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× ×² ××²× ×¢ × ×ךײ × ×× × ×€×ךש×××¢× ×¢ ××××× , ××× ×¡××××׊××¢ ס ×× × ×¢×š×עך . ALOHAnet ××× ××¢×××¢× ×××× ×¢×š ×€×× ×¢×××¢××¢ × ××Ö·×¢ ×ַק×Ö·××¢××ק × ×¢××××֞ךקס ×Š× ××ַק×××¢× ARPA ×€×Ö·× ××× × ××× ×× ×€×š× 1970 ס. ×× ×עךע ×ַך××Ö·× ×עךע×× × PRNET, ×××֞ס ××× ××§× ×ך×ַקס ××× ×€ÖŒ×ַק×Ö·× ×š×Ö·×××Öž, ××× ×¡×Ö·××¢××× SATNET. ×× ×עךע ××¢× ×עך ××Öž×× ××¢×××¢××Öž×€ÖŒ×¢× ×××עך ×××××¢× ×¢ ×€×֞ךש×× × × ×¢××××֞ךקס ×××× ×¢× ××¢× ×©×ך×ת, ×עך ××××€ÖŒ× ×ך×××Ö·× ××× ×€Ö¿×š×Ö·× ×§×š××Ö·×. ××ק×××¢ × ×¢××××֞ךקס, ××Ö·× ×§ ×Š× ×××עך ק××¢× ×¢×š×¢×š ×××Öž× ××× × ××עך×קעך ׀֌ך××Ö·×, ××¢××¢×š× ××€××× ×€×ַס×עך. ××× ×Ö·××ש×Ö·× ×Š× ×¢×××¢×š× ×¢× ×€Ö¿×× Xerox PARC, ××¢× ×§×¢× ××¢×€Ö¿×× ×¢× ×¡×€ÖŒ×š×× ××× ×× ××֞ך×Ö·× ×¡ ך×Ö·×××Ö·×××Öž× ××Ö·××֞ך×Ö·××Öž×š× ××× ×עךק××, ק×Ö·×××€×Öž×š× ××Ö·; ך×× × ××× ××× ×××עךס×××¢× ×€×× ×§××××ך×××ש; ××ךק ×× ××× ×× ×ך×××ש × ×ַש×Ö·× ×Ö·× ×€×××ק×Ö·× ××Ö·××֞ך×Ö·××֞ך×.
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×עך עךש×עך ×Ö·××Ö· × ×¢×¥ ×ך××ס ךע×× ×Š× ×עך ×֞׀֌׀×֞ך ×€×× ARPANET עקס׀֌עךץ. ××× 1972, ×¢×××¢××¢ ×¢××€ÖŒ××××× ××× ×§×¡ Bolt, Beranek ××× Newman (BBN), ×××֞ס ××× ××¢×××¢× ×€×ַך×Ö·× ××××֞ך×××¢× ×€Ö¿×ַך ×× ×©×Ö·×€×× × ××× ×֞׀֌עך×ַ׊××¢ ×€×× ââ×× ARPANET, ×Š× ×€×Öž×š×¢× ×€ÖŒ×ַק×Ö·× ×§×Öž×××× ×ק×Ö·×××Öž× ×¡, ×× ×§. ××Öž×ש ×× ×€×ך××¢ ×עס×Öž×£ × ×× ×Ö·× ×עךש, ×× ×€ÖŒ××׊ע×××ק ק××Ö·×€ÖŒ ××¢××× × ××× ×עך ק×Ö·××Ö·×××¡× ×€Ö¿×ַך BBN ×Š× ×©×Ö·×€Ö¿× ×××× ×××××¢× ×¢ ׀֌ך××××Ö·× × ×¢×¥, ××¢××¢× ×¢×. ××× ARPANET ×ַך××××¢×§× ××¢×š× ×š×Öž×עךץ ××× ×עך ך××עך, ××¢××¢× ×¢× ×ַ׀֌עך××××Ö·× ×׊××× ×€Ö¿×ַך ×€×× ×£ ××֞ך ××××עך עך ק×× × ×××š× GTE.
××¢××¢×× ×× ××עך××ש×Ö·× ×¡ ×€×× ×Ö·××Ö· ×××××עךס × ×¢××××֞ךקס, ××× ×§×¢× Licklider ××× Taylor ×€×֞ך××ס××Öž×× ×× ××עך××ש×Ö·× ×¡ ×€×× ×Ö· ×××× ××× ×Ö·×€××× ×¡×ס××¢×? ××€××× ×××× ×¢×¡ ××× ××¢×××¢× ×€Ö¿×× ×Ö·× ×֞ך××Ö·× ×Ö·×××ש×Ö·× ×Ö·× ×€×× × ×€×× ×××× ×× × ×Š× ×€×©×× ×€×ַך××× ×× ×Ö·××¢ ×× ×¡×ס××¢××¢× ×Š× ×× ARPANET - ×××֞ס ××× × ×× ××¢×××¢× - ×× ×× ×§×Ö·××€ÖŒ×Ö·××Ö·××××Ö·×× ×€×× ×××עך ׀֌ך×Öž××֞ק×Öž×ס ××¢×××× ××¢× ×××××¢×××¢×. ××× × ×Öž×, ××× ×× ×¡××£, ×Ö·××¢ ×× ××¢×עך×Ö·××ש×× ××ַס × ×¢××××֞ךקס (××× ×××עך ק×× ×סק×× ×עך) ××Öž×× ××× ×€Ö¿×ַך××× ×× ××× ××¢×עך ×× ×עךע ××× ×Ö· ×× ×××עךס×Ö·× ×§×Öž××× ×ק×ַ׊××¢ ס×ס××¢× ×××֞ס ××ך ××××¡× ××× ×עך ××× ××¢×š× ×¢×¥. עס ×Ö·××¢ ×× ××¢××××× × ××©× ××× ×§××× ×©×¢× ×§×¢× ×Öž×עך ×××××××¢ ×€ÖŒ××Ö·×, ×Öž×עך ××× ×Ö· ×€×ך×××× ×€×֞ךש×× × ×€ÖŒ×š×××¢×§× ×××֞ס ×Ö· ×××× ×€×ַך×××Ö·××עך ×€×× ARPA ××× ×ך××¢×× ××××£
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ק×Ö·×× ××Öž× ××¢×¢× ×××§× ×××× PhD ××× ×¢×עק×ך×Öž× ×ש ס××× ×Ö·× ×€ÖŒ×š×ַסעס×× × ××× ×€ÖŒ×š×× ×¡××Ö·× ××× 1964 ×שעת ×€ÖŒ××××× × ××Öž××£ ××××£ ×× ×§×֞ךס×Ö·× ××¢×× ×××× ×©×××¢. × ××××¢× ×××ס עך ××× × ×§×ך׊ע ׊××× ××¢×ך××¢× ××ס ׀ך×׀עס×ך ××× MIT, ××× ×¢×š ××¢× ×××¢× × ××ש×× ××× BBN, ××ת×××× ××× ××¢× ×€×ַך××Ö·× × ×Š× × ×¢××¢× ×Š××× ××× ×Š× ×€×ך×××€× ××× ×× ××× ××ס×ך××¢ ×Š× ××¢×š× ×¢× ××× ×€ÖŒ×š×ַק××שע ××¢× ××©× ××Öž×× ××ַש××Öž×¡× ×××֞ס ׀֌ך×Öž×××¢××¢× ××¢× ×¢× ×××¢×š× ×Š× ×€×֞ךש×. ×××š× ×Š××€×Ö·×, ×××× ×ַך××¢× ××× BBN ××× ××¢×××¢× ×©××× ×Š× ×€×֞ךש×× × ××× ×× ××¢×××¢× × ×Ö·××ך ×€×× ×§×Öž××€ÖŒ×××עך × ×¢××××֞ךקס - ××Ö·×× × ×Öž× ×××֞ס BBN ××ק×××¢× ×Ö· ס×ך ×€Ö¿×ַך ×× ARPANET. ק×Ö·×× ××× ××¢×××¢× ×ע׊×××× ××× ××¢× ×€ÖŒ×š×××¢×§× ××× ××× ×Ö·××עק ך××Ö¿ ×€×× ×× ×××××¢××Ö·×€ÖŒ××Ö·× ×¥ ×××¢×× ×× × ×¢×¥ ×ַךק×Ö·×עק×שעך.
×€×Öž××Öž ×€×× ×§×Ö·×× ×€×× ×Ö· ׊××××× × ×€×× 1974
×××× "ק×××× ×××ַק×ַ׊××¢" ××× ××¢××××š× ×Ö· ×עקס-××֞ך ×ַך××¢×, ××× ×§×Ö·×× ××× ××¢×××¢× ×Ö· × ×¢××××֞ךק×× × ××××× ××× BBN ×שעת ××š×¢× ××¢× ×× ARPANET ××֞ך ×ַ׀֌עך××ש×Ö·× ×Ö·×. ××× 1972, עך ××× ××¢×××¢× ××× ×€×× ×עך ××¢××¢, ××× ×עך ××××××ק, ××× ×€×× ××Ö·× ×××× × ××× ×× ×§×¢×¡×××עך××ק ×€ÖŒ×Öž××××ק ××× ×§×¢××€× ××× ×× ×§×¢×€ ×€×× ×× BBN ××××××ש×Ö·× ×. ×Ö·××× ×¢×š ××Öž× ×Öž× ××¢× ×××¢× ×Ö·× ×€×֞ךש××Öž× ×€×× ××¢×š× ×š×Öž×עךץ (××××עך ך×Öž×עךץ ××× ××× ×§×¡ ×Š× ×€×Öž×š×¢× ××¢××¢× ×¢×) ××× ××¢××××š× ×Ö· ׀֌ך×Öž×ך×Ö·× ×€×ַך×××Ö·××עך ××× ARPA ×Š× ×€××š× ×× ×Ö·× ××××ק××× × ×€×× ×Öž××Ö·×××××× ××Ö·× ××€×ַק××ך×× × ××¢×× ×Öž××Öž×××¢, ××× ×× ×€ÖŒ×Öž××¢× ×Š××¢× ×Š× ×€××š× ×××××Ö·× × ×€×× ××Öž×××ַךס ××× ×× ××עס××Ö·× ×. עך ×€×ך×××× ×× ×ַך××¢× ××××£ ×× ARPANET ××× ××ַש××Öž×¡× ×Š× ×Öž× ××××× ×€Ö¿×× ×§×š×Ö·×Š× ××× ×Ö· × ××Ö·×¢ ××¢×× ×.
××עך ××× ××ש×× ×€×× ×××× ×Öž× ×§×××¢× ××× ×××ַש×× ×××Öž×, ××.ס×., ק×× ×ךעס ××¢×ך××¢× ×× ×Öž××Ö·××Ö·××ק ׀֌ך×Öž××ק׊××¢ ׀֌ך××עק×. ק×Ö·×× ××× ××¢××××× ××××× ×€ÖŒ×Ö·×§× ××× ××× ×Š×ך×קק×××¢× ×Š× ×§××××ך×××ש, ×Öž×עך ך×Öž×עךץ ק×Ö·× ×××× ×¡× ××× ×Š× ××××Ö·×× ××× ××¢××€× ×Ö·× ××××ק××¢× × ××Ö·×¢ × ×¢××××֞ךק×× × ×€ÖŒ×š×Ö·××שעקס ×€Ö¿×ַך ARPA. ק×Ö·××, × ×× ××¢×§×¢× × ×Š× ×Ö·× ×××××€× ×× ×©×ַק×Ö·×× ×€×× ×××× ×××××¢× ×¢ ×××ס×, ××¢×€Ö¿×× ×¢× ××× ×Öž× ×€×ך×× × PRNET, ×Ö· ×€ÖŒ×ַק×Ö·× ×š×Ö·×××Öž × ×¢×¥ ×××֞ס ×××Öž×× ×Š×ש××¢×× ×××××עך×ש ×ַ׀֌עך××ש×Ö·× × ××× ×× ××¢× ×¢×€××¥ ×€×× ×€ÖŒ×ַק×Ö·×-ס×××××©× × ×¢××××֞ךקס.
×× PRNET ׀֌ך××עק×, ××Öž× ××©× ××× ×עך ×× ×֞ס׀֌×ס×× ×€×× ×× Stanford Research Institute (SRI), ××× ××¢×××¢× ×××¢× ×Š× ×€×ַך×ך××××¢×š× ×× ×קעך××ק ×€ÖŒ×ַק×Ö·× ×ַך××עך׀××š× ××ַךץ ×€×× ALOHANET ×Š× ×©×××Š× ×š××€ÖŒ×××¢×š× ××× ×××××-ס××Ö·× ×Š××¢ ×֞׀֌עך×ַ׊××¢, ×ַך××Ö·× ×עךע×× × ××Öž×××× × ×××Ö·× ×¡. ×Öž×עך, ×€Ö¿×ַך ק×Ö·×× ××× ×××²Ö·× ×§××֞ך ××¢×××֞ך×, ×Ö·× ×Ö·××Ö· × ×¢×¥ ×××¢× × ××©× ××²Ö·× × ×׊×ק, ×××²Ö·× ×¢×¡ ××× ××¢×××¢× ×Ö· ק×Öž××€ÖŒ××××¢×šÖŸ× ×¢××××֞ךק, ××× ×××֞ס עס ××²Ö·× ×¢× ×ÖŒ××¢× × ×× ××¢×××¢× ×§××× ×§×Öž××€ÖŒ×××עךס. ×××¢× ×¢×¡ ס××ַך××¢× ×ַ׀֌עך××××× × ××× 1975, עס ××× ×××× SRI ק×Öž××€ÖŒ×××עך ××× ×€×ך ך××€ÖŒ×××¢×š× ×××× ×Š×××××¢× ×× ×¡×Ö·× ×€Ö¿×š×Ö·× ×¡×סק×Öž ×××Ö·. ××Öž××× ×€×¢×× ×¡×××ש×Ö·× × ×§×¢× × ××©× ××××Ö·× ×©×¢×€ÖŒ× ×× ×ך××ס ××× ××Ö·×× ×§×Ö·× ×¡×Ö·×ש×Ö·× ×€×× 1970 ס ××Ö·×× ×€×š×Ö·××¢ ק×Öž××€ÖŒ×××עךס. ×Ö·××¢ ××Ö·×××××ק ק×Ö·××€ÖŒ××××× × ×š×¢×¡××š×¡× ×š×××××Ö·× ××× ×× ARPANET, ×××֞ס ××¢××××× × ×Ö· ××֞ך ×Ö·× ×עךש ××Ö·× × ×€×× ×€ÖŒ×š×Öž××֞ק×Öž×ס ××× ×§×¢× × ××©× ×××Ö·××©× ××¢× ×Öž× ××Öž× ××ק×××¢× ×€×× PRNET. עך ××¢×××××©× ××× ×¢×¡ ×××Öž×× ×××× ××¢×××¢× ×Š× ×€×ַך××× ×× ××¢× ×¢××ך××Öž× ×ק × ×¢×¥ ××× ×××× ×€×× ×עך ×עך×××Ö·×§×¡× ×§×××× ×¢?
ק×Ö·×× ××Öž× ××× ××¢×××Öž× ×× ×Š× ×Ö·× ×Ö·××× ××ַק×Ö·× ×× ×€Ö¿×× ×× ×¢×š×©××¢ ׊ײַ×× ×€Ö¿×× ARPANET, ××× ×Š× ××¢××€Ö¿× ×××× ×¢× ×׀ֿעך×.
×€×Öž××Öž ×€×× Cerf ×€×× ×Ö· 1974 ׊××××× ×
סעךף ××× ××× ××××¢×× × ××× ×§××× ××× ×× ×€×š× 1970עך ×××š× ×××¢× ××¢× ×¢×š ××× ×× ×עק×××¢× ×§××× UCLA ×€×× BBN ×Š× ×€ÖŒ×š××××š× ×× × ×¢×¥ ××× ×עך ××ַסע. עך ××ש××€× × ×¢×¥ ק×Ö·× ××שעס×ש×Ö·× × ××Š× ×××××××××š× ××ש××€× ×××š× Cerf, ×××֞ס ×××©×¢× ×¢×š××××Ö·× ×§×× ×¡×××¢× ×€×ַךקעך. ××× ×§××× ××× ×¢×š×××ך××¢×, ××× ×× × ×¢×¥ × ××©× ××¢×§×¢× × ××××××× ××¢× ××ס×, ××× ×¢×š ××× ×š×¢×§×××¢× ×××š× ×¢× ×עך×× ××¢× ×Š× ×€×ך××¢×¡×¢×š× ×× ×§×× ××שעס××׊××¢ ×€×ך××××××× ×. ××× ×¡×Ö·×ס×ַק×××Ö·× × ××֞ך×, Cerf ×€×ך××××× ×××֞ס ×עק××§× ××× ×Ö· ׀֌ך×Ö·××ַס×× × ×ַק×Ö·××¢××ק ק×ַך×עךע. ××¢×š× ××× ×עך ××¢×××קעך ׊×××, ×××֞ס ק×Ö·×× ××Öž× ×€×ך×××× BBN ק××× ×××ש×× ××××, ××× Cerf ××¢×€××š× ×Š× ×× ×× ×עךע ××š×¢× ×Š× × ×¢××¢× ×Ö·× ×Ö·×××ש×× ×§× ×€ÖŒ×š×֞׀עס×֞ך ש××¢××¢ ××× ×¡××Ö·× ×€Ö¿×֞ך×.
ק×Ö·×× ××Öž× ×Ö· ×¡× ××¢×××××¡× ×××¢×× ×§×Öž××€ÖŒ×××עך × ×¢××××֞ךקס, ×Öž×עך × ××©× ××¢××× ×§××× ×עך׀×ַך×× × ××× ×€ÖŒ×š×Öž××֞ק×Öž× ×€ÖŒ××Ö·× - ×××× ××× ×עך×ך×× × ××× ××¢×××¢× ××× ×¡××× ×Ö·× ×€ÖŒ×š×ַסעס×× ×, × ××©× ×§×Öž××€ÖŒ×××עך ××××¡× ×©×Ö·×€Ö¿×. עך ××Öž× ××¢×××××¡× ×Ö·× Cerf ×××Öž×× ×××× ×××¢×Ö·× ×Š× ×עך××Ö·× × ×××× ×¡×§××× ××× ×××Öž×× ×××× ×§×š×××ש ××× ×§××× ×€ÖŒ×š×××× ×Š× ×€×ַך××× ×× ARPANET ×Š× PRNET. ק×Ö·×× ××Öž× ××× ×§×Öž× ××ַק××¢× ×××¢×× ××× ××¢×š× ×¢×¥ ×ך××¢××, ××× ××× ××Öž×× ××× ×¢×××¢××¢ ××Öž× ××××¢×× × ××× 1973 ××××עך ××× ××¢× ×¢× ××¢××× ××¢× ×Š× ×Ö· ××Öž××¢× ××× ×€ÖŒ×Ö·××Öž ×Ö·×××Öž ×Š× ×€ÖŒ×š×Öž××׊××š× ×××עך סע××× ×Ö·× ××עךק, "× ×€ÖŒ×š×Öž××֞ק×Öž× ×€Ö¿×ַך ××× ××¢×š× ×¢×¥ ×€ÖŒ×ַק×Ö·× ×§×Öž××× ×ק×ַ׊××¢," ×€××š×¢×€× ×××¢×× ××× 1974 ××× IEEE ×ך×Ö·× ××ַקש×Ö·× × ××××£ ק×Öž××× ×ק×ַ׊××¢. ××Öž×š× ××× ××¢×××¢× ×עך××× ×× ×Ö· ׀֌ך×××¢×§× ×€Ö¿×ַך ×× ×ך×Ö·× ×¡××ס××¢ ק×Öž× ×ך×Öž× ×€ÖŒ×š×Öž×ך×Ö·× (TCP) (××Ö·×× ×Š× ×××¢×š× ×Ö· "׀֌ך×Öž××֞ק×Öž×") - ×× ×§×Öž×š× ×¢×š×¡××Öž×× ×€×× ×× ×××××××××š× ×€Ö¿×ַך ×× ××Öž××¢×š× ××× ××¢×š× ×¢×.
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עס ××× ×§××× ×××× ××¢× ×ש ×Öž×עך ××Öž××¢× × ×עך ×¢× × ×€Ö¿×ַך××× ×× ××× ×× ×עך׀×× ××× × ×€×× ×× ××× ××¢×š× ×¢× ××× ×¡×¢×š×£ ××× ×§×Ö·×× ××× ×××עך 1974 ×ַך××¢×. ×Öž×עך ×× ×©×Ö·×€×× × ×€×× ×עך ××× ××¢×š× ×¢×¥ ××× × ××©× ××¢×××¢× ×Ö· ××¢×©×¢×¢× ×ש ×××֞ס ××× ××¢×××¢× ××× ×Ö· ס׀֌ע׊××€×ש ×€×× × ××× ×Š××× - עס ××× ××¢×××¢× ×Ö· ׀֌ך×֞׊עס ×××֞ס ××× ×Ö·× ×€×Öž××××Ö·× ×××עך ×€×××¢ ××Öž×š× ×€×× ×Ö·× ××××ק××× ×. ×עך ×֞ך×××× ×¢× ×€ÖŒ×š×Öž××֞ק×Öž× ××סקך×××× ×××š× Cerf ××× Kahn ××× 1974 ××× ×š××××××× ××× ×××××§× ×§×Ö·×× ×××ַס ××Öž× ××× ×¡×Ö·×ס×ַק×××Ö·× × ××֞ך×. ×עך עךש×עך ×€Ö¿×ַך××× ××× × ×Š××××©× ×× × ×¢××××֞ךקס ××× ×עס××¢× ××××× ××× 1977; ×עך ׀֌ך×Öž××֞ק×Öž× ××× ××¢×××¢× ×Š×¢××××× ××× ×Š×××× ×××ַעךס - ×× ×××¢××××ק ×ק׀֌ ××× IP ×××Ö·× × - ××××× ××× 1978; ARPANET ×× ××¢××××× ×Š× × ××Š× ×¢×¡ ×€Ö¿×ַך ×××× ×××××¢× ×¢ ׊×××¢×§× ××××× ××× 1982 (×× ×××××××× ×€×× ×× ××עך××ש×Ö·× ×¡ ×€×× ×× ××× ××¢×š× ×¢× ×§×¢× ×¢× ×××× ×¢×§×¡××¢× ××¢× ×Š× 1995, ×××¢× ×× ××. ×× ×š×©××× ×€×× ×€ÖŒ×ַך××ס×Ö·×€ÖŒ×Ö·× ×¥ ××× ××¢× ×€ÖŒ×š×֞׊עס ×€×× ×עך׀×× ××× × ×קס׀֌×Ö·× ××× ××××Ö·× ××××Ö·×עך ×€×× ×× ×Š×××× × ×¢××¢×. ××× ×× ×€×š× ××֞ך×, ×Ö·× ×֞ך××Ö·× ×××ַ׊××¢ ×עך××€× ×× ×× ××¢×š× ×Ö·×××Öž× ×Ö·× × ×¢××××֞ךק ×××֞ךק×× × ×ך××€×¢ (INWG) ××¢××× × ××× ×× ××××€ÖŒ× ×××£ ×€Ö¿×ַך ××××ַך××¢×.
ARPANET ××× ×ך××× ××× ×עך ×ך×××עך ×עק-×××¢×× ××× ×ק×××עך 1972 ××× ×עך עךש×עך ××× ××¢×š× ×׊××× ××עך ק×× ×€×¢×š×¢× ×¥ ××××£ ק×××€×××עך ק××××× ×ק×׊××¢, ×€××š× ×××¢× ××× ×××ש×× ×××× ×××××× ××× ××ךע ××××¢×š× ×¢×š×ס××שע ××××ס××. ××× ×Ö·××ש×Ö·× ×Š× ××עך×ק×× ×¢×š ××× Cerf ××× Kahn, עס ××× ×Ö·××¢× ××Ö·× ×××š× ×¢×××¢××¢ ×××××¢× × ×¢×¥ עקס׀֌עךץ ×€×× ×××ך×֞׀֌ע, ס׀֌ע׊××¢×
׊××××©× ×× ××××××ק ×€×š× ××××ך××¢×עךס ×Š× ××¢× ××סק×ס××¢ ××× ××¢×××¢× Robert Metcalfe, ×××¢××¢× ××ך ××Öž×× ×©××× ××××¢×× × ××× ×עך ×¢×××¢×š× ×¢× ×ַך××××¢×§× ××× Xerox PARC. ××Öž×ש ××¢×ק×Ö·××€×¢ ×§×¢× × ××©× ××Öž×× ×××× ×¢ ××ך××, ××× ×עך ׊××× ×××¢× Cerf ××× Kahn ס ××עךק ××× ××¢×××¢× ×ך××ס, עך ××× ××Ö·× × ××¢×××¢××Öž×€ÖŒ×¢× ×××× ×××××¢× ×¢ ××× ××¢×š× ×¢× ×€ÖŒ×š×Öž××֞ק×Öž×, PARC Universal Packet, ×Öž×עך PUP.
×× × ××× ×€Ö¿×ַך ××× ××¢×š× ×¢× ××× Xerox ××× ××¢××××§×¡× ××× ××Ö·×× ××× ×× ×¢×××¢×š× ×¢× × ×¢×¥ ××× ×Ö·×××Öž ××× ×עך×Öž××. PARC ××× ×× ×× ×עך ××××¢ × ×¢×¥ ×€×× ××Ö·××Ö· ×Ö·×××¢×××× ×¢ × ×Öž×××Ö· ××× ×ק×Öž××€ÖŒ××עךס, ××× ×€×× ×§×ךס, עס ××× ××¢×××¢× ×××× ARPANET. PARC ×€×ךעך ××Öž×× ×עק××§× ××× ×עך ׊×ק×× ×€Ö¿× ××× ×××× ××¢××¢× ×Ö·× ××¢×עך Xerox ××Ö·××¢ ×××Öž×× ××Öž×× ×××× ×××××¢× ×¢ ×¢×××¢×š× ×¢×, ××× ×Ö·× ××× ×××¢×× ×¢×€×¢×¡ ××Öž×× ×Š× ×××× ×€×ך××× ×× ×Š× ××¢×עך ×× ×עךעך (××Öž×עך ×××š× Xerox ס ×××××¢× ×¢ ×× ×¢×š××¢× ARPANET עק××××××Ö·××¢× ×). ×Š× ×§×¢× ×¢× ×€×ַך×××× ×Š× ×××× ×Ö· × ×֞ך××Ö·× ×Öž× ××Öž×, ×× PUP ×€ÖŒ×ַק×Ö·× ××× ×¡××Öž×š× ××× ×× ×עךע ×€ÖŒ×ַק××¥ ×€×× ×××¢××עך × ×¢×¥ עס ××× ××¢×××¢× ×ך×Ö·×××Ö·××× × ××××£ - ××Öž××, PARC ×¢×××¢×š× ×¢×. ×××¢× ×Ö· ×€ÖŒ×ַק×Ö·× ×š×××©× ×Ö· ×××××××× ×§×Öž××€ÖŒ×××עך ׊××××©× ×¢×××¢×š× ×¢× ××× ×× ×× ×עך × ×¢×¥ (×Ö·××Ö· ××× ×× ARPANET), ×עך ק×Öž××€ÖŒ×××עך ×××Öž×× ×Ö·× ××ך×Ö·×€ÖŒ ×× PUP ×€ÖŒ×ַק×Ö·×, ××××¢× ×¢× ×××× ×Ö·×ךעס ××× ×©××Ö·×¢×-××Ö·× ×××ק××¢× ×¢×¡ ××× ×Ö· ARPANET ×€ÖŒ×ַק×Ö·× ××× ×× ×Š×× ×¢××¢× ××¢×עך×, ש××§× ×¢×¡ ×Š× ×× ×Ö·×ךעס .
××Öž×ש ××¢×ק×Ö·××£ ×§×¢× × ××©× ×š×¢×× ××××Ö·× ×Š× ×××֞ס עך ××× ××¢××× ××× Xerox, ×× ×€ÖŒ×š×ַק××ש ×עך׀×ַך×× × ×¢×š ××× ×× ×¢×××Ö·××Ö·××× ×¡××€ÖŒ× ××× ××סק×ס×עס ××× INWG. ×¢×××××Ö·× ×¡ ×€×× ×××× ××©×€ÖŒ×¢× ××× ××¢××¢× ××× ××¢× ×€×Ö·×§× ×Ö·× ××× ×× 1974 ××עךק, Cerf ××× Kahn ××ַש××¢×××§× ×××× ×Š×ש×××ַעך, ××× ×©×€ÖŒ×¢×עך ××¢×ק×Ö·××€×¢ × ×¢×× ×¢×××¢××¢ ××¢× ×Š× × ××©× ××ַש×××× ××××£ ק×Öž-×××ך. PUP ך××Ö¿ ×סת֌×× ×× ×€×××Ö·× ×¡× ×× ×€ÖŒ××Ö·× ×€×× ×× ××Öž××¢×š× ××× ××¢×š× ×¢× ××××עך ××× ×× 1970 ס ×××¢×
×× ×× ×עך ×ק×ך ×€×× ××©×€ÖŒ×¢× ××××£ ×€×š× ××× ××¢×š× ×¢× ×€ÖŒ×š×Öž××֞ק×Öž×ס ×עק×××¢× ×€×× ×××ך×֞׀֌ע, ס׀֌×ַס××€×ק×× ×× × ×¢×¥ ××¢×××¢××Öž×€ÖŒ×¢× ××× ×× ×€×š× 1970 ס ×××š× Plan Calcul, ×Ö· ׀֌ך×Öž×ך×Ö·× ××Öž× ××©× ××ך×
×Š× ×§×Öž× ×ך×Öž×××š× ×× ×××€ÖŒ××Ö·××¢× ×××ש×Ö·× ×€×× ×€ÖŒ××Ö·× ×§×Ö·×ק××, ××¢ ××Ö·×× ××Öž× ××ש××€× ×Ö· ××¢légation à l'informatique (ע׀֌עס ××× ×Ö·× "×× ×€×֞ך××Ö·××קס ××¢××Ö·×××ש×Ö·×"), ך××€ÖŒ×֞ך××× × ××××Ö·× ×Š× ×××× ×€ÖŒ×š××× ××× ×ס×עך. ××× ×€×š× 1971, ××¢× ××¢××Ö·×××ש×Ö·× ×©××¢×× ×× ××©×¢× ×ך Louis Pouzin ××× ××ַש××××ק×× × ×€×× ×§×š×××××× × ×× ×€×š×× ×Š××××ש ××עךס××¢ ×€×× ââ×× ARPANET. ×× ××¢××Ö·×××ש×Ö·× ××Öž× ××¢×××××× ×Ö·× ×€ÖŒ×ַק×Ö·× × ×¢××××֞ךקס ×××Öž×× ×©×€ÖŒ××× ×Ö· קך×××ש ך×Öž××¢ ××× ×§×Ö·××€ÖŒ××××× × ××× ×× ×§×××¢× ××ק ××֞ך×, ××× ××¢×× ×ש עקס׀֌עך××× ××× ××¢× ××¢×× × ×××Öž×× ×××× × ××××ק ×€Ö¿×ַך ×€ÖŒ××Ö·× ×§×Ö·×ק×× ×Š× ×××× ×Ö· ×׊×××.
×€ÖŒ×Öž×××× ××××£ ×Ö· ק×Öž× ×€Ö¿×¢×š×¢× ×¥ ××× 1976
Pouzin, ×Ö· ×ך×Ö·××ש×Ö·×××Ö·× ×€×× ×× Ãcole Polytechnique ×€×× ×€ÖŒ×ַך××, ׀ֿך×Ö·× ×§×š××Ö·× ×¡ ׀֌ךע××עך ×× ××©×¢× ×עך××¢ ש×××¢, ××¢×ך××¢× ××× ×Ö· ××× × ××¢× ×ש ×€Ö¿×ַך ×Ö· ׀ך×× ×Š××××ש ××¢××¢×€×Öž× ××סך××× ×€×Ö·×ך×ק×Ö·× × ××××עך עך ×ך××עך××¢×€××š× ×Š× ××××. ××Öž×š× ××Öž× ×¢×š ×××עך׊×××× ×¢××€ÖŒ×××עךס ×Ö·× ××× ××Ö·×š×€Ö¿× ×Š× ××××¡× ×עך ×××¢×× ×Ö·×××Ö·× ×¡×ך××¢ ×× ×××××¢××Ö·×€ÖŒ××Ö·× ×¥. ×Ö·××× ××× ×Ö· ×××× ×Öž× ×עש××¢××עך, עך ××¢××Öž××€Ö¿× ×©×Ö·×€Ö¿× ×× ×§×Ö·××€ÖŒ×Ö·××Ö·××Ö·× ×Š×××-××Ö·× ×××××× × ×¡×ס××¢× (CTSS) ××× MIT ×€Ö¿×ַך ׊×××× ××× ×Ö· ××Ö·×× ××֞ך, ×€×× 1963 ×Š× 1965. ×× ×עך׀×ַך×× × ××Öž× ××× ××¢×××× ×עך ××××× × ×¢×§×¡×€ÖŒ×¢×š× ××××£ ×× ×עך×ַק×××× ×Š×××-××Ö·× ×××××× × ×§×Ö·××€ÖŒ××××× × ××× ××Ö·× ×¥ ׀ֿך×Ö·× ×§×š××Ö·× - ××× ××ס××Öž××¢ ××× ×Ö·××¢ ×€×× ââ×××ך×֞׀֌ע.
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"ס×××××× × ×€Ö¿×¢× ×Š×עך" ךע׀עךס ×Š× ×× ×××¢× TCP ××Ö·× ×××ש×× ×× ××××€× ×€×× ××Ö·×× ×Š××××©× ×× ×¡×¢× ×עך ××× ×× ××€× ×¢×עך. ×× ×§×š×Ö·× × ×€Ö¿×¢× ×Š×עך ××ש×××× ×€×× ×Ö·××¢ ×€ÖŒ×ַק××¥ ××× ×× ×Ö·××××Öž××× × ××Ö·×× ×××Ö·× ×××֞ס ×עך ×¡×¢× ×עך ×§×¢× ×¢× ×ַק×××××× ×©×ק×. ×× ×š×¢×× ××š×¢× ×€×× ×× ×€Ö¿×¢× ×Š×עך ×××××¢×× ×Š× ×× ×š×¢×× ×××¢× ×עך ××€× ×¢×עך ך××€ÖŒ×֞ךץ ׀ך×× ×ַך×××£ ××ַ׀עך ×€ÖŒ××Ö·×¥, ××× ×× ××× ×§×¡ ××š×¢× ×××××¢×× ×Š× ×× ×š×¢×× ×××¢× ×עך ××€× ×¢×עך ך××€ÖŒ×֞ךץ ך×ס××××× × ×€×š××ַעך××ק ×€ÖŒ×ַק××¥."
×עך ××Ö·×ך××£ ×€×× ×× ×××Ö·×ך×Ö·××¢ ×€××¥ ××ש××××עס ××× ×× × ×Ö·××ך ×€×× ×ך×Öž×ק×Ö·×¡× × ×¢××××֞ךקס ××× ×¢×××¢×š× ×¢× ××× ALOHANET, ×××֞ס ×××××-× ××× ×©××§× ×××עך ×ַך××ק××¢× ××× ×× ××××××ק ××× ××××Ö·××××××ק ×××€× (××× ×§×Ö·× ×ך×Ö·×¡× ×Š× ×× ×עך ××¢××¢×€×Öž×-××× ARPANET, ×××֞ס ×€×ך××× ×× ×¡×ַק×××¢× ×ש×Ö·× ×¢×§×¡×€ÖŒ×š×¢×¡ ×€×× ×ַך××ק××¢× ×Š××××©× ××׀֌ס. ×××עך ×Ö· ×€×ַך××Öž×××¢× AT&T ש××š× ×Š× ×€×× ×§×Š××Öž× ××š× ×š×¢××). עס ××× ××¢×××¢× ××× ×¢× ×Š× ×©× ××Ö·×עך ׀֌ך×Öž××֞ק×Öž×ס ×€Ö¿×ַך ×× ×ך×Ö·× ×¢× ×ך×Ö·× ×¡××ס××¢ ×Š× ×× ×§××¢× ×¡×עך ×€×ַך××Öž×××¢× × ×¢××××֞ךקס, ××× ××× ×××עך ×עך ק×Öž××€ÖŒ××׊××š× ×§×Ö·××Ö·× ×, ××× ××֞ס ××× ×€ÖŒ×× ×§× ×××֞ס Kahn ××× Cerf ס TCP ׀֌ך×Öž××֞ק×Öž×.
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××× ×××× ××× ×× ××××¡× ×€×× ×× ARPA × ×¢×¥ ×ַך××¢× ×ך×׀֌ע ××× ×××Ö·× ×š×ק××עס ×€Ö¿×ַך ××Ö·×עךק×× ××¢× (RFCs), ×× INWG ××ש××€× ×××× ×××××¢× ×¢ "×©×¢×š× ×עך×ת" ס×ס××¢×. ××× ×××× ×€×× ××¢× ×€×ך, × ×Öž× ×××¢×× ×Ö· ××֞ך ×€×× ××××ַך××¢×, ק×Ö·×× ××× ×¡×¢×š×£ ×עך××× ×× ×Ö· ׀֌ך×××××Ö·× ×¢×š× ××עךס××¢ ×€×× ââ×ק׀֌ ×Š× ×× INWG ××× ××Ö·×עךק×× × #39 ××× ×¡×¢×€××¢××עך 1973. ××֞ס ××× ××¢×××¢× ××¡×¢× ×©×Ö·×× ×עך ××¢×××קעך ××֞ק×××¢× × ×Ö·× ××× ×ך××ס ××× IEEE ×ך×Ö·× ××ַקש×Ö·× × ×× ×€××××¢× ××¢ ׀ך×××× ×. ××× ×׀ך×× 1974, ×× ×¡×ק××Ö·×עס ××Ö·× ×©×Ö·×€Ö¿× ××¢×€××š× ×××š× Hubert Zimmermann ××× Michel Elie ×ך××ס ×Ö· ק×Ö·×× ×עך׀×֞ךש××Öž×, INWG 61. ×עך ××××ק ××× ××¢×××¢× ××ש×××× ×€×× ×€×ַךש×××¢× ×¢ ×××× ×× ××¢× ××××£ ×€×ַךש××× ×× ××©×¢× ×עך××¢ ××Ö·× ××-×֞׀ס, ×עך ××××€ÖŒ× ××××£ ××× ×€ÖŒ×ַק×Ö·×¥ ×××֞ס ××ך××××× × ×¢××××֞ךקס ××× ×§××¢× ×¢×š×¢×š ×€ÖŒ×ַק×Ö·× ×¡××עס ××¢× ×¢× ×Š×¢××××× ××× ×š××ַסע×××Ö·××.
×× ×©×€ÖŒ×Ö·××× ××× ××¢×××¢× ××× ×××Ö·×, ×Öž×עך ×× × ××× ×Š× ×¢×€×¢×¡ ש××××¢× ××¢× ×××¢× ××××£ ××××עך××× ×¢×š××ש×Ö·× ×¡× ×š×¢×× ×Š× ×€ÖŒ××Ö·× × ×Š× ×š×¢×Š×¢× ×××¢ × ×¢×¥ ס××Ö·× ××ַך×ס ×××××¢ ×××š× ×× Comité Consultatif International Téléphonique et Télégraphique (
×Öž×עך ××× ×€×ַק×, ×× ×§×Öž×׀֌ך×Öž××ס ××¢××× × ××× ×× ×ע׊××¢ ××Ö·×€ÖŒ ×€×× ××× ××¢×š× ×׊××× ×××¢ ×× ×עךק×Ö·× ×¢×§×©×Ö·× ×§×××ַ׀֌עך××ש×Ö·×, ×Ö· ×€×Ö·×§× ×××֞ס ××× ××¢×××¢× ×€ÖŒ×š×ס××× ×××š× Bob Kahn ס ×Ö·××Ö·× ×ַס ×Ö·××עק ×€×× ×× INWG ש××××¢× ××××£ ×× × ××Ö·×¢ ×€×֞ךש××Öž×. עס ××× ××× ×ך××ס××¢××××× ×× ×עך ךע×××××× ×€×× ×× ×׀ש××××× × ××× × ××©× ××¢×ך××× ×× ××¢××××× ×¡ ×××ס ×× CCITT ××× ×עש××¢××, ××× ××¢×š×Š× ××× ×¡×¢×š×£ × ×× ×¢×š×עך ××¢×××× ××¢× ××Š× ×××'× ×©××§× × ×ך××× ×Š× ×× CCITT, ×××× ×¢×š ××× ××סקך×××× ××× ×עך ×€×ךש××× ×€×¢×× ××× ×€×××¢ ק×× ×Š×¢× ××ס ××× ×× INWG. ×Öž×עך ק××× ×€×֞ךש××Öž× ×€×× ×× INWG ×××Öž×× × ×Öž× ×סת֌×× × ××©× ××¢×××¢× ×× ××¢× ×××¢×, ××× × ×× ××¢×עק×Öž× ×××עק××Ö·××××× ×××֞ס ××Ö·××Ö·× ××××Ö·× CCITT ××¢× ×¢× × ××©× ××× ×עךעס××š× ××× ×× ××Ö·××Ö·×ך×Ö·× ×¢× ××××Ö·×× × ×¢××××֞ךקס ×× ×××¢× ××Ö·× ×××š× ×§×Öž××€ÖŒ×××עך ך×סעך×שעך×. ××× ××¢××××× ××Ö·× ×¥ ק×Öž× ×ך×Öž× ×××עך ×€×ַךקעך ××××£ ×× × ×¢×¥, ××× ××× ××¢××Ö·×××××× × ×× ××Ö·×× ×Š× ××××¢ ק×Öž××€ÖŒ×××עךס ×××עך ×××֞ס ××× ××Öž×× ×§××× ×§×Öž× ×ך×Öž×. ××× ××֞ך ×××× ×֞ך××š× ×× ×ַך××ס××¢×× ×€×× ××× ××¢×š× ×¢×¥ ×ך××¢××, ××× ×ס××× ×Š× ×Ö·××Ö·×€ÖŒ× ×Ö· ×××ך×××Ö·× ×§×©×š ׀֌ך×Öž××֞ק×Öž× ×€Ö¿×ַך ×Ö· ××Ö·××× ×עך × ×¢×¥, ×עך××€×
×× ××ך×Öž× ××¢ ××× ×Ö·× ×× X.25 ׀֌ך×Öž××֞ק×Öž× ××× ×עש×××Š× ×××š× ×§×Ö·×× ×¡ עךש××¢ ××Ö·××¢××֞ס, ××¢×š× ×š×Öž×עךץ. עך ××× ××¢×××¢× ×××× × ×€×ךעך ××× ×× ×ע׊××¢ × ×¢××××֞ךקס ×€×֞ךש×× ×, ×Öž×עך ×××× × ××Ö·×¢ ××× ××¢×š×¢×¡× ××× ×Ö· ××¢×©×¢×€× ×€×ךעך ××¢×€××š× ××× ×Š× CCITT ×Š× ×¡×Ö·× ×§×Š××¢ ×× ×€ÖŒ×š×Öž××֞ק×Öž×ס ×××֞ס ×××× ×€×ך××¢, ××¢××¢× ×¢×, ××× ×©××× × ×׊×.
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××× ×× USA ×Ö·××¥ ××× ××¢×××¢× ×Ö·× ×עךש. AT&T ××Öž× × ××©× ××¢××Ö·× ×× ××¢×××¢ ×€ÖŒ×Öž××××שע ××©×€ÖŒ×¢× ××× ××ךע ק×Ö·×× ×¢×š×€ÖŒ×ַךץ ××× ×××ס××× × ××× ××× × ××©× ××¢×××¢× ×Ö· ×××× ×€×× ×עך ××. ×€Ö¿×ַךקעך×, ××× ×עך ×Š×²Ö·× ××Öž× ×× ×š×¢××ך×× × ×©××ַךק ××Ö·××š×¢× ×¢×Š× ××× ×Öž×€ÖŒ×עש×××Ö·×× ×× ×€×ך××¢, עס ××× ××¢×××¢× ×€×ַך××Öž×× ××× ×Š××××©× ××× ×עך ×Ö·× ××××ק××× × ×€×× ×§×Öž××€ÖŒ×××עך-× ×¢××××֞ךקס ××× ×¡×¢×š×××סעס, ××× ×××× ××× ×× ××֞ך ׊ע×ך×Öž×× ××¢×××Öž×š× ××× ×©××ק××¢×. ARPA ××× ××¢×××¢× ×€×š×× ×Š× ×Ö·× ××××ק××¢× ×××× ××× ××¢×š× ×¢× ×€ÖŒ×š×Öž×ך×Ö·× ××× ×עך ×× ×€ÖŒ×š×Ö·×עק×××× ×©××š×¢× ×€×× ×× ×©××ַךק ××¢×€ÖŒ×ַך×××¢× × ×€×× ×××€×¢× ×¡, ×Öž× ×§××× ×€ÖŒ×Öž××××ש ×ך×ק. ×× ××× ×€×Ö·× ××Ö·× ×× ×××€ÖŒ××Ö·××¢× ×××ש×Ö·× ×€×× ×ק׀֌ ××××£ ×€×ַךש××× ×§×Öž××€ÖŒ×××עךס, ××× ××¢××××× × ××ך ××©×€ÖŒ×¢× ×Š× ×Š×××× ××¢× ×Ö·××¢ ××× ×ת ××××£ ×× ARPANET ×Š× ××ַש××××¢× ×Š× ×× × ××Ö· ׀֌ך×Öž××֞ק×Öž× ××× 1983. ×עך××עך, ×× ××¢×š×¡× ×©××ַךק ק×Öž××€ÖŒ×××עך × ×¢×¥ ××× ×עך ×××¢××, ×€×××¢ ×€×× ââ×××¢××¢× ×¡ × ×Öž××× ××¢× ×¢× ××¢×××¢× ×× ××¢×š×¡× ×©××ַךק ק×Ö·××€ÖŒ××××× ×. ×֞ך××Ö·× ×Ö·×××ש×Ö·× × ××× ×עך ×××¢××, ××¢××××š× ×עך ×€ÖŒ××Ö·×¥ ×€×× ×ק׀֌ ×Ö·× ××××ק××× × / IP.
××××, TCP/IP ××× ××¢××××š× ×עך ק×Öž×š× ×¢×š×¡××Öž×× ×€×× ×× ××× ××¢×š× ×¢×, ××× × ×× ××××× ×× ××× ××¢×š× ×¢×, ××Ö·× ×§ ×Š× ARPA ס ק×֞ךע×× ×€ÖŒ×Öž××××ש ××× ×€×× ×Ö·× ×Š××¢× ×€×š×××××× ×§×Ö·××€ÖŒ×¢×š× ×Š× ×§××× ×× ×עךע ק×Öž××€ÖŒ×××עך × ×¢××××֞ךק×× × ×֞ך××Ö·× ×××ַ׊××¢. ×ך×Öž×¥ OSI, ARPA ××× ××¢××××š× ×עך ××× × ×××Ö·××× × ×× ×Ö·××ך×××××©× ×¢×§ ×€×× ×× × ×¢×¥ ×€×֞ךש×× × ×§××. ×€Ö¿×× ×× ××סק×ק ×€×× × ×€×× 1974, ××¢× ×§×¢× ××¢× ×€×××¢ ש×ך×ת ×€×× ××©×€ÖŒ×¢× ×××֞ס ×€××š× ×Š× Cerf ××× ×§×Ö·×× ×¡ ××עךק ××××£ TCP, ××× ×€×××¢ ×€ÖŒ×Öž××¢× ×Š××¢× ××× ××¢×š× ×ַ׊××Öž× ×Ö·××¢ ××××ַך××¢× ×××֞ס ×§×¢× ×ַך××סק×××¢× ×€×× ×××. ×Öž×עך, ×€Ö¿×× ×עך ׀֌עךס׀֌עק×××× ×€×× 1995, ×Ö·××¢ ×××¢×× ×€××š× ×Š× ×Ö· ×××× ×€ÖŒ××××Ö·××Ö·× ××Öž××¢× ×, ×Ö· ×××× ××עך×ק×× ×¢×š ×֞ך××Ö·× ×××ַ׊××¢ ××× ×Š×××× ×××ַס×ך××ַס × ×¢××¢×.
×××֞ס ×Ö·× ×עךש ×Š× ××××¢× ×¢×
- Janet Abbate, ×× ×××¢× ××× × ×× ××× ××¢×š× ×¢× (1999)
- ×××× × ××Öž×, "×× ×§××Ö·×עך ×ַך××ס ××× INWG ××¢××Ö·××¢×," IEEE ×Ö·× ×Ö·××× ×€×× ×עך ×עש××××¢ ×€×× ââââק×Öž××€ÖŒ××××× × (2016)
- ×¢× ××š× × ×š×ססע××, ×¢×€Ö¿× ×¡××Ö·× ××ַך×ס ××× ×× ××××××Ö·× ×¢××עך (2014)
- Andrew L. Russell ××× Valérie Schafer, "××× ×× ×©×Öž×× ×€×× ARPANET ××× ××× ××¢×š× ×¢×: Louis Pouzin ××× ×× ×¡×ק××Ö·×עס × ×¢××××֞ךק ××× ×× 1970 ס," ××¢×× ×Öž××Öž×××¢ ××× ×§××××ך (2014)
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