ืคึผืืจืืึทืืืงืื, ืืื ืกืืจ ืฆื ืึทืจืืืขืจืคืืจื ืฆื ืื ืืืืคื ืคืึทืจืฉืคึผืจืืืืื ื ืฆืขื ืืขืจ, ืืื ืืื ืืขืจืืืื ืืื ืคืึทืจืฉืืื ืืจืืืก ืงืึธืืคึผืึทื ืืขืก, ืืขืจ ืืืืคึผื ืืื ืกื ืคืขืืขืจืืืจื ืืื ืืึธืกืงืืืข, ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึท ืืขืืืึธืคึผืก ืฉืืขืืข. ืืื ืืืืขืจืงื ืึทื ืคืืืข ืงืึธืืคึผืึทื ืืขืก (ืคืืืข ืืื ืงืึธืืคึผืึทื ืืขืก, ืืืฉื ืืึทื ืืขืงืก) ืคืจืขืื ืฆืืืื ืขื ืืขื ืคืจืืืขืก:
- ืืืึธืก ืืื ืื ืึธืืข;
- ืคึฟืึทืจ ืืืึธืก ืกืืืืช ืงืขื ืขื ืืืจ ืืึทืงืืืขื ืึท ืืืกืง ืฉืจืืึทืื ืืขืืช (ืึธืืขืจ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืืืึทืฉืคึผืื: ืืืึธืก ืืืจ ืงืขื ืืืืคื ืืืืก ืคืื ืืืกืง ืคึผืืึทืฅ, ืื ืขืกืึทื ืก ืืื ืื ืืขืืืข).
ืืื ืึธืคื ืืึทืคึผืึทื ื, ืืื ืืขืืืขื ืืืืขืจ ืึทื ืืื ืงืขื ืืื ืืขื ืืขืืข, ืึธืืขืจ ืืื ืืึทืื ืืื ืืื ืื ืืขืืืืื ืฆื ืืขืจืงืืขืจื, ืืึทืคึผืก ืืื ืืืืกื ืืขืืืืจื ืงืืึธืจ. ืฆื ืกืืกืืขืืึทืืืืืจื ืืืื ืืืืกื, ืคึผืืึธืืืืจื ืืื ืื ืืึทืคึผืก ืืื ื ืื ืืขืจ ืฉืขืืขื ืืื, ืืื ืฉืจืืึทืื ืืขื ืึทืจืืืงื, ืืคึฟืฉืจ ืขืก ืืืขื ืืืื ื ืืฆืืง ืคึฟืึทืจ ืขืืขืฆืขืจ ืึทื ืืขืจืฉ.
ืืื ืืืขื ืึธื ืืืืื ืคืื ืื ืื ืึธ, ื.ื. ืคึฟืื ืึท ืฉืืืขืจ ืคืึธืจ (ืืืจ ืืืขืื ืึทืืืขืงืืืึทืจืคื ืืืืฅ ืืจืืืืื, ืกืกืืก ืืื ืื ืืขืจืข ืืึธืืขืจื ืืื ืื; ืคึฟืึทืจ ืืืึทืฉืคึผืื, ืืึธืื ืืื ืื ืืึทืืจืึทืืื ืงืืื 20 ืึธืืขืจ 80 ืืื ืึทืื ืคืึธืจ, ืืืืึทื ืื ืืืึธืง ืืจืืืก ืขืก ืืื 512 ืืืืขืก).
ืืขืจ ืฉืืืขืจ ืคืึธืจ ืืื ื ืืฉื ืืืืกื ืืื ืฆื ืึทืืจืขืก ืืืื ืคึผืืึทืฅ ืืืื ืืืจื ืืืื; ืขืก ืืื ืงืึทื ืืืฉืึทื ืึทืื ืฆืขืืืืื ืืื ืืืึทืงืก. ืืืึธืง ื ืึทืืืขืจืื ื ืกืืึทืจืฅ ืคืื 0. (ืืืก ืืื ืืขืจืืคื LBA, ืคืจืืื ืืึธ: )
ืืื ืืืจ ืงืขื ืขื ืืขื ืคึฟืื ืื ืคืืืืจ, ืืื ืืขืืืื ืืืืื ืืืึท ืืืึทืงืก ืืื ืื ืืื ืืืจืื. ืืืจื ืืขื ืืืขื, ืืืจ ืงืขื ืขื ืืขื ืืืึธืก ืืืึธืง ืืจืืืก ืืืื ืืืกืง ืืื ืืื ืืึธืก:
root@ubuntu:/home/serp# blockdev --getpbsz /dev/sdb
512ืืขืจ ืืืจืื ืืืืื ืืื ืึท ืฆืขืืืืืื ื, ืืืื ืขืจ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืื ืืื ืฆืข ืืืกืง (ืืืืืขืจ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืคึผืึทืฉืืขืก). ืจืืึฟ ืึธืคื, ืฆืืืื ืืืืคึผืก ืคืื ืฆืขืืืืืื ื ืืึทืจืงืึทืคึผ ืืขื ืขื ืืขื ืืฆื: msdos ืืื gpt. ืึทืงืงืึธืจืืื ืืื, msdos ืืื ืึทื ืึทืื ืคึฟืึธืจืืึทื ืืืึธืก ืฉืืืฆื ืืืกืงืก ืึทืจืืืฃ ืฆื 2 ืื, ืืคึผื ืืื ืึท ื ืืึทืข ืคึฟืึธืจืืึทื ืืืึธืก ืืื ืืืืืืช ืฆื ืึทืืจืขืก ืึทืจืืืฃ ืฆื 1 ืืขืืึทืืืื ืคืื 512 ืืืื ืืืึทืงืก. ืืื ืืื ืืืขืจ ืคืึทื, ืืืจ ืืึธืื ืึท ืฆืขืืืืืื ื ืคืื ืืืคึผ ืืกืืึธืก, ืืื ืงืขื ืขื ืืืื ืืขืืขื ืคืื ืื ืคืืืืจ, ืื ืฆืขืืืืืื ื ืืืืื ืืื ืืืึธืง ื ืื 1, ืืฉืขืช ื ืื ืืื ืืขื ืืฆื ืคึฟืึทืจ ืื MBR.
ืืื ืืขืจ ืขืจืฉืืขืจ ืฆืขืืืืืื ื ืืื ืืืฉืืคื ืึทื ืขืงืกื 2 ืืขืงืข ืกืืกืืขื, ืื ืคืขืืืงืืึทื ืืืึธืง ืืจืืืก ืืื 4096 ืืืืขืก, ืืืึธืก ืืื ืืืื ืฉืคืืืื ืืื ืื ืคืืืืจ. ืืืจ ืงืขื ืขื ืืขื ืื ืืขืงืข ืกืืกืืขื ืืืึธืง ืืจืืืก ืืื ืืึธืก:
root@ubuntu:/home/serp# tune2fs -l /dev/sdb1
tune2fs 1.42.9 (4-Feb-2014)
Filesystem volume name: <none>
Last mounted on: <not available>
Filesystem UUID: a600bf40-f660-41f6-a3e6-96c303995479
Filesystem magic number: 0xEF53
Filesystem revision #: 1 (dynamic)
Filesystem features: ext_attr resize_inode dir_index filetype sparse_super large_file
Filesystem flags: signed_directory_hash
Default mount options: user_xattr acl
Filesystem state: clean
Errors behavior: Continue
Filesystem OS type: Linux
Inode count: 65536
Block count: 261888
Reserved block count: 13094
Free blocks: 257445
Free inodes: 65525
First block: 0
Block size: 4096
Fragment size: 4096
Reserved GDT blocks: 63
Blocks per group: 32768
Fragments per group: 32768
Inodes per group: 8192
Inode blocks per group: 512
Filesystem created: Fri Aug 2 15:02:13 2019
Last mount time: n/a
Last write time: Fri Aug 2 15:02:14 2019
Mount count: 0
Maximum mount count: -1
Last checked: Fri Aug 2 15:02:13 2019
Check interval: 0 (<none>)
Reserved blocks uid: 0 (user root)
Reserved blocks gid: 0 (group root)
First inode: 11
Inode size: 256
Required extra isize: 28
Desired extra isize: 28
Default directory hash: half_md4
Directory Hash Seed: c0155456-ad7d-421f-afd1-c898746ccd76ืืขืจ ืคึผืึทืจืึทืืขืืขืจ ืืืจ ืืึทืจืคึฟื ืืื "ืืืึทืง ืืจืืืก".
ืืืฆื ืืขืจ ืืฉืืงืึทืืืข ืืืื ืืื ืืื ืฆื ืืืืขื ืขื ืื /home/serp/testfile ืืขืงืข? ื ืืขืงืข ืืืฉืืืื ืคืื ืืืื ืึธืืขืจ ืืขืจ ืืขืงืข ืกืืกืืขื ืืืึทืงืก ืืื ืืืึธืก ืืืึทื ืืึทืื ืืขื ืขื ืกืืึธืจื. ืืืืกื ืื ืืขืงืข ื ืึธืืขื, ืืื ืฆื ืืขืคึฟืื ืขื ืขืก? ืืืึธืก ืืืึทืงืก ืืึธื ืืื ืืืืขื ืขื?
ืืึธืก ืืื ืืื ืื ืึธืืขืก ืงืืืขื ืืื ืืึทื ืืืง. ืื ืขืงืกื2ืคืก ืืขืงืข ืกืืกืืขื ืืื ืึท "ืืืฉ" ืืืึธืก ืึผืืื ืืื ืคึฟืึธืจืืึทืฆืืข ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึทืืข ืื ืึธืืขืก. ืื ื ืืืขืจ ืคืื ืื ืึธืืขืก ืืื ืื ืคืึทื ืคืื ืขืงืกื2ืคืก ืืื ืืึทืฉืืืื ืืืขื ืงืจืืืืืื ื ืื ืืขืงืข ืกืืกืืขื. ืืืจ ืงืืงื ืืื ืื ืคืืจืืื ืื ื ืืืขืจื ืืื ืื "ืื ืึธืืข ืฆืืืื" ืคึผืึทืจืึทืืขืืขืจ ืคืื ืื tune2fs ืจืขืืืืืึทื, ื.ืข. ืืืจ ืืึธืื 65536 ืืจืขืงืืขื. ืื ืื ืึธืืข ืึผืืื ืื ืืื ืคึฟืึธืจืืึทืฆืืข ืืืจ ืืึทืจืคึฟื: ืึท ืจืฉืืื ืคืื ืืขืงืข ืกืืกืืขื ืืืึทืงืก ืคึฟืึทืจ ืื ืืขืงืข ืืืจ ืืขื ืขื ืงืืงื ืคึฟืึทืจ. ืืื ืฆื ืืขืคึฟืื ืขื ืื ืื ืึธืืข ื ืืืขืจ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึท ืืขืืขืื ืืขืงืข?
ืื ืงืึธืจืึทืกืคึผืึทื ืืื ื ื ืึธืืขื ืืื ืื ืึธื ื ืืืขืจ ืืขื ืขื ืงืึทื ืืืื ื ืืื ืื ืืืขืืืืืึทืืขืจ, ืืื ืึท ืืืขืืืืืึทืืขืจ ืืื ext2fs ืืื ืึท ืกืคึผืขืฆืืขื ืืืคึผ ืคืื ืืขืงืข, ื.ื. ืืืื ืืื ืืืึทื ืืืืื ืื ืึธื ื ืืืขืจ. ืฆื ืืจืขืื ืืขื ืจืึธืฆืืืฉ ืงืจืืึทื, ืึท "ืคืึทืจืคืขืกืืืงื" ืื ืึธื ื ืืืขืจ "2" ืืื ืึทืกืืื ื ืฆื ืื ืืืึธืจืฆื ืืืขืืืืืึทืืขืจ. ืืื ืก ืงืืง ืืื ืื ืืื ืืึทืื ืคืื ืื ืึธืืข ื ืืืขืจ 2:
root@ubuntu:/# debugfs /dev/sdb1
debugfs 1.42.9 (4-Feb-2014)
debugfs: stat <2>
Inode: 2 Type: directory Mode: 0755 Flags: 0x0
Generation: 0 Version: 0x00000000:00000002
User: 0 Group: 0 Size: 4096
File ACL: 0 Directory ACL: 0
Links: 3 Blockcount: 8
Fragment: Address: 0 Number: 0 Size: 0
ctime: 0x5d43cb51:16b61bcc -- Fri Aug 2 16:34:09 2019
atime: 0x5d43c247:b704301c -- Fri Aug 2 15:55:35 2019
mtime: 0x5d43cb51:16b61bcc -- Fri Aug 2 16:34:09 2019
crtime: 0x5d43b5c6:00000000 -- Fri Aug 2 15:02:14 2019
Size of extra inode fields: 28
BLOCKS:
(0):579
TOTAL: 1ืืื ืืืจ ืงืขื ืขื ืืขื, ืื ืืืขืืืืืึทืืขืจ ืืืจ ืืึทืจืคึฟื ืืื ืงืึทื ืืืื ื ืืื ืืืึธืง ื ืืืขืจ 579. ืืื ืขืก ืืืจ ืืืขืื ืืขืคึฟืื ืขื ืื ื ืึธืืข ื ืืืขืจ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืื ืืืื ืืขืงืข, ืืื ืึทืืื ืืืืฃ ืึทืจืึธืคึผ ืื ืงืืื ืืื ืืื ืื ืกืขืจืคึผ ืืืขืืืืืึทืืขืจ ืืืจ ืืขื ืื ื ืึธืืข ื ืืืขืจ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืื ืืขืืขืื ืืขืงืข. ืืืื ืคึผืืืฆืืื ื ืขืืขืฆืขืจ ืืืื ืฆื ืงืึธื ืืจืึธืืืจื ืฆื ืื ื ืืืขืจ ืืื ืจืืืืืง ืืื ืฆื ืื ื ืืืืืง ืืื ืคึฟืึธืจืืึทืฆืืข ืืื ืืึธืจื, ืขืก ืืื ื ืืฉื ืฉืืืขืจ. ืืืจ ืืืืขื:
root@ubuntu:/# dd if=/dev/sdb1 of=/home/serp/dd_image bs=4096 count=1 skip=579
1+0 records in
1+0 records out
4096 bytes (4,1 kB) copied, 0,000184088 s, 22,3 MB/s
root@ubuntu:/# hexdump -c /home/serp/dd_imageืืื ืืขืจ ืจืขืืืืืึทื ืืืจ ืงืขื ืขื ืืืืขื ืขื ืื ื ืขืืขื ืคืื ืื ืืขืงืขืก ืืื ืื ืืืขืืืืืึทืืขืจ.
ืึทืืื ืืื ืงืืืขื ืฆื ืื ืืืืคึผื ืงืฉืื: "ืคึฟืึทืจ ืืืึธืก ืกืืืืช ืงืขื ืคึผืึทืกืืจื ืึท ืจืขืงืึธืจืืื ื ืืขืืช?"
ืืขืืืืื ืืืขื, ืืึธืก ืืืขื ืคึผืึทืกืืจื ืืืื ืขืก ืืขื ืขื ืงืืื ืคืจืื ืืืึทืงืก ืืื ืื ืืขืงืข ืกืืกืืขื. ืืืึธืก ืงืขื ืขื ืืืื ืืขืืื ืืื ืืขื ืคืึทื? ืืืฅ ืื ืงืืึธืจ ืืื ืืขืจ ืืึธื "ืืืกืืขืงื ืขืคึผืขืก ืืื ืืืืืง", ืืืจ ืืึธื ืืขืืขื ืงืขื ืึทื ืืื ืขืงืกื2,3 ืืื 4 ืืขืงืข ืกืืกืืขืืขื ืขืก ืืื ืึทืืึท ืึท ืืึทื ืืื "ืจืขืืขืจืืื ืืืึธืง ืฆืืืื". ืืืื ืืืจ ืงืืง ืืื ืื ืืืกืืื ื ืืืืื, ืืืจ ืืึธืื "13094" ืึทืืึท ืืืึทืงืก. ืืืก ืืขื ืขื ืืืึทืงืก ืจืืืืึทืืึทื ืืืืื ืืืจื ืืขืจ ืืืึธืจืฆื ืืึทื ืืฆืขืจ. ืึธืืขืจ ืืืื ืืืจ ืืึทืจืคึฟื ืฆื ืืขืฉืืืื ื ืกืึธืืืืข ืืขื ืึทืจืืืกืืขืื, ืืื ืึท ืฆืืึทืืืืืึทืืืง ืืืืืื ื ืืืจ ืงืขื ืขื ืืึทืื ืืื ืื ืืืฆื ืฆื ืึทืืขืืขื, ืจืืืึทืืืื ื ืืื ืขืืืขืืข ืคืจืื ืคึผืืึทืฅ:
root@ubuntu:/mnt# tune2fs -m 0 /dev/sdb1
tune2fs 1.42.9 (4-Feb-2014)
Setting reserved blocks percentage to 0% (0 blocks)ืืขื ืข. ืืืจื ืคืขืืืงืืึทื, ืืืจ ืืึธืื 5% ืคืื ืื ืืืกืง ืคึผืืึทืฅ ื ืื ืื ืืืฆื ืคึฟืึทืจ ืฉืจืืืื, ืืื ืืขืืขืื ืื ืืึทื ื ืคืื ืืึธืืขืจื ืืืกืงืก, ืืึธืก ืงืขื ืืืื ืืื ืืขืจืืขืจ ืคืื ืืืืืืืื.
ืืืึธืก ืึทื ืืขืจืฉ ืงืขื ืขืก ืืืื? ืขืก ืืื ืืืื ืืขืืืขื ืึทื ืขืก ืืขื ืขื ืคืจืื ืืืึทืงืก, ืึธืืขืจ ืขืก ืืขื ืขื ื ืื ืืขืจ ื ืึธืืื. ืืขื ืืืืฉืึทืืืึทืื ืืึทืคึผืึทื ื ืืืื ืืืจ ืืึธืื ืึท ืืื ืื ืคืื ืืขืงืขืก ืืืืฃ ืืืื ืืขืงืข ืกืืกืืขื ืืืึธืก ืืขื ืขื ืงืืขื ืขืจืขืจ ืืื ืื ืืขืงืข ืกืืกืืขื ืืืึธืง ืืจืืืก. ืงืึทื ืกืืืขืจืื ื ืึทื 1 ืื ืึธืืข ืืื ืคืืจืืจืืื ืืืืฃ 1 ืืขืงืข ืึธืืขืจ ืืืขืืืืืึทืืขืจ, ืืื ืืื ืืึทื ืฅ ืืืจ ืืึธืื (ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึท ืืขืืขืื ืืขืงืข ืกืืกืืขื) 65536 - ืื ืกืืืืึทืฆืืข ืืื ืืขืจ ืืื ืจืขืึทืืืกืืืฉ. ืืขื ืงืขื ืขื ืืืื ืงืืืจ ืืขืืขื ืคึฟืื ืืขืจ ืจืขืืืืืึทื ืคืื ืื df ืืึทืคึฟืขื:
serp@ubuntu:~$ df -hi
Filesystem Inodes IUsed IFree IUse% Mounted on
udev 493K 480 492K 1% /dev
tmpfs 493K 425 493K 1% /run
/dev/xvda1 512K 240K 273K 47% /
none 493K 2 493K 1% /sys/fs/cgroup
none 493K 2 493K 1% /run/lock
none 493K 1 493K 1% /run/shm
none 493K 2 493K 1% /run/user
/dev/xvdc1 320K 4,1K 316K 2% /var
/dev/xvdb1 64K 195 64K 1% /home
/dev/xvdh1 4,0M 3,1M 940K 78% /var/www
serp@ubuntu:~$ df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
udev 2,0G 4,0K 2,0G 1% /dev
tmpfs 395M 620K 394M 1% /run
/dev/xvda1 7,8G 2,9G 4,6G 39% /
none 4,0K 0 4,0K 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
none 5,0M 0 5,0M 0% /run/lock
none 2,0G 0 2,0G 0% /run/shm
none 100M 0 100M 0% /run/user
/dev/xvdc1 4,8G 2,6G 2,0G 57% /var
/dev/xvdb1 990M 4,0M 919M 1% /home
/dev/xvdh1 63G 35G 25G 59% /var/wwwืืื ืขืก ืืื ืงืืืจ ืงืขื ืืืง ืืืืฃ ืื /var/www ืฆืขืืืืืื ื, ืื ื ืืืขืจ ืคืื ืคืจืื ืืืึทืงืก ืืื ืื ืืขืงืข ืกืืกืืขื ืืื ืื ื ืืืขืจ ืคืื ืคืจืื ื ืึธืืื ืืืึทืื ืืืืขืจ.
ืืื ืคืึทื ืืืจ ืืืืคื ืืืืก ืคืื ืื ืึธืืขืก, ืืื ืืืขื ื ืืฉื ืืึธืื ืืืจ ืงืืื ืกืคึผืขืื, ืืืืึทื ... ืขืก ืืขื ืขื ืงืืื (ืืืื ืืื ืืื ืคืึทืืฉ, ืืึธืื ืืืจ ืืืืกื). ืึทืืื ืคึฟืึทืจ ืคึผืึทืจืืืฉืึทื ื ืืื ืืืึธืก ืงืืืื ืืขืงืขืก ืืขืจื, ืืืจ ืืึธื ืงืืืึทืื ืื ืืขืงืข ืกืืกืืขื ืืืืืืื. ืคึฟืึทืจ ืืืึทืฉืคึผืื, btrfs ืื ืึธืืขืก ืงืขื ืขื ื ืืฉื ืกืืฃ, ืืืืึทื ื ืืึท ืึธื ืขืก ืืขื ืขื ืืื ืึทืืืงืึทืืื ืืืฉืืคื ืืืื ื ืืืืืง.
ืืงืืจ: www.habr.com