Atime ืืขืจืืืึทื ืืืงื ืึทืคืขืงืฅ ืกืืกืืขื ืคืึธืจืฉืืขืืื ื. ืืืึธืก ืืื ืืขืฉืขืขื ืืฉ ืืึธืจื ืืื ืืืึธืก ืฆื ืืึธื ืืืขืื ืืื - ืืืืขื ืขื ืืขื ืึทืจืืืงื.
ืืืขื ืืื ืืขืจืืืึทื ืืืงื ืืื ืืงืก ืืืืฃ ืืืื ืืืื ืงืึธืืคึผืืืืขืจ, ืืื ืืึธืื ืฆื ืกืึธืืืืข ืืืืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธืืืขืืก. ืืืืขืจ ืื ืืึธืจื, ืืึธืก ืืื ืืขืืืืจื ืึท ืืขืืืืื ืืืืื: ืืื ืืึทืงืึทืคึผ ืืืื ืืขืงืขืก, ืืืืฉื ืื ืกืืกืืขื, ืื ืกืืึทืืืจื ืึทืืฅ ืคึฟืื ืงืจืึทืฆื, ืืืงืขืจื ืืืื ืืขืงืขืก, ืืื ืจืืื ืกืืึทื ืืืื ืืึทืืืืกืืข ืึทืคึผืืึทืงืืืฉืึทื ื. ืืื ืืืื ืืืืฉื ืื ืกืืกืืขื ืกืขืืืื ืืก ืฆื ืคึผืึทืกื ืืื. ืืื ืขืก ื ืขืื ืฆื ืคืื ืฆืืึทื. ืืื ืืขืฆืื ืก ืืื ืืขืืืืืฉื ืืืื ืืื ืืืจืฃ ืืขื ืงืึธืคึผืืืืืืืง.
ืฆืืื ืืื ืืืื ืขืจ ืคืื ืืจืื ืืืืขืกืืึทืืคึผืก ืคึฟืึทืจ ืืขืงืขืก ืืื ืืื ืืงืก (ืืขืจ ืืืืฃ ืืขื ืฉืคึผืขืืขืจ). ืืื ืืึทืืื ืืขืจ, ืืื ืืื ืืขืืืขื ืืืึทื ืืขืจืื ื ืืืื ืขืก ืืืึธืื ื ืึธื ืืืื ืึท ืืืืข ืืขืืึทื ืง ืฆื ืืืกืืืืึทื ืฆืืื ืืืืฃ ืืขืจ ืคืจืืฉ ืืื ืืงืก ืกืืกืืขืืขื. ืืื ื ืฆืืื ืืื ืืขืจืืืึทื ืืืงื ืืขืืขืจ ืืึธื ืืืขื ืืขืจ ืืขืงืข ืืื ืึทืงืกืขืกื, ืืื ืืืื ืืขืืขื ืึทื ืขืก ืืื ืึท ืืึทืืืืืืง ืคึผืจืึทื ืืืืฃ ืกืืกืืขื ืคืึธืจืฉืืขืืื ื.
ืืื ืืขืฆืื ืก ืึทืคึผืืจืืืืื ืฆื ืคืขืืึธืจืึท 32 ืืื, ืืืืก ืคืื ืืืืข, ืกืืึทืจืืขื ืืืจื ืืืกืืืืึทื ืฆืืื. ืืื ืืื ืืขืืจืืื: ืืืจืฃ ืืื ืขืก ืืืงืข? ืืื ืืึทืฉืืึธืกื ืฆื ืืขืจื ืขื ืืขื ืึทืจืืืกืืขืื ืืื ืืึธืก ืืื ืืืึธืก ืืื ืืึทื ืึทืจืืืฃ.
ื ืืืกื ืืืขืื ืืขืงืข ืืืืขืกืืึทืืคึผืก
ืฆื ืจืขืืขื ืขื ืขืก ืืืืก, ืืืจ ืืึทืจืคึฟื ืฆื ื ืขืืขื ืึท ืฉืจืื ืฆืืจืืง ืืื ืืขืืขื ืงืขื ืึท ืืืกื ืืื ืื ืืืขืื ืืื ืืงืก ืืขืงืข ืกืืกืืขืืขื ืืื ืืื ืื ืงืขืจื ืืืืขืกืืึทืืคึผืก ืืขืงืขืก ืืื ืืืืจืขืงืืขืจืื. ืืืจ ืงืขื ืขื ืืขื ืื ืืขืฆืืข ืืึทืืึทืคืืื ืืึทืืข ืคืื โโืืขืงืขืก ืืื ืืืืจืขืงืืขืจืื ืืืจื ืืืืคื ืื ืืึทืคึฟืขื ls -l (ืืึทื ื) ืึธืืขืจ ืคืฉืื ืืืจื ืงืืงื ืืื ืืื ืคึฟืึธืจืืึทืฆืืข ืืืขืื ืืื ืืื ืืขืจ ืืขืงืข ืคืึทืจืืืึทืืืขืจ. ืึธืืขืจ ืืื ืืขืจ ืื ืกืื ื, ืื ืืื ืืงืก ืงืขืจื ืืืื ืขืืืขืืข ืืืืขืกืืึทืืคึผืก ืคึฟืึทืจ ืืขืงืขืก ืืื ืืืืจืขืงืืขืจืื:
- ืืืขื ืืื ืื ืืขืงืข ืืขืฆื ืืึทืืึทืคืืื (ืืืืืข)
- ืืืขื ืืื ืืขืืืขื ืื ืืขืฆืืข ืืึธื ืื ืืขืงืข ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืจืืืขืก ืืื ืืขืืึทืืึทืืึท ืืขื ืขื ืืฉืืื ืืืฉื (ctime)
- ืืืขื ืืื ืื ืืขืงืข ืืขืฆืืข ืึทืงืกืขืกื (ืฆืืึทื)
- ืืืจ ืงืขื ืขื ื ืืฆื ืืขื ืืึทืคึฟืขื ืืขืืื ืขืฆื ืืขื ืืื ืคึฟืึธืจืืึทืฆืืข ืืืขืื ืึท ืืขืงืข ืึธืืขืจ ืืืขืืืืืึทืืขืจ. ืืึธ ืืื ืื ืืขืงืข / ืขืืง / ืคืกืืึทื ืคืื ืืืื ืขืจ ืคืื ืืืื ืคึผืจืืืืจื ืกืขืจืืืขืจืก:
$ stat fstab
File: fstab
Size: 261 Blocks: 8 IO Block: 4096 regular file
Device: b303h/45827d Inode: 2097285 Links: 1
Access: (0664/-rw-rw-r--) Uid: ( 0/ root) Gid: ( 0/ root)
Context: system_u:object_r:etc_t:s0
Access: 2019-04-25 21:10:18.083325111 -0500
Modify: 2019-05-16 10:46:47.427686706 -0500
Change: 2019-05-16 10:46:47.434686674 -0500
Birth: 2019-04-25 21:03:11.840496275 -0500ืืึธ ืืืจ ืงืขื ืขื ืืขื ืึทื ืื ืืขืงืข ืืื ืืืฉืืคื ืืืืฃ ืืคืจืื 25, 2019 ืืืขื ืืื ืืื ืกืืึทืืืจื ืื ืกืืกืืขื. ืืืื ืืขืงืข / ืขืืง / ืคืกืืึทื ืืื ืืขืฆื ืืึทืืึทืคืืื ืืืืฃ ืืื 16, 2019, ืืื ืึทืืข ืื ืืขืจืข ืึทืืจืืืืืฅ ืืขื ืขื ืืขืืืื ืึทืจืื ืืขืจ ืืขืืืืงืขืจ ืฆืืื.
ืืืื ืืื ืงืึธืคึผืืข / ืขืืง / ืคืกืืึทื ืฆื ืึท ื ืืึทืข ืืขืงืข, ืื ืืึทืืขืก ืืืืฉื ืฆื ืึธื ืืืืึทืื ืึทื ืขืก ืืื ืึท ื ืืึทืข ืืขืงืข:
$ sudo cp fstab fstab.bak
$ stat fstab.bak
File: fstab.bak
Size: 261 Blocks: 8 IO Block: 4096 regular file
Device: b303h/45827d Inode: 2105664 Links: 1
Access: (0644/-rw-r--r--) Uid: ( 0/ root) Gid: ( 0/ root)
Context: unconfined_u:object_r:etc_t:s0
Access: 2020-05-12 17:53:58.442659986 -0500
Modify: 2020-05-12 17:53:58.443659981 -0500
Change: 2020-05-12 17:53:58.443659981 -0500
Birth: 2020-05-12 17:53:58.442659986 -0500ืึธืืขืจ ืืืื ืืื ื ืึธืจ ืจืขื ืึทืืข ืื ืืขืงืข ืึธื ืืฉืึทื ืืื ื ืืืึทื ืืื ืืึทืื, ืืื ืืงืก ืืืขื ืืืืื ืืขืจืืืึทื ืืืงื ืื ืฆืืื ืืืขื ืื ืืขืงืข ืืื ืืึทืืึทืคืืื:
$ sudo mv fstab.bak fstab.tmp
$ stat fstab.tmp
File: fstab.tmp
Size: 261 Blocks: 8 IO Block: 4096 regular file
Device: b303h/45827d Inode: 2105664 Links: 1
Access: (0644/-rw-r--r--) Uid: ( 0/ root) Gid: ( 0/ root)
Context: unconfined_u:object_r:etc_t:s0
Access: 2020-05-12 17:53:58.442659986 -0500
Modify: 2020-05-12 17:53:58.443659981 -0500
Change: 2020-05-12 17:54:24.576508232 -0500
Birth: 2020-05-12 17:53:58.442659986 -0500ืื ืืืืขืกืืึทืืคึผืก ืืขื ืขื ืืืืขืจ ื ืืฆืืง ืคึฟืึทืจ ืืืืขืจ ืืื ืืงืก ืืืืื. ืคึฟืึทืจ ืืืึทืฉืคึผืื, Biff ืืื ืึท ืคึผืจืึธืืจืึทื ืืืึธืก ื ืึธืืืึทืคืืื ืืืจ ืืืขื ืขืก ืืื ืึท ื ืืึทืข ืึธื ืืึธื ืืื ืืืื E- ืืจืืื. ื ืึธืืืึทืืืึทืก ืืืืื ืืง ืืขื ืืฉื ื ืืฆื , ืึธืืขืจ ืืื ืื ืืขื ืืืขื ืืืืืืึทืงืกืื ืืขื ืขื ืืืืข ืฆื ืื ืกืืกืืขื, ืืืฃ ืืื ืืึทื ืฅ ืคึผืจืึธืกื.
ืืื ืงืขื ืืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธืืจืึทื ืืืืกื ืืืื ืืืจ ืืึธื ื ืืึทืข ืคึผืึธืกื ืืื ืืืื ืื ืืึธืงืก? ืืืฃ ืงืึทืืคึผืขืจื ืื ืืขืฆืืข ืืึทืืึทืคืืื ืฆืืื (ืืืขื ืื ืื ืืึธืงืก ืืขืงืข ืืื ืืขืจืืืึทื ืืืงื ืืื ืึท ื ืืึทืข E- ืืจืืื ืึธื ืืึธื) ืืื ืื ืืขืฆืืข ืึทืงืกืขืก ืฆืืื (ืื ืืขืฆืืข ืืึธื ืืืจ ืืืืขื ืขื ืืืื E- ืืจืืื). ืืืื ืื ืขื ืืขืจืื ื ืืื ืคืืจืืขืงืืืขื ืฉืคึผืขืืขืจ ืืื ืึทืงืกืขืก, Biff ืืืขื ืคึฟืึทืจืฉืืืื ืึทื ืึท ื ืืึทืข ืืจืืื ืืื ืื ืืขืงืืืขื ืืื ืืืขื ืืขืื ืฆื ืืืืกื ืืืจ ืืืขืื ืืื. ืื Mutt E- ืืจืืื ืงืืืขื ื ืึทืจืืขื ืืื ืืขืจ ืืขืืืืงืขืจ ืืืขื.
ืื ืืขืฆืืข ืึทืงืกืขืก ืืืืขืกืืึทืืคึผ ืืื ืืืื ื ืืฆืืง ืืืื ืืืจ ืืึทืจืคึฟื ืฆื ืืึทืืืขื ืืขืงืข ืกืืกืืขื ืืึทื ืืฅ ืกืืึทืืืกืืืง ืืื ื ืืื ืคืึธืจืฉืืขืืื ื. ืกืืกืืขื ืึทืืืื ืืกืืจืึทืืึธืจืก ืืึทืจืคึฟื ืฆื ืืืืกื ืืืึธืก ืึทืืืืฉืขืงืฅ ืืขื ืขื ืึทืงืกืขืกื ืึทืืื ืืื ืงืขื ืขื ืงืึทื ืคืืืืขืจ ืื ืืขืงืข ืกืืกืืขื ืึทืงืึธืจืืื ืืื.
ืืืขืจ ืจืืึฟ ืืึธืืขืจื ืืืืื ื ืื ืืขืจ ืืึทืจืคึฟื ืืขื ืคืืจืืข, ืึทืืื ืขืก ืืื ืืขืืืขื ืึท ืคืึธืจืฉืืึธื ื ืืฉื ืฆื ื ืืฆื ืขืก. ืืื 2007, Linus Torvalds ืืื ืขืืืขืืข ืื ืืขืจืข ืงืขืจื ืืขืืืขืืึธืคึผืขืจืก ืืืกืงืึทืกื ืฆืืื ืืื ืืขื ืงืึธื ืืขืงืกื ืคืื ืึท ืคืึธืจืฉืืขืืื ื ืึทืจืืืกืืขืื. ืืื ืืงืก ืงืขืจื ืืขืืืขืืึธืคึผืขืจ Ingo Molnar ืืื ืื ืคืืืืขื ืืข ืคืื ื ืืืขืื ืฆืืื ืืื ืื ืขืงืกื 3 ืืขืงืข ืกืืกืืขื:
"ืขืก ืืื ืืึทื ืฅ ืืึธืื ืข ืึทื ืืขืืขืจ ืืื ืืงืก ืืขืกืงืืึทืคึผ ืืื ืกืขืจืืืขืจ ืกืึทืคืขืจื ืืืืขืจืงื ื / ืึธ ืคืึธืจืฉืืขืืื ื ืืขืจื ืืืขืจืืงืื ื ืจืขืื ืฆื ืงืขืกืืืืขืจืืืง ืฆืืื ืืขืจืืืึทื ืืืงืื ืืขื, ืืึธืืฉ ืขืก ืืขื ืขื ืืืืื ืฆืืืื ืคืึทืงืืืฉ ืืืืขืจื: tmpwatch [ืืืึธืก ืงืขื ืขื ืืืื ืงืึทื ืคืืืืขืจื ืฆื ื ืืฆื ืงืืืืข, ืึทืืื ืขืก ืืื ื ืืฉื ืึท ืืจืืืก ืคึผืจืึธืืืขื] ืืื ืขืืืขืืข ืืึทืงืึทืคึผ ืืืฉืืจืื."
ืึธืืขืจ ืืขื ืืฉื ื ืึธื ื ืืฆื ืขืืืขืืข ืืืืื ืืืึธืก ืืึทืจืคึฟื ืืขื ืคืืจืืข. ืึทืืื ืจืืืืืืื ื ืฆืืื ืืืขื ืืจืขืื ืืืืขืจ ืคืึทื ืืงืฉืึทื ืึทืืืื. ืืื ืืงืก ืงืขืจื ืืขืืืขืืึธืคึผืขืจืก ืืึธื ื ืืฉื ืื ืคืจืื ืืืฉ ืื ืืึทื ืืฆืขืจ ืคืจืืืืืื.
ืฉืืืืก ืืืืืื ื
ืขืก ืืขื ืขื ืคืืืข ืึทืคึผืืึทืงืืืฉืึทื ื ืึทืจืืึทื ืืขืจืขืื ื ืืื ืืื ืืงืก ืืืกืืจืืืืืฉืึทื ื ืืื ืืื ืึทืืืฉืึทื, ืืืืขืจื ืงืขื ืขื ืืจืืคืงืืคืืข ืืื ืื ืกืืึทืืืจื ืื ืืขืจืข ืืืืื ืืืื ืืืืขืจ ืืืืขืจืคืขื ืืฉื. ืืึธืก ืืื ืึท ืฉืืืกื ืืืึทืืข ืคืื โโืึทื ืึธืคึฟื ืืงืืจ ืึทืก. ืึธืืขืจ ืืึธืก ืืืื ืขืก ืฉืืืขืจ ืฆื ืึทืคึผืืึทืืืื ืื ืคืึธืจืฉืืขืืื ื ืคืื ืืืื ืืขืงืข ืกืืกืืขื. ืจืืืืืืื ื ืืืื-ืืื ืืขื ืกืืืืข ืงืึทืืคึผืึธืื ืึทื ืฅ ืงืขื ืฆืขืฉืืขืจื ืื ืกืืกืืขื.
ืืื ืึท ืงืึธืืคึผืจืึธืืืก, ืื ืืื ืืงืก ืงืขืจื ืืขืืืขืืึธืคึผืขืจืก ืืึธืื ืืึทืงืขื ืขื ืึท ื ืืึทืข ืจืืืืืืืืข ืึธืคึผืฆืืข ืืืึธืก ืืื ืืืขื ืฆื ืืึทืื ืึท ืืืึธื ืฆืืืืฉื ืคืึธืจืฉืืขืืื ื ืืื ืงืึทืืคึผืึทืืึทืืืืึทืื:
ืึทืืืืข ืืื ืืขืจืืืึทื ืืืงื ืืืืื ืืืื ืื ืคืจืืขืจืืืงืข ืึทืงืกืขืก ืฆืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืงืขืจ ืืื ืื ืงืจืึทื ื ืืึธืืืคืืงืึทืืืึธื ืึธืืขืจ ืกืืึทืืืก ืืืืฉื ืฆืืื ... ืืื ื ืืื ืืงืก 2.6.30, ืื ืงืขืจื ื ืืฆื ืืขื ืึธืคึผืฆืืข ืืืจื ืคืขืืืงืืึทื (ืกืืึทืื ื ืึธืึทืืืืข ืืื ืกืคึผืขืกืืคืืขื) ... ืืืื ืืื ื ืืื ืืงืก 2.6.30. 1, ืื ืืขืฆืืข ืึทืงืกืขืก ืฆืืื ืคืื ืึท ืืขืงืข ืืื ืฉืืขื ืืืง ืืขืจืืืึทื ืืืงื ืืืื ืขืก ืืื ืืขืจ ืืื XNUMX ืืึธื ืึทืื.
ืืึธืืขืจื ืืื ืืงืก ืกืืกืืขืืขื (ืืื ื ืืื ืืงืก 2.6.30, ืืืคืจืืื ืืื 2009) ืฉืืื ื ืืฆื ืจืืืืืืืืข, ืืืึธืก ืืึธื ืืขืื ืึท ืืึทืงืข ืืจืืืก ืคืึธืจืฉืืขืืื ื ืืืกื. ืืขื ืืืื ืืืจ ืืึธื ื ืื ืืึทืจืคึฟื ืฆื ืงืึทื ืคืืืืขืจ ืื ืืขืงืข / ืขืืง / ืคืกืืึทื, ืืื ืืื ืจืืืืืืืืข ืืืจ ืงืขื ืขื ืคืึทืจืืึธืื ืืื ืื ืคืขืืืงืืึทื.
ืืืคึผืจืืืืื ื ืกืืกืืขื ืคืึธืจืฉืืขืืื ื ืืื ื ืึธืึทืืืืข
ืึธืืขืจ ืืืื ืืืจ ืืืืื ืฆื ืกืืจืืืขืจื ืืืื ืกืืกืืขื ืฆื ืืึทืงืืืขื ืืึทืงืกืืืื ืคืึธืจืฉืืขืืื ื, ืขืก ืืื ื ืึธื ืืขืืืขื ืฆื ืืืกืืืืึทื ืฆืืื.
ืื ืคืึธืจืฉืืขืืื ื ืขื ืืขืจืื ื ืงืขื ื ืืฉื ืืืื ืืืืขืจ ืืืืขืจืงื ืืืืฃ ืืืืขืจ ืฉื ืขื ืืึธืืขืจื ืืจืืืืื (ืึทืืึท ืืื NVME ืึธืืขืจ Fast SSD), ืึธืืขืจ ืขืก ืืื ืึท ืงืืืื ืคืึทืจืืจืขืกืขืจื.
ืืืื ืืืจ ืืืืกื ืึทื ืืืจ ืืึธื ื ืื ื ืืฆื ืืืืืืืืืจื ืืืึธืก ืจืืงืืืืืขืจื ืฆืืื, ืืืจ ืงืขื ืขื ืคึฟืึทืจืืขืกืขืจื ืคืึธืจืฉืืขืืื ื ืึท ืืืกื ืืืจื ืืขืื ืื ื ืึธืึทืืืืข ืึธืคึผืฆืืข ืืื ืืขืจ ืืขืงืข. /etc/fstab. ื ืึธื ืืขื, ืืขืจ ืงืขืจื ืืืขื ื ืืฉื ืงืขืกืืืืขืจ ืืขืจืืืึทื ืืืงื. ื ืืฆื ืื ื ืึธืึทืืืืข ืึธืคึผืฆืืข ืืืขื ืืึทืื ืืื ื ืื ืคืืืขืกืืกืืขื:
/dev/mapper/fedora_localhost--live-root / ext4 defaults,noatime,x-systemd.device-timeout=0 1 1
UUID=be37c451-915e-4355-95c4-654729cf662a /boot ext4 defaults,noatime 1 2
UUID=C594-12B1 /boot/efi vfat umask=0077,shortname=winnt 0 2
/dev/mapper/fedora_localhost--live-home /home ext4 defaults,noatime,x-systemd.device-timeout=0 1 2
/dev/mapper/fedora_localhost--live-swap none swap defaults,x-systemd.device-timeout=0 0 0ืื ืขื ืืขืจืื ืืขื ืืืขืื ื ืขืืขื ืืืืจืงืื ื ืื ืืืืึทืืขืจ ืืึธื ืืืจ ืจืขืืึธืึธื.
ืืืืฃ ืื ืจืขืื ืคืื ืืึทื ืฆืข
ืฆื ืืืจ ืืึทืจืคึฟื ืึท ืกืขืจืืืขืจ ืฆื ืืึทืืขืืึธืก ืืืื ืืืขืืืืืื? ืืื ืืืขืจ ืืขืืขืืฉืึทืคื ืึธืคืคืขืจืก ืืื ืึท ืืขืืืขื ืึธืืขืจ ืืืื ืืึธื ืฆืึธืืื ื, ืืขืืขืจ ืกืขืจืืืขืจ ืืื ืงืึธื ื ืขืงืืขื ืฆื ืึทื ืืื ืืขืจื ืขืฅ ืงืึทื ืึทื ืคืื 500 ืืขืืืืืฅ ืืื ืืื ืคึผืจืึธืืขืงืืขื ืงืขืื DDoS ืื ืคืืื ืคึฟืึทืจ ืคืจืื!
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