ×ַך××ק××¢×. עס ××× ××¢×××¢× ××××ק, ×§×¢× ××××× ×€×ַך××× ×× ××× ×עך×עך ×€×× ××עךקס×××ש×Ö·× × - ×€ÖŒ×ַךק ×¢× ××ש×Ö·× ××š× ×€×©×× ××××€× ×§×Öž××ַקס××Ö·× ×§×Ö·×××¢ ×××š× ××¢× ×× ×× ××× ×Š×××¢××¢×× ×§×Ö·× ×¢×§×©×Ö·× × ××× ××ךף - ××× ××× ×××××ת ×Š× ×€××š× ×ך×× ×××××Öž× ×××× ×€ÖŒ×¢×š סעק×× ××¢.
Robert Metcalfe ××× David Boggs, 1980 ס, ×Ö· ×××¡× ××Öž×š× × ×Öž× Metcalfe ××¢×ך×× ××¢× 3Com ×Š× ×€×ַךק×××€× ×¢×××¢×š× ×¢× ××¢×× ×Öž××Öž×××¢
××× ××ַך××¡× 1974, ×Ö· ××Ö·× ×¥ ׀֌ך×Öž×××Ö·××××€ÖŒ ×€×× ×עך ׊×ק×× ×€Ö¿× ×Öž×€×ס ××× ××¢×××¢× ×ַך×××£ ××× ×€×××¡× ××ק ××× ×€ÖŒ×Ö·××Öž ×Ö·×××Öž - ×עך עךש×עך ×€ÖŒ×¢×§× ×€×× ×Ö·×××Öž ק×Öž××€ÖŒ×××עךס, ××× ×Š××××¢× ×× × ×××××, E- ×ך××× ××× ×××Öž×š× ×€ÖŒ×š×ַסעסעך×, ×Ö· ׀֌ך×Öž×××Ö·××××€ÖŒ ×ך×קעך ×€Ö¿×× ×¡××ַךק×××¢×Ö·××עך ××× ×Ö·× ×¢×××¢×š× ×¢× × ×¢×¥ ×Š× × ×¢×¥ ××֞ס ×Ö·××¥. ×עך ××××€× ×עקע סעך××עך, ×××֞ס ס××Öž×š× ××Ö·×× ×××֞ס ×××Öž×× × ××©× ×€ÖŒ×ַס×ק ××××£ ×× ××××¢ ×Ö·×××Öž ×€×֞ך, ××× ××¢×××¢× ×עך ××××× ×©×¢×š× ××××. PARC ××××עס ××¢×€Ö¿×× × ×× ×¢×××¢×š× ×¢× ×§×Öž× ×ך×Öž××עך ××× ×Ö· ×ַ׀֌ש×Ö·× ×Ö·× ×Ö·×§×¡×¢×¡×¢×š× ×€Ö¿×ַך ×× ×Ö·×××Öž, ×Öž×עך ×××¢× ×× ×¡×ס××¢× ××Öž× ×ש×, עס ××× ××¢××××š× ×§××֞ך ×Ö·× ×¢×¡ ××× ××¢×××¢× ×Ö· × ××××ק ××××; עס ××× ××¢×××¢× ×Ö· ×€×¢×¡× ×××Ö·× ×€×× ×Öž× ××Öž×× ×ַך×Öž×€ÖŒ ×× ×§×Öž×ַקס, ×€×××¢ ×€×× ââ××× ×§×××¢× ×××ס ×€×× ×× ×ך×קעך - ××¢×× ×ש ך××€ÖŒ×֞ךץ, ××¢××֞ס ×Öž×עך ××××¡× ×©××€×××¢××¢ ׊××××× ××¢×.
××× ×עך ××¢×××קעך ׊××× ××× ×× ×Ö·×××Öž ×××××¢××Ö·×€ÖŒ××Ö·× ×¥, ×× ×× ×עך PARC ׀֌ך×××¢×§× ×ע׀ך×××× ×Š× ×©×××€ÖŒ× ×××××Ö·× ×€Ö¿×ַך ××Ö·× ×××××× × ×××× ××× ×Ö· × ××Ö·×¢ ך××××× ×. ×× PARC ×Öž× ×××× ×Öž×€×€×סע ס×ס××¢× (POLOS), ××¢×××¢××Öž×€ÖŒ×¢× ××× ×××€ÖŒ××Ö·××¢× ×Ö·× ×××š× ××× ×¢× ×××ש ××× ×× ×עךע ×סק××׀֌ס ×€×× ××Öž×× ×¢× ××¢×××Ö·×š× ×¡ ×Öž× ×××× ×¡×ס××¢× (NLS) ׀֌ך×××¢×§× ××× ×¡××Ö·× ×€Ö¿×Öž×š× ×€×֞ךש×× × ××× ×¡×××××, ק×Öž× ×¡×ס××¢× ×€×× ×Ö· × ×¢×¥ ×€×× ××Ö·××Ö· ×Ö·×××¢×××× ×¢ × ×Öž×××Ö· ××קך×֞ק×Öž××€ÖŒ××עךס. ×Öž×עך ××× ××× ××¢××ַק××××Ö·× ××¢×עך ×××× ××ַש×× ×Š× ×¡×€ÖŒ×¢×Š××€×ש ××Ö·× ×׊עך ××××¢×š×€×¢× ×ש×, POLOS ×ך×Ö·× ×¡×€×¢×š× ×ַך××¢× ×Š××××©× ××× ×Š× ××× ×¢× ×× ××× ××¢×š×¢×¡× ×€×× ×× ×¡×ס××¢× ××× ×Ö· ××Ö·× ×¥ ××× ×× ××¢×š×¡× ×¢×€×¢×§×××× ×××¢×. ×××× ××ַש×× ×§×¢× ×××©×¢× ×¢×š××× ××××עך ×€Ö¿×ַך ××Ö·× ×׊עך סקך×× ×, ×× ×× ×עך ×§×¢× ×€ÖŒ×š×֞׊עס ARPANET ×€×ַךקעך, ××× ×Ö· ×ך×× ×§×¢× ×©×¢×€ÖŒ× ×××Öž×š× ×€ÖŒ×š×ַסעסעך×. ××עך ×× ×§×Ö·××€ÖŒ×עקס××× ××× ×§×Öž××֞ך××Ö·× ××ש×Ö·× ×§×֞ס ×€×× ××¢× ×Š×××Ö·× × ×€ÖŒ×š×××× ××עך×ק, ××× ×× ×¡××¢××¢ ק×Ö·××Ö·×€ÖŒ×¡× ××× ×עך ×××Ö·× ××××× ×××Öž×.
×עך××××Ö·×, ××Öž×š× ××©× ××¢××××× ××××עך ס ×¢××֞׊××Öž× ×¢× ×š×××שעקש×Ö·× ×€×× ×× ××××-××Ö·× ×××××× × × ×¢×¥ ׊×××Ö·× × ×עסעך ××× ×××× ×ַך××× ×¢××¢× ×€×× ×× ×Ö·×××Öž ׀֌ך××עק×. Alan Kay, Butler Lampson ××× ×× ×× ×עךע ×Ö·×××Öž ×××ך×× ××¢×ך××× ×Ö·××¢ ×× ×§×Ö·××€ÖŒ××××× × ××Ö·×× ×××֞ס ×Ö· ××Ö·× ×׊עך ×§×¢× ××Ö·×š×€Ö¿× ×Š× ×××× ×××××¢× ×¢ ׀ך××Ö· ק×Öž××€ÖŒ×××עך ××××£ ×××× ×©×š××Ö·×××ש, ×××֞ס עך ××× × ××©× ××Öž×× ×Š× ××××× ××× ××עך עס ××. ×× ×€Ö¿×× ×§×Š××¢ ×€×× ââ×עך × ×¢×¥ ××× ××¢×××¢× × ×× ×Š× ×Š×ש××¢×× ×ַקסעס ×Š× ×Ö· ××¢×עך×Ö·××ש×× ××ַס ××Ö·× × ×€×× ×§×Öž××€ÖŒ×××עך ךעס×ךס×, ×Öž×עך ×Š× ××עךש××§× ×ַך××ק××¢× ×Š××××©× ×× ×€×š××Ö· ××× ×××¢×, ×Öž×עך קך×Öž× ××× ××××£ ×¢×××¢××¢ ××××Ö·× ××š×¢× - ×€Ö¿×ַך ×ך××§× ×Öž×עך ××Ö·× ×-×עך××× ×ַך×ש××××× ×.
××Öž×ש ×××××¢ E- ×ך××× ××× ALOHA ××¢× ×¢× ××¢×××¢××Öž×€ÖŒ×¢× ××× ×עך ×× ×֞ס׀֌×ס×× ×€×× ARPA, ×× ×Ö·××××¢× × ×€×× ×¢×××¢×š× ×¢× ××× ××¢×××¢× ×××× ×¢×š ×€×× ×¢×××¢××¢ ××××× ×עך ××× ×× 1970 ס ×Ö·× ×§×Öž××€ÖŒ×××עך × ×¢××××֞ךקס ××¢× ×¢× ××¢××××š× ×Š× ×ך××ס ××× ×××××עךס ×€Ö¿×ַך ×Ö· ×××× ×€×ך××¢ ×Š× ××Ö·××¢×š×©× ××¢× ×€×¢××, ×Ö· ××Ö·× × ×××֞ס ××ך ×××¢×× ×©×€ÖŒ×ך. עס ××× ×עך ××××Ö·×עך ×ַך××ק×.
×××֞ס ×Ö·× ×עךש ×Š× ××××¢× ×¢×
- ××××× ×××׊×ק, ××¢× ××עך ×€Ö¿×× ××××¥ (1999)
- James Pelty, ×× ×עש××××¢ ×€×× ââק×Öž××€ÖŒ×××עך ק×Öž××× ×ק×ַ׊××¢, 1968-1988 (2007) [http://www.historyofcomputercommunications.info/]
- M. Mitchell Waldrop, The Dream Machine (2001)
×ק×ך: www.habr.com