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ื˜ืขืžืข: ืึทื“ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืจืึทืฆื™ืข

ืงืึทื˜ืขื’ืึธืจื™ืข ืึทื“ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืจืึทื˜ื™ืึธืŸ

50-ื™ืึธืจ-ืึทืœื˜ ืžืึธื“ืขื: ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’

ะžะฟัƒะฑะปะธะบะพะฒะฐะฝะพ

ืžื™ื˜ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื™ืึธืจ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง, ื“ืขืจ ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืึทื˜ืขื ื“ืึทื“ ืึท ืคืœื•ื™ ืžืึทืจืง ืึธืจื’ืึทื ื™ื–ื™ืจื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš W6TRW ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ Northrop Grumman ืคึผืึทืจืงื™ื ื’ ืคึผืœืึทืฅ ืื™ืŸ Redondo Beach, ืงืึทืœื™ืคืึธืจื ื™ืึท. ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธืœื™ืึทืจ ื‘ืขืจ-ืฉื™ื™ืคึผื˜ ื˜ืขืœืึทื•ื•ื™ื–ืฉืึทื ื– ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืœืข ื˜ืขืœืขืคืึธืŸ ื˜ืฉืึทืจื“ื–ืฉืขืจื– ืื•ืŸ ืžืึทื›ื˜ ืกืึทืคึผืœื™ื™ื–, ืึท ื•ื•ื•ื“ืึทืŸ ืงืขืกื˜ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืฉืœืึธืก, ืึท ื•ื•ื•ื“ืึทืŸ ืฉืขืคึผืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืึท ื“ื‘-25 ืงืึทื ืขืงื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ึทื˜ ืื™ื– ืงืขื ื˜ื™ืง. ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื˜ืขืจ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืงืึทื ืขืงื˜ืขืจ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืึท ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ื™ืžืขืŸ: ื”ืึทืœื‘ ื“ื•ืคึผืœืขืงืก - ืคื•ืœ ื“ื•ืคึผืœืขืงืก. ื“ืขืจ ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืึทื– [...]

ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื˜ ืžืึธื ื™ื˜ืึธืจื™ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจื•ื•ืึทืœื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ื ื•ืงืก / ืึธืคึผืขื ื•ื•ืจื˜ / ืœืขื“ืข ื‘ืื–ื™ืจื˜ ื“ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืขืก ื“ื•ืจืš ืคึผืึธืจื˜ 80, ืคืืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ

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ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœ, ื“ืึธ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ habr.com/ru/post/445568 ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืžืึธืœ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ืื™ืš ื™ืžืคึผืœืึทืžืขื ืึทื“ ืžื™ื˜ืœ ืžืึธื ื™ื˜ืึธืจื™ื ื’, ืื™ืฆื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ืจืขื“ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืคืึทืจื•ื•ืึทืœื˜ื•ื ื’. ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืกืงื•ืกื™ืขืก ืžื™ื˜ "ื˜ืขื›ื ื™ืงืขืจ" ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืงื•ื ื” ืก ื–ื™ื™ึทื˜, ืื™ืš ืึธืคื˜ ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ ืึท ืœื™ืžื™ื˜ืขื“ ืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื™ืคึผืึทื‘ื™ืœืึทื˜ื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืขืก (ืžื™ื˜ ื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืง ื–ื›ึผืจื•ืŸ ืจืขืกื•ืจืกืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’), ืคื™ืœืข ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืึทื– "ื“ื™ ืžืึทืงืกื™ืžื•ื ืžื™ืจ ื“ืึทืจืคึฟืŸ ืฆื• ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืื™ื– [โ€ฆ]

ื•ื•ื™ ืฆื• ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืคืจืขื ื“ื– ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ Progress OpenEdge ื‘ืึทื ืงื™ื ื’ ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ Oracle DBMS

ะžะฟัƒะฑะปะธะบะพะฒะฐะฝะพ

ื–ื™ื ื˜ 1999, ืฆื• ื“ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืึธืคื™ืก, ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื‘ืึทื ืง ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขื ื™ืฆื˜ ื“ื™ ื™ื ืึทื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ื™ื“ ื‘ืึทื ืงื™ื ื’ ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื BISKVIT ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืขืก ืึธืคึผืขื ืขื“ื’ืข ืคึผืœืึทื˜ืคืึธืจืžืข, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ื™ื“ืœื™ ื’ืขื ื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ืึทืจื™ื™ึทื ื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื™ื ืึทื ืฆื™ืขืœ ืกืขืงื˜ืึธืจ. ื“ื™ ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื DBMS ืึทืœืึทื•ื– ืื™ืจ ืฆื• ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ืึทืจื•ื™ืฃ ืฆื• ืึท ืžื™ืœื™ืึธืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืžืขืจ ืจืขืงืึธืจื“ืก ืคึผืขืจ ืกืขืงื•ื ื“ืข ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืึทื˜ืึทื‘ื™ื™ืก (DB). ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืขืก ืึธืคึผืขื ืขื“ื’ืข ืกืขืจื•ื•ื™ื ื’ [โ€ฆ]

ืฉืคึผืึธืจืŸ ืึท ืฆืขื˜ื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื‘ื™ืึทืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ืื™ื– ืคืึทืœืฉ

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ื’ื•ื˜ ื ืึธื›ืžื™ื˜ืึธื’, ืœื™ื‘ ืคืจื™ื™ื ื˜, ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืื ืขืจืฉื˜ืื’ ืึธื•ื•ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืึทื“ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืจืึทื˜ืึธืจืก ื”ืื˜ ืฆื• ื˜ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื™ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ื™ืกืง ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื•ื•ื ื•ื•ื™ืจื˜ื•ืึทืœ ืžืืฉื™ื ืขืŸ. ืขืก ื•ื•ืึธืœื˜ ื•ื™ืกืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึท ื’ืึธืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ื™ืง ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืขืก ืงืขืŸ ืคื™ืจืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืึธื ื•ื•ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ... ืื•ืŸ ืึทื–ื•ื™ ... ื“ื™ ื’ืื ืฆืข ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืฉื ื™ื™ึทื“ืŸ. ื•ื•ื™ ืื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืื’ื˜ - ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืื ืขืจืฉื˜ืื’ ืึธื•ื•ื ื˜ (ืขืก ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ืจืขื’ืŸ [... ]

ื•ื•ื™ ืฆื• ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื“ ืึทืคึผื’ืจื™ื™ื“ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืจืœื™ืก ื ืขืฅ

ะžะฟัƒะฑะปะธะบะพะฒะฐะฝะพ

ื•ื•ื™ืจืขืœืขืกืก ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ ื˜ืจืึทื ืกืžื™ืกื™ืข ื˜ืขืงื ืึทืœืึทื“ื–ืฉื™ื– ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืœืขื‘ืŸ. ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื’, ืึธืคื˜ ืึธืŸ ืจื™ืึทืœื™ื™ื–ื™ื ื’ ืขืก, ืžื™ืจ ื ื•ืฆืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืขื ืขืคื™ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื” ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืึทืฆื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘, ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธืคื™ืก, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขื’ ื”ื™ื™ื ืึธื“ืขืจ ื‘ืฉืขืช ืจื™ืœืึทืงืกื™ื ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ืฉื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื•ื ื™ืง, ื•ื•ืึทืจืขื ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ. ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืงื•ืœ, ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ, ืึทืœืข ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืึทืœ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืึทื–ื•ื™ ืœื™ื‘ ืฆื• ืื•ื ื“ื–, ื›ึผืžืขื˜ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื ื“ืขืจืŸ ื‘ื™ื ืข [โ€ฆ]

Intel GPU SGX - ืงืจืึธื ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ graphics ืงืึธืจื˜. ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืึทืจืึทื ื˜ื™ืจืŸ

ะžะฟัƒะฑะปะธะบะพะฒะฐะฝะพ

Intel Xe ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขื ืงืึทืจื˜ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ืฆืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ SGX GPU ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขืœื“ืŸ ืึทื– ื™ื ื˜ืขืœ ื•ื•ืึธืœื˜ ืึทื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ื“ื™ืกืงืจืขื˜ืข ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขื ืงืึทืจื˜ืœ, ืึทืœืข ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืขืกื™ื•ื• ืžืขื ื˜ืฉื”ื™ื™ึทื˜ ื”ืื˜ ื•ื•ืืจื˜ืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืคึผืœืึทื ื– ืฆื• ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ื™ื‘ืขืจืžืึทื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ืžืึทืžืึธืฉืขืกื“ื™ืง. ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืง ื˜ืขื›ื ื™ืฉ ื“ืขื˜ืึทื™ืœืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื‘ืืงืื ื˜, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ึทื ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื‘ืึทืจื™ื›ื˜ ืขืคึผืขืก ื‘ืึทื˜ืึธื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืŸ ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืฆื•ืงื•ื ืคึฟื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขื ืงืึทืจื˜ืœ [โ€ฆ]

ืื™ื– ืขืก ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ URL ืก ืžื™ื˜ ืขืžืึธื“ื–ืฉื™?

ะžะฟัƒะฑะปะธะบะพะฒะฐะฝะพ

ื“ืึธื•ืžื™ื™ื ื– ืžื™ื˜ ืขืžืึธื“ื–ืฉื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืขืงืกื™ืกื˜ื™ืจื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืคื™ืœืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื ืึธืš ืคืืจื“ื™ื ื˜ ืคึผืึธืคึผื•ืœืึทืจื™ื˜ืขื˜ [ืฆื•ื ื‘ืึทื“ื•ื™ืขืจืŸ, ื“ื™ Habr ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ืึธืจ ืงืขืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืขืžืึธื“ื–ืฉื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ืขืงืกื˜. Emoji ืคึฟืึทืจื‘ื™ื ื“ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืคึฟื•ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึธืจื™ื’ื™ื ืขืœ ื˜ืขืงืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœ (ืึท ืงืึธืคึผื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹โ€‹โ€‹ื“ืขื ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืึทืจื˜ืฉื™ื•ื•ืข ื•ื•ืขื‘ื–ื™ื™ื˜ืœ) / ืึทืคึผืคึผืจืึธืงืก. ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’] ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ืึทืจื™ื™ึทืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทื“ืจืขืกืขืก ghostemoji.ws ืื•ืŸ .ws ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทื“ืจืขืก ื‘ืึทืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจืขืจ, โ€‹โ€‹ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื“ืขื ืข [โ€ฆ]

ื ืึทื•ื•ื™ื’ืึทืฆื™ืข ืื™ืŸ DataGrip ืžื™ื˜ Yandex.Navigator

ะžะฟัƒะฑะปะธะบะพะฒะฐะฝะพ

Yandex.Navigator ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื‘ื™ืฉืœื™ื™ืžืขืก ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ ื”ื™ื™ื, ืฆื• ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืงืจืึธื. ื”ื™ื™ึทื ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืื™ื ืฆื• ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื™ื•ื–ืขืจื– ืึท ืจื™ื™ึทื–ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹DataGrip. ื•ื•ื™ ืฆื• ื–ื•ื›ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ืžืงื•ืจ? ื•ื•ื• ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืขืงืขืก? ื•ื•ื™ ืฆื• ื’ืขืคึฟื™ื ืขืŸ ืึท ื˜ื™ืฉ? ื“ื™ ืขื ื˜ืคึฟืขืจืก ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืคึฟืจืื’ืŸ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขื ื”ื™ื™ึทื ื˜. ืžืงื•ืจ: habr.com

ื•ื•ื™ ืฆื• ืคืึทืจื‘ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืจืžืึทืœ ืคึผืึทืกื•ื•ืขืจื“ื– ืื•ืŸ ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืึทืœืขืžืขืŸ ื”ืึทืกืŸ ืื™ืจ

ะžะฟัƒะฑะปะธะบะพะฒะฐะฝะพ

ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, ื•ื•ื™ ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืื™ื– ืึท ืคื•ื™ืœ ื‘ืึทืฉืขืคืขื ื™ืฉ. ืื•ืŸ ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืขืจ ืึทื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืก ืงื•ืžื˜ ืฆื• ื˜ืฉื•ื–ื™ื ื’ ืึท ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ืคึผืึทืจืึธืœ. ืื™ืš ื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืึทื“ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืจืึทื˜ืึธืจ ื”ืื˜ ืืœืฅ ืคื™ื™ืกื˜ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืœืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ืฆืŸ ืœื™ื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืจืžืึทืœ ืคึผืึทืกื•ื•ืขืจื“ื–. ื“ื™ ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ืึทืงืขืจื– ืึธืคื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ืขืงืœืึทื ื– ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™ืจืžืข ืคืึทืจื•ื•ืึทืœื˜ื•ื ื’. ื™ืึธ, ื™ืึธ, ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฆื•ื˜ืจื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ื ืึธื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ ืื™ื ืคึฟืึธืจืžืึทืฆื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ื•ื•ืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืึธืจ ืึทื ื“ื™ื–ื™ื™ืจืึทื‘ืึทืœ ืฆื• ืขืœื™ืžื™ื ื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึทื ืกืึทืงื•ื•ืขื ืกืึทื– [โ€ฆ]

Open Rack v3: ื•ื•ืึธืก ืฆื• ื“ืขืจื•ื•ืึทืจื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ื™ื™ึทืข ืกื˜ืึทื ื“ืึทืจื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืกืขืจื•ื•ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœ ืึทืจืงืึทื˜ืขืงื˜ืฉืขืจ

ะžะฟัƒะฑะปะธะบะพะฒะฐะฝะพ

ืขืก ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื’ืขืคึฟื™ื ืขืŸ ืึทืคึผืœืึทืงื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื›ื™ื™ืคึผืขืจืกืงืึทืœืข ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ ืกืขื ื˜ืขืจืก. / ืคืึธื˜ืึธ Not4rthur CC BY-SA ืคืืจื•ื•ืืก ื“ื™ ืกืคึผืขืกื™ืคื™ืงืึทื˜ื™ืึธืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจื”ื™ื™ึทื ื˜ื™ืงื˜ ืขื ื’ื™ื ืขืขืจืก ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืคึฟืŸ ืงืึทืžืคึผื™ื•ื˜ืข ืคึผืจืึธื™ืขืงื˜ (OCP) ื“ืขืจืœืื ื’ื˜ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืจืกื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹โ€‹โ€‹ื“ืขื ื ืึธืจืžืึทืœ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืื™ืŸ 2013. ืขืจ ื“ื™ืกืงืจื™ื™ื‘ื“ ื“ื™ ืžืึทื“ื–ืฉืึทืœืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืึธืคึฟืŸ ืคึผืœืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 21-ืื™ื ื˜ืฉ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ ืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืจืึทืงืก. ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื’ืึทื ื’ ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืฆื• ืคืึทืจื’ืจืขืกืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจื”ืขืœื˜ืขื ื™ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืคืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ืœื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœ ืคึผืœืึทืฅ ืฆื• 87,5%. ืคึฟืึทืจ ืคืึทืจื’ืœื™ื™ึทืš, [โ€ฆ]

ืืžืขืจื™ืงืื ืขืจ ื˜ืขืœืขืงืึธื ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืงืขืžืคืŸ ื˜ืขืœืขืคืึธืŸ ืกืคึผืึทื

ะžะฟัƒะฑะปะธะบะพะฒะฐะฝะพ

ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจื™ื™ื ื™ืงื˜ืข ืฉื˜ืึทื˜ืŸ, ืึทื‘ืึธื ืขื ื˜ ืึธื˜ืขื ื˜ืึทืงื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ื˜ืขื›ื ืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืข - ื“ื™ SHAKEN / STIR ืคึผืจืึธื˜ืึธืงืึธืœ - ืื™ื– ื’ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื’ ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜ื•ื. ื–ืืœ ืก ืจืขื“ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจื™ื ืฆื™ืคึผืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ึทืŸ ืึธืคึผืขืจืึทืฆื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธื˜ืขื ืฆื™ืขืœ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืžืคึผืœืึทืžืขื ื˜ื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ. / Flickr / Mark Fischer / CC BY-SA ื“ื™ ืจื•ืคืŸ ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืœืขื ืึทื ืกืึทืœื™ืกื™ื˜ื™ื“ ืจืึธื‘ืึธืงืึทืœืœืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขืจืกื˜ ืคึผืจืึธืกื˜ ืกื™ื‘ื” ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึทื ืกื•ืžืขืจ ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืคืขื“ืขืจืืœืข ื”ืื ื“ืขืœ ืงืึทืžื™ืฉืึทืŸ. ืื™ืŸ 2016, ื“ื™ ืึธืจื’ืึทื ื™ื–ืึทืฆื™ืข ืจืขืงืึธืจื“ืขื“ ืคื™ื ืฃ ืžื™ืœื™ืึธืŸ ืจื™ืงื•ื•ืขืก, ืึท ื™ืึธืจ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ [โ€ฆ]

ื‘ืึทืงืงื•ืคึผ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜: ื‘ืึทืกื˜ื™ื ื’ ืžื™ื˜ืก ืื™ืŸ ื›ึผื‘ึฟื•ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ึผื‘

ะžะฟัƒะฑะปะธะบะพะฒะฐะฝะพ

ื‘ืึทืงืงื•ืคึผ ืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืึธื“ืขืจืŸ ื˜ืขืงื ืึทืœืึทื“ื–ืฉื™ื– ื•ื•ืึธืก ืึทืœืขืžืขืŸ ืฉืจื™ื™ึทืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ. ืขืก ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืขืจื ืกื˜ ืคื™ืจืžืข, ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึทืœืข. ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื‘ืึทื ืง ื‘ืึทืงืึทืคึผืก ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ ืกืขืจื•ื•ืขืจืก - ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืงืึธืžืคึผืœืขืงืก, ื˜ืฉื™ืงืึทื•ื•ืข ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื•ื•ืึธืœื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ืฆื• ืจืขื“ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื“ื™ ื™ื ื˜ืจืึทืงืึทืกื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ืขืก, ื•ื•ื™ ืื•ื™ืš ื˜ื™ืคึผื™ืฉ ืžื™ืกืงืึทื ืกืขืคึผืฉืึทื ื– ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื‘ืึทืงืึทืคึผืก. ื“ืขื ื˜ืขืžืข [โ€ฆ]

ยซืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืฆื• ืฉืคึผื™ืฅ 425 426 427 428 429 430 431 432 433 434 ืฆื•ื ืกื•ืฃ "